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iron is a substrate of the plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter pfcrt in xenopus oocytes.the chloroquine resistance transporter of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, pfcrt, is an important determinant of resistance to several quinoline and quinoline-like antimalarial drugs. pfcrt also plays an essential role in the physiology of the parasite during development inside erythrocytes. however, the function of this transporter besides its role in drug resistance is still unclear. using electrophysiological and flux experiments conducted on pfcrtexpressing xenopus laevis oo ...201728768767
multi-omics analysis sheds light on the evolution and the intracellular lifestyle strategies of spotted fever group rickettsia spp.arthropod-borne rickettsia species are obligate intracellular bacteria which are pathogenic for humans. within this genus, rickettsia slovaca and rickettsia conorii cause frequent and potentially severe infections, whereas rickettsia raoultii and rickettsia massiliae cause rare and milder infections. all four species belong to spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. however, r. slovaca and r. raoultii cause scalp eschar and neck lymphadenopathy (senlat) and are mainly associated with dermacentor ...201728775717
toxicity effects of functionalized quantum dots, gold and polystyrene nanoparticles on target aquatic biological models: a review.nano-based products are widespread in several sectors, including textiles, medical-products, cosmetics, paints and plastics. nanosafety and safe-by-design are driving nanoparticle (np) production and applications through np functionalization (@nps). indeed, @nps frequently present biological effects that differ from the parent material. this paper reviews the impact of quantum dots (qds), gold nanoparticles (aunps), and polystyrene-cored nps (psnps), evidencing the role of np functionalization i ...201728858240
first parasitological study of the african clawed frog (xenopus laevis, amphibia) in chile.introduced species can arrive into new territories with parasites; however, these species are expected to face lower parasite richness than in their original regions. both introduced hosts and parasites can affect native fauna. since their release into the wild in chile following laboratory use, xenopus laevis daudin, 1802 has widely spread throughout central chile. the only pathogen described on the host is the fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis longcore, pessier, nichols, 1999; thus, this i ...201728746452
molecular evolution of two distinct dmrt1 promoters for germ and somatic cells in vertebrate gonads.the transcription factor dmrt1 has important functions in two distinct processes, somatic-cell masculinization and germ-cell development in mammals. however, it is unknown whether the functions are conserved during evolution, and what mechanism underlies its expression in the two cell lineages. our analysis of the xenopus laevis and silurana tropicalis dmrt1 genes indicated the presence of two distinct promoters: one upstream of the noncoding first exon (ncex1), and one within the first intron. ...201727927791
amphibase: a new genomic resource for non-model amphibian species.more than five thousand genes annotated in the recently published xenopus laevis and xenopus tropicalis genomes do not have a candidate orthologous counterpart in other vertebrate species. to determine whether these sequences represent genuine amphibian-specific genes or annotation errors, it is necessary to analyze them alongside sequences from other amphibian species. however, due to large genome sizes and an abundance of repeat sequences, there are limited numbers of gene sequences available ...201728095648
a staging table of post-ovipositional development for the south american collared lizard tropidurus torquatus (squamata: tropiduridae).the mouse, chicken, african clawed frog, and zebrafish are considered ¨model organisms¨ due to their extensive embryological and genetic characterization. however, they are far from representative of known diversity, impairing phylogenetic analyses of developmental patterns. since squamates have historically received limited attention in developmental studies, we here describe the developmental sequence for tropidurus torquatus, and provide the first post-ovipositional developmental series for t ...201727741560
targeting functional noncoding rnas.noncoding rnas have essential biochemical functions in different areas of cellular metabolism, including protein synthesis, rna splicing, protein secretion, and dna replication. we have successfully used morpholino antisense oligonucleotides for the functional inactivation of small noncoding rnas required for dna replication (y rnas in vertebrates and stem-bulge rnas in nematodes). here we discuss specific issues of targeting functional noncoding rnas for inactivation by morpholino antisense oli ...201728364241
isolation and functional characterization of cslsi1, a silicon transporter gene in cucumis sativus.cucumber (cucumis sativus) is a widely grown cucurbitaceous vegetable that exhibits a relatively high capacity for silicon (si) accumulation, but the molecular mechanism for silicon uptake remains to be clarified. here we isolated and characterized cslsi1, a gene encoding a silicon transporter in cucumber (cv. mch-4). cslsi1 shares 55.70 and 90.63% homology with the lsi1s of a monocot and dicot, rice (oryza sativa) and pumpkin (cucurbita moschata), respectively. cslsi1 was predominantly expresse ...201727701737
quantitative comparative analysis of the nasal chemosensory organs of anurans during larval development and metamorphosis highlights the relative importance of chemosensory subsystems in the group.the anuran peripheral olfactory system is composed of a number of subsystems, represented by distinct neuroepithelia. these include the main olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ (found in most tetrapods) and three specialized epithelia of anurans: the buccal-exposed olfactory epithelium of larvae, and the olfactory recess and middle chamber epithelium of postmetamorphic animals. to better characterize the developmental changes in these subsystems across the life cycle, morphometric changes ...201728503895
differences in mobility at the range edge of an expanding invasive population of xenopus laevis in the west of france.theoretical models predict that spatial sorting at the range edge of expanding populations should favor individuals with increased mobility relative to individuals at the center of the range. despite the fact that empirical evidence for the evolution of locomotor performance at the range edge is rare, data on cane toads support this model. however, whether this can be generalized to other species remains largely unknown. here, we provide data on locomotor stamina and limb morphology in individua ...201728100805
comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and teratogenesis in xenopus laevis and lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: xenopus (fetax).water is an increasingly deteriorated, limited natural resource due to population increase and industrialization. also, the widespread use of pharmaceuticals in modern society leads to their presence in domestic, hospital and industrial effluents. due to their analgesic properties, some of the most commonly used pharmaceuticals are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids). high concentrations of one these products, diclofenac (dcf), have been detected in effluents and water bodies of differ ...201727644024
vitamin a induced homeotic hindlimb formation on dorsal and ventral sides of regenerating tissue of amputated tails of japanese brown frog tadpoles.when anuran tadpoles are treated with vitamin a after tail amputation, hindlimb-like structures can be generated instead of the lost tail part at the amputation site. this homeotic transformation was initially expected to be a key to understanding the body plan of vertebrates. unfortunately, homeotic limb formation has been reproduced in only some indian frog species and a european species, but not in experimental anurans such as xenopus laevis or rana catesbeiana. consequently, this fascinating ...201729094344
competition and feeding ecology in two sympatric xenopus species (anura: pipidae).the widespread african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) occurs in sympatry with the iucn endangered cape platanna (xenopus gilli) throughout its entire range in the south-western cape, south africa. in order to investigate aspects of the interspecific competition between populations of x. laevis and x. gilli, an assessment of their niche differentiation was conducted through a comprehensive study on food composition and trophic niche structure at two study sites: the cape of good hope (cogh) and kle ...201728439453
limited genomic consequences of hybridization between two african clawed frogs, xenopus gilli and x. laevis (anura: pipidae).the cape platanna, xenopus gilli, an endangered frog, hybridizes with the african clawed frog, x. laevis, in south africa. estimates of the extent of gene flow between these species range from pervasive to rare. efforts have been made in the last 30 years to minimize hybridization between these two species in the west population of x. gilli, but not the east populations. to further explore the impact of hybridization and the efforts to minimize it, we examined molecular variation in one mitochon ...201728439068
chromosome divergence during evolution of the tetraploid clawed frogs, xenopus mellotropicalis and xenopus epitropicalis as revealed by zoo-fish.whole genome duplication (wgd) generates new species and genomic redundancy. in african clawed frogs of the genus xenopus, this phenomenon has been especially important in that (i) all but one extant species are polyploid and (ii) whole genome sequences of some species provide an evidence for genomic rearrangements prior to or after wgd. within xenopus in the subgenus silurana, at least one allotetraploidization event gave rise to three extant tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40) species-xenopus mellotropi ...201728545147
a glyphosate micro-emulsion formulation displays teratogenicity in xenopus laevis.glyphosate is the active ingredient in broad-spectrum herbicide formulations used in agriculture, domestic area and aquatic weed control worldwide. its market is growing steadily concurrently with the cultivation of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic crops and emergence of weeds less sensitive to glyphosate. ephemeral and lentic waters near to agricultural lands, representing favorite habitats for amphibian reproduction and early life-stage development, may thus be contaminated by glyphosate based h ...201729306033
bioelectric regulation of innate immune system function in regenerating and intact xenopus laevis.two key inputs that regulate regeneration are the function of the immune system, and spatial gradients of transmembrane potential (vmem). endogenous bioelectric signaling in somatic tissues during regenerative patterning is beginning to be understood, but its role in the context of immune response has never been investigated. here, we show that vmem levels modulate innate immunity activity in xenopus laevis embryos. we developed an assay in which x. laevis embryos are infected with a uropathogen ...201729302351
rnas coordinate nuclear envelope assembly and dna replication through elys recruitment to chromatin.upon fertilisation, the sperm pronucleus acquires the competence to replicate the genome through a cascade of events that link chromatin remodelling to nuclear envelope formation. the factors involved have been partially identified and are poorly characterised. here, using xenopus laevis egg extracts we show that rnas are required for proper nuclear envelope assembly following sperm dna decondensation. although chromatin remodelling and pre-replication complex formation occur normally, rna-deple ...201729242643
functional reintegration of sensory neurons and transitional dendritic reduction of mitral/tufted cells during injury-induced recovery of the larval xenopus olfactory circuit.understanding the mechanisms involved in maintaining lifelong neurogenesis has a clear biological and clinical interest. in the present study, we performed olfactory nerve transection on larval xenopus to induce severe damage to the olfactory circuitry. we surveyed the timing of the degeneration, subsequent rewiring and functional regeneration of the olfactory system following injury. a range of structural labeling techniques and functional calcium imaging were performed on both tissue slices an ...201729234276
the human dna glycosylases neil1 and neil3 excise psoralen-induced dna-dna cross-links in a four-stranded dna structure.interstrand cross-links (icls) are highly cytotoxic dna lesions that block dna replication and transcription by preventing strand separation. previously, we demonstrated that the bacterial and human dna glycosylases nei and neil1 excise unhooked psoralen-derived icls in three-stranded dna via hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond between the crosslinked base and deoxyribose sugar. furthermore, neil3 from xenopus laevis has been shown to cleave psoralen- and abasic site-induced icls in xenopus egg ex ...201729234069
antagonistic effect of dopamine structural analogues on human gabaρ1 receptor.gabaergic and dopaminergic pathways are co-localized in several areas of the central nervous system and recently several reports have shown co-release of both neurotransmitters. the gaba-a receptor (β and ρ1 subunits) is modulated by dopamine (da) and, interestingly, gabaρ1 can be modulated by several biogenic amines. here we explored the effects of the metabolites of the dopaminergic pathway and other structural analogues of da on gabaρ1 and the da gated ion channel (lgc-53) from caenorhabditis ...201729234054
increasing the length and hydrophobicity of the c-terminal sequence of transthyretin strengthens its binding affinity to retinol binding protein.transthyretin (ttr) is a transporter for thyroid hormone (th) and retinol, the latter via binding with retinol binding protein (rbp). both the n-terminal and c-terminal regions of the ttr subunit are located in close proximity to the central binding channel for ligands. during the evolution of vertebrates, these regions changed in length and hydropathy. the changes in the n-terminal sequence were demonstrated to affect the binding affinities for ths and rbp. here, the effects of changes in the c ...201729226076
species specific rna a-to-i editing of mosquito rdl modulates gaba potency and influences agonistic, potentiating and antagonistic actions of ivermectin.the insect gaba receptor, rdl, is the target of several classes of pesticides. the peptide sequences of rdl are generally highly conserved between diverse insects. however, rna a-to-i editing can effectively alter amino acid residues of rdl in a species specific manner, which can affect the potency of gaba and possibly insecticides. we report here that rna a-to-i editing alters the gene products of rdl in three mosquito disease vectors, recoding five amino acid residues in rdl of aedes aegypti a ...201729223796
rna helicase mov10 is essential for gastrulation and cns development.mov10 is an rna helicase that modulates access of argonaute 2 to microrna recognition elements in mrnas. we examined the role of mov10 in xenopus laevis development and show a critical role for mov10 in gastrulation and in the development of the central nervous system.201729266590
dynamic intramolecular regulation of the histone chaperone nucleoplasmin controls histone binding and release.nucleoplasmin (npm) is a highly conserved histone chaperone responsible for the maternal storage and zygotic release of histones h2a/h2b. npm contains a pentameric n-terminal core domain and an intrinsically disordered c-terminal tail domain. though intrinsically disordered regions are common among histone chaperones, their roles in histone binding and chaperoning remain unclear. using an nmr-based approach, here we demonstrate that the xenopus laevis npm tail domain controls the binding of hist ...201729263320
differentiation-dependent antiviral capacities of amphibian (xenopus laevis) macrophages.infections by ranaviruses such as frog virus 3 (fv3) are significantly contributing to the worldwide amphibian population declines. notably, amphibian macrophages (mφs) are important to both the fv3 infection strategies and the immune defense against this pathogen. however, the mechanisms underlying amphibian mφ fv3 susceptibility and resistance remain unknown. mφ differentiation is mediated by signaling through the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (csf-1r), which is now known to be bound by ...201729259133
tight junctions negatively regulate mechanical forces applied to adherens junctions in vertebrate epithelial tissue.epithelia are layers of polarised cells tightly bound to each other by adhesive contacts. epithelia act as barriers between an organism and its external environment. understanding how epithelia maintain their essential integrity while remaining sufficiently plastic to allow events such as cytokinesis to take place is a key biological problem. in vertebrates, the remodelling and reinforcement of adherens junctions maintains epithelial integrity during cytokinesis. the involvement of tight junctio ...201729246943
proton-independent activation of acid-sensing ion channel asic3 by alkaloid lindoldhamine from laurus nobilis.acid-sensing ion channels (asics) play an important role in synaptic plasticity and learning, as well as in nociception and mechanosensation. asics are implicated in pain, neurological and psychiatric diseases but their therapeutic potential is limited by lack of ligands activating them at physiological ph.201729277899
direct modification of the 5-ht3 receptor current by some anticancer drugs.the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) type 3 (5-ht3) receptor is an important target in the control of emesis, and 5-ht3 receptor antagonists are effective against the early phase chemotherapy evoked vomiting. we recently reported that the anticancer drugs irinotecan and topotecan directly modulate the 5-ht-mediated 5-ht3 receptor current in vitro. in addition, the drug response depends on the 5-ht3 subunit composition. here, we explored the effects of 35 anticancer drugs on the 5-ht3 receptor cur ...201729277715
spinal cord cells from pre-metamorphic stages differentiate into neurons and promote axon growth and regeneration after transplantation into the injured spinal cord of non-regenerative xenopus laevis froglets.mammals are unable to regenerate its spinal cord after a lesion, meanwhile, anuran amphibians are capable of spinal cord regeneration only as larvae, and during metamorphosis, this capability is lost. sox2/3+ cells present in the spinal cord of regenerative larvae are required for spinal cord regeneration. here we evaluate the effect of the transplantation of spinal cord cells from regenerative larvae into the resected spinal cord of non-regenerative stages (nr-stage). donor cells were able to s ...201729326551
microprobe capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry for single-cell metabolomics in live frog (xenopus laevis) embryos.the quantification of small molecules in single cells raises new potentials for better understanding the basic processes that underlie embryonic development. to enable single-cell investigations directly in live embryos, new analytical approaches are needed, particularly those that are sensitive, selective, quantitative, robust, and scalable to different cell sizes. here, we present a protocol that enables the in situ analysis of metabolism in single cells in freely developing embryos of the sou ...201729286491
molecular cloning and functional expression of the k+ channel kv7.1 and the regulatory subunit kcne1 from equine myocardium.the voltage-gated k+-channel kv7.1 and the subunit kcne1, encoded by the kcnq1 and kcne1 genes, respectively, are responsible for termination of the cardiac action potential. in humans, mutations in these genes can predispose patients to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (scd).201728917093
organ culture of the xenopus tadpole intestine.during xenopus metamorphosis, most tadpole organs remodel from the larval to adult form to prepare for adaptation to terrestrial life. organ culture serves as an important tool for studying larval-to-adult organ remodeling independent of the effects of other parts of the body. here, i introduce a protocol for organ culture in vitro using the xenopus laevis tadpole intestine before metamorphic climax. during culture in the absence of exogenous 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (t3), the most potent natu ...201728912375
collagen-embedded tumor transplantations in xenopus laevis tadpoles.the xenopus laevis tadpole provides a valuable model for studying tumorigenesis and tumor immunity by intravital real-time microscopy. using well-characterized thymic lymphoid tumor lines (15/0 and ff-2) that are transplantable into their compatible hosts (lg-15 isogenic clones and the f inbred strain, respectively), a system of semisolid tumor engraftment has been designed. because these lymphoid tumor cell lines are not adherent and grow in suspension, they are first immobilized in a matrix of ...201728912374
pfkfb4 control of akt signaling is essential for premigratory and migratory neural crest formation.neural crest (nc) specification comprises an early phase, initiating immature nc progenitors formation at neural plate stage, and a later phase at neural fold stage, resulting in a functional premigratory nc that is able to delaminate and migrate. we found that the nc gene regulatory network triggers upregulation of pfkfb4 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4) during this late specification phase. as shown in previous studies, pfkfb4 controls akt signaling in gastrulas and gly ...201729038306
sonic hedgehog antagonists reduce size and alter patterning of the frog inner ear.sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling plays a major role in vertebrate development, from regulation of proliferation to the patterning of various organs. in amniotes, shh affects dorsoventral patterning in the inner ear but affects anteroposterior patterning in teleost ears. it remains unknown how altered function of shh relates to morphogenetic changes that coincide with the evolution of limbs and novel auditory organs in the ear. in this study, we used the tetrapod, xenopus laevis, to test how increa ...201729030893
regulatory remodeling in the allo-tetraploid frog xenopus laevis.genome duplication has played a pivotal role in the evolution of many eukaryotic lineages, including the vertebrates. a relatively recent vertebrate genome duplication is that in xenopus laevis, which resulted from the hybridization of two closely related species about 17 million years ago. however, little is known about the consequences of this duplication at the level of the genome, the epigenome, and gene expression.201729065907
metabolic comparison of dorsal versus ventral cells directly in the live 8-cell frog embryo by microprobe single-cell ce-esi-ms.single-cell mass spectrometry (ms) empowers the characterization of metabolomic changes as cells differentiate to different tissues during early embryogenesis. using whole-cell dissection and capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization (ce-esi) ms, we recently uncovered metabolic cell-to-cell differences in the 8- and 16-cell embryo of the south african clawed frog (xenopus laevis), raising the question whether metabolic cell heterogeneity is also detectable across the dorsal-ventral axis ...201729062391
a comparison of electronic and traditional cigarette butt leachate on the development of xenopus laevis embryos.potential developmental toxicities of three different cigarette butt leachates were evaluated using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-xenopus (fetax). xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to regular cigarette butt (rcb), menthol (mcb) and electronic (ecb) in concentrations ranging from 0 to 4 butts/l for rcb and mcb and 0-10 butts/l for ecb. the embryos were from stage 8 to 11 and were exposed for a 96-h period in static renewal test conditions. median lethal concentration (lc50), malformation ...201728959628
e-cigarette aerosol exposure can cause craniofacial defects in xenopus laevis embryos and mammalian neural crest cells.since electronic cigarette (ecig) introduction to american markets in 2007, vaping has surged in popularity. many, including women of reproductive age, also believe that ecig use is safer than traditional tobacco cigarettes and is not hazardous when pregnant. however, there are few studies investigating the effects of ecig exposure on the developing embryo and nothing is known about potential effects on craniofacial development. therefore, we have tested the effects of several aerosolized e-ciga ...201728957438
six1 and eya1 both promote and arrest neuronal differentiation by activating multiple notch pathway genes.the transcription factor six1 and its cofactor eya1 are important regulators of neurogenesis in cranial placodes, activating genes promoting both a progenitor state, such as hes8, and neuronal differentiation, such as neurog1. here, we use gain and loss of function studies in xenopus laevis to elucidate how these genes function during placodal neurogenesis. we first establish that hes8 is activated by notch signaling and represses neurog1 and neuronal differentiation, indicating that it mediates ...201728947179
mammalian odorant receptor tuning breadth persists across distinct odorant panels.the molecular receptive range (mrr) of a mammalian odorant receptor (or) is the set of odorant structures that activate the or, while the distribution of these odorant structures across odor space is the tuning breadth of the or. variation in tuning breadth is thought to be an important property of ors, with the mrrs of these receptors varying from narrowly to broadly tuned. however, defining the tuning breadth of an or is a technical challenge. for practical reasons, a screening panel that broa ...201728945824
tumor immunology viewed from alternative animal models-the xenopus story.nonmammalian comparative animal models are important not only to gain fundamental evolutionary understanding of the complex interactions of tumors with the immune system, but also to better predict the applicability of novel immunotherapeutic approaches to humans. after reviewing recent advances in developing alternative models, we focus on the amphibian xenopus laevis and its usefulness in deciphering the perplexing roles of mhc class i-like molecules and innate (i)t cells in tumor immunity.201728944105
the brain is required for normal muscle and nerve patterning during early xenopus development.possible roles of brain-derived signals in the regulation of embryogenesis are unknown. here we use an amputation assay in xenopus laevis to show that absence of brain alters subsequent muscle and peripheral nerve patterning during early development. the muscle phenotype can be rescued by an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. the observed defects occur at considerable distances from the head, suggesting that the brain provides long-range cues for other tissue systems during develo ...201728943634
identification of regions responsible for the function of the plant k+ channels kat1 and akt2 in saccharomyces cerevisiae and xenopus laevis oocytes.the arabidopsis k+ channel kat1 complements in k+-limited medium the growth of the k+ uptake defective saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain cy162, while another k+ channel, akt2, does not. to gain insight into the structural basis for this difference, we constructed 12 recombinant chimeric channels from these two genes. when expressed in cy162, only three of these chimeras fully rescued the growth of cy162 under k+-limited conditions. we conclude that the transmembrane core region of kat1 is i ...201728933647
the nitrate transporter family protein ljnpf8.6 controls the n-fixing nodule activity.n-fixing nodules are new organs formed on legume roots as a result of the beneficial interaction with soil bacteria, rhizobia. the nodule functioning is still a poorly characterized step of the symbiotic interaction, as only a few of the genes induced in n-fixing nodules have been functionally characterized. we present here the characterization of a member of the lotus japonicus nitrate transporter1/peptide transporter family, ljnpf8.6 the phenotypic characterization carried out in independent l ...201728931627
beyond mouse cancer models: three-dimensional human-relevant in vitro and non-mammalian in vivo models for photodynamic therapy.the proper design of experiments is a critical step for each study in order to obtain reproducible and reliable data. taking into account constant competitiveness in the quickly developing biomedical sciences and the availability of sophisticated techniques, the choice and establishment of an experimental model system are essential for a successful research project. currently, various sophisticated in vitro and in vivo models are being designed and developed in order to replace the use of mammal ...201728927532
expression and functional proteomic analyses of osteocytes from xenopus laevis tested under mechanical stress conditions: preliminary observations on an appropriate new animal model.hitherto, the role of the osteocyte as transducer of mechanical stimuli into biological signals is far from settled. in this study, we used an appropriate model represented by the cortex of xenopus laevis long bone diaphysis lacking (unlike the mammalian one) of vascular structures and containing only osteocytes inside the bone matrix. these structural features allow any change of protein profile that might be observed upon different experimental conditions, such as bone adaptation to stress/mec ...201728925539
β subunits control the effects of human kv4.3 potassium channel phosphorylation.the transient outward k+ current, ito, activates early in the cardiac myocyte action potential, to begin repolarization. human ito is generated primarily by two kv4.3 potassium channel α subunit splice variants (kv4.3l and kv4.3s) that diverge only by a c-terminal, membrane-proximal, 19-residue stretch unique to kv4.3l. protein kinase c (pkc) phosphorylation of threonine 504 within the kv4.3l-specific 19-residues mediates α-adrenergic inhibition of ito in human heart. kv4.3 is regulated in human ...201728919864
the first successful observation of in-cell nmr signals of dna and rna in living human cells.in order to understand intracellular biological events, information on the structure, dynamics and interaction of proteins and nucleic acids in living cells is of crucial importance. in-cell nmr is a promising method to obtain this information. although nmr signals of proteins in human cells have been reported, those of nucleic acids were reported only in xenopus laevis oocytes, i.e., not in human cells. here, dna and rna were introduced into human cells by means of pore formation by bacterial t ...201729022027
fanconi-anemia-associated mutations destabilize rad51 filaments and impair replication fork protection.fanconi anemia (fa) is a genetic disorder characterized by a defect in dna interstrand crosslink (icl) repair, chromosomal instability, and a predisposition to cancer. recently, two rad51 mutations were reported to cause an fa-like phenotype. despite the tight association of fa/hr proteins with replication fork (rf) stabilization during normal replication, it remains unknown how fa-associated rad51 mutations affect replication beyond icl lesions. here, we report that these mutations fail to prot ...201729020621
an inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis protects tail skin grafts transplanted to syngenic adult frogs.tail regression in amphibian tadpoles during metamorphosis is one of the most dynamic morphological changes in animal development and is induced by thyroid hormone (th). it has been proposed that tail resorption is driven by immunological rejection in xenopus laevis, based on experimental evidence showing that larval skin grafts become atrophic on syngenic recipient adult frogs. this led to the hypothesis that tail regression is induced by an immunological rejection against larval skin-specific ...201728990472
design of light-sensitive nmdars by genetically encoded photo-cross-linkers.genetic code expansion exploiting unnatural amino acids (uaas) is a powerful technique to create novel protein function in vivo. here, we provide a protocol for the incorporation of two uv-sensitive crosslinking uaas into nmda receptors (nmdars), a type of glutamate-gated ion channels mediating fast synaptic transmission. through heterologous expression in xenopus laevis oocytes, we have identified light-sensitive nmdars of glun2b subtype by using the two-electrode voltage electrophysiology meas ...201728986874
permeant-specific gating of connexin 30 hemichannels.gap junctions confer interconnectivity of the cytoplasm in neighboring cells via docking of two connexons expressed in each of the adjacent membranes. undocked connexons, referred to as hemichannels, may open and connect the cytoplasm with the extracellular fluid. the hemichannel configuration of connexins (cxs) displays isoform-specific permeability profiles that are not directly determined by the size and charge of the permeant. to further explore ca2+-mediated gating and permeability features ...201728982982
the effect of food properties on grasping and manipulation in the aquatic frog xenopus laevis.the ability to grasp an object is fundamental from an evolutionary perspective. involved in many daily activities, grasping has been extensively studied in primates and other mammals. yet other groups of tetrapods, including anurans, have also evolved significant forelimb prehensile capacities that are often thought to have originated in an arboreal context. in addition, grasping is also observed in aquatic species. but how aquatic frogs use their forelimbs to capture and manipulate prey remains ...201728982969
desynchronizing embryonic cell division waves reveals the robustness of xenopus laevis development.the early xenopus laevis embryo is replete with dynamic spatial waves. one such wave, the cell division wave, emerges from the collective cell division timing of first tens and later hundreds of cells throughout the embryo. here, we show that cell division waves do not propagate between neighboring cells and do not rely on cell-to-cell coupling to maintain their division timing. instead, intrinsic variation in division period autonomously and gradually builds these striking patterns of cell divi ...201728978482
the slc2a14 gene, encoding the novel glucose/dehydroascorbate transporter glut14, is associated with inflammatory bowel disease.background: variations in intestinal antioxidant membrane transporters are implicated in the initiation and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). facilitated glucose transporter member 14 (glut14), encoded by the solute carrier family 2 member 14 (slc2a14) gene, is a putative transporter for dehydroascorbic acid and glucose. although information on the gene is limited, shorter and longer glut14 isoforms have been identified. we hypothesized that glut14 mediates glucose and dehydroasco ...201728971850
differential cytolocation and functional assays of the two major human slc30a8 (znt8) isoforms.the non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) rs13266634 in human zinc transporter 8, znt8 (slc30a8), leads to a r325 variant, which is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (t2d). although the molecular details remain unknown, the mutation is thought to alter the kinetics of zinc transport into insulin granules in pancreatic β-cells. nevertheless, analysis of znt8 sequences from several animals shows that the amino acid at position 325 is poorly conserved. ap ...201728965566
interaction of excitatory amino acid transporters 1 - 3 (eaat1, eaat2, eaat3) with n-carbamoylglutamate and n-acetylglutamate.inborn deficiency of the n-acetylglutamate synthase (nags) impairs the urea cycle and causes neurotoxic hyperammonemia. oral administration of n-carbamoylglutamate (ncg), a synthetic analog of n-acetylglutamate (nag), successfully decreases plasma ammonia levels in the affected children. due to structural similarities to glutamate, ncg may be absorbed in the intestine and taken up into the liver by excitatory amino acid transporters (eaats).201729055942
maturation of xenopus laevis oocytes under cadmium and lead exposures: cell biology investigations.since amphibians are recognised as good models to assess the quality of environments, only few studies have dealt with the impacts of chemical contaminants on their gametes, while toxic effects at this stage will alter all the next steps of their life cycle. therefore, we propose to investigate the oocyte maturation of xenopus laevis in cadmium- and lead-contaminated conditions. the impacts of cadmium and lead ions were explored on events involved in the hormone-dependent process of maturation. ...201729053961
rare gabra3 variants are associated with epileptic seizures, encephalopathy and dysmorphic features.genetic epilepsies are caused by mutations in a range of different genes, many of them encoding ion channels, receptors or transporters. while the number of detected variants and genes increased dramatically in the recent years, pleiotropic effects have also been recognized, revealing that clinical syndromes with various degrees of severity arise from a single gene, a single mutation, or from different mutations showing similar functional defects. accordingly, several genes coding for gabaa rece ...201729053855
comparative early life stage toxicity of the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis following exposure to selected herbicide formulations applied to eradicate alien plants in south africa.the rise in pesticides application has increased the need for better understanding of their ecological impacts. the global amphibian declines, for example, have been positively correlated with pesticides use. the differential susceptibility in the developmental stages of amphibians to chemical substances are still largely unknown. we examined the 96-h differential toxicity responses of embryos, premetamorphic and transitional larval stage of xenopus laevis, to six formulated aquatic herbicide pr ...201729051999
a molecular atlas of the developing ectoderm defines neural, neural crest, placode, and nonneural progenitor identity in vertebrates.during vertebrate neurulation, the embryonic ectoderm is patterned into lineage progenitors for neural plate, neural crest, placodes and epidermis. here, we use xenopus laevis embryos to analyze the spatial and temporal transcriptome of distinct ectodermal domains in the course of neurulation, during the establishment of cell lineages. in order to define the transcriptome of small groups of cells from a single germ layer and to retain spatial information, dorsal and ventral ectoderm was subdivid ...201729049289
geraniin is a diuretic by inhibiting the na+:k+:2cl- cotransporter, nkcc2.geranium seemannii peyr is a perennial plant endemic in central mexico that has been widely used for its diuretic effect, but the responsible compound of this effect is unknown as well as the mechanism by which the diuretic effect is achieved. geraniin is one of the compounds isolated from this kind of geranium. this study was designed to determinate whether geraniin possesses diuretic activity and to elucidate the mechanism of action. geraniin was extracted and purified from geranium seemannii ...201729046296
inheritance of histones h3 and h4 during dna replication in vitro.nucleosomes are believed to carry epigenetic information through the cell cycle, including through dna replication. it has been known for decades that parental histones are reassembled on newly replicated chromatin, but the mechanisms underlying histone inheritance and dispersal during dna replication are not fully understood. we monitored the fate of histones h3 or h4 from a single nucleosome through dna replication in two in vitro systems. in the sv40 system, histones assembled on a single nuc ...201729091772
abnormal creatine transport of mutations in monocarboxylate transporter 12 (mct12) found in patients with age-related cataract can be partially rescued by exogenous chaperone cd147.membrane transporters influence biological functions in the ocular lens. here, we investigate the monocarboxylate transporter 12 (mct12), also called creatine transporter 2 (crt2), which is found in the ocular lens and is involved in cataract. as the age-related form affects about half of the population world-wide, understanding relevant pathomechanisms is a prerequisite for exploring non-invasive treatments. we screened the coding exons of the gene slc16a12 in 877 patients from five cohorts, in ...201729088427
active site voltage clamp fluorometry of the sodium glucose cotransporter hsglt1.in the human sodium glucose cotransporter (hsglt1) cycle, the protein undergoes conformational changes where the sugar-binding site alternatively faces the external and internal surfaces. functional site-directed fluorometry was used to probe the conformational changes at the sugar-binding site. residues (y290, t287, h83, and n78) were mutated to cysteines. the mutants were expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes and tagged with environmentally sensitive fluorescent rhodamines [e.g., tetramethylrhod ...201729087341
elicitation of xenopus laevis tadpole and adult frog peritoneal leukocytes.peritoneal lavage of xenopus laevis tadpoles and adult frogs is a reliable way of isolating resident and/or recruited innate immune populations. this protocol details the isolation of tadpole and adult amphibian (xenopus laevis) peritoneal leukocytes. the isolated cells are comprised predominantly of innate immune populations and chiefly of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear granulocytes. as described here, these cells are typically elicited by peritoneal injections of animals with heat-killed es ...201729084862
bioconcentration and metabolism of pyriproxyfen in tadpoles of african clawed frogs, xenopus laevis.bioconcentration and metabolism of pyriproxyfen uniformly labeled with 14c at the phenoxyphenyl ring were studied using tadpoles of african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, exposed to water at the nominal concentrations of 3 and 300 ppb for 22 days under the flow-through conditions, with a following 3 day depuration phase. neither meaningful mortality nor abnormal behavior was observed in control and exposure groups throughout the study. after the rapid uptake to tadpoles, pyriproxyfen was extensive ...201729084385
development of xenopus laevis bipotential gonads into testis or ovary is driven by sex-specific cell-cell interactions, proliferation rate, cell migration and deposition of extracellular matrix.information on the mechanisms orchestrating sexual differentiation of the bipotential gonads into testes or ovaries in amphibians is limited. the aim of this study was to investigate the development of xenopus laevis gonad, to identify the earliest signs of sexual differentiation, and to describe mechanisms driving these processes. we used light and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and cell tracing. in order to identify the earliest signs of sexual differentiation the sex of each tadpole ...201729080791
reactivation of larval keratin gene (krt62.l) in blastema epithelium during xenopus froglet limb regeneration.limb regeneration is considered a form of limb redevelopment because of the molecular and morphological similarities. forming a regeneration blastema is, in essence, creating a developing limb bud in an adult body. this reactivation of a developmental process in a mature body is worth studying. xenopus laevis has a biphasic life cycle that involves distinct larval and adult stages. these distinct developmental stages are useful for investigating the reactivation of developmental processes in pos ...201729079423
biophysical characterization of genetically encoded voltage sensor asap1: dynamic range improvement.recent work has introduced a new fluorescent voltage sensor, asap1, which can monitor rapid trains of action potentials in cultured neurons. this indicator is based on the gallus gallus voltage-sensitive phosphatase with the phosphatase domain removed and a circularly permuted gfp placed in the s3-s4 linker. however, many of the biophysical details of this indicator remain unknown. in this work, we study the biophysical properties of asap1. using the cut-open voltage clamp technique, we have sim ...201729108650
influence of the rdl a301s mutation in the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens on the activity of phenylpyrazole insecticides.we discovered the a301s mutation in the rdl gaba-gated chloride channel of fiprole resistant rice brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens populations by dna sequencing and snp calling via rnaseq. ethiprole selection of two field n. lugens populations resulted in strong resistance to both ethiprole and fipronil and resulted in fixation of the a301s mutation, as well as the emergence of another mutation, q359e in one of the selected strains. to analyse the roles of these mutations in resistance to p ...201729107231
identification of novel cis-regulatory elements of eya1 in xenopus laevis using bac recombineering.the multifunctional eya1 protein plays important roles during the development of cranial sensory organs and ganglia, kidneys, hypaxial muscles and several other organs in vertebrates. eya1 is encoded by a complex locus with candidate cis-regulatory elements distributed over a 329 kbp wide genomic region in xenopus. consequently, very little is currently known about how expression of eya1 is controlled by upstream regulators. here we use a library of xenopus tropicalis genomic sequences in bacter ...201729101371
frizzled-7 is required for xenopus heart development.wnt signalling regulates cardiogenesis during specification of heart tissue and the morphogenetic movements necessary to form the linear heart. wnt11-mediated non-canonical signalling promotes early cardiac development whilst wnt11-r, which is expressed later, also signals through the non-canonical pathway to promote heart development. it is unclear which frizzled proteins mediate these interactions. frizzled-7 (fzd7) is expressed during gastrulation in the mesodermal cells fated to become heart ...201729101100
4-aminopyridine: a pan voltage-gated potassium channel inhibitor that enhances kv 7.4 currents and inhibits noradrenaline-mediated contraction of rat mesenteric small arteries.kv 7.4 and kv 7.5 channels are regulators of vascular tone. 4-aminopyridine (4-ap) is considered a broad inhibitor of voltage-gated potassium (kv ) channels, with little inhibitory effect on kv 7 family members at mmol concentrations. however, the effect of 4-ap on kv 7 channels has not been systematically studied. the aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological activity of 4-ap on kv 7.4 and kv 7.5 channels and characterize the effect of 4-ap on rat resistance arteries.201729156097
a nonredundant role for the trpm6 channel in neural tube closure.in humans, germline mutations in trpm6 cause autosomal dominant hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia disorder. loss of trpm6 in mice also perturbs cellular magnesium homeostasis but additionally results in early embryonic lethality and neural tube closure defects. to define the mechanisms by which trpm6 influences neural tube closure, we functionally characterized the role of trpm6 during early embryogenesis in xenopus laevis. the expression of xenopus trpm6 (xtrpm6) is elevated at the ons ...201729142255
developmental changes in spinal neuronal properties, motor network configuration and neuromodulation at free-swimming stages of xenopus frog tadpoles.we describe a novel preparation of the isolated brainstem and spinal cord from pro-metamorphic tadpole stages of the south african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) that permits whole cell patch-clamp recordings from neurons in the ventral spinal cord. previous research on earlier stages of the same species has provided one of the most detailed understandings of the design and operation of a cpg circuit. here we have addressed how development sculpts complexity from this more basic circuit. the prepa ...201729142093
it's not all black and white: visual scene parameters influence optokinetic reflex performance in xenopus laevis tadpoles.the maintenance of visual acuity during active and passive body motion is ensured by gaze-stabilizing reflexes that aim at minimizing retinal image slip. for the optokinetic reflex (okr), large-field visual motion of the surround forms the essential stimulus that activates eye movements. properties of the moving visual world influence cognitive motion perception and the estimation of visual image velocity. therefore, the performance of brainstem-mediated visuo-motor behaviors might also depend o ...201729141881
overland movement in african clawed frogs (xenopus laevis): empirical dispersal data from within their native range.dispersal forms are an important component of the ecology of many animals, and reach particular importance for predicting ranges of invasive species. african clawed frogs (xenopus laevis) move overland between water bodies, but all empirical studies are from invasive populations with none from their native southern africa. here we report on incidents of overland movement found through a capture-recapture study carried out over a three year period in overstrand, south africa. the maximum distance ...201729134157
specific inhibition of gpcr-independent g protein signaling by a rationally engineered protein.activation of heterotrimeric g proteins by cytoplasmic nonreceptor proteins is an alternative to the classical mechanism via g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs). a subset of nonreceptor g protein activators is characterized by a conserved sequence named the gα-binding and activating (gba) motif, which confers guanine nucleotide exchange factor (gef) activity in vitro and promotes g protein-dependent signaling in cells. gba proteins have important roles in physiology and disease but remain greatl ...201729133411
towards functional selectivity for α6β3γ2 gabaa receptors: a series of novel pyrazoloquinolinones.the gabaa receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, which play an important role in neurotransmission. their variety of binding sites serves as an appealing target for many clinically relevant drugs. here, we explored the functional selectivity of modulatory effects at specific extracellular α+/β- interfaces, using a systematically varied series of pyrazoloquinolinones.201729127702
wall following in xenopus laevis is barrier-driven.the tendency of animals to follow boundaries within their environment can serve as a strategy for spatial learning or defensive behaviour. we examined whether xenopus laevis tadpoles and froglets employ such a strategy by characterizing their swimming pattern in a square tank with shallow water. trajectories obtained from video recordings were analysed for proximity to the nearest wall. with the exception of young larvae, the vast majority of animals (both tadpoles and froglets) spent a dispropo ...201729119247
nuclear pore complex plasticity during developmental process as revealed by super-resolution microscopy.nuclear pore complex (npc) is of paramount importance for cellular processes since it is the unique gateway for molecular exchange through the nucleus. unraveling the modifications of the npc structure in response to physiological cues, also called nuclear pore plasticity, is key to the understanding of the selectivity of this molecular machinery. as a step towards this goal, we use the optical super-resolution microscopy method called direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dstorm) ...201729116248
the rice high-affinity k+ transporter oshkt2;4 mediates mg2+ homeostasis under high-mg2+ conditions in transgenic arabidopsis.rice (oryza sativa; background nipponbare) contains nine hkt (high-affinity k+ transport)-like genes encoding membrane proteins belonging to the superfamily of ktr/trk/hkt. oshkts have been proposed to include four selectivity filter-pore-forming domains homologous to the bacterial k+ channel kcsa, and are separated into oshkt1s with na+-selective activity and oshkt2s with na+-k+ symport activity. as a member of the oshkt2 subfamily, oshkt2;4 renders mg2+ and ca2+ permeability for yeast cells an ...201729114257
xenopus laevis as a model organism for the study of spinal cord formation, development, function and regeneration.the spinal cord is the first central nervous system structure to develop during vertebrate embryogenesis, underscoring its importance to the organism. because of its early formation, accessibility to the developing spinal cord in amniotes is challenging, often invasive and the experimental approaches amenable to model systems like mammals are limited. in contrast, amphibians, in general and the african-clawed frog xenopus laevis, in particular, offer model systems in which the formation of the s ...201729218002
interaction of purinergic p2x4 and p2x7 receptor subunits.p2x4 and p2x7 are members of the p2x receptor family, comprising seven isoforms (p2x1-p2x7) that form homo- and heterotrimeric non-specific cation channels gated by extracellular atp. p2x4 and p2x7 are widely coexpressed, particularly in secretory epithelial cells and immune and inflammatory cells, and regulate inflammation and nociception. although functional heteromerization has been established for p2x2 and p2x3 subunits expressed in sensory neurons, there are contradictory reports regarding ...201729213241
spindle-to-cortex communication in cleaving frog eggs.during cytokinesis, the mitotic spindle communicates with the cell cortex to position a cleavage furrow that will cut through the cell in the plane defined by the metaphase plate. we investigated the molecular basis of this communication in xenopus laevis eggs, where the signal has to travel ∼400 µm in ∼30 min to reach the cortex from the first anaphase spindle. at anaphase onset, huge microtubule asters grow out from the poles of the spindle and meet at the plane previously defined by the metap ...201729196560
the ectodomain of cadherin-11 binds to erbb2 and stimulates akt phosphorylation to promote cranial neural crest cell migration.during development, a multi-potent group of cells known as the cranial neural crest (cnc) migrate to form craniofacial structures. proper migration of these cells requires proteolysis of cell adhesion molecules, such as cadherins. in xenopus laevis, preventing extracellular cleavage of cadherin-11 impairs cnc migration. however, overexpression of the soluble cleavage product (ec1-3) is capable of rescuing this phenotype. the mechanism by which ec1-3 promotes cnc migration has not been investigat ...201729190819
tissue-specific gene inactivation in xenopus laevis: knockout of lhx1 in the kidney with crispr/cas9.studying genes involved in organogenesis is often difficult because many of these genes are also essential for early development. the allotetraploid frog, xenopus laevis, is commonly used to study developmental processes, but because of the presence of two homeologs for many genes, it has been difficult to use as a genetic model. few studies have successfully used crispr in amphibians, and currently there is no tissue-targeted knockout strategy described in xenopus the goal of this study is to d ...201729187504
evaluating the longevity of surgically extracted xenopus laevis oocytes for the study of nematode ligand-gated ion channels.xenopus laevis oocytes have been extensively used as a heterologous expression system for the study of ion channels. while used successfully worldwide as tool for expressing and characterizing ion channels from a wide range of species, the limited longevity of oocytes once removed from the animal can pose significant challenges. in this study, we evaluate a simple and useful method that extends the longevity of xenopus oocytes after removal from the animal and quantitatively assessed the reliabi ...201729185074
quantification of size effect on protein rotational mobility in cells by 19f nmr spectroscopy.protein diffusion in living cells might differ significantly from that measured in vitro. little is known about the effect of globular protein size on rotational diffusion in cells because each protein has distinct surface properties, which result in different interactions with cellular components. to overcome this problem, the b1 domain of protein g (gb1) and several concatemers of the protein were labeled with 5-fluorotryptophan and studied by 19f nmr in escherichia coli cells, xenopus laevis ...201729184995
the r81t mutation in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of aphis gossypii is associated with neonicotinoid insecticide resistance with differential effects for cyano- and nitro-substituted neonicotinoids.the cotton aphid, aphis gossypii glover, is one of the most agriculturally important insect pests. neonicotinoid insecticides and sulfoxaflor have generally shown excellent control of a. gossypii, but these aphids have recently developed resistance against neonicotinoid insecticides. we previously characterized a field-collected a. gossypii kushima clone that showed higher resistance to nitro-substituted neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, than to cyano-substituted neonicotinoids, such as acet ...201729183611
targeted base editing via rna-guided cytidine deaminases in xenopus laevis embryos.genome editing using programmable nucleases such as crispr/cas9 or cpf1 has emerged as powerful tools for gene knock-out or knock-in in various organisms. while most genetic diseases are caused by point mutations, these genome-editing approaches are inefficient in inducing single-nucleotide substitutions. recently, cas9-linked cytidine deaminases, named base editors (bes), have been shown to convert cytidine to uridine efficiently, leading to targeted single-base pair substitutions in human cell ...201729179261
aquaglyceroporins are the entry pathway of boric acid in trypanosoma brucei.the boron element possesses a range of different effects on living beings. it is essential to beneficial at low concentrations, but toxic at excessive concentrations. recently, some boron-based compounds have been identified as promising molecules against trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness. however, until now, the boron metabolism and its access route into the parasite remained elusive. the present study addressed the permeability of t. brucei aquaglyceroporins (tbaqps) ...201728087364
functional characterisation and cell specificity of bvsut1, the transporter that loads sucrose into the phloem of sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) source leaves.sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.) is one of the most important sugar-producing plants worldwide and provides about one third of the sugar consumed by humans. here we report on molecular characterisation of the bvsut1 gene and on the functional characterisation of the encoded transporter. in contrast to the recently identified tonoplast-localised sucrose transporter bvtst2.1 from sugar beet taproots, which evolved within the monosaccharide transporter (mst) superfamily, bvsut1 represents a classical ...201728075052
sucrose transporter localization and function in phloem unloading in developing stems.how sucrose transporters (suts) regulate phloem unloading in monocot stems is poorly understood and particularly so for species storing high suc concentrations. to this end, sorghum bicolor suts sbsut1 and sbsut5 were characterized by determining their transport properties heterologously expressed in yeast or xenopus laevis oocytes, and their in planta cellular and subcellular localization. the plasma membrane-localized sbsut1 and sbsut5 exhibited a strong selectivity for suc and high suc affini ...201727986867
the malaria parasite's lactate transporter pffnt is the target of antiplasmodial compounds identified in whole cell phenotypic screens.in this study the 'malaria box' chemical library comprising 400 compounds with antiplasmodial activity was screened for compounds that perturb the internal ph of the malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. fifteen compounds induced an acidification of the parasite cytosol. two of these did so by inhibiting the parasite's formate nitrite transporter (pffnt), which mediates the h+-coupled efflux from the parasite of lactate generated by glycolysis. both compounds were shown to inhibit lactate tra ...201728178359
immune roles of amphibian (xenopus laevis) tadpole granulocytes during frog virus 3 ranavirus infections.infections by frog virus 3 (fv3) and other ranaviruses (rvs) are contributing to the amphibian declines, while the mechanisms controlling anuran tadpole susceptibility and adult frog resistance to rvs, including the roles of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (pmns) during anti-fv3 responses, remain largely unknown. since amphibian kidneys represent an important fv3 target, the inability of amphibian (xenopus laevis) tadpoles to mount effective kidney inflammatory responses to fv3 is thought to cont ...201728238879
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