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analysis of process factors of dry fermented salami to control listeria monocytogenes.challenge tests are a clear opportunity for manufacturers interested in the evaluation of their management system with the aim to reduce the spread of foodborne pathogens. this is a main concern especially in ready-to-eat food in relation to the risk associated with listeria monocytogenes. for small and medium-scale food industry the manufacturing practices and products formulation are characterised by a wider variability and poor repeatability. the use of ad hoc challenge test and the compariso ...201728462203
host serine/threonine kinases mtor and protein kinase c-α promote inlb-mediated entry of listeria monocytogenes.the bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes causes foodborne illnesses resulting in gastroenteritis, meningitis, or abortion. listeria induces its internalization into some human cells through interaction of the bacterial surface protein inlb with the host receptor tyrosine kinase met. inlb-dependent entry requires localized polymerization of the host actin cytoskeleton. the signal transduction pathways that act downstream of met to regulate actin filament assembly or other processes during li ...201728461391
differential roles of klf4 in the development and differentiation of cd8+ t cells.the transcription factor krüppel-like factor 4 (klf4) can activate or repress gene expression in a cell-context dependent manner. we have previously shown that klf4 inhibits the proliferation of naïve cd8(+) t cells in vitro downstream of the transcription factor elf4. in this work, we describe a novel role of klf4 in the differentiation of cd8(+) t cells upon infection. loss of klf4 had minimal effect on thymic t cell development and distribution of mature t cells in the spleen, blood, and lymp ...201724075846
chosen quality parameters of pork sausage produced without curing mixture.the aim of this study was to determine the influence of the dried celeriac juice addition, as a nitrogenous compounds sources, on the quality of the experimental pork sausage.201728068026
[listeriosis in mexico: clinical and epidemiological importance].listeriosis is caused by listeria monocytogenes, an important food-borne disease due to its clinical forms, high mortality rate, and the economic impact in both clinical and food production industries. in mexico, the lack of epidemiological surveillance systems leads to the need of accurate data on the incidence of listeriosis and its association with food-borne disease. in this paper, we present data about the presence of this bacterium in food, reports related to clinical cases of listeriosis, ...201725604418
fournier's gangrene caused by listeria monocytogenes as the primary organism.a 70-year-old man with a history of tongue cancer presented with fournier's gangrene caused by listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b. surgical debridement revealed undiagnosed rectal adenocarcinoma. the patient did not have an apparent dietary or travel history but reported daily consumption of sashimi (raw fish). old age and immunodeficiency due to rectal adenocarcinoma may have supported the direct invasion of l monocytogenes from the tumour. the present article describes the first reported case ...201725798155
pigmented hypopyon in association with listeria monocytogenes endopthalmitis: an interesting case report following refractive surgery procedure with literature review.listeria monocytogenes is an aerobic, motile, gram positive bacillus recognized as an intercellular pathogen in human where it most frequently affects neonates, pregnant women, elderly patients, and immunosuppressed individuals as well as healthy persons. ocular listeriosis is rare, most frequently in the form of conjunctivitis, but has been also shown to cause rarely endophthalmitis with pigmented hypopyon and elevated intraocular pressure such as in our case.201724669144
[listeria monocytogenes and its relationship with non-biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease]. 201725138387
successful treatment of listeria monocytogenes prosthetic valve endocarditis using rifampicin and benzylpenicillin in combination with valve replacement.introduction.listeria monocytogenes is an uncommon cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis (pve). recommended antimicrobial therapy typically includes intravenous β-lactams with or without synergistic aminoglycosides. in vitro studies have previously identified antagonism when rifampicin has been used in combination with β-lactams. however, in vivo data of rifampicin use are limited despite its enhanced anti-biofilm activity. case presentation. a 63-year-old male presented with fever and back pai ...201728348807
stevia rebaudiana bertoni effect on the hemolytic potential of listeria monocytogenes.the effect of stevia rebaudiana bertoni on the hemolytic potential of listeria monocytogenes was studied by means of the assessment of the listeriolysin o (llo) production. the three factors under study, stevia concentration in the range [0-2.5] % (w/v), incubation temperature (10 and 37°c), and exposure time (0-65h) significantly affected (p≤0.05) the hemolytic activity of l. monocytogenes. results showed that at the lower incubation temperature the hemolytic potential of the bacterium was sign ...201728346877
antimicrobial medium- and long-chain free fatty acids prevent prfa-dependent activation of virulence genes in listeria monocytogenes.the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of the invasive disease listeriosis. infection by l. monocytogenes involves bacterial crossing of the intestinal barrier and intracellular replication in a variety of host cells. the prfa protein is the master regulator of virulence factors required for bacterial entry, intracellular replication and cell-to-cell spread. prfa-dependent activation of virulence genes occurs primarily in the blood and during intracellular infection ...201728344104
membrane fatty acid composition as a determinant of listeria monocytogenes sensitivity to trans-cinnamaldehyde.trans-cinnamaldehyde, the major compound of cinnamon essential oil, is a potentially interesting natural antimicrobial food preservative. although a number of studies have addressed its mode of action, the factors that determine bacterial sensitivity or tolerance to trans-cinnamaldehyde are poorly understood. we report the detailed characterization of a listeria monocytogenes scott a trans-cinnamaldehyde hypersensitive mutant defective in ilve, which catalyzes the reversible transamination of br ...201728342836
gut symbiotic microbes imprint intestinal immune cells with the innate receptor slamf4 which contributes to gut immune protection against enteric pathogens.interactions between host immune cells and gut microbiota are crucial for the integrity and function of the intestine. how these interactions regulate immune cell responses in the intestine remains a major gap in the field.201728341747
genotypes associated with listeria monocytogenes isolates displaying impaired or enhanced tolerances to cold, salt, acid, or desiccation stress.the human pathogen listeria monocytogenes is a large concern in the food industry where its continuous detection in food products has caused a string of recalls in north america and europe. most recognized for its ability to grow in foods during refrigerated storage, l. monocytogenes can also tolerate several other food-related stresses with some strains possessing higher levels of tolerances than others. the objective of this study was to use a combination of phenotypic analyses and whole genom ...201728337186
listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis after intermediate uveitis and ppv for retinal detachment. 201728329887
sensing of bacterial cyclic dinucleotides by the oxidoreductase recon promotes nf-κb activation and shapes a proinflammatory antibacterial state.bacterial and host cyclic dinucleotides (cdns) mediate cytosolic immune responses through the sting signaling pathway, although evidence suggests that alternative pathways exist. we used cdn-conjugated beads to biochemically isolate host receptors for bacterial cdns, and we identified the oxidoreductase recon. high-affinity cdn binding inhibited recon enzyme activity by simultaneously blocking the substrate and cosubstrate sites, as revealed by structural analyses. during bacterial infection of ...201728329705
listeria monocytogenes cadc regulates cadmium efflux and fine-tunes lipoprotein localization to escape the host immune response and promote infection.listeria monocytogenes (lm) is a major intracellular human foodborne bacterial pathogen. we previously revealed lm-cadc as highly expressed during mouse infection. here we show that lm-cadc is a sequence-specific, dna-binding and cadmium-dependent regulator of cada, an efflux pump conferring cadmium resistance. cadc, but not cada, is required for lm infection in vivo. interestingly, cadc also directly represses lspb, a gene encoding a lipoprotein signal peptidase whose expression appears detrime ...201728329127
suspected giant cell aortitis : from multiple aortic structural damage to fatal listeria sepsi. a case report.giant cell arteritis ( gca) is an inflammatory vasculopathy affecting large and middle-sized vessels , specifically cranial arteries derived from carotid artery. isolated extracranial vessel involvement can occur. interest in extravascular manifestations is recently increasing because of diffusion of sensitive and specific imaging tools such as 18fdg pet tc . patients have an increased relative risk of severe infection. listeria monocytogenes infection risk is increased, and vascular system invo ...201728323232
impairment of the class iia bacteriocin receptor function and membrane structural changes are associated to enterocin crl35 high resistance in listeria monocytogenes.enterocin crl35 is a class iia bacteriocin with anti-listeria activity. resistance to these peptides has been associated with either the downregulation of the receptor expression or changes in the membrane and cell walls. the scope of the present work was to characterize enterocin crl35 resistant listeria strains with mics more than 10,000 times higher than the mic of the wt sensitive strain.201728323072
listeria monocytogenes meningitis preceded by acute cholangitis.listeria monocytogenes is a well-known cause of meningitis in immunocompromised patients. this organism has a growing significance for community-acquired meningitis, which should have ampicillin added to the usual regimen. we describe a case of l. monocytogenes meningitis preceded by cholangitis. this case suggests gastrointestinal symptoms preceding meningitis may be a clue of listeriosis. it is important for physicians to consider l. monocytogenes as a cause of bacterial meningitis in patients ...201728320704
efficacy of a sonicating swab for removal and capture of listeria monocytogenes in biofilm on stainless steel.listeria monocytogenes is of great concern in food processing facilities because it persists in biofilms, potentiating biotransfer. stainless steel is commonly used for food contact surfaces and transport containers. l. monocytogenes biofilm on stainless steel served as a model system for surface sampling to test the performance of a sonicating swab in comparison to a standard cotton swab. swab performance and consistency were determined using total viable counts. stainless steel coupons sampled ...201728314729
bacterial detection using peptide-based platform and impedance spectroscopy.antimicrobial peptides have the ability to function as bio-recognition elements in the detection of bacteria. for instance, we showed that leucocin a, an antimicrobial peptide from class iia bacteriocins, binds gram-positive listeria monocytogenes with higher affinity than other gram-positive bacteria like s. aureus, l. innocua, and e. faecalis. the binding was detected using impedance spectroscopy when leucocin a immobilized on impedance electrodes binds bacteria from a sample. here we highligh ...201728299684
anti-listeria activity of lactic acid bacteria in two traditional sicilian cheeses.listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen frequently found in dairy products, and its growth is difficult to control. bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (blis), produced by lactic acid bacteria (lab), having proven in vitro anti-listeria activity, could provide an innovative approach to control l. monocytogenes; however, this application needs to be evaluated in vivo. in this study, twenty lab strains isolated from different sicilian dairy environments were tested for control of growth of l. mono ...201728299290
biofilm-producing ability of listeria monocytogenes isolates from brazilian cheese processing plants.the persistence of listeria monocytogenes in food industry environments has been associated to the ability of specific isolates to produce biofilms. this study aimed to evaluate the biofilm production of 85 l. monocytogenes strains previously isolated from samples of cheese, brine and the environment of two cheese processing plants located in são paulo, brazil. the l. monocytogenes isolates belonged to serotypes 4b, 1/2b and 1/2c, yielded 30 different pulsotypes by pulsed-field gel electrophores ...201728290331
metabolic determinants in listeria monocytogenes anaerobic listeriolysin o production.listeria monocytogenes is a human pathogen and a facultative anaerobe. to better understand how anaerobic growth affects l. monocytogenes pathogenesis, we first showed that anaerobic growth led to decreased growth and changes in surface morphology. moreover, compared to aerobically grown bacteria, anaerobically grown l. monocytogenes established higher level of invasion but decreased intracellular growth and actin polymerization in cultured cells. the production of listeriolysin o (llo) was sign ...201728289786
control of recombination directionality by the listeria phage a118 protein gp44 and the coiled-coil motif of its serine integrase.the serine integrase of phage a118 catalyzes integrative recombination between attp on the phage and a specific attb locus on the chromosome of listeriamonocytogenes but is unable to promote excisive recombination between the hybrid attl and attr sites found on the integrated prophage without assistance from a recombination directionality factor (rdf). we have identified and characterized the phage-encoded rdf, gp44, which activates the a118 integrase for excision and inhibits integration. gp44 ...201728289084
listeria monocytogenes ability to survive desiccation: influence of serotype, origin, virulence, and genotype.listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that is responsible for listeriosis, is a very diverse species. desiccation resistance has been rarely studied in l. monocytogenes, although it is a stress that is largely encountered by this microorganism in food-processing environments and that could be managed to prevent its presence. the objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of 30 l. monocytogenes strains to moderate desiccation (75% relative humidity) and evaluate the correlation of such ...201728288399
intractable neck pain in an oncologic palliative care setting: is cancer always the answer?refractory pain is a common manifestation in an oncologic palliative care setting and represents a major challenge for health care professionals involved in care provision. the underlying neoplasm and its dissemination are the foremost pathophysiologic mechanism for the development of pain in patients with advanced cancer. nonetheless, other etiologies such as trauma and infections need to be considered by clinicians in this particular care setting. the authors present the case of a patient with ...201728287358
efficient control of chronic lcmv infection by a cd4 t cell epitope-based heterologous prime-boost vaccination in a murine model.cd4(+) t cells are essential for sustaining cd8(+) t cell responses during a chronic infection. the adoptive transfer of virus-specific cd4(+) t cells has been shown to efficiently rescue exhausted cd8(+) t cells. however, the question of whether endogenous virus-specific cd4(+) t cell responses can be enhanced by certain vaccination strategies and subsequently reinvigorate exhausted cd8(+) t cells remains unexplored. in this study, we developed a cd4(+) t cell epitope-based heterologous prime-b ...201728287115
teriyaki sauce with carvacrol or thymol effectively controls escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, and indigenous flora in marinated beef and marinade.an effective bactericidal cold-marinating method for beef products is described, exploiting the synergism between soy sauce and natural compounds (carvacrol, cv or thymol, tm) to reduce microbiological risks. beef slices inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella typhimurium (3.1-3.5logcfu/g) were marinated in a teriyaki sauce with or without cv and tm (0.3 and 0.5%). after 1, 3, and 7days at 4°c, indigenous microflora population, color, lipid oxidation, mar ...201728285115
listeria monocytogenes in fresh produce: outbreaks, prevalence and contamination levels.listeria monocytogenes, a member of the genus listeria, is widely distributed in agricultural environments, such as soil, manure and water. this organism is a recognized foodborne pathogenic bacterium that causes many diseases, from mild gastroenteritis to severe blood and/or central nervous system infections, as well as abortion in pregnant women. generally, processed ready-to-eat and cold-stored meat and dairy products are considered high-risk foods for l. monocytogenes infections that cause h ...201728282938
the complement anaphylatoxins c5a and c3a suppress ifn-β production in response to listeria monocytogenes by inhibition of the cyclic dinucleotide-activated cytosolic surveillance pathway.listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular gram-positive bacterium that induces expression of type i ifns (ifn-α/ifn-β) during infection. these cytokines are detrimental to the host during infection by priming leukocytes to undergo l. monocytogenes-mediated apoptosis. our previous studies showed that c5ar1(-/-) and c3ar(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to l. monocytogenes infection as a result of increased ifn-β-mediated apoptosis of major leukocyte cell populations, including cd4(+) and cd8(+) ...201728275134
virulence genes and genetic relationship of l. monocytogenes isolated from human and food sources in brazil.the herein presented assay provided a bacteriological and molecular characterization of 100 samples of l. monocytogenes isolated from human (43) and food (57) sources, from several regions of brazil, and collected between 1975 and 2013. antigenic characterization defined 49% of serotype 4b samples, followed by 28% of serotype 1/2b, 14% of serotype 1/2c, 8% of serotype 1/2a, and 1% of serotype 3b. both type of samples from human and food origin express the same serotype distribution. multiplex pc ...201728274807
inactivation of listeria monocytogenes on frozen red raspberries by using uv-c light.in this study, the efficacy of uv-c treatment was determined on the reduction of foodborne pathogens on artificially contaminated frozen food surfaces. at first, the uv-c inactivation rates on 100 μl of the respective cocktails of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella , and listeria monocytogenes covered underneath 0.5-cm-thick ice were examined. simultaneously, the energy percentage of uv-c transmitted through the ice was determined. the experiments showed that more than 65% of the uv-c light en ...201728272923
genetic characterization of listeria monocytogenes isolates from industrial and retail ready-to-eat meat-based foods and their relationship with clinical strains from human listeriosis in portugal.listeria monocytogenes isolates (n = 81) recovered from ready-to-eat meat-based food products (rtemp) collected in industrial processing plants and retail establishments were genetically characterized for comparison with those from human clinical cases of listeriosis (n = 49). the aim was to assess rtemp as a possible food source for human infection. l. monocytogenes was detected in 12.5% of the rtemp samples, and in some cases, counts were above the european food safety criteria. all isolates w ...201728272920
in situ generation of chlorine dioxide for surface decontamination of produce.fresh fruits and vegetables are frequently contaminated with bacterial pathogens and implicated in foodborne illnesses. the objective of this study was to develop a unique surface decontamination method for produce using sodium chlorite and an acid in a sequential treatment. the surfaces of cantaloupe rinds, peels of cucumbers, stem scars of grape tomatoes, and leaves of baby spinach were inoculated with salmonella or listeria monocytogenes at 5 to 6 log cfu/g, submerged in 1.6 to 4% sodium chlo ...201728272919
listeria monocytogenes internalizes in romaine lettuce grown in greenhouse conditions.listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in a number of outbreaks involving fresh produce, including an outbreak in 2016 resulting from contaminated packaged salads. the persistence and internalization potential of l. monocytogenes in romaine lettuce was evaluated, and the persistence of two l. monocytogenes strains was assessed on three romaine lettuce cultivars. seeds were germinated, and plants grown in three soil types (i.e., standard potting mix, autoclaved potting mix, and top soil) and ...201728271926
a 3-year multi-food study of the presence and persistence of listeria monocytogenes in 54 small food businesses in ireland.the problem of assessing the occurrence of the food-borne pathogen listeria monocytogenes in the food chain, and therefore the risk of exposure of the human population, is often challenging because of the limited scope of some studies. in this study the occurrence of l. monocytogenes in food from four major food groups, dairy products, meats, seafood and vegetables, and associated food processing environments in ireland was studied over a three-year period. fifty-four small food businesses parti ...201728271853
structural insights into glutathione-mediated activation of the master regulator prfa in listeria monocytogenes. 201728271443
listeria monocytogenes induces an interferon-enhanced activation of the integrated stress response that is detrimental for resolution of infection in mice.type i interferons (ifns) induce a detrimental response during listeria monocytogenes (l. monocytogenes) infection. we were interested in identifying mechanisms linking ifn signaling to negative host responses against l. monocytogenes infection. herein we found that infection of myeloid cells with l. monocytogenes led to a coordinated induction of type i ifns and activation of the integrated stress response (isr). infected cells did not induce xbp1 splicing or bip upregulation, indicating that t ...201728267207
the position of prenylation of isoflavonoids and stilbenoids from legumes (fabaceae) modulates the antimicrobial activity against gram positive pathogens.the legume plant family (fabaceae) is a potential source of antimicrobial phytochemicals. molecular diversity in phytochemicals of legume extracts was enhanced by germination and fungal elicitation of seven legume species, as established by rp-uhplc-uv-ms. the relationship between phytochemical composition, including different types of skeletons and substitutions, and antibacterial properties of extracts was investigated. extracts rich in prenylated isoflavonoids and stilbenoids showed potent an ...201728254012
microbial survey of ready-to-eat salad ingredients sold at retail reveals the occurrence and the persistence of listeria monocytogenes sequence types 2 and 87 in pre-packed smoked salmon.as the preparation of salads involves extensive handling and the use of uncooked ingredients, they are particularly vulnerable to microbial contamination. this study aimed to determine the microbial safety and quality of pre-packed salads and salad bar ingredients sold in singapore, so as to identify public health risks that could arise from consuming salads and to determine areas for improvement in the management of food safety.201728245788
apoptotic cells enhance pathogenesis of listeria monocytogenes.infections by pathogenic microorganisms elicit host immune responses, which crucially limit those infections. pathogens employ various strategies to evade host immunity. we have identified the exploitation of the repertoire of potent immunosuppressive responses elicited normally by apoptotic cells ("innate apoptotic immunity"; iai) as one of these strategies. in the case of listeria monocytogenes, an environmentally ubiquitous, foodborne bacterial pathogen capable of causing life-threatening inv ...201728242425
comparative phenotypic and genotypic analysis of swiss and finnish listeria monocytogenes isolates with respect to benzalkonium chloride resistance.reduced susceptibility of listeria monocytogenes to benzalkonium chloride (bc), a quaternary ammonium compound widely used in food processing and hospital environments, is a growing public health and food safety concern. the minimal inhibitory concentration of bc on 392 l. monocytogenes strains from switzerland (ch) and finland (fin) was determined. within this strain collection, benzalkonium chloride resistance was observed in 12.3% (24/195) of swiss and 10.6% (21/197) of finnish strains. in bo ...201728386248
local outbreak of listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b sequence type 6 due to contaminated meat pâté.in january and february 2016, five cases of confirmed and two cases of probable infection due to listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b, sequence type (st) 6 belonging to a single pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pulsotype pattern were registered in a region of southern switzerland. l. monocytogenes was detected in blood samples (four cases) and pleural fluid (one case). furthermore, l. monocytogenes 4b st6 was detected in a stool sample of an asymptomatic person exposed to a common food. forthwith, ...201728379731
listeriolysin s is a streptolysin s-like virulence factor that targets exclusively prokaryotic cells in vivo.streptolysin s (sls)-like virulence factors from clinically relevant gram-positive pathogens have been proposed to behave as potent cytotoxins, playing key roles in tissue infection. listeriolysin s (lls) is an sls-like hemolysin/bacteriocin present among listeria monocytogenes strains responsible for human listeriosis outbreaks. as lls cytotoxic activity has been associated with virulence, we investigated the lls-specific contribution to host tissue infection. surprisingly, we first show that l ...201728377528
listeria monocytogenes infection associated with alemtuzumab - - a case for better preventive strategies.the mortality of septicaemia, meningitis and encephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes is 20-40%. twenty-one cases of invasive listeriosis associated with alemtuzumab, including at least 16 in patients with multiple sclerosis, have been published or reported to the world health organization case safety reports database. three cases were fatal, including at least one patient treated for multiple sclerosis in 2016.201728376817
whey protein isolate/cellulose nanofibre/tio2 nanoparticle/rosemary essential oil nanocomposite film: its effect on microbial and sensory quality of lamb meat and growth of common foodborne pathogenic bacteria during refrigeration.the use of biodegradable nanocomposite films in active packaging is of great importance since they can have a controlled release of antimicrobial compounds. this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of whey protein isolate (wpi)/cellulose nanofibre (cnf) nanocomposite films containing 1.0% (w/w) titanium dioxide (tio2) and 2.0% (w/v) rosemary essential oil (reo) in preserving the microbial and sensory quality of lamb meat during the storage at 4±1°c. initially, the best concentration of ...201728376399
contamination by salmonella spp., campylobacter spp. and listeria spp. of most popular chicken- and pork-sausages sold in reunion island.one of the most popular meat products of the local "cuisine" is sausage composed with 100% chicken or 100% pork. in this study, we aimed to determine the presence of salmonella spp., campylobacter spp. and listeria spp. in chicken- and pork-sausages, quantify salmonella spp. population and identify the factors that could be associated with contamination in the outlets. two hundred and three batches of pork and chicken sausages were randomly collected from 67 local outlets (supermarkets, grocerie ...201728371717
the prevalence of listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus and their virulence genes in bulk tank milk in kosovo.milk is considered to be a healthy, nutritious food product. microbiological quality is an important aspect in evaluating the quality of milk.201728368859
listeria monocytogenes cadc regulates cadmium efflux and fine-tunes lipoprotein localization to escape the host immune response and promote infection.listeria monocytogenes (lm) is a major intracellular human foodborne bacterial pathogen. we previously revealed lm-cadc as highly expressed during mouse infection. here we show that lm-cadc is a sequence-specific, dna-binding and cadmium-dependent regulator of cada, an efflux pump conferring cadmium resistance. cadc, but not cada, is required for lm infection in vivo. interestingly, cadc also directly represses lspb, a gene encoding a lipoprotein signal peptidase whose expression appears detrime ...201728368435
listeria monocytogenes: a rare cause of endophthalmitis, a case report.listeria monocytogenes is a known cause of gastroenteritis. invasive disease can follow bacteremia causing meningoencephalitis, endocarditis and spontaneous miscarriages in immunocompromised patients and pregnant women respectively. we present the first case in england of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by l. monocytogenes following acute gastroenteritis in an immunocompetent host. a 50-year-old south asian female presented with acute painful unilateral visual loss occurring shortly after an e ...201728367407
comparative effects of untreated and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane treated zno nanoparticle reinforcement on properties of polylactide-based nanocomposite films.polylactide (pla) nanocomposites characterized by antimicrobial properties are gaining increasing attention for food packaging. in this contribution, the pla based nanocomposite films with multifunctional end-use properties were achieved by incorporating zno nanoparticles (nps) [untreated: zno(ut) and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane treated: zno(st)] into polymer matrix via solvent casting method. the zno(st) prevented the degradation of pla at higher temperature and improved the mechanical ...201728366847
a type i ifn-dependent dna damage response regulates the genetic program and inflammasome activation in macrophages.macrophages produce genotoxic agents, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, that kill invading pathogens. here we show that these agents activate the dna damage response (ddr) kinases atm and dna-pkcs through the generation of double stranded breaks (dsbs) in murine macrophage genomic dna. in contrast to other cell types, initiation of this ddr depends on signaling from the type i interferon receptor. once activated, atm and dna-pkcs regulate a genetic program with diverse immune functio ...201728362262
peritonitis as the first presentation of disseminated listeriosis in a patient on peritoneal dialysis-a case report.infections with listeria monocytogenes are uncommon but serious, with mortality rate approaching 30% in cases of systemic involvement despite first-line therapy. they are usually caused by ingestion of contaminated foods, but spontaneous infections have also been described. listeria monocytogenes is a rare cause of peritonitis, and most of the published cases are in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. there are a few reported cases of listeria peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis (pd ...201728360372
corrigendum: uncovering listeria monocytogenes hypervirulence by harnessing its biodiversity. 201728358126
stochastic and differential activation of σ(b) and prfa in listeria monocytogenes at the single cell level under different environmental stress conditions.during host infection, the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes must sense and respond to rapidly changing environmental conditions. two transcriptional regulators, the alternative sigma factor b (σ(b)) and the positive regulatory factor a (prfa), are key contributors to the transcriptomic responses that enable bacterial survival in the host gastrointestinal tract and invasion of host duodenal cells. increases in temperature and osmolarity induce activity of these proteins; such conditions ...201728352251
antimicrobial treatments to control listeria monocytogenes in queso fresco.queso fresco, is a hispanic non-fermented cheese highly susceptible to contamination with l. monocytogenes. this research was aimed to determine the effect of gras antimicrobial ingredients to control l. monocytogenes. antimicrobials included caprylic acid (ca), nisaplin(®) (n, 2.5% nisin), a mixture of sodium lactate and sodium diacetate (sl/sd), lactococcus lactis sbp. lactis dpc 3147, monolaurin, and lactic acid (la). batches of queso fresco curds were inoculated with 10(4) cfu/g and stored a ...201728213034
optimization of growth and bacteriocin production by lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei2a.lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei 2a is a bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacterium isolated from brazilian pork sausage, capable of inhibiting the growth of microbial pathogens, mainly listeria monocytogenes. in order to optimize bacteriocin production for industrial applications, this study evaluated the effect of supplementation of mrs broth with glucose, tween 20, tween 80, sodium citrate, potassium chloride and cysteine, and effect of the initial ph and temperature of incubation of the medium ...201726413066
dual recombinant lactococcus lactis for enhanced delivery of dna vaccine reporter plasmid pperdby.food grade lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) has been widely used as an antigen and dna delivery vehicle. we had previously reported the use of non-invasive l. lactis for the delivery of newly constructed immunostimulatory dna vaccine reporter plasmid, pperdby. in the present report, we outline the construction of dual recombinant l. lactis expressing internalin a of listeria monocytogenes and harbouring pperdby (ll inla+ pperdby) to enhance the dna delivery efficiency of l. lactis. after confirmat ...201728258689
antimicrobial resistance profiles of listeria monocytogenes and listeria innocua isolated from ready-to-eat products of animal origin in spain.the objective of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance in listeria spp. isolated from food of animal origin. a total of 50 listeria strains isolated from meat and dairy products, consisting of 7 listeria monocytogenes and 43 listeria innocua strains, were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility against nine antimicrobials. the strains were screened by real-time pcr for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes: tet m, tet l, mef a, msr a, erm a, erm b, lnu a, and ...201728355096
study of the antibacterial activity of electro-activated solutions of salts of weak organic acids on salmonella enterica, staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes.this work assessed the antibacterial activity of electro-activated solutions of salts of weak organic acids (potassium acetate, potassium citrate and calcium lactate) on salmonella enterica, staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes. this activity was compared in terms of minimal inhibitory (bactericidal) concentration to the effect of commercial acetic, citric and lactic acid at equivalent titratable acidity. staining live/dead baclight method was used to consider physiological state of ...201727838894
listeria monocytogenes-induced cell death inhibits the generation of cell-mediated immunity.the influence of cell death on adaptive immunity has been studied for decades. despite these efforts, the intricacies of how various cell death pathways shape immune responses in the context of infection remain unclear, particularly with regard to more recently discovered pathways such as pyroptosis. the emergence of listeria monocytogenes as a promising immunotherapeutic platform demands a thorough understanding of how cell death induced in the context of infection influences the generation of ...201727821585
microbial counts of mealworm larvae (tenebrio molitor) and crickets (acheta domesticus and gryllodes sigillatus) from different rearing companies and different production batches.the rising interest in insects for human consumption and the changing regulations in europe require a profound insight into the food safety of insects reared and sold in western society. the microbial quality of edible insects has only been studied occasionally. this study aimed at generating an overview of intrinsic parameters (ph, water activity and moisture content) and microbial quality of fresh mealworm larvae and crickets for several rearing companies and for several batches per rearer. in ...201727863329
benzalkonium tolerance genes and outcome in listeria monocytogenes meningitis.listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can cause meningitis. the listerial genotype st6 has been linked to increasing rates of unfavourable outcome over time. we investigated listerial genetic variation and the relation with clinical outcome in meningitis.201727998823
characteristics of volatile organic compounds produced from five pathogenic bacteria by headspace-solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.the characteristics of volatile compounds from five different bacterial species, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis, shigella flexneri, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes, growing, respectively, in trypticase soy broth were monitored by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the results showed that most volatile organic compounds (vocs) of five pathogens started to increase after the sixth to tenth hour. methyl ketones and long c ...201727874211
inhibitory activity of avocado seed fatty acid derivatives (acetogenins) against listeria monocytogenes.high standards regarding listeria monocytogenes control and consumer demands for food products without synthetic additives represent a challenge to food industry. we determined the antilisterial properties of an enriched acetogenin extract (eae) from avocado seed, compared it to two commercial antimicrobials (one enriched in avocado acetogenins), and tested purified molecules. acetogenin composition in pulp and seed of hass avocado was quantified. eae were obtained by two sequential centrifuge p ...201727871119
effect of inoculum size, bacterial species, type of surfaces and contact time to the transfer of foodborne pathogens from inoculated to non-inoculated beef fillets via food processing surfaces.the objective of the present study was to determine the factors affecting the transfer of foodborne pathogens from inoculated beef fillets to non-inoculated ones, through food processing surfaces. three different levels of inoculation of beef fillets surface were prepared: a high one of approximately 10(7) cfu/cm(2), a medium one of 10(5) cfu/cm(2) and a low one of 10(3) cfu/cm(2), using mixed-strains of listeria monocytogenes, or salmonella enterica typhimurium, or escherichia coli o157:h7. the ...201727889165
exposure to minimally processed pear and melon during shelf life could modify the pathogenic potential of listeria monocytogenes.survival and virulence of foodborne pathogens can be influenced by environmental factors such as the intrinsic properties of food as well as the extrinsic properties that contribute to food shelf life (e.g., temperature and gas atmosphere). the direct contribution of food matrix characteristics on the survival of l. monocytogenes during fresh-cut fruit shelf life is not very well understood. in addition, the gastrointestinal tract is the primary route of listeriosis infection and penetration of ...201727889159
fat and fibre interfere with the dramatic effect that nanoemulsified d-limonene has on the heat resistance of listeria monocytogenes.the application of d-limonene in form of nanoemulsion has been proved to reduce dramatically the thermal resistance of listeria monocytogenes in culture media. the present research shows very promising results on the application in food products. the thermal resistance of l. monocytogenes was reduced 90 times when 0.5 mm nanoemulsified d-limonene was added to apple juice. this is the biggest reduction in the heat resistance of a microorganism caused by an antimicrobial described ever. however, n ...201727889158
inhibition of listeriolysin o oligomerization by lutein prevents listeria monocytogenes infection.the foodborne pathogenic bacterial species listeria monocytogenes (l. monocytogenes) has caused incalculable damages to public health, and its successful infection requires various virulence factors, including listeriolysin o (llo). by forming pores in phagosomal membranes and even in some organelles, llo plays an indispensable role in the ability of l. monocytogenes to escape from host immune attacks. because of its critical role, llo offers an appropriate therapeutic target against l. monocyto ...201727884571
antimicrobial activity and bioguided fractionation of rumex tingitanus extracts for meat preservation.this study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of rumex tingitanus leaves extracts as well as the identification of bioactive components and their performance in meat preservation. total phenolics and flavonoids showed the highest content of phenolics and flavonoids in the ethyl acetate fraction (rt etoacf). for antimicrobial efficacy, leaves extract and derived fraction were tested for their capacity to inhibit bacterial and fungal proliferation in vitro an ...201727883958
molecular identification and functional delineation of a glutathione reductase homolog from disk abalone (haliotis discus discus): insights as a potent player in host antioxidant defense.glutathione reductase (gsr) is an enzyme that catalyzes the biochemical conversion of oxidized glutathione (gssg) into the reduced form (gsh). since the ratio between the two forms of glutathione (gsh/gssg) is important for the optimal function of gsh to act as an antioxidant against h2o2, the contribution of gsr as an enzymatic regulatory agent to maintain the proper ratio is essential. abalones are marine mollusks that frequently encounter environmental factors that can trigger the overproduct ...201727919756
tracking listeria monocytogenes contamination and virulence-associated characteristics in the ready-to-eat meat-based food products industry according to the hygiene level.listeria monocytogenes isolates collected from final products and food contact surfaces of 10 ready-to-eat meat-based food products (rtemp) producing industries were analyzed to relate their virulence-associated characteristics and genetic profiles with the hygiene assessment of those industries. together with sample collection, an audit was performed to evaluate the implemented food safety management system and to investigate the specific audit requisites more associated to the occurrence of th ...201727919005
assessing vacuolar escape of listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial pathogen which invades and multiplies within non-professional phagocytes. signaling cascades involved in cellular entry have been extensively analyzed, but the events leading to vacuolar escape remain less clear. in this chapter, we detail a microscopy fret-based assay which allows quantitatively measuring l. monocytogenes infection and escape from its internalization vacuole, as well as a correlative light/electron microscopy method to investigate the morph ...201727914079
polyethylene oxide (peo)-hyaluronic acid (ha) nanofibers with kanamycin inhibits the growth of listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is well known to cause prosthetic joint infections in immunocompromised patients. in this study, polyethylene oxide (peo) nanofibers, containing kanamycin and hyaluronic acid (ha), were prepared by electrospinning at a constant electric field of 10kv. peo nanofibers spun with 0.2% (w/v) ha and 1% (w/v) kanamycin had a smooth, bead-free structure at 30-35% relative humidity. the average diameter of the nanofibers was 83±20nm. attenuated total reflectance (atr)-fourier trans ...201727960136
utilization of multiple substrates by butyrate kinase from listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of listeriosis, can build up to dangerous levels in refrigerated foods potentially leading to expensive product recalls. an important aspect of the bacterium's growth at low temperatures is its ability to increase the branched-chain fatty acid anteiso c15:0 content of its membrane at lower growth temperatures, which imparts greater membrane fluidity. mutants in the branched-chain α-keto dehydrogenase (bkd) complex are deficient in branched-chain fatty ...201727940001
insight into the genome of brochothrix thermosphacta, a problematic meat spoilage bacterium.brochothrix thermosphacta is a dominant but poorly studied meat spoilage organism. it is a close relative of the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes, and brochothrix constitutes the second genus in the listeriaceae family. here, the genomes of 12 b. thermosphacta strains were sequenced, assembled into draft genomes, characterized, and compared with the genomes of brochothrix campestris and l. monocytogenes phenotypic properties including biogenic amine production and antibiotic and heavy m ...201727986732
novel cadmium resistance determinant in listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe disease (listeriosis) in susceptible individuals. it is ubiquitous in the environment and often exhibits resistance to heavy metals. one of the determinants that enables listeria to tolerate exposure to cadmium is the cadac efflux system, with cada being a p-type atpase. three different cada genes (designated cada1 to cada3) were previously characterized in l. monocytogenes a novel putative cadmium resistance gene (cada4) was r ...201727986731
production of bacterial ghosts from gram-positive pathogen listeria monocytogenes.the gram-positive bacterium listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous intracellular pathogen, which has been implicated within the past decade as the causative organism in several outbreaks of foodborne disease. bacterial ghosts (bgs) are nonliving and vacant cell envelopes of bacteria generated by releasing the bacterial cytoplasm through a channel in the cell envelope. this study attempted to produce gram-positive pathogenic l. monocytogenes ghosts (lmgs) with simple chemicals.201727982711
surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy introduced into the international standard organization (iso) regulations as an alternative method for detection and identification of pathogens in the food industry.we show that surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (sers) coupled with principal component analysis (pca) can serve as a fast, reliable, and easy method for detection and identification of food-borne bacteria, namely salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, and cronobacter spp., in different types of food matrices (salmon, eggs, powdered infant formula milk, mixed herbs, respectively). the main aim of this work was to introduce the sers technique into three iso (6579:2002; 11290-1:1996/a1:2004; 22 ...201728004171
growth, viability and architecture of biofilms of listeria monocytogenes formed on abiotic surfaces.the pathogenic bacterium listeria monocytogenes can persist in food processing plants for many years, even when appropriate hygienic measures are in place, with potential for contaminating ready-to-eat products and, its ability to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces certainly contributes for the environmental persistence. in this research, l. monocytogenes was grown in biofilms up 8 days attached to stainless steel and glass surfaces, contributing for advancing the knowledge on architecture of mat ...201728237677
sensitive detection of listeria monocytogenes based on highly efficient enrichment with vancomycin-conjugated brush-like magnetic nano-platforms.pathogens pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. despite many technological advances in the rapid diagnosis of pathogens, sensitive pathogen detection remains challenging because target pathogenic bacteria usually exist in complex samples at very low concentrations. here, the construction of multivalent brush-like magnetic nanoprobes and their application for the efficient enriching of pathogens are demonstrated. brush-like magnetic nanoprobes were constructed by modification with ...201728013018
thermal inactivation and sublethal injury kinetics of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in broth versus agar surface.the objective of the present study was to compare the thermal inactivation and sublethal injury kinetics of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in broth (suspended cells) and on solid surface (agar-seeded cells). a 3-strain cocktail of s. enterica or l. monocytogenes inoculated in broth or on agar was subjected to heating in a water bath at various set temperatures (55.0, 57.5 and 60.0°c for s. enterica and 60.0, 62.5 and 65°c for l. monocytogenes). the occurrence of sublethally injur ...201728011300
singleton sequence type 382, an emerging clonal group of listeria monocytogenes associated with three multistate outbreaks linked to contaminated stone fruit, caramel apples, and leafy green salad.three multistate outbreaks between 2014 and 2016, involving case patients in and outside the united states, were linked to stone fruit, caramel apples, and packaged leafy green salad contaminated with listeria monocytogenes singleton sequence type 382 (st382), a serotype ivb-v1 clone with limited genomic divergence. isolates from these outbreaks and other st382 isolates not associated with these outbreaks were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing (wgs) analysis. the primary differences among st38 ...201728053218
structural characterisation of the fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme fabf from the pathogen listeria monocytogenes.development of new antimicrobial agents is required against the causative agent for listeriosis, listeria monocytogenes, as the number of drug resistant strains continues to increase. a promising target is the β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase fabf, which participates in the catalysis of fatty acid synthesis and elongation, and is required for the production of phospholipid membranes, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharides. in this study, we report the 1.35 å crystal structure of fabf from ...201728045020
detection of premature stop codons leading to truncated internalin a among food and clinical strains of listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen responsible for outbreaks and sporadic cases of listeriosis, a severe invasive disease. internalin a (inla) a protein encoded by inla has a key role in the mechanism of pathogenesis in l. monocytogenes infection, specifically in the invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells. studies on inla have shown that mutations leading to premature stop codons (pmscs) occur naturally and are associated with impaired virulence of l. monocytogenes strains. i ...201728040183
application of low frequency pulsed ohmic heating for inactivation of foodborne pathogens and ms-2 phage in buffered peptone water and tomato juice.the purpose of this study was to inactivate foodborne pathogens effectively by ohmic heating in buffered peptone water and tomato juice without causing electrode corrosion and quality degradation. escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes were used as representative foodborne pathogens and ms-2 phage was used as a norovirus surrogate. buffered peptone water and tomato juice inoculated with pathogens were treated with pulsed ohmic heating at different frequencie ...201728040173
differential gene expression and filamentation of listeria monocytogenes 08-5923 exposed to sodium lactate and sodium diacetate.this study reports the gene expression and filamentation in listeria monocytogenes 08-5923 following exposure to food preservatives sodium lactate (nal) and sodium diacetate (sd). l. monocytogenes 08-5923 was challenged with a mixture of nal/sd, nal or sodium acetate at 37 °c in tryptic soy broth. in the initial study, l. monocytogenes 08-5923 was exposed to nal/sd for 24 h. the transcriptome was investigated by rna sequencing. a stress response network was discovered in l. monocytogenes 08-5923 ...201728040163
application of a 222-nm krypton-chlorine excilamp to control foodborne pathogens on sliced cheese surfaces and characterization of the bactericidal mechanisms.this study was conducted to investigate the basic spectral properties of a 222-nm krypton-chlorine (krcl) excilamp and its inactivation efficacy against major foodborne pathogens on solid media, as well as on sliced cheese compared to a conventional 254-nm low-pressure mercury (lp hg) lamp. selective media and sliced cheese inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes were irradiated with a krcl excilamp and a lp hg lamp at the sam ...201728039742
endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gp96 controls actomyosin dynamics and protects against pore-forming toxins.during infection, plasma membrane (pm) blebs protect host cells against bacterial pore-forming toxins (pfts), but were also proposed to promote pathogen dissemination. however, the details and impact of blebbing regulation during infection remained unclear. here, we identify the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gp96 as a novel regulator of pft-induced blebbing. gp96 interacts with non-muscle myosin heavy chain iia (nmhciia) and controls its activity and remodelling, which is required for appropri ...201728039206
an effective counterselection system for listeria monocytogenes and its use to characterize the monocin genomic region of strain 10403s.construction of listeria monocytogenes mutants by allelic exchange has been laborious and time-consuming due to lack of proficient selection markers for the final recombination event, that is, a marker conveying substance sensitivity to the bacteria bearing it, enabling the exclusion of merodiploids and selection for plasmid loss. in order to address this issue, we engineered a counterselection marker based on a mutated phenylalanyl-trna synthetase gene (phes*). this mutation renders the phenyla ...201728039138
a rapid typing method for listeria monocytogenes based on high-throughput multilocus sequence typing (hi-mlst).listeria monocytogenes infects humans via food products, causing listeriosis. consequently, food companies pay meticulous attention to the risk of contamination of their products by this bacterium. while fragment analysis methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) are used to trace the sources of contamination for this bacterium, some drawbacks have been identified, namely the complexity of the methods and the difficulty of making data comparisons. as an alternative, multilocus sequ ...201728038334
bacterial meningitis in alcoholic patients: a population-based prospective study.to study clinical features and outcome of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in alcoholic patients.201728065808
hospital-acquired listeriosis linked to a persistently contaminated milkshake machine.one case of hospital-acquired listeriosis was linked to milkshakes produced in a commercial-grade shake freezer machine. this machine was found to be contaminated with a strain of listeria monocytogenes epidemiologically and molecularly linked to a contaminated pasteurized, dairy-based ice cream product at the same hospital a year earlier, despite repeated cleaning and sanitizing. healthcare facilities should be aware of the potential for prolonged listeria contamination of food service equipmen ...201728065212
multistate outbreak of listeria monocytogenes infections linked to whole apples used in commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples: united states, 2014-2015.whole apples have not been previously implicated in outbreaks of foodborne bacterial illness. we investigated a nationwide listeriosis outbreak associated with caramel apples. we defined an outbreak-associated case as an infection with one or both of two outbreak strains of listeria monocytogenes highly related by whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgmlst) from 1 october 2014 to 1 february 2015. single-interviewer open-ended interviews identified the source. outbreak-associated cases were ...201728065170
evaluation of the 3m™ molecular detection assay (mda) 2 - listeria monocytogenes for the detection of listeria monocytogenes in a variety of foods and select environmental surfaces: collaborative study, first action 2016.08.the 3m™ molecular detection assay (mda) 2 - listeria monocytogenes uses loop-mediated isothermal amplification of unique dna target sequences combined with bioluminescence to rapidly detect listeria monocytogenes in a broad range of food types and on environmental surfaces. using an unpaired study design, technicians from 13 laboratories located in the united states and canada compared the 3m mda 2 - listeria monocytogenes to the u.s. department of agriculture food safety inspection service micr ...201728059049
acute fetal demise with first trimester maternal infection resulting from listeria monocytogenes in a nonhuman primate model.infection with listeria monocytogenes during pregnancy is associated with miscarriage, preterm birth, and neonatal complications, including sepsis and meningitis. while the risk of these conditions is thought to be greatest during the third trimester of pregnancy, the determinants of fetoplacental susceptibility to infection, the contribution of gestational age, and the in vivo progression of disease at the maternal-fetal interface are poorly understood. we developed a nonhuman primate model of ...201728223455
listeria monocytogenes in smoked salmon and other smoked fish at retail in italy: frequency of contamination and strain characterization in products from different manufacturers.seven hundred seventy-eight samples of packaged smoked fish (774 smoked salmon and 4 smoked swordfish) on sale in italy, from 50 different manufacturers located in 12 european union countries, were purchased from the italian market between may and december 2011. the surface temperatures of the samples on sale ranged from 0 to 13°c (3.4 ± 1.5°c, mean ± sd). six hundred eighty (87.4%) of 778 samples were stored at ≤4°c. one hundred fifty-seven samples (20.2%, 95% confidence interval 17.5 to 23.1%) ...201728221976
fate of listeria monocytogenes , pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica , and escherichia coli o157:h7 gfp(+) in ready-to-eat salad during cold storage: what is the risk to consumers?in this study, we investigated the fate of listeria monocytogenes , pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica , and escherichia coli o157:h7 gfp(+) inoculated in low numbers into ready-to-eat baby spinach and mixed-ingredient salad (baby spinach with chicken meat). samples were stored at recommended maximum refrigerator temperature (8°c in sweden) or at an abuse temperature (15°c) for up to 7 days. mixed-ingredient salad supported considerable growth when stored at 15°c during shelf life (3 days), with ...201728221975
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