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loss of sigb in listeria monocytogenes strains egd-e and 10403s confers hyperresistance to hydrogen peroxide in stationary phase under aerobic conditions.sigb is the main stress gene regulator in listeria monocytogenes affecting the expression of more than 150 genes and thus contributing to multiple-stress resistance. despite its clear role in most stresses, its role in oxidative stress is uncertain, as results accompanying the loss of sigb range from hyperresistance to hypersensitivity. previously, these differences have been attributed to strain variation. in this study, we show conclusively that unlike for all other stresses, loss of sigb resu ...201627208116
potential impact of the resistance to quaternary ammonium disinfectants on the persistence of listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments.the persistence of certain strains of listeria monocytogenes, even after the food processing environment has been cleaned and disinfected, suggests that this may be related to phenomena that reduce the concentration of the disinfectants to subinhibitory levels. this includes (i) the existence of environmental niches or reservoirs that are difficult for disinfectants to reach, (ii) microorganisms that form biofilms and create microenvironments in which adequate concentrations of disinfectants can ...201627199964
temperature significantly affects the plaquing and adsorption efficiencies of listeria phages.listeria-infecting phages are currently being used to control and detect the important foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes; however, the influence of environmental conditions on the interactions between l. monocytogenes and its phages has not been explored in depth. here, we examined the infective potential of four listeria phages (two each from the p70-like and p100-like phages of listeria) against five strains of l. monocytogenes (representing serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 4a, and 4b) grown unde ...201627199957
application of electron-beam irradiation combined with aging for improvement of microbiological and physicochemical quality of beef loin.the combined effects of irradiation and aging temperature on the microbial and chemical quality of beef loin were investigated. the samples were vacuum-packaged, irradiated at 0 or 2 kgy using electron-beam (eb), and stored for 10 d at different aging temperatures (2, 14, or 25℃). the microbial growth, shear values, meat color, and nucleotide-related flavor compounds of the samples were analyzed. the irradiation effect on inactivation of foodborne pathogens was also investigated. the population ...201627194930
atf3 provides protection from staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes infections. 201627190243
identification of a lipoteichoic acid glycosyltransferase enzyme reveals that gw-domain-containing proteins can be retained in the cell wall of listeria monocytogenes in the absence of lipoteichoic acid or its modifications.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne gram-positive bacterial pathogen, and many of its virulence factors are either secreted proteins or proteins covalently or noncovalently attached to the cell wall. previous work has indicated that noncovalently attached proteins with gw (glycine-tryptophan) domains are retained in the cell wall by binding to the cell wall polymer lipoteichoic acid (lta). lta is a glycerol phosphate polymer, which is modified in l. monocytogenes with galactose and d-alanine r ...201627185829
lactococcus piscium: a psychrotrophic lactic acid bacterium with bioprotective or spoilage activity in food-a review.the genus lactococcus comprises 12 species, some known for decades and others more recently described. lactococcus piscium, isolated in 1990 from rainbow trout, is a psychrotrophic lactic acid bacterium, probably disregarded because most of the strains are unable to grow at 30°c. during the last 10 years, this species has been isolated from a large variety of food: meat, seafood and vegetables, mostly packed under vacuum (vp) or modified atmosphere (map) and stored at chilled temperature. recent ...201627172050
free-living species of carnivorous mammals in poland: red fox, beech marten, and raccoon as a potential reservoir of salmonella, yersinia, listeria spp. and coagulase-positive staphylococcus.the objective of the study was to examine a population of free-living carnivorous mammals most commonly found in poland (red fox, beech marten, and raccoon) for the occurrence of bacteria that are potentially pathogenic for humans and other animal species and to determine their virulence potential (the presence of selected virulence genes). from the total pool of isolates obtained (n = 328), we selected 90 belonging to species that pose the greatest potential threat to human health: salmonella s ...201627171434
a rare case of listeriosis, acute cholecystitis and multiple myeloma.listeria monocytogenes (lm) is an aerobic, motile, intracellular gram-positive bacterium. most invasive systemic infections caused by lm are commonly seen in patients at both extremes of age, during pregnancy or in immunocompromised hosts. common clinical manifestations of lm infection in immunocompromised adults are bacteremia, infections of central nervous system, such as meningitis, and self-limiting febrile gastroenteritis. focal infections of listeria are rare, especially cholecystitis, wit ...201627170703
ongoing outbreak of invasive listeriosis due to serotype 1/2a listeria monocytogenes, ancona province, italy, january 2015 to february 2016.in the first seven weeks of 2016, five serotype 1/2a listeria monocytogenes isolates were collected from patients with invasive listeriosis in ancona province in italy. these strains and six 1/2a isolates identified in 2015 in the same area were typed by eric-pcr and pfge. a clonal relationship, documented between the two sets of isolates, suggested a listeriosis outbreak in ancona that started most probably in 2015. investigation into the source of infection is still ongoing.201627168589
listeria monocytogenes in different specimens from healthy red deer and wild boars.in the past, listeria monocytogenes has been isolated from game feces and meat. however, less information is available on the occurrence of l. monocytogenes in other specimens originating from game animals. hence, the aim of this study was to get an overview of the occurrence and distribution of l. monocytogenes in game animals by characterization of isolates from different matrices. for that purpose, samples were collected from red deer (cervus elaphus), wild boars (sus scrofa), and feed during ...201627159352
endothelial cells use a formin-dependent phagocytosis-like process to internalize the bacterium listeria monocytogenes.vascular endothelial cells act as gatekeepers that protect underlying tissue from blood-borne toxins and pathogens. nevertheless, endothelial cells are able to internalize large fibrin clots and apoptotic debris from the bloodstream, although the precise mechanism of such phagocytosis-like uptake is unknown. we show that cultured primary human endothelial cells (huvec) internalize both pathogenic and non-pathogenic listeria bacteria comparably, in a phagocytosis-like process. in contrast with pr ...201627152864
the absence of a mature cell wall sacculus in stable listeria monocytogenes l-form cells is independent of peptidoglycan synthesis.l-forms are cell wall-deficient variants of otherwise walled bacteria that maintain the ability to survive and proliferate in absence of the surrounding peptidoglycan sacculus. while transient or unstable l-forms can revert to the walled state and may still rely on residual peptidoglycan synthesis for multiplication, stable l-forms cannot revert to the walled form and are believed to propagate in the complete absence of peptidoglycan. l-forms are increasingly studied as a fundamental biological ...201627149671
preliminary study on the effect of fermented cheese whey on listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7, and salmonella goldcoast populations inoculated onto fresh organic lettuce.cheese whey fermented by an industrial starter consortium of lactic acid bacteria was evaluated for its antibacterial capacity to control a selection of pathogenic bacteria. for their relevance on outbreak reports related to vegetable consumption, this selection included listeria monocytogenes, serotype 4b, escherichia coli o157:h7, and salmonella goldcoast. organically grown lettuce was inoculated with an inoculum level of ∼10(7) colony-forming unit (cfu)/ml and was left for about 1 h in a safe ...201627149657
two listeria outbreaks caused by smoked fish consumption-using whole-genome sequencing for outbreak investigations.listeria monocytogenes may contaminate and persist in food production facilities and cause repeated, seemingly sporadic, illnesses over extended periods of time. we report on the investigation of two such concurrent outbreaks. we compared patient isolates and available isolates from foods and food production facilities by use of whole-genome sequencing and subsequent multilocus sequence type and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. outbreak cases shared outbreak strains, defined as listeria ...201627145209
bacteriocin from epidemic listeria strains alters the host intestinal microbiota to favor infection.listeria monocytogenes is responsible for gastroenteritis in healthy individuals and for a severe invasive disease in immunocompromised patients. among the three identified l. monocytogenes evolutionary lineages, lineage i strains are overrepresented in epidemic listeriosis outbreaks, but the mechanisms underlying the higher virulence potential of strains of this lineage remain elusive. here, we demonstrate that listeriolysin s (lls), a virulence factor only present in a subset of lineage i stra ...201627140611
anti-infective activity of 2-cyano-3-acrylamide inhibitors with improved drug-like properties against two intracellular pathogens.due to the rise of antibiotic resistance and the small number of effective antiviral drugs, new approaches for treating infectious diseases are urgently needed. identifying targets for host-based therapies represents an emerging strategy for drug discovery. the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a central mode of signaling in the eukaryotic cell and may be a promising target for therapies that bolster the host's ability to control infection. deubiquitinase (dub) enzymes are key regulators of the hos ...201627139470
blue-light inhibition of listeria monocytogenes growth is mediated by reactive oxygen species and is influenced by σb and the blue-light sensor lmo0799.listeria monocytogenes senses blue light via the flavin mononucleotide-containing sensory protein lmo0799, leading to activation of the general stress response sigma factor sigb (σ(b)). in this study, we investigated the physiological response of this foodborne pathogen to blue light. we show that blue light (460 to 470 nm) doses of 1.5 to 2 mw cm(-2) cause inhibition of growth on agar-based and liquid culture media. the inhibitory effects are dependent on cell density, with reduced effects evid ...201627129969
characteristics and distribution of listeria spp., including listeria species newly described since 2009.the genus listeria is currently comprised of 17 species, including 9 listeria species newly described since 2009. genomic and phenotypic data clearly define a distinct group of six species (listeria sensu strictu) that share common phenotypic characteristics (e.g., ability to grow at low temperature, flagellar motility); this group includes the pathogen listeria monocytogenes. the other 11 species (listeria sensu lato) represent three distinct monophyletic groups, which may warrant recognition a ...201627129530
[increased apoptosis and down-regulation of rhoa in hepg2 cells infected by listeria monocytogenes].to explore the apoptosis of hepg2 cells infected by listeria monocytogenes egd strain (lm-egd) as well as rho family small gtpases rhoa expression.201627126939
interrupting cd28 costimulation before antigen rechallenge affects cd8(+) t-cell expansion and effector functions during secondary response in mice.the role of cd28-mediated costimulation in secondary cd8(+) t-cell responses remains controversial. here, we have used two tools - blocking mouse anti-mouse cd28-specific antibodies and inducible cd28-deleting mice - to obtain definitive answers in mice infected with ovalbumin-secreting listeria monocytogenes. we report that both blockade and global deletion of cd28 reveal its requirement for full clonal expansion and effector functions such as degranulation and ifn-γ production during the secon ...201627122236
term-seq reveals abundant ribo-regulation of antibiotics resistance in bacteria.riboswitches and attenuators are cis-regulatory rna elements, most of which control bacterial gene expression via metabolite-mediated, premature transcription termination. we developed an unbiased experimental approach for genome-wide discovery of such ribo-regulators in bacteria. we also devised an experimental platform that quantitatively measures the in vivo activity of all such regulators in parallel and enables rapid screening for ribo-regulators that respond to metabolites of choice. using ...201627120414
restraining reactive oxygen species in listeria monocytogenes promotes the apoptosis of glial cells.listeria monocytogenes is a facultative anaerobic foodborne pathogen that can traverse the blood-brain barrier and cause brain infection. l. monocytogenes infection induces host cell apoptosis in several cell types. in this study, we investigated the apoptosis of human glioma cell line u251 invaded by l. monocytogenes and evaluated the function of bacterial reactive oxygen species (ros) during infection.201627120397
the continuous challenge of characterizing the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen commonly isolated from food processing environments and food products. this organism can multiply at refrigeration temperatures, form biofilms on different materials and under various conditions, resist a range of environmental stresses, and contaminate food products by cross-contamination. l. monocytogenes is recognized as the causative agent of listeriosis, a serious disease that affects mainly individuals from high-risk groups, such as ...201627120361
the microbiological quality of pasteurized milk sold by automatic vending machines.the microbiological quality of pasteurized milk samples (n = 39) collected during 13 weekly intervals from three automatic vending machines (avm) in greece was investigated. microbiological counts (total aerobic (tac), total psychrotrophic (tpc), enterobacteriaceae (ec), and psychrotrophic aerobic bacterial spore counts (pabsc)) were obtained at the time of sampling and at the end of shelf-life (3 days) after storage of the samples at 4 or 8°c. tac were found to be below the 10(7 ) cfu ml(-1) li ...201627116619
fully automated and colorimetric foodborne pathogen detection on an integrated centrifugal microfluidic device.this work describes fully automated and colorimetric foodborne pathogen detection on an integrated centrifugal microfluidic device, which is called a lab-on-a-disc. all the processes for molecular diagnostics including dna extraction and purification, dna amplification and amplicon detection were integrated on a single disc. silica microbeads incorporated in the disc enabled extraction and purification of bacterial genomic dna from bacteria-contaminated milk samples. we targeted four kinds of fo ...201627112702
click-em for imaging metabolically tagged nonprotein biomolecules.em has long been the main technique for imaging cell structures with nanometer resolution but has lagged behind light microscopy in the crucial ability to make specific molecules stand out. here we introduce click-em, a labeling technique for correlative light microscopy and em imaging of nonprotein biomolecules. in this approach, metabolic labeling substrates containing bioorthogonal functional groups are provided to cells for incorporation into biopolymers by endogenous biosynthetic machinery. ...201627110681
listeria monocytogenes infection differentially affects expression of ligands for nk cells and nk cell responses, depending on the cell type infected.the pivotal role of nk cells in viral infection is extensively studied, whereas the role of nk cells in bacterial infection has been poorly investigated. here, we have examined how listeria monocytogenes (lm) affects expression of ligands for nk cell receptors and subsequent nk cell responses, depending on the type of cell infected. lm infected rat cell lines derived from different tissues were coincubated with splenic nk cells, and nk cell proliferation and ifn-γ production were measured. in ad ...201627106671
listeriolysin o membrane damaging activity involves arc formation and lineaction -- implication for listeria monocytogenes escape from phagocytic vacuole.listeriolysin-o (llo) plays a crucial role during infection by listeria monocytogenes. it enables escape of bacteria from phagocytic vacuole, which is the basis for its spread to other cells and tissues. it is not clear how llo acts at phagosomal membranes to allow bacterial escape. the mechanism of action of llo remains poorly understood, probably due to unavailability of suitable experimental tools that could monitor llo membrane disruptive activity in real time. here, we used high-speed atomi ...201627104344
rifampin phosphotransferase is an unusual antibiotic resistance kinase.rifampin (rif) phosphotransferase (rph) confers antibiotic resistance by conversion of rif and atp, to inactive phospho-rif, amp and pi. here we present the crystal structure of rph from listeria monocytogenes (rph-lm), which reveals that the enzyme is comprised of three domains: two substrate-binding domains (atp-grasp and rif-binding domains); and a smaller phosphate-carrying his swivel domain. using solution small-angle x-ray scattering and mutagenesis, we reveal a mechanism where the swivel ...201627103605
in vivo efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and thymol in attenuating listeria monocytogenes infection in a galleria mellonella model.listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that causes life-threatening illnesses in humans. with emergence of antibiotic resistance in l. monocytogenes, there is considerable interest in testing the efficacy of alternative therapies for controlling listeriosis in humans. this study investigated the efficacy of three phytochemicals, namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (tc), carvacrol (cr), and thymol (ty) in reducing l. monocytogenes virulence in the recently established invertebrate model, ga ...201627094514
previous homologous and heterologous stress exposure induces tolerance development to pulsed light in listeria monocytogenes.as one of the emerging non-thermal technologies, pulsed light (pl) facilitates rapid, mild and residue-free microbial surface decontamination of food and food contact materials. while notable progress has been made in the characterization of the inactivation potential of pl, experimental data available on the tolerance development to the same (homologous) stress or to different (heterologous) stresses commonly applied in food manufacturing (e.g., acid, heat, salt) is rather controversial. the fi ...201627092137
implementation of nationwide real-time whole-genome sequencing to enhance listeriosis outbreak detection and investigation.listeria monocytogenes (lm) causes severe foodborne illness (listeriosis). previous molecular subtyping methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), were critical in detecting outbreaks that led to food safety improvements and declining incidence, but pfge provides limited genetic resolution. a multiagency collaboration began performing real-time, whole-genome sequencing (wgs) on all us lm isolates from patients, food, and the environment in september 2013, posting sequencing data i ...201627090985
agricultural by-products with bioactive effects: a multivariate approach to evaluate microbial and physicochemical changes in a fresh pork sausage enriched with phenolic compounds from olive vegetation water.the use of phenolic compounds derived from agricultural by-products could be considered as an eco-friendly strategy for food preservation. in this study a purified phenol extract from olive vegetation water (peovw) was explored as a potential bioactive ingredient for meat products using italian fresh sausage as food model. the research was developed in two steps: first, an in vitro delineation of the extract antimicrobial activities was performed, then, the peovw was tested in the food model to ...201627088870
how many parameters does it take to describe disease tolerance?the study of infectious disease has been aided by model organisms, which have helped to elucidate molecular mechanisms and contributed to the development of new treatments; however, the lack of a conceptual framework for unifying findings across models, combined with host variability, has impeded progress and translation. here, we fill this gap with a simple graphical and mathematical framework to study disease tolerance, the dose response curve relating health to microbe load; this approach hel ...201627088212
a molluscan calreticulin ortholog from haliotis discus discus: molecular characterization and transcriptional evidence for its role in host immunity.calreticulin (calr), a ca(2+) binding chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and mainly involved in ca(2+) storage and signaling. in this study, we report the molecular characterization and immune responses of calr homolog from disk abalone (abcalr). the full length abcalr cdna (1837 bp) had an orf of 1224 bp. according to the multiple alignments analysis, n- and p-domains were highly conserved in all the selected members of calrs. in contrast, the c-domain which terminated with the charact ...201627086846
how nacl and water content determine water activity during ripening of gouda cheese, and the predicted effect on inhibition of listeria monocytogenes.this study describes the diffusion of nacl and water in gouda cheese during brining and ripening. furthermore, we established water activity as a function of the nacl-in-moisture content in gouda cheese during ripening. we determined nacl content, water content, and water activity in block-type gouda cheeses that were brined for 3.8d and foil-ripened for a period of 26 wk, and in wheel-type gouda cheeses that were brined for 0.33, 2.1, or 8.9d and subsequently nature-ripened for a period of 26 w ...201627085417
listeria monocytogenes remodels the cell surface in the blood-stage.after crossing the intestinal barrier, the bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes disseminates via the blood to the liver, spleen, brain and placenta. transcriptomic studies have shown that l. monocytogenes changes expression of many genes during this blood-stage. however, no comparable data at the protein level are known. as main interactors with the environment, we focused in surface proteins produced by l. monocytogenes in an ex vivo bovine blood model. bacteria exposed to blood alter sele ...201627085096
simultaneous detection of waddlia chondrophila and listeria monocytogenes in aborted ruminant samples by real-time quantitative pcr. 201627083520
ankle arthritis and nail clubbing as a form of presentation of listeria monocytogenes endocarditis. 201626190205
listeria meningitis complicating a patient with ulcerative colitis on concomitant infliximab and hydrocortisone.infliximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against tumour necrosis factor, is an effective therapy for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease. uncommonly, serious opportunistic infections have occurred in patients after infliximab administration. here, we describe meningitis caused by listeria monocytogenes developing in a 37-year-old man with ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous corticosteroids 10 days after receiving his first infusion of infliximab. with the increas ...201626358724
combined effect of ultrasound and essential oils to reduce listeria monocytogenes on fresh produce.salads prepared from contaminated fresh produce have a high risk of causing food-borne illnesses. essential oils obtained from plants have antimicrobial activity and may provide a natural approach to reduce the pathogens on fresh produce. additionally, ultrasound treatments have been shown to reduce the microbial counts on different foods. the objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activities of cinnamon and lemon essential oils in vitro and in food applications. mixtures o ...201626377335
multisystemic listeriosis in a common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) and two common ringtail possums (pseudocheirus peregrinus).a single free-ranging common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) and 2 captive sibling common ringtail possums (pseudocheirus peregrinus)from a zoological facility in sydney, australia, were diagnosed with multisystemic listeriosis. the brushtail was found dead in an animal enclosure while the ringtails presented with signs of cardiovascular collapse and died shortly thereafter. all 3 animals were culture positive forlisteria monocytogenesand demonstrated focal suppurative lesions within th ...201626215760
natural antimicrobials and high-pressure treatments on the inactivation of salmonella enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in cold-smoked salmon.high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) combined with reuterin and lactoperoxidase system (lps) has exerted antimicrobial activity against listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked salmon at chilled temperatures. therefore the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of hhp combined with reuterin, lps and lactoferrin (lf) on the survival of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in cold-smoked salmon stored at 4 and 10 °c.201626268416
prevalence and virulence characterization of listeria monocytogenes in chilled pork in zhejiang province, china.listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that can grow in refrigeration temperature and causes severe human infections. the aims of this work were to estimate the prevalence of l. monocytogenes in chilled pork in zhejiang, china and to examine the virulence features of the isolates. of 331 meat samples, 196 were positive for listeria spp., with l. innocua accounting for 54.4%, l. monocytogenes for 11.5%, and l. welshimeri for 4.2%. the most prevalent l. monocytogenes serotype wa ...201626393675
identification and characterization of species-specific nanobodies for the detection of listeria monocytogenes in milk.listeria monocytogenes (lm), one of the eight species belonging to the genus listeria, is pathogenic for both humans and animals. in this study, two novel lm-specific clones, designated l5-78 and l5-79, were isolated from a phage display antibody library that was derived from the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (vhhs) of non-immunized alpaca. these two clones were expressed, purified, and characterized. results showed that both isolated vhhs recognize three serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4 ...201626456330
comparative genomic analysis reveals that the 20k and 38k prophages in listeria monocytogenes serovar 4a strains lm850658 and m7 contribute to genetic diversity but not to virulence.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of considerable genetic diversity with varying pathogenicity. initially, we found that the strain m7 was far less pathogenic than the strain lm850658 though both are serovar 4a strains belonging to the lineage iii. comparative genomic approaches were then attempted to decipher the genetic basis that might govern the strain-dependent pathotypes. there are 2,761 coding sequences of 100% nucleotide identity between the two strains, accounting for 95.7% ...201626464378
[the stimulating effect of exometabolites of the marine microalgae phaeodactylum tricornutum bohlin on reproduction of listeria monocytogenes].the biological activity of ethyl acetate extract of exometabolites from the marine microalgae phaeodactylum tricornutum against a test culture of listeria monocytogenes 4b has been investigated. it was shown that the stimulating effect of algal exometabolites on the growth of pathogenic bacteria increased maximally by 98.3% on day 6 of the cultivation, if the active substances comprising the culture liquid of p. tricornutum were separated by successive extractions with solvents in order of incre ...201626415278
macrophages mediate flagellin induced inflammasome activation and host defense in zebrafish.the inflammasome is an innate immune complex whose rapid inflammatory outputs play a critical role in controlling infection; however, the host cells that mediate inflammasome responses in vivo are not well defined. using zebrafish larvae, we examined the cellular immune responses to inflammasome activation during infection. we compared the host responses with two listeria monocytogenes strains: wild type and lm-pyro, a strain engineered to activate the inflammasome via ectopic expression of flag ...201626468080
systemic tolerance mediated by melanoma brain tumors is reversible by radiotherapy and vaccination.immune responses to antigens originating in the central nervous system (cns) are generally attenuated, as collateral damage can have devastating consequences. the significance of this finding for the efficacy of tumor-targeted immunotherapies is largely unknown.201626490306
virus recovering from strawberries: evaluation of a skimmed milk organic flocculation method for assessment of microbiological contamination.skimmed milk organic flocculation method was adapted, optimized and compared with polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation and filtration methods for recovering viruses from a strawberry matrix. spiking experiments with norovirus genogroup ii genotype 4 (nov gii.4) and murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) demonstrated that the organic flocculation method associated with a glycine elution buffer, filter bag and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ctab) showed a recovery percentage of 2.5 and 32 times higher tha ...201626476572
synergism between carvacrol or thymol increases the antimicrobial efficacy of soy sauce with no sensory impact.here, we examined the antimicrobial effects of soy sauce containing essential oils (eos) against escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes at 22°c and 4°c. to screen a variety of combined effects, soy sauce was mixed with six different eos (carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, β-resorcylic acid, and vanillin), each at a concentration of 1mm for 10 min. none of the oils showed bactericidal activity when used alone. soy sauce combined with carvacrol ...201626490647
ring-enhancing brain lesions: listeria monocytogenes abscesses. 201626494469
outbreak of hospital-acquired gastroenteritis and invasive infection caused by listeria monocytogenes, finland, 2012.during one week in july 2012, two patients from the same ward at the municipal hospital in vaasa, finland, were diagnosed with septicaemia caused by listeria monocytogenes. an outbreak investigation revealed eight concomitant cases of febrile gastroenteritis caused by l. monocytogenes on the same ward. median age of the cases was 82 years and median incubation time for listerial gastroenteritis was 21 h (range 9-107). an additional 10 cases of invasive listeriosis caused by the same outbreak str ...201626493730
enhanced antimicrobial effect of organic acid washing against foodborne pathogens on broccoli by vacuum impregnation.this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of vacuum impregnation applied to the washing process for removal of salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes from broccoli surfaces. broccoli was inoculated with the two foodborne pathogens and treated with simple dipping washing or with vacuum impregnation in 2% malic acid for 5, 10, 20, or 30 min. there were two methods of vacuum impregnation: continuous and intermittent. after 30 min of 101.3 kpa (=14.7 psi, simple dipping), 61.3 kpa ...201626496412
efflux pump-mediated benzalkonium chloride resistance in listeria monocytogenes isolated from retail food.in this study, efflux pump-mediated benzalkonium chloride (bc) resistance, including plasmid-encoded (qac protein family and bcrabc) and chromosome-borne efflux pumps, was investigated in listeria monocytogenes from retail food in china. among the 59 l. monocytogenes strains, 13 (22.0%) strains were resistant to bc. the pcr results showed that bcrabc was harbored by 2 of 13 bc resistant strains. however, none of the qac genes were detected among the 59 strains. the bcrabc was absent in both of t ...201626513255
the intrinsic cephalosporin resistome of listeria monocytogenes in the context of stress response, gene regulation, pathogenesis and therapeutics.intrinsic resistance to antibiotics is a serious therapeutic problem in the case of many bacterial species. the gram-positive human pathogen listeria monocytogenes is intrinsically resistant to broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotics, which are commonly used in therapy of bacterial infections. besides three penicillin-binding proteins the intrinsic cephalosporin resistome of l. monocytogenes includes multidrug resistance transporter transporters, proteins involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis ...201626509460
collapsin response mediator protein-1 regulates arp2/3-dependent actin assembly.listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial parasite that uses host proteins to assemble an arp2/3-dependent actin comet tail to power its movement through the host cell. initiation of comet tail assembly is more efficient in cytosol than it is under defined conditions, indicating that unknown factors contribute to the reaction. we therefore fractionated cytosol and identified crmp-1 as a factor that facilitates arp2/3-dependent listeria actin cloud formation in the presence of arp2/3 and actin alone. ...201626598519
exoproteome analysis reveals higher abundance of proteins linked to alkaline stress in persistent listeria monocytogenes strains.the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes, responsible for listeriosis a rare but severe infection disease, can survive in the food processing environment for month or even years. so-called persistent l. monocytogenes strains greatly increase the risk of (re)contamination of food products, and are therefore a great challenge for food safety. however, our understanding of the mechanism underlying persistence is still fragmented. in this study we compared the exoproteome of three persistent st ...201626594790
tracing sources of listeria contamination in traditional italian cheese associated with a us outbreak: investigations in italy.in 2012 a us multistate outbreak of listeriosis was linked to ricotta salata imported from italy, made from pasteurized sheep's milk. sampling activities were conducted in italy to trace the source of listeria monocytogenes contamination. the cheese that caused the outbreak was produced in a plant in apulia that processed semi-finished cheeses supplied by five plants in sardinia. during an 'emergency sampling', 179 (23·6%) out of 758 end-products tested positive for l. monocytogenes, with concen ...201626522501
effect of x-ray treatments on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica and inherent microbiota on whole mangoes.the aims of this investigation were to; (i) study the effect of x-ray treatments in reducing escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on whole mangoes, and (ii) study the effect of x-ray treatments on microflora counts (mesophilic counts, psychrotrophic counts and yeast and mould counts) of whole mangoes during storage at ambient temperature (22°c) for 30 days. a mixture of three strains of each test organism was spot inoculated (100 μl; approx. ...201626518738
listeria monocytogenes isolates from food and food environment harbouring tetm and ermb resistance genes.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that has become an important cause of human and animal diseases worldwide. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the serotypes, virulence potential, antimicrobial resistance profile, and genetic relationships of 50 l. monocytogenes isolates from food and food environment in southern brazil. in this study, the majority of l. monocytogenes isolates belonged to the serotypes 1/2b (42%) and 4b (26%), which are the main serotypes associated with huma ...201626518475
multiplex pcr serogrouping of listeria monocytogenes isolated in japan.pcr serogrouping methods were used to examine strains of l. monocytogenes isolated in japan. among 187 strains, 99.5% were classified into 4 pcr serogroups corresponding to conventional serotypes. only one isolate had a new pcr profile, which may be a variant of serogroup ivb.201626537550
adam17 controls il-6 signaling by cleavage of the murine il-6rα from the cell surface of leukocytes during inflammatory responses.the cytokine il-6 is part of a regulatory signaling network that controls immune responses. il-6 binds either to the membrane-bound il-6 receptor-α (classic signaling) or to the soluble il-6 receptor-α (trans-signaling) to initiate signal transduction via gp130 activation. because classic and trans-signaling of il-6 fulfill different tasks during immune responses, controlled shedding of the membrane-bound il-6 receptor-α from the surface of immune cells can be considered a central regulator of i ...201626561568
up-regulation of cyld enhances listeria monocytogenes induced apoptosis in thp-1 cells.listeria monocytogenes (lm), a facultative anaerobic gram-positive bacterium, causes listeriosis. immune cell apoptosis is considered to be one pathogenic factor for listeriosis. as a deubiquitinase, cyld is an important regulator both in innate immune response and apoptosis by negatively modulating nf-κb pathway. however the role of cyld in lm induced apoptosis remains unclear. here we found that cyld is significantly up-regulated in macrophages upon its infection. there is a moderate decrease ...201626545866
structure of the bacterial cell division determinant gpsb and its interaction with penicillin-binding proteins.each bacterium has to co-ordinate its growth with division to ensure genetic stability of the population. consequently, cell division and growth are tightly regulated phenomena, albeit different bacteria utilise one of several alternative regulatory mechanisms to maintain control. here we consider gpsb, which is linked to cell growth and division in gram-positive bacteria. δgpsb mutants of the human pathogen listeria monocytogenes show severe lysis, division and growth defects due to distortions ...201626575090
dynamics of listeria monocytogenes colonisation in a newly-opened meat processing facility.this study determined the colonisation scenario of listeria monocytogenes in a newly-opened ready-to-eat meat processing facility using a combination of classical microbiology and molecular biology techniques. samples (n=183), including food contact surfaces, non-food contact surfaces, raw materials and food samples, collected on four sampling occasions, were analysed for l. monocytogenes by the iso 11290:1996 standard method and by real-time pcr applied to the second enrichment broth from the i ...201626599913
teichoic acid is the major polysaccharide present in the listeria monocytogenes biofilm matrix.the aim of this study was to characterize the listeria monocytogenes biofilm and particularly the nature of the carbohydrates in the biofilm extracellular matrix and culture supernatant versus to cell wall carbohydrates. listeria monocytogenes serotype 1/2a and 4b strains were able to form complex biofilms embedded in an extracellular matrix. the soluble carbohydrates from biofilm extracellular matrix and culture supernatant were identified as teichoic acids, structurally identical to cell wall ...201626626878
extending rad tag analysis to microbial ecology: a comparison between multilocus sequence typing and 2b-rad to investigate listeria monocytogenes genetic structure.the advent of next-generation sequencing (ngs) has dramatically changed bacterial typing technologies, increasing our ability to differentiate bacterial isolates. despite it is now possible to sequence a bacterial genome in a few days and at reasonable costs, most genetic analyses do not require whole-genome sequencing, which also remains impractical for large population samples due to the cost of individual library preparation and bioinformatics. more traditional sequencing approaches, however, ...201626613186
effect of salt types and concentrations on the high-pressure inactivation of listeria monocytogenes in ground chicken.national and international health agencies have recommended a significant reduction in daily intake of sodium by reducing the amount of nacl in foods, specifically processed meats. however, sodium reduction could increase the risk of survival and growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms on these products. therefore, alternate processing technologies to improve safety of sodium reduced foods are necessary. this study examined the effects of three different salt types and concentrations on ...201626613161
inhibition mechanism of listeria monocytogenes by a bioprotective bacteria lactococcus piscium cncm i-4031.listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic gram positive bacterium and the etiologic agent of listeriosis, a severe food-borne disease. lactococcus piscium cncm i-4031 has the capacity to prevent the growth of l. monocytogenes in contaminated peeled and cooked shrimp. to investigate the inhibititory mechanism, a chemically defined medium (msma) based on shrimp composition and reproducing the inhibition observed in shrimp was developed. in co-culture at 26 °c, l. monocytogenes was reduced by 3-4 log ...201626611171
prospective whole-genome sequencing enhances national surveillance of listeria monocytogenes.whole-genome sequencing (wgs) has emerged as a powerful tool for comparing bacterial isolates in outbreak detection and investigation. here we demonstrate that wgs performed prospectively for national epidemiologic surveillance of listeria monocytogenes has the capacity to be superior to our current approaches using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), multilocus sequence typing (mlst), multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva), binary typing, and serotyping. initially 423 l. ...201626607978
listeria infected pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery.we present a unique case of listeria-infected pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery. listeria monocytogenes, a gram positive, intracellular bacterium, is widespread in the environment. the manifestation of infection in humans ranges from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening listeriosis. the incidence in the healthy population is low (0.7 per 100,000) but rises sharply in pregnancy, the immunocompromised and patients with malignancy. listeria rarely causes mycotic aneurysm formatio ...201626620380
systemic listeriosis following vaccination with the attenuated listeria monocytogenes therapeutic vaccine, adxs11-001. 201626618528
an invertebrate signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (stat5) ortholog from the disk abalone, haliotis discus discus: genomic structure, early developmental expression, and immune responses to bacterial and viral stresses.signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) family members are key signaling molecules that transduce cellular responses from the cell membrane to the nucleus upon janus kinase (jak) activation. although seven stat members have been reported in mammals, very limited information on stat genes in molluscans is available. in this study, we identified and characterized a stat paralog that is homologous to stat5 from the disk abalone, haliotis discus discus, and designated as abstat5. com ...201626616564
microbial dynamics in mixed culture biofilms of bacteria surviving sanitation of conveyor belts in salmon-processing plants.the microbiota surviving sanitation of salmon-processing conveyor belts was identified and its growth dynamics further investigated in a model mimicking processing surfaces in such plants.201626613979
restraining of reactive oxygen species promotes invasion of listeria monocytogenes into glia cells.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that could cause severe infection in the central nervous system of humans and animals. however, the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis is not fundamentally assessed. this study aimed to analyze the role of reactive oxygen species (ros) in l. monocytogenes during its invasion into glia cells. the ros level in l. monocytogenes was manipulated using nad(p)h oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (dpi) and ros scavenger n-acetyl cysteine (n ...201626635415
detection of virulence genes and growth potential in listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from ricotta salata cheese.ricotta salata is a traditional ripened and salted whey cheese made in sardinia (italy) from sheep's milk. this product is catalogued as ready-to-eat food (rte) since it is not submitted to any further treatment before consumption. thus, foodborne pathogens, such as listeria monocytogenes, can represent a health risk for consumers. in september 2012, the fda ordered the recall of several batches of ricotta salata imported from italy linked to 22 cases of listeriosis in the united states. this st ...201626666835
inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium on fresh-cut bell pepper treated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water combined with ultrasound and mild heat.the goal of this study was to enhance the antimicrobial effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (saew) through addition of synergistic treatment with ultrasound (us) and mild heat treatment in order to improve the microbial safety of fresh-cut bell pepper. to evaluate the synergistic effects, the weibull model was used to mathematically measure the effectiveness of the individual and combined treatments against listeria monocytogenes and salmonella typhimurium on the pepper. the combined tr ...201626678144
the challenge of enumerating listeria monocytogenes in food.listeria monocytogenes is recognised as a serious foodborne pathogen in humans. however, food products are usually contaminated at low levels (i.e. <100 cfu/g) and there is still no adequate enumeration method for testing food. much research has been carried out to improve listeria enumeration methods, leading to several proposed alternative methods such as the most probable number technique, molecular-based methods and bacterial cell concentration techniques. here, we catalogue the current know ...201626678141
development of a model describing the inhibitory effect of selected preservatives on the growth of listeria monocytogenes in a meat model system.the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of seven independent factors consisting of sodium nitrite, ph, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium lactate syrup, calcium propionate and a blend of nisin and hop alpha acids on the growth rate of listeria monocytogenes in ham as a model of ready-to-eat (rte) meat products. a central composite consisted of seven factors mentioned above was designed and the response surface methodology was applied for creating a mathematic model to predict ...201626678138
long-term exposure to high levels of decabrominated diphenyl ether inhibits cd4 t-cell functions in c57bl/6 mice.in recent years, the adverse health effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (bde-209) have raised more concerns as a growing number of studies reported its persistence in the environment and abundance in the human population, especially in occupational environmental compartments and exposed personnel. this study applies our previous animal model simulating occupational exposure to bde-209 to investigate its potential adverse effects on cd4 t cells. female c57bl/6 mice were orally gavaged with b ...201626682527
cutting edge: novel tmem173 allele reveals importance of sting n terminus in trafficking and type i ifn production.with the stimulator of ifn genes (sting) c terminus being extensively studied, the role of the n-terminal domain (ntd) of sting remains an important subject of investigation. in this article, we identify novel mutations in ntd of sting of the molf strain in response to hsv and listeria monocytogenes both in vitro and in vivo. these mutations are responsible for low levels of ifn-β caused by failure of molf sting to translocate from the endoplasmic reticulum. these data provide evidence that the ...201626685207
xcr1+ dendritic cells promote memory cd8+ t cell recall upon secondary infections with listeria monocytogenes or certain viruses.naive cd8(+) t cell priming during tumor development or many primary infections requires cross-presentation by xcr1(+) dendritic cells (dcs). memory cd8(+) t lymphocytes (mctls) harbor a lower activation threshold as compared with naive cells. however, whether their recall responses depend on xcr1(+) dcs is unknown. by using a new mouse model allowing fluorescent tracking and conditional depletion of xcr1(+) dcs, we demonstrate a differential requirement of these cells for mctl recall during sec ...201626694969
perforin-2 protects host cells and mice by restricting the vacuole to cytosol transitioning of a bacterial pathogen.the host-encoded perforin-2 (encoded by the macrophage-expressed gene 1, mpeg1), which possesses a pore-forming macpf domain, reduces the viability of bacterial pathogens that reside within membrane-bound compartments. here, it is shown that perforin-2 also restricts the proliferation of the intracytosolic pathogen listeria monocytogenes within a few hours of systemic infection, the massive proliferation of l. monocytogenes in perforin-2(-/-)mice leads to a rapid appearance of acute disease symp ...201626831467
uncovering listeria monocytogenes hypervirulence by harnessing its biodiversity.microbial pathogenesis studies are typically performed with reference strains, thereby overlooking within-species heterogeneity in microbial virulence. here we integrated human epidemiological and clinical data with bacterial population genomics to harness the biodiversity of the model foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes and decipher the basis of its neural and placental tropisms. taking advantage of the clonal structure of this bacterial species, we identify clones epidemiologically assoc ...201626829754
molecular serogrouping of listeria monocytogenes from brazil using pcr.we assessed the serotype distribution of listeria monocytogenes isolates from clinical, beef, and environment samples using two pcr-based protocols for serogrouping. a panel of 134 isolates (22 clinical samples, 79 samples of beef cuts, and 33 samples from the beef processing environment) were subjected to conventional serology and identified as serotypes 1/2a (n = 12), 1/2b (n = 21), 1/2c (n = 71), and 4b (n = 30). isolates from clinical samples were predominantly serotype 4b, and the most prev ...201626735041
antimicrobial activities, toxicity and phenolic composition of asphodeline anatolica e. tuzlaci leaf extracts from turkey.the antimicrobial activity of acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of asphodeline anatolica e. tuzlaci leaves was evaluated against american type culture collection, food and clinical isolates (listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains-mrsa). biofilm formation, toxicity and characterisation of the polyphenolic content were analysed. the acetone extract demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity against s. aureus including mrsa strains, l. monocy ...201626727992
the role of listeria monocytogenes cell wall surface anchor protein lapb in virulence, adherence, and intracellular replication.lmof2365_2117 is a listeria monocytogenes putative cell wall surface anchor protein with a conserved domain found in collagen binding proteins. we constructed a deletion mutation in lmof2365_2117 in serotype 4b strain f2365, evaluated its virulence, and determined its ability to adhere and invade colonic epithelial cells and macrophages. in a/j mice, colonization of liver was significantly higher for f2365 than for f2365δ2117. the ability of f2365δ2117 to adhere to caco-2 cells was significantly ...201626724740
differential internalin a levels in biofilms of listeria monocytogenes grown on different surfaces and nutrient conditions.listeria monoctyogenes is a foodborne pathogen containing the surface protein, internalin a (inla). the expression of this protein permits the invasion of l. monocytogenes into intestinal epithelial cells expressing the receptor e-cadherin, thus crossing the intestinal barrier and resulting in listerosis. the main aim of this work was to investigate inla levels in different l. monocytogenes strains in both planktonic and sessile states using an anti-inla antibody. biofilms were grown in high and ...201626724402
effect of peracetic acid on biofilms formed by staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy plants.this research investigated the removal of adherent cells of 4 strains of staphylococcus aureus and 1 listeria monocytogenes strain (previously isolated from dairy plants) from polystyrene microtiter plates using peracetic acid (paa, 0.5%) for 15, 30, 60, and 120 s, and the inactivation of biofilms formed by those strains on stainless steel coupons using the same treatment times. in the microtiter plates, paa removed all s. aureus at 15 s compared with control (no paa treatment). however, l. mono ...201626723125
behavior of escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes during fermentation and storage of camel yogurt.in addition to its nutritional and therapeutic properties, camel milk has the ability to suppress the growth of a wide range of foodborne pathogens, but there is a lack of information regarding the behavior of these pathogens in products such as yogurt produced from camel milk. the objective of the current study was to investigate the behavior of listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli o157:h7 during manufacture and storage of camel yogurt. camel milk inoculated with l. monocytogenes and e. ...201626723116
pregnancy vaccination with gold glyco-nanoparticles carrying listeria monocytogenes peptides protects against listeriosis and brain- and cutaneous-associated morbidities.listeriosis is a fatal infection for fetuses and newborns with two clinical main morbidities in the neonatal period, meningitis and diffused cutaneous lesions. in this study, we vaccinated pregnant females with two gold glyconanoparticles (gnp) loaded with two peptides, listeriolysin peptide 91-99 (llo91-99) or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-22 peptide (gapdh1-22). neonates born to vaccinated mothers were free of bacteria and healthy, while non-vaccinated mice presented clear brain a ...201628335280
multiplex pcr for simultaneous identification of e. coli o157:h7, salmonella spp. and l. monocytogenes in food.the rapid detection of pathogens in food is becoming increasingly critical for ensuring the safety of consumers, since the majority of food-borne illnesses and deaths are caused by pathogenic bacteria. hence, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and convenient approaches to detect food-borne pathogenic bacteria is essential in controlling food safety. in this study, a multiplex pcr assay for the rapid and simultaneous detection of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp. and listeria monocytogenes was ...201628330283
creative lysins: listeria and the engineering of antimicrobial enzymes.cell wall lytic enzymes have been of increasing interest as antimicrobials for targeting gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, largely due to the development of strains resistant to antibiotics and bacteriophage therapy. such lysins show considerable promise against listeria monocytogenes, a primary concern in food-processing environments, but there is room for improvement via protein engineering. advances in antilisterial applications could benefit from recent developments in lysin bi ...201626710271
microbial inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of carbon-doped tio2 (c-tio2) under visible light.in this study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles doped with carbon (c-tio2) were synthesized by means of sol-gel methods, and the synthesis was verified by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. the nanoparticles' photocatalytic disinfection activity of listeria monocytogenes was tested under uv and visible light. the observed inactivation levels for 150min of visible light exposure with and without uv cutoff filters were 2.10 and 2.45 log, respectively. we also found that traditional reactive ...201626705890
two listeria monocytogenes pseudo-outbreaks caused by contaminated laboratory culture media.listeriosis is a serious foodborne infection that disproportionately affects elderly adults, pregnant women, newborns, and immunocompromised individuals. diagnosis is made by culturing listeria monocytogenes from sterile body fluids or from products of conception. this report describes the investigations of two listeriosis pseudo-outbreaks caused by contaminated laboratory media made from sheep blood.201626699704
enteric listeriosis in grazing steers supplemented with spoiled silage.an outbreak of enteric listeriosis in steers that were fed spoiled silage is reported. the outbreak started 2 days after ~200 animals in a single paddock were given a supplement of spoiled silage. forty animals (20%) were affected, and 13 (6.5%) died over a period of 10 days. affected animals were recumbent, depressed, and had diarrhea with mucus and fibrin. gross and microscopic findings in 3 animals that were subjected to autopsy included excess peritoneal fluid, congestion and edema of abomas ...201626699524
effect of hops beta acids on the survival of unstressed- or acid-stress-adapted-listeria monocytogenes and on the quality and sensory attributes of commercially cured ham slices.this study evaluated the antilisterial activity of hops beta acids (hba) and their impact on the quality and sensory attributes of ham. commercially cured ham slices were inoculated with unstressed- and acid-stress-adapted (asa)-l. monocytogenes (2.2 to 2.5 log cfu/cm(2) ), followed by no dipping (control), dipping in deionized (di) water, or dipping in a 0.11% hba solution. this was followed by vacuum or aerobic packaging and storage (7.2 °c, 35 or 20 d). samples were taken periodically during ...201626748557
use of a novel medium, the polymyxin ceftazidime oxford medium, for isolation of listeria monocytogenes from raw or non-pasteurized foods.polymyxin ceftazidime oxford medium (pcom), a novel selective and differential plating medium for listeria monocytogenes was compared with modified oxford agar (mox) for efficacy to isolate l. monocytogenes and other listeria spp. naturally present in non-pasteurized mexican-style cheese (n = 50), non-pasteurized fresh squeezed orange juice (n = 50), raw beef chunks (n = 36), and fresh cabbage (n = 125). samples were collected from retail markets and farms in mexico and tested following the us d ...201626742621
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