Publications

fatigue and herpesvirus latency in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer.	fatigue is a notable clinical problem in cancer survivors, and understanding its pathophysiology is important. the current study sought to determine biomarkers of fatigue that exist before cancer treatment. relationships between the expression of latent epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv) and fatigue were examined in 158 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer or awaiting a positive diagnostic result. higher cmv antibody titers, but not ebv antibody titers, were associated with a ...	2011	21988771
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen and angiogenin interact with common host proteins, including annexin a2, which is essential for survival of latently infected cells.	kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection and latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana-1) upregulate the multifunctional protein angiogenin (ang). our studies demonstrate that silencing ang or inhibiting its nuclear translocation downregulates kshv lana-1 expression and ang is necessary for kshv latency, anti-apoptosis and angiogenesis (sadagopan et al., j. virol. 83:3342-3364, 2009; sadagopan et al., j virol. 85:2666-2685, 2011). here we show that lana-1 interacts with ang and co ...	2011	22130534
Herpesvirus Capsid Assembly: Insights from Structural Analysis.	In all herpesviruses, the capsid is icosahedral in shape, composed of 162 capsomers, and assembled in the infected cell nucleus. Once a closed capsid has formed, it is packaged with the virus DNA and transported to the cytoplasm where further morphogenetic events take place. Herpesvirus capsid populations are highly uniform in shape, and this property has made them attractive for structural analysis particularly by cryo electron microscopy followed by three-dimensional image reconstruction. Here ...	2011	21927635
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection among the general Uygur population from south and north region of Xinjiang, China.	ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a complex multifocal neoplasm and is the major cause of death for about 50% of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus with a causal role in the development of all types of KS. KS is prevalent among the Uygur people in Xinjiang, especially in south area. Here we carried out a cross-sectional study among 1534 general Uygur individuals from south and north region of Xinji ...	2011	22168313
dissecting host-virus interaction in lytic replication of a model herpesvirus.	in response to viral infection, a host develops various defensive responses, such as activating innate immune signaling pathways that lead to antiviral cytokine production. in order to colonize the host, viruses are obligate to evade host antiviral responses and manipulate signaling pathways. unraveling the host-virus interaction will shed light on the development of novel therapeutic strategies against viral infection. murine γhv68 is closely related to human oncogenic kaposi's sarcoma-associat ...	2011	22006158
buffered memory: a hypothesis for the maintenance of functional, virus-specific cd8(+) t cells during cytomegalovirus infection.	chronic infections have been a major topic of investigation in recent years, but the mechanisms that dictate whether or not a pathogen is successfully controlled are incompletely understood. cytomegalovirus (cmv) is a herpesvirus that establishes a persistent infection in the majority of people in the world. like other herpesviruses, cmv is well controlled by an effective immune response and induces little, if any, pathology in healthy individuals. however, controlling cmv requires continuous im ...	2011	22058020
vaccine protection against simian immunodeficiency virus in monkeys using recombinant gamma-2 herpesvirus.	recombinant strains of replication-competent rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv) were constructed in which strong promoter/enhancer elements were used to drive expression of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) env or gag or a rev-tat-nef fusion protein. cultured rhesus monkey fibroblasts infected with each recombinant strain were shown to express the expected protein. three rrv-negative and two rrv-positive rhesus monkeys were inoculated intravenously with a mixture of these three recombinant rrvs. ...	2011	21900170
acute retinal necrosis--a case report.	we present a case of acute retinal necrosis (arn) which is a rare but devastating and rapidly progressive viral retinitis. it is caused mainly by herpes simplex virus (hsv) or varicella zoster virus (vzv) (2), but also cytomegalovirus (cmv) and epstein-barr virus infections may be aethiological factors of arn. a 17-year-old male patient was referred with history of painful sudden worsening of visual acuity in the left eye and the presence of floaters in the visual field of the right eye. based o ...	2011	21913449
Gardella gel analysis to detect herpesvirus saimiri episomal DNA.	Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is capable of infecting a range of human cell types with high efficiency. The viral genome persists as high-copy-number, circular, nonintegrated episomes that segregate to progeny on cell division. This allows HVS-based vectors to transduce stably a dividing cell population and provide sustained transgene expression for an extended period of time both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the insertion of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cassette into the HVS genome si ...	2011	22135664
gene expression analysis of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) lines during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection yields insights into differential immune responses.	cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv), is the etiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease in common and koi carp. this study aimed to determine the genetic basis underlying the common carp immune response to the cyhv-3 virus. two common carp lines (r3 and k) were infected with cyhv-3 by immersion. the r3 line presented a 20% higher survival rate compared to the k line and significantly lower viral loads as measured at day 3 post infection (p.i.). microarray ...	2011	22212509
companion animal disease surveillance: a new solution to an old problem?	infectious disease surveillance in companion animals has a long history. however, it has mostly taken the form of ad hoc surveys, or has focused on adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals. in 2006 a blue ribbon panel was convened by the u.s. white house office of science and technology policy to discuss the potential utility of a national companion animal health surveillance system. such a system could provide fundamental information about disease occurrence, transmission and risk factors; and coul ...	2011	22748174
epigenetic mechanisms in virus-induced tumorigenesis.	about 15-20% of human cancers worldwide have viral etiology. emerging data clearly indicate that several human dna and rna viruses, such as human papillomavirus, epstein-barr virus, kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, hepatitis b virus, hepatitis c virus, and human t-cell lymphotropic virus, contribute to cancer development. human tumor-associated viruses have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to disrupt specific cellular pathways to facilitate aberrant replication. although oncogenic v ...	2011	22704339
asymptomatic encephalitis in calves experimentally infected with bovine herpesvirus-5.	this study demonstrated that bovine herpesvirus 5 (bohv)-5 infected calves can develop encephalitis and remain asymptomatic. seven calves were infected intranasally and monitored for 30 days. cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analysis was performed from the onset of neurological signs. multiple sections of brain and the trigeminal ganglion were submitted to histopathology. virus detection (pcr and isolation) was performed on csf and tissues. four calves developed signs of neurologic disease and died. th ...	2011	22654135
pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in a cat associated with necrotizing bronchopneumonia caused by feline herpesvirus-1.	this report describes a 1-year-old cat with acute dyspnea. thoracic radiography revealed a pneumomediastinum and severe subcutaneous emphysema. lower airway surgical exploration was unable to determine the cause. at postmortem examination, acute necrotizing bronchopneumonia and fibrinonecrotic tracheitis due to feline herpesvirus-1 were diagnosed.	2011	22467969
[meningomyelitis associated with infection by human herpes virus 7: report of two cases].	human herpesvirus 7 (hhv-7) may cause encephalomyelitis in immune competent adults. we report two patients infected by the virus. a 34-year-old male presenting with paraparesis and a sensitive deficiency located in d6 dermatome. cerebrospinal fluid had 35 white blood cells per mm³ and 75 mg protein per dl. a pcr-microarray examination was positive for hhv-7. the patient was treated with prednisolone and ganciclovir with full recovery. a 27-year-old male presenting with headache, fever and diarrh ...	2011	22446705
first detection of the equine herpesvirus 1 neuropathogenic variant in brazil.	this report describes the first detection of an equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) neuropathogenic variant (g2254/d752) in brazil from a case of fatal equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (ehm) in a mare. the results of nucleotide sequencing of the ehv-1 orf30 gene showed that two other brazilian ehv-1 isolates from ehm cases are representatives of the non-neuropathogenic variant (a2254/n752), suggesting that other unidentified factors are probably also involved in the neuropathogenicity of ehv-1 in ...	2011	22435205
evolution of sexually transmitted and sexually transmissible human herpesviruses.	herpesviruses occur in an impressively wide range of animals and are associated with various diseases. the numerous routes taken during hundreds of millions of years of evolution have contributed to their striking adaptability and success as pathogens. herpesviruses share a distinct virion structure and are classified taxonomically into a single order, the herpesvirales, which is divided into three families. the phylogenetic relationships among members of the most populous family, the herpesviri ...	2011	22417106
herpes simplex virus-1 infection of colonic explants as a model of viral-induced activation of crohn's disease.	the exogenous triggers responsible for crohn's disease (cd) relapses are not often identified. cytomegalovirus and other members of the herpesvirus family have been implicated in precipitating relapses. however, the role of viral infections in the immunopathogenesis of cd remains poorly understood. we describe an ex-vivo model of primary viral infection of cd tissue with herpes simplex virus type i (hsv-1). il-6 and cd68 served as markers for cd inflammation, type i ifns for viral infection. col ...	2011	22398063
disseminated mycosis in a killer whale (orcinus orca).	hematological findings in a female killer whale (orcinus orca) undergoing rehabilitation after sudden severe anorexia revealed continuing increases in serum lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase activities as well as fibrinogen concentration. serologic evidence of herpesvirus infection and skin vesicles were detected 2 weeks into the treatment regimen of antibiotics and corticosteroids. the whale showed signs of improvement after treatment with anti-herpesvirus drugs, but sudden s ...	2011	22362957
comparison of a taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction assay with a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of gallid herpesvirus 1.	a taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay were developed to detect gallid herpesvirus 1 (gahv-1, formerly infectious laryngotracheitis virus). the standard curve of real-time pcr was established, and the sensitivity reached 10 copies/μl. in the current study, the conversion between viral titer and gahv-1 genomic copy number was constructed. six primers for lamp assay amplified target gene at 65°c within 45 min, and the detection li ...	2011	22362944
diagnostic investigation of porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome: lack of compelling evidence linking to common porcine pathogens.	porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (pfts), an increasingly recognized syndrome in the swine industry of north america, is characterized by the anorexia of nursery pigs noticeable within 1 week of weaning, and progressive loss of body condition and lethargy during the next 1-2 weeks. morbidity caused by pfts is moderate, but case fatality is high. the etiology of pfts is presently unknown and may include infectious agent(s), noninfectious factors, or both. pfts was identified in a hig ...	2011	22362939
characterization of a novel alloherpesvirus from atlantic cod (gadus morhua).	alloherpesviruses affect freshwater and marine fish species. the aim of the current study was to characterize a novel alloherpesvirus in atlantic cod (gadus morhua). samples were processed for histopathology, transmission electron microscopy (tem), virus isolation, molecular characterization, and in situ hybridization (ish). histopathology revealed that the infection was restricted to the gills and that it induced cytomegaly in infected cells. by tem, numerous viral particles with morphology com ...	2011	22362936
[comparative estimation of the indicators of interferon, immune, and cytokine states in the comprehensive study of patients with herpesvirus infections].	the paper provides the data of a comparative analysis of the indicators of immune and interferon states and cytokine profile and the results of virological studies in patients with different (acute and chronic) forms of mixed herpesvirus infection (with virus simplex herpes types 1 and 2, epstein-barr virus, human herpesvirus type 6, and others). pronounced changes were found in immune responses in such patients. there were decreases in ifn-alpha and ifn-gamma values in 36 and 13%, respectively; ...	2011	22359947
the use of fluorescence microscopy to study the association between herpesviruses and intrinsic resistance factors.	intrinsic antiviral resistance is a branch of antiviral defence that involves constitutively expressed cellular proteins that act within individual infected cells. in recent years it has been discovered that components of cellular nuclear structures known as nd10 or pml nuclear bodies contribute to intrinsic resistance against a variety of viruses, notably of the herpesvirus family. several nd10 components are rapidly recruited to sites that are closely associated with herpes simplex virus type ...	2011	22355446
avian influenza adenovirus-vectored in ovo vaccination: target embryo tissues and combination with marek's disease vaccine.	we investigated embryo tissues targeted by replication competent adenovirus (ad)-free recombinant ad expressing a codon-optimized avian influenza (ai) h5 gene from a/turkey/wi/68 (adh5) when injected into 18-day embryonated eggs. we also evaluated the effects of concurrent in ovo vaccination with the experimental adh5 vaccine and commercially available marek's disease virus (mdv) vaccine combinations rispens/turkey herpesvirus (hvt) or hvt/sb-1. computed tomography indicates that in ovo injectio ...	2011	22312988
concomitant turkey herpesvirus-infectious bursal disease vector vaccine and oil-adjuvanted inactivated newcastle disease vaccine administration: consequences for vaccine intake and protection.	hatchery vaccination protocols in day-old chicks are designed to provide early priming and protection against several poultry diseases including, but not limited to, marek's disease (md), infectious bursal disease (ibd), and newcastle disease (nd). the constraint of concomitant administration of live md and ibd vaccines plus nd inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccines (ioavs) requires improvements in vaccine technology. single-needle concomitant subcutaneous (sc) application of ibd/mdv and killed ndv ...	2011	22312985
packaging of non-coding rnas into herpesvirus virions: comparisons to coding rnas.	the herpesviruses are a family of large dna viruses capable of establishing lifelong infections. recent reports have shown that herpesviruses package non-coding rna into virions; this follows earlier observations showing that coding rnas are detected in virions. packaging rnas allows for their function immediately after virus entry and in the absence of de novo transcription. despite the collective understanding that rnas are packaged into herpesvirus virions, many questions remain. this review ...	2011	22303375
looking at kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-host interactions from a microrna viewpoint.	kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), also called human herpesvirus 8, belongs to the gamma herpesviruses and is the etiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and some types of multicentric castleman's disease. in vivo, kshv mainly infects b cells and endothelial cells. the interactions between kshv and its host cells determine the outcome of viral infection and subsequent viral pathogenesis. micrornas (mirnas) are small, non-coding rnas that are important in fi ...	2011	22275910
genotyping of the pseudorabies virus by multiplex pcr followed by restriction enzyme analysis.	suid herpesvirus 1 (suhv-1) is the causative agent of aujeszky's disease. the infectious agent has only one serotype, but it was classified by restriction enzyme analysis of the whole genome into four genotypes, named i to iv. the aim of this study was to standardize a rapid method for genotyping suhv-1 without virus isolation, using a multiplex-pcr followed by enzymatic restriction analysis. the complete genome of the virus was analyzed in silico to determine the restriction sites for the enzym ...	2011	23724304
simultaneous lymph node involvement by castleman disease and kaposi sarcoma.	both multicentric castleman disease and kaposi sarcoma are more frequently observed in hiv infected patients. the coexistence of these human herpesvirus 8 related lesions, in the same tissue, has been observed, but literature reports are scant. on the other hand, the expression of hhv-8-lana-1 is easily demonstrable by immunohistochemistry. this has been shown to be a powerful tool for the diagnosis of these entities. the aim of this report is to communicate our experience with a case of multice ...	2011	23284247
characterization of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related lymphomas by dna microarray analysis.	among herpesviruses, γ-herpesviruses are supposed to have typical oncogenic activities. two human γ-herpesviruses, epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), are putative etiologic agents for burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and some cases of gastric cancers, and kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma (pel) especially in aids setting for the latter case, respectively. since such two viruses mentioned above ar ...	2011	23213546
the viral interferon regulatory factors of kshv: immunosuppressors or oncogenes?	kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is a large double-stranded dna gammaherpesvirus, and the etiological agent for three human malignancies: kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric castleman's disease. to establish and maintain infection, kshv has evolved unique mechanisms to evade the host immune response. cellular interferon regulatory factors (irfs) are a critical part of the host anti-viral immune response. kshv encodes four homologs of irfs, virf1-4, which i ...	2011	22566809
the t-cell immune response against kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.	kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is the aetiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma (ks), the most frequently arising malignancy in individuals with untreated hiv/aids. there are several lines of evidence to indicate that kaposi's sarcoma oncogenesis is associated with loss of t-cell-mediated control of kshv-infected cells. kshv can establish life-long asymptomatic infection in immune-competent individuals. however, when t-cell immune control declines, for example, through aids or treat ...	2011	22331985
detection and molecular characterization of suid herpesvirus type 1 in austrian wild boar and hunting dogs.	aujeszky's disease (ad), caused by suid herpesvirus type 1 (suhv-1), is an economically important disease in domestic swine. thus, rigorous control programmes have been implemented and consecutively ad in domestic swine was successfully eradicated in many countries, including austria. however, suhv-1 continues to thrive in wild boar populations, as indicated by high seroprevalences in a number of european countries and by occasional cases of ad in hunting dogs. for the first time, suhv-1 was det ...	2011	22264387
is human cytomegalovirus a target in cancer therapy?	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is a herpesvirus that is prevalent in the human population. hcmv has recently been implicated in different cancer forms where it may provide mechanisms for oncogenic transformation, oncomodulation and tumour cell immune evasion. moreover, antiviral treatment against hcmv has been shown to inhibit tumour growth in preclinical models. here we describe the possible involvement of hcmv in cancer and discuss the potential molecular impact expression of hcmv proteins have ...	2011	22246171
genomic study of argentinean equid herpesvirus 1 strains.	equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) infection has a signifcant economic impact on equine production, causing abortion, respiratory disease, neonatal death and neurological disorders. the identifcation of specifc ehv-1 genes related to virulence and pathogenicity has been the aim of several research groups. the purpose of the present study was to analyze different genomic regions of argentinean ehv-1 strains and to determine their possible relationship with virulence or clinical signs. twenty-fve ehv-1 a ...	2011	22274825
early human herpesvirus type 6 reactivation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a large-scale clinical study.	this study investigated the impact of human herpesvirus type 6 (hhv6) reactivation within 100 days of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-sct) on patient outcomes. hhv6 plasma loads were monitored weekly by quantitative pcr. of 235 consecutive patients, 112 (48%) had an early positive hhv6 pcr test (group a) and 123 (52%) did not (group b). hhv6 reactivation was less frequent in patients who received reduced-intensity conditioning (p = .028). in group a, only 6 patients (5%) were asymptom ...	2011	22212513
can plasma hhv8 viral load be used to differentiate multicentric castleman disease from kaposi sarcoma?	we measured plasma human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) dna load in consecutive patients presenting with hiv-associated multicentric castleman disease (mcd) and in contemporaneous patients who had kaposi sarcoma (ks), lymphoma or other diagnoses. all 11 patients with mcd had detectable plasma hhv8 dna compared with 18 (72%) of 25 patients with ks, none with lymphoma and one of 38 patients with other diagnoses. detectable plasma hhv8 dna levels were higher among mcd patients, median (interquartile range [i ...	2011	21998180
kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus promotes endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition through notch-dependent signaling.	endothelial to mesenchymal transition (emt) is now widely considered a pivotal contributor to cancer progression. in this study, we show that the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(kshv) is a sufficient cause of emt, potentially helping to explain the aggressiveness of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) that occurs commonly in aids patients. upon kshv infection, primary dermal microvascular endothelial cells lost expression of endothelial markers and acquired expression of mesenchymal markers, displayin ...	2012	22237624
association of age and gender with alphaherpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompetent host.	background: the alphaherpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (vzv) and human herpes simplex virus types 1 (hsv-1) and 2 (hsv-2) can cause severe infections of the central nervous system (cns). objectives: to analyze whether age and gender of immunocompetent individuals are associated with the incidence of herpesvirus cns diseases. study design: a total of 241 patients with virologically confirmed hsv-1, hsv-2 or vzv-infection of the cns (excluding neonatal infection and varicella), diagnosed at the ...	2012	22265826
angiogenin functionally interacts with p53 and regulates p53-mediated apoptosis and cell survival.	angiogenin, a 14-kda multifunctional pro-angiogenic growth factor, is upregulated in several types of cancers. anti-angiogenin monoclonal antibodies used as antagonists inhibited the establishment, progression and metastasis of human cancer cells in athymic mice (olson et al., 1994). silencing angiogenin and inhibition of angiogenin's nuclear translocation blocked cell survival and induced cell death in b-lymphoma and endothelial cells latently infected with kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ...	2012	22266868
global phylogeography and evolution of the chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus.	a global phylogeny for the chelonid fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus, the most likely etiological agent of fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles, was inferred, using dated sequences, through bayesian markov chain monte carlo analysis, and used to 1) estimate the virus evolutionary rate independently of host's evolution, and 2) resolve the phylogenetic positions of new haplotypes from puerto rico and gulf of guinea. we identified four phylogeographic groups: the eastern pacific, the western atl ...	2012	22258862
two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs.	equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a worldwide spread pathogen of horses. it can cause abortion, respiratory and neurological disease and consequentially significant economic losses in equine industries. during 2009, two outbreaks of ehv-1 were confirmed in two stud farms in eastern croatia. the first outbreak occurred in february following the import of 12 horses from usa, serologically negative to ehv-1 before transport. four mares aborted in the late stage of pregnancy and one perinatal dea ...	2012	22262701
true versus false parasite interactions: a robust method to take risk factors into account and its application to feline viruses.	multiple infections are common in natural host populations and interspecific parasite interactions are therefore likely within a host individual. as they may seriously impact the circulation of certain parasites and the emergence and management of infectious diseases, their study is essential. in the field, detecting parasite interactions is rendered difficult by the fact that a large number of co-infected individuals may also be observed when two parasites share common risk factors. to correct ...	2012	22235312
human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) sequentially shapes the nk cell repertoire during the course of asymptomatic infection and kaposi sarcoma.	the contribution of innate immunity to immunosurveillance of the oncogenic human herpes virus 8 (hhv8) has not been studied in depth. we investigated nk cell phenotype and function in 70 hhv8-infected subjects, either asymptomatic carriers or having developed kaposi's sarcoma (ks). our results revealed substantial alterations of the nk cell receptor repertoire in healthy hhv8 carriers, with reduced expression of nkp30, nkp46 and cd161 receptors. in addition, down-modulation of the activating nkg ...	2012	22253598
a major locus on chromosome 3p22 conferring predisposition to human herpesvirus 8 infection.	infection with human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), the etiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma, has been shown to display strong familial aggregation, in countries in which hhv-8 infection is endemic. we investigated 40 large families (608 subjects aged one to 88 years) living in an isolated area of cameroon in which hhv-8 is highly endemic. we performed a two-step genetic analysis for hhv-8 infection status (hhv-8+/hhv-8- determined by immunofluorescence) consisting of an initial segregation analysis fo ...	2012	22258534
mitigation of pyrexia by a th-1-biased igg subclass response after infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 in horses pre-immunized with inactivated vaccine.	the immunoglobulin g (igg) subclass response was investigated in horses with or without pyrexia after natural infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in the field. all horses were kept at the training centers of the japan racing association and were immunized with an inactivated ehv-1 vaccine before ehv-1 infection. an igg subclass response dominated by igga and iggb was induced in horses without pyrexia after ehv-1 infection. in contrast, horses that developed pyrexia showed increased ...	2012	22230983
seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 in kidney transplant recipients in a single-center study from tunisia.	human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) is a herpesvirus that is always associated with kaposi sarcoma. an enzyme-linked immunoenzymatic assay was used to detect antibodies to the latent nuclear antigen of hhv8 in kidney transplant patients and kidney transplant candidates from tunisia. a significantly high hhv8 seroprevalence was documented; 17% of kidney transplant patients and 23% in kidney transplant candidates were seropositive. this is a first report of hhv8 in tunisia.	2012	22218113
human herpesvirus 8-associated lymphoma mimicking cutaneous anaplastic large t-cell lymphoma in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	primary effusion lymphoma, a human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8)-associated lymphoma, is uncommon, and it is usually seen in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. it presents as a body cavity-based lymphomatous effusion, but several cases of the so-called solid primary effusion lymphoma presenting as solid tumors without associated lymphomatous effusion have been reported. they have similar clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypical features. most of them have a b-cell genotype. t ...	2012	22211369
evaluation of fast pcr reagents for rapid and sensitive detection of human herpesvirus 8.	the potential advantage of using fast pcr to detect human herpesvirus 8 (hhv 8) was tested by running a rapid cycling protocol (5s-steps) in one standard and two fast ramping thermal cyclers to evaluate the performance of 8 different fast reagents. under this extremely short time profile, assay sensitivity comparable to that of the original protocol was maintained using fast reagents from five suppliers. reproducibility was higher using fast ramping thermal cyclers, suggesting that fast chemistr ...	2012	22266419
inhibition of the latent membrane protein-1 impairs the growth and tumorigenesis of an ebv-latency ii transformed t-cell.	the epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a common human herpes virus. its infection is associated with several human malignancies where it expresses a set of latent proteins among which is the latent membrane protein lmp1. lmp1 is able to transform numerous cell types and is considered the main oncogenic protein of ebv. the mechanism of action is based on mimicry to activated members of the tnf receptor superfamily, through its ability to bind similar adapters and to activate signaling pathways. we previ ...	2012	22258264
burkitt lymphoma and the discovery of epstein-barr virus.	the chance germinal encounter with the first lecture outside africa on burkitt lymphoma is described together with the hypothesis of a viral cause. repeated virological investigations on lymphoma biopsies proved negative, leading to the idea that a latent virus might be activated if lymphoma cells could be cultured, although no human lymphoid cell had at that time ever been maintained in vitro. a chance event reminding of the need for suspension culture with mouse lymphomas led to success. the c ...	2012	22233499
cutaneous viral dermatoses in dogs and cats.	cutaneous viral dermatoses are often underdiagnosed in dogs and cats because they are rare, and because it is difficult to identify an exact causative agent. even so, practitioners in primary care may encounter some characteristic clinical features. this article reviews commonly encountered dermatoses, particularly papillomavirus-associated dermatoses in dogs and cats. it also provides a brief overview of several other dermatoses associated with feline herpesvirus, feline calicivirus, felv, and ...	2012	23677843
evaluation of c-kit expression in classic kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of egyptian patients.	kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is an angioproliferative disorder associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection. classic ks is the most prevalent type of ks in countries of the mediterranean basin including egypt. several in vitro studies have detected c-kit expression in aids related-ks however, only a few studies addressed this issue in the classic type with no data on the ethnicity of studied cases. the prospect of installing targeted anti- c-kit treatment to ks patients presents a promising avenue in ...	2012	23587226
[drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (dress)].	dress (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) is a syndrome classically considered as a severe cutaneous drug adverse reaction. but visceral manifestations (renal, liver, lung, heart...) may be at the forefront. it presents clinically as an exanthema evolving to erythroderma with facial edema, associated with lymphadenopathy, high fever, visceral involvement (hepatitis, renal failure, pneumonitis, or hemophagocytic syndrome), eosinophilia preceded by lymphopenia and/or atypical l ...	2012	23424909
exploitation of cellular cytoskeletons and signaling pathways for cell entry by kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the closely related rhesus rhadinovirus.	as obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses depend on the host cell machinery to complete their life cycle. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is an oncogenic virus causally linked to the development of kaposi's sarcoma and several other lymphoproliferative malignancies. kshv entry into cells is tightly regulated by diverse viral and cellular factors. in particular, kshv actively engages cellular integrins and ubiquitination pathways for successful infection. emerging evidence sugge ...	2012	23420076
aids related kaposi's sarcoma presenting with palatal and eyelid nodule.	kaposi sarcoma is a low-grade vascular neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus-8 (hhv8) infection. although india has a large hiv infected population, kaposi's sarcoma is rare and only 12 cases of aids related kaposi's sarcoma from india have been reported in the published literature to our knowledge. the 50% of total cases in india has been reported from mumbai. the incidence of aids related kaposi's sarcoma is increasing as more than 50% of the cases are reported in 2008 to 2010.	2012	23405543
efficacy of a recombinant hvt-h5 vaccine against challenge with two genetically divergent indonesian hpai h5n1 strains.	the swift evolution rate of avian influenza (ai) h5n1 virus demands constant efforts to update inactivated vaccines to match antigenically with the emerging new field virus strains. recently, a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (rhvt)-ai vaccine, rhvt-h5, expressing the ha gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 clade 2.2 a/swan/hungary/499/ 2006 strain inserted into fc-126 strain of hvt vector, has been developed to combat current threats in poultry industry. here, we present the r ...	2012	23402113
efficacy of rhvt-ai vector vaccine in broilers with passive immunity against challenge with two antigenically divergent egyptian clade 2.2.1 hpai h5n1 strains.	in countries where avian influenza has become endemic, early vaccination of layer pullets or broilers with classical inactivated vaccines at the hatchery is no longer an option because of interference with passive immunity indirectly induced by the necessary vaccination of the breeders. on the other hand, injection of thousands of chicks from 7 to 10 days old on farms has been determined to be unreliable and, therefore, poorly efficacious. for these reasons, interest has arisen regarding a newly ...	2012	23402112
marek's disease virus late protein expression in feather follicle epithelial cells as early as 8 days postinfection.	marek's disease virus (mdv) or gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus and causes marek's disease. former studies have demonstrated that mdv is spread from chicken to chicken about 2 wk postexposure as infectious dander shed from infected chickens. more recent reports, using highly sensitive quantitative pcr analyses of dander from infected chickens, suggested that mdv replicates and is shed from the chicken much earlier (5-7 days). however, detection of viral dna in chi ...	2012	23397845
[the prevalance of herpesviruses in human apical periodontitis samples].	apical periodontitis is primarily initiated by the endodonto-patogen bacteria spreading from the inflamed or necrotic pulp tissues to the periapical area. nevertheless, findings within the past years have established a pathogenic role of human herpesviruses such as epstein-barr virus (ebv) and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) in periapical inflammations. the authors analysed the prevalence, activity and disease association of ebv, hcmv and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) in 40 apical periodontitis sampl ...	2012	23387127
kinetics of bohv-1 dissemination in an in vitro culture of bovine upper respiratory tract mucosa explants.	bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) is a well-known disease-causing agent in cattle. there is little known detailed information on viral behavior with emphasis on host invasion at primary replication sites such as the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. therefore, an in vitro system of bovine upper respiratory tract (burt) mucosa explants was set up to study bohv-1 molecular/cellular host-pathogen interactions. we performed a thorough morphometrical analysis (epithelial integrity, basement membrane ...	2012	23382270
tale of a tegument transactivator: the past, present and future of human cmv pp71.	herpesviruses assemble large virions capable of delivering to a newly infected cell not only the viral genome, but also viral proteins packaged within the tegument layer between the dna-containing capsid and the lipid envelope. in this review, we describe the tegument transactivator of the β-herpesvirus human cmv, the pp71 protein. we present the known mechanistic features through which it activates viral gene expression during a lytic infection but fails to do so when the virus establishes late ...	2012	23378857
professional antigen presenting cells in human herpesvirus 8 infection.	professional antigen presenting cells (apc), i.e., dendritic cells (dc), monocytes/macrophages, and b lymphocytes, are critically important in the recognition of an invading pathogen and presentation of antigens to the t cell-mediated arm of immunity. human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) is one of the few human viruses that primarily targets these apc for infection, altering their cytokine profiles, manipulating their surface expression of mhc molecules, and altering their ability to activate hhv-8-speci ...	2012	23346088
[acute liver failure due to human herpesvirus 6 in an infant].	we report a case of a 4-months infant with fever in the absence of other specific symptoms that has rapidly and unexpectedly developed acute liver failure (alf) with coagulopathy and complicated with bone marrow failure without encephalopathy. the main viral infection agents (hepatitis virus a, b, c, citomegalovirus, ebstain barr virus, parvovirus b19, adenovirus), drug-induced hepatotoxicity and metabolic disorders associated to alf were excluded. quantitative determination of human herpesvirus ...	2012	23342747
serotonin metabolism in the placenta in exacerbation of herpesvirus infection during pregnancy.	serotonin metabolism in the blood and placental homogenate was studied in pregnancy aggravated by exacerbation of herpesvirus infection. blood serotonin content in pregnant patients increased with increasing herpesvirus antibody titers and reduction of monoamine oxidase activity. urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hiaa) decreased. the decrease of monoamine oxidase activity in placental homogenate led to an increase of serotonin level, which was paralleled by destruction of mitoch ...	2012	23330138
morphology and functions of erythrocyte membranes in pregnant women after exacerbation of herpesvirus infection.	herpesvirus infection is associated with an increase of lpo and of the membrane lipid and lipid-protein layers microviscosity in erythrocyte membranes of pregnant patients. this results in modification of the erythrocyte stromal protein composition. erythrocyte deformability increases sharply under these conditions, this leading to disorders in tissue metabolism in the organs of pregnant patients.	2012	23330104
visceral kaposi's sarcoma related to human herpesvirus-8 in liver transplant recipient: case report and literature review.	background. kaposi's sarcoma (ks) in transplant recipients is about 400 to 500 times rate in the general population. it is strongly associated to human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) infection which has been found in 95% of ks lesions. the optimal approach to managing posttransplantation ks is to reduce or discontinue immunosuppressive therapy but this strategy carries a risk of the acute rejection of the graft. recently, the use of an mtor inhibitor has added new opportunities for ks treatment and preve ...	2012	23320218
aktivation of pi3k/akt/mtor signaling pathway by kshv.	as an obligate intracellular parasite, kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) relies on the host cell machinery to meet its needs for survival, viral replication, production, and dissemination of progeny virions. kshv is a gammaherpesvirus that is associated with three different malignancies: kaposi sarcoma (ks), and two b cell lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and multicentric castleman's disease. kshv viral proteins modulate the cellular phosphatidylinositol- ...	2012	23316192
an epstein-barr virus encoded inhibitor of colony stimulating factor-1 signaling is an important determinant for acute and persistent ebv infection.	acute epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis. nearly all adult humans harbor life-long, persistent ebv infection which can lead to development of cancers including hodgkin lymphoma, burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients. barf1 is an ebv replication-associated, secreted protein that blocks colony stimulating factor 1 (csf-1) signaling, an innate immunity pathway not targeted by any ...	2012	23300447
[frequency of opportunistic infections in children with immune neutropenia and their mothers].	determine the frequency of opportunistic infections among children with immune neutropenia and their mothers.	2012	23297642
canine herpesvirus during pregnancy and non-pregnant luteal phase.	canine herpesvirus (chv) is a widespread infection among dogs that typically get latently infected after exposure and can reactivate the infection after stress. the aim of the present study was to study the effects of latent chv infection during pregnancy on pregnancy outcome, and to study if there are signs of genital viral reactivation during pregnancy or during non-pregnant luteal phase. twelve mated bitches and eight control bitches were followed and sampled regularly during pregnancy or non ...	2012	23279539
cytomegalovirus dna in semen and blood is associated with higher levels of proviral hiv dna.	over three-fourths of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected men who have sex with men (msm) have at least one herpesvirus detected in their semen, and cytomegalovirus (cmv) is the most prevalent. the presence of cmv is associated with higher t-cell immune activation and with hiv disease progression in treated and untreated individuals. in this study of 113 antiretroviral (art)-naive hiv-infected msm, we found that cmv replication in blood and semen was associated with higher levels of hiv ...	2012	23275608
development of an in vivo system to measure antibody-blocking of ovine herpesvirus 2 entry.	ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), has never been propagated in vitro. thus, an alternative to in vitro virus neutralization is needed to assess neutralizing antibody activity to ovhv-2 in sa-mcf vaccine development. an in vivo system in sheep and rabbits was evaluated to determine whether it could be used to assess the ability of antibodies to block ovhv-2 at the entry site by mixing virus and anti-ovhv-2 serum before challe ...	2012	23274755
loneliness predicts pain, depression, and fatigue: understanding the role of immune dysregulation.	the pain, depression, and fatigue symptom cluster is an important health concern. loneliness is a common risk factor for these symptoms. little is known about the physiological mechanisms linking loneliness to the symptom cluster; immune dysregulation is a promising candidate. latent herpesvirus reactivation, which is reflected by elevated herpesvirus antibody titers, provides a window into immune dysregulation. cytomegalovirus (cmv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) are two common herpesviruses.	2012	23273678
multiple papillomas in a diamond python, morelia spilota spilota.	a 4-yr-old male diamond python (morelia spilota spilota) was evaluated for multiple black papillated exophytic skin proliferations and signs of pneumonia. the histopathologic structure of the skin biopsy specimens led to the diagnosis of a benign papilloma-like neoplasia. in this case, papillomavirus dna could be amplified from a biopsy sample with a broad range polymerase chain reaction. nested pan-herpes polymerase chain reaction was negative, and herpesvirus inclusion bodies were not found. b ...	2012	23272369
the nuclear chaperone nucleophosmin escorts an epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen to establish transcriptional cascades for latent infection in human b cells.	epstein-barr virus (ebv) is an oncogenic γ-herpesvirus that capably establishes both latent and lytic modes of infection in host cells and causes malignant diseases in humans. nuclear antigen 2 (ebna2)-mediated transcription of both cellular and viral genes is essential for the establishment and maintenance of the ebv latency program in b lymphocytes. here, we employed a protein affinity pull-down and lc-ms/ms analysis to identify nucleophosmin (npm1) as one of the cellular proteins bound to ebn ...	2012	23271972
monitoring plasmid replication in live mammalian cells over multiple generations by fluorescence microscopy.	few naturally-occurring plasmids are maintained in mammalian cells. among these are genomes of gamma-herpesviruses, including epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), which cause multiple human malignancies (1-3). these two genomes are replicated in a licensed manner, each using a single viral protein and cellular replication machinery, and are passed to daughter cells during cell division despite their lacking traditional centromeres (4-8). much work has been ...	2012	23271393
comparative genomics of carp herpesviruses.	three alloherpesviruses are known to cause disease in cyprinid fish: cyprinid herpesviruses 1 and 3 (cyhv1 and cyhv3) in common carp and koi and cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) in goldfish. we have determined the genome sequences of cyhv1 and cyhv2 and compared them with the published cyhv3 sequence. the cyhv1 and cyhv2 genomes are 291,144 and 290,304 bp, respectively, in size, and thus the cyhv3 genome, at 295,146 bp, remains the largest recorded among the herpesviruses. each of the three genome ...	2012	23269803
herpesvirus tegument protein pul37 interacts with dystonin/bpag1 to promote capsid transport on microtubules during egress.	herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is a neurotropic virus that travels long distances through cells using the microtubule network. its 125-nm-diameter capsid is a large cargo which efficiently recruits molecular motors for movement. upon entry, capsids reach the centrosome by minus-end-directed transport. from there, they are believed to reach the nucleus by plus-end-directed transport. plus-end-directed transport is also important during egress, when capsids leave the nucleus to reach the site of e ...	2012	23269794
orf9p phosphorylation by orf47p is crucial for the formation and egress of varicella-zoster virus viral particles.	the role of the tegument during the herpesvirus lytic cycle is still not clearly established, particularly at the late phase of infection, when the newly produced viral particles need to be fully assembled before being released from the infected cell. the varicella-zoster virus (vzv) protein coded by open reading frame (orf) 9 (orf9p) is an essential tegument protein, and, even though its mrna is the most expressed during the productive infection, little is known about its functions. using a gal ...	2012	23269791
the unsulfated extracellular n-terminus of vgpcr reduces the tumorigenicity of hgro-α in nude mice.	the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv)-encoded g-protein coupled receptor (vgpcr) is an oncoprotein that is implicated in kshv-associated malignancies. we previously revealed vgpcr incorporates sulfate groups within its extracellular n-terminal tyrosine residues (y26 and y28) and that this tyrosine sulfation is crucial for its tumorigenicity in nude mice. hgro-α binds vgpcr in a sulfotyrosine-dependent manner and promotes its tumorigenicity through autocrine signaling. interestingly, ...	2012	23269549
massive mortality of prussian carp carassius gibelio in the upper elbe basin associated with herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (cyhv-2).	from 22 may to 10 june 2011 massive mortality of prussian carp carassius gibelio was observed in alluvial lake řehacˇka close to the elbe river in the czech republic. more than 1400 kg of dead fish were collected and no other fish species were affected. further molecular and cytogenetic investigation of fish (n = 232) revealed that the rˇehacˇka population of prussian carp consisted exclusively of gynogenetic triploid females. the causative agent was identified by means of molecular and electron ...	2012	23269383
cannabidiol inhibits growth and induces programmed cell death in kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected endothelium.	kaposi sarcoma is the most common neoplasm caused by kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv). it is prevalent among the elderly in the mediterranean, inhabitants of sub-saharan africa, and immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients and aids patients. current treatments for kaposi sarcoma can inhibit tumor growth but are not able to eliminate kshv from the host. when the host's immune system weakens, kshv begins to replicate again, and active tumor growth ensues. new t ...	2012	23264851
latent equine herpesvirus-1 in trigeminal ganglia and equine idiopathic headshaking.	trigeminal neuralgia or neuropathic pain has been regarded as a putative cause of idiopathic headshaking in horses. equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) infection and resultant postherpetic pain have been suggested as a possible cause of such neuropathic pain.	2012	22211434
mustelid herpesvirus-2, a novel herpes infection in northern sea otters (enhydra lutris kenyoni).	oral ulcerations and plaques with epithelial eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions were observed in northern sea otters (enhydra lutris kenyoni) that died or were admitted for rehabilitation after the 1989 exxon valdez oil spill (evos) in alaska, usa. transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of herpesviral virions. additionally, a serologic study from 2004 to 2005 found a high prevalence of exposure to a herpesvirus in live-captured otters. tissues from 29 otters after the evos ...	2012	22247388
the rbp-jκ binding sites within the rta promoter regulate kshv latent infection and cell proliferation.	kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is tightly linked to at least two lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and multicentric castleman's disease (mcd). however, the development of kshv-mediated lymphoproliferative disease is not fully understood. here, we generated two recombinant kshv viruses deleted for the first rbp-jκ binding site (rta(1st)) and all three rbp-jκ binding sites (rta(all)) within the rta promoter. our results showed that rta(1st) and rta(all) ...	2012	22253595
molecular and in vitro characterization of field isolates of bovine herpesvirus-1.	bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1) is distributed worldwide and is a major pathogen in cattle, being the causal agent of a variety of clinical syndromes. the aim of this study was to isolate and to characterize (molecular and biological characterization) bohv-1 from 29 immunosuppressed animals. it was possible to obtain 18 isolates, each from a different animal, such as from the respiratory and reproductive tracts. in some cases the cytopathic effect was visible 12 hours post-inoculation, and became ...	2012	22270804
Significance of human cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus in inducing cytokine expression in periapical lesions.	Because herpesviruses might be etiologically involved in periapical pathosis of endodontic origin, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and the expression of mRNA transcripts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, ?-interferon (IFN), interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-10 in periapical granulomatous lesions collected in conjunction with apicoectomy.	2012	22152619
Biclustering of time series microarray data.	Clustering is a popular data exploration technique widely used in microarray data analysis. In this chapter, we review ideas and algorithms of bicluster and its applications in time series microarray analysis. We introduce first the concept and importance of biclustering and its different variations. We then focus our discussion on the popular iterative signature algorithm (ISA) for searching biclusters in microarray dataset. Next, we discuss in detail the enrichment constraint time-dependent IS ...	2012	22130875
The lytic phase of epstein-barr virus requires a viral genome with 5-methylcytosine residues in CpG sites.	Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus which has been studied intensively for its role in certain human tumors. It also serves as a model of herpesviral latency because it establishes an immediate, latent infection in human B cells. When EBV infects quiescent, primary B cells it induces their continuous proliferation to yield growth-transformed B-cell lines in vitro. The lytic or productive phase of EBV's life cycle is induced by the expression of the viral BZLF1 gene in latently infect ...	2012	22031942
Significant association of multiple human cytomegalovirus genomic Loci with glioblastoma multiforme samples.	Viruses are appreciated as etiological agents of certain human tumors, but the number of different cancer types induced or exacerbated by viral infections is unknown. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)/astrocytoma grade IV is a malignant and lethal brain cancer of unknown origin. Over the past decade, several studies have searched for the presence of a prominent herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), in GBM samples. While some have detected HCMV DNA, RNA, and proteins in GBM tissues, others have ...	2012	22090104
multicentric castleman disease in an hhv-8-infected child born to consanguineous parents.	childhood multicentric castleman disease (mcd) is a rare and unexplained lymphoproliferative disorder. we report a human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8)-infected child, born to consanguineous comorian parents, who displayed isolated mcd in the absence of any known immunodeficiency. we also systematically review the clinical features of the 32 children previously reported with isolated and unexplained mcd. the characteristics of this patient and the geographic areas of origin of most previous cases suggest ...	2012	22157133
molecular biology of oncogenic inflammatory processes. i. non-oncogenic and oncogenic pathogens, intrinsic inflammatory reactions without pathogens, and microrna/dna interactions (review).	in some inflammasomes tumor cells are generated. the internal environment of the inflammasome is conducive to the induction of malignant transformation. epigenetic changes initiate this process. the subverted stromal connective tissue cells act to promote and sustain the process of malignant trans-formation. in its early stages, the premalignant cells depend on paracrine circuitries for the reception of growth factors. the ligands are d ...	2012	22076306
Detection of herpes simplex virus (1 and 2), varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and enterovirus in immunocompetent tunisian patients with acute neuromeningeal disorder.	Enteroviruses (EVs) and human herpesviruses (HHVs) are involved frequently in acute neurological disorders of viral etiology. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of herpes simplex virus types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human enteroviruses (EVs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of Tunisian immunocompetent patients with neuromeningeal disorders. The patients had been hospitalized at the Fattouma Bourgu ...	2012	22170549
reconstitution of the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus nuclear egress complex and formation of nuclear membrane vesicles by coexpression of orf67 and orf69 gene products.	the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus nuclear egress complex is composed of two proteins, orf67 and orf69. in this study, we have recapitulated the kshv complex by coexpression of these two proteins in insect cells using expression from recombinant baculoviruses. the proteins form a complex at the nuclear membrane as judged by live-cell analysis of protein fusions tagged with green fluorescent protein (gfp) and mcherry. ultrastructural analysis of infected cells showed that orf67 expressio ...	2012	22013050
Alpha and gamma herpesvirus detection in two herds of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand.	Abstract	2012	22175434
cooperation between viral interferon regulatory factor 4 and rta to activate a subset of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic promoters.	the four kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv)-encoded interferon (ifn) regulatory factor homologues (virf1 to virf4) are used to counter innate immune defenses and suppress p53. the virf genes are arranged in tandem but differ in function and expression. in kshv-infected effusion lymphoma lines, k10.5/virf3 and k11/virf2 mrnas are readily detected during latency, whereas k9/virf1 and k10/virf4 mrnas are upregulated during reactivation. here we show that the k10/virf4 promoter responds ...	2012	22090118
The role of MAPK in CD4(+) T cells toll-like receptor 9-mediated signaling following HHV-6 infection.	Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is an important immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory virus that primarily infects immune cells (mainly CD4(+) T cells) and strongly suppresses the proliferation of infected cells. Toll-like receptors are pattern-recognition receptors essential for the development of an appropriate innate immune defense against infection. To understand the role of CD4(+) T cells in the innate response to HHV-6 infection and the involvement of TLRs, we used an in vitro infection model ...	2012	22055432
immune modulation during latent herpesvirus infection.	nearly all human beings, by the time they reach adolescence, are infected with multiple herpesviruses. at any given time, this family of viruses accounts for 35-40 billion human infections worldwide, making herpesviruses among the most prevalent pathogens known to exist. compared to most other viruses, herpesviruses are also unique in that infection lasts the life of the host. remarkably, despite their prevalence and persistence, little is known about how these viruses interact with their hosts, ...	2012	22168421