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endotoxin-induced arachidonic acid metabolism requires de novo protein synthesis and protein kinase c activation.the mechanisms whereby bacterial endotoxins stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages are uncertain. both protein kinase c activation and de novo protein synthesis occur in macrophages in response to endotoxin. in this study we evaluated the time course and role of protein kinase c and de novo protein synthesis in endotoxin stimulated arachidonic acid metabolism in resident rat peritoneal macrophages. thromboxane (tx) b2 was measured as the representative arachidonic acid metabolite s ...19911909897
non-typhoid salmonella bacteraemia in greater copenhagen 1984 to 1988.a retrospective survey of non-typhoid salmonella bacteraemia in the period 1984 to 1988 was carried out by the five departments of clinical microbiology in greater copenhagen. a total of 168 patients were identified. a gradual increase was observed from 11 cases in 1984 to 58 cases in 1988. the corresponding incidence per 100,000 inhabitants in copenhagen rose from 0.9 in 1984 to 5.0 in 1988. during the same period the total registered incidence of human salmonella infections in denmark increase ...19911915383
[veterinary chief inspection for public health. salmonella enteritidis in poultry: monitoring and control 1990/1991]. 19911926100
[rhabdomyolysis and renal insufficiency as complications of acute gastroenteritis caused by salmonella enteritidis]. 19911932500
hypotension- and endotoxin-induced alterations in calcitonin gene-related peptide: modulation by dexamethasone.plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) were studied in anesthetized rats during and after recovery from hemorrhagic hypotension as well as following administration of bacterial endotoxin. hypotension of 35-40 mmhg maintained for 2 hr resulted in significant (p less than .05) elevation of plasma cgrp levels. plasma levels at 120 min of hypotension were 49.5 +/- 5.9 pg/ml, over 4-fold above average control levels (11.1 +/- 1.1 pg/ml). plasma cgrp levels at 90 min of hypotension (2 ...19911934321
the social and economic impact of salmonellosis. a report of a national survey in england and wales of laboratory-confirmed salmonella infections.this study presents the findings of a national survey of 1482 cases of salmonellosis reported to environmental health departments in england and wales between august 1988 and march 1989. a questionnaire survey of ill individuals and the environmental health officers who investigated them sought information about costs which were imposed upon public health authorities, the health sector, individuals and their families and the costs to the wider economy in terms of lost production. costs of 996,33 ...19911936155
induction of the alka gene of escherichia coli in gram-negative bacteria.a broad-host-range plasmid containing a fusion of the alka and lacz genes of escherichia coli was introduced into various aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacteria--33 species belonging to 19 genera--to study the induction of expression of the alka gene by alkylating agents. the bacteria included species of the families enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonadaceae, rhizobiaceae, vibrionaceae, neisseriaceae, rhodospirillaceae, and azotobacteraceae. results obtained show that all bacteria tested, exc ...19911938974
[reduction of the duration of salmonella excretion in infants with hylak forte].salmonella-enteritis is known to be an infectious disease of world-wide epidemiologic importance. the treatment of chronic carriers of pathogenic salmonella has shown to be a major therapeutic problem. in a controlled clinical study the efficiency of hylak forte (containing products of metabolism of symbiotic bacteria) in the management of salmonellosis in infants was investigated. in patients receiving hylak forte the period of faecal excretion of salmonella was significantly (p = 0.0022) short ...19911945464
mortality, temporal substrate and insulin responses to endotoxic shock in zero, ten and twenty-eight day old rats.neonatal sepsis is a significant health problem. however, to our knowledge, the temporal substrates and insulin response to endotoxin have not been characterized in the young animal to guide the investigations of glucoregulation in septic shock in the newborn. we characterized the temporal response to endotoxin in the developing rat. sprague-dawley rats were given intraperitoneal salmonella enteritidis endotoxin in high and low lethal doses to zero, ten and 28 day old rats. mortality, temporal g ...19911948588
1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramide levels in rat liver and skeletal muscle in vivo.1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramide levels were measured in liver and skeletal muscle of rats under the following four experimental conditions: 1) during rapid fetal growth in the second half of gestation and during postnatal aging, 2) during tissue anoxia lasting up to 10 min, 3) during fasting for up to 6 days, and 4) during stress induced by injection of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from salmonella enteritidis). 1,2-diacylglycerol and ceramide levels in fetal liver were 77 and 58% lower, respect ...19911951687
effect of the ltd4 receptor antagonist ly203647 on endotoxic shock sequelae in the rat.this study investigated the effect of a novel ltd4 receptor antagonist ly203647 on salmonella enteritidis endotoxin-induced shock sequelae in anesthetized rats. ly203647 (30 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle was given 10 min prior to endotoxin (10 mg/kg i.v.) or its vehicle, and the hematocrit, mean arterial pressure and circulating leukocyte counts were determined. ly203647 significantly inhibited endotoxin-induced hemoconcentration up to 90 min post-endotoxin (46.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 51.9 +/- 2.4% at 30 min pos ...19911954979
an outbreak of salmonella enteritidis infection at a fast-food restaurant: implications for foodhandler-associated transmission.an outbreak of salmonella enteritidis infection occurred in patrons and employees of a fast-food restaurant. transmission took place over a 9-day period. a single employee (employee a) was identified who had onset of gastrointestinal illness 1 day before the first reported patron exposures and had s. enteritidis isolated from stool. a case-control study of 37 ill and 20 healthy patrons who ate during shifts worked by employee a demonstrated that curly-fried potatoes and ice (odds ratio [or], 6.8 ...19911955712
[bacterial ileocecitis, a "new" disease].786 patients with suspected acute appendicitis or appendiceal mass were examined by ultrasonography to distinguish appendicitis from bacterial enteritis. 533 of these patients were described before. in 91 (11.6%) ultrasonography revealed the characteristic picture associated with bacterial enteritis of the ileocaecal region-enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and mural thickening of the terminal ileum and caecum--but no image of an inflamed appendix. in 64 of these a bacterial infection was confirme ...19911956444
antibiotic sensitivity pattern; experience at university hospital, riyadh, saudi arabia.results of sensitivity testing were discussed based on examination of 5192 isolates of the various bacteria isolated from clinical specimens from king khalid university hospital in riyadh, saudi arabia. streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumoniae were sensitive to penicillin and erythromycin. the sensitivity pattern of staphylococcus aureus was also predictable as they were fairly sensitive to both methicillin (98%) and erythromycin (96%). neisseria gonorrhoeae (27%) showed a high level ...19911960392
liver abscess due to salmonella enteritidis 19 months after an episode of gastroenteritis in a man who underwent a cholecystectomy. 19911962080
epidemiological study of salmonella enteritidis strains of animal origin in belgium.since 1987, the number of cases of salmonellosis caused by salmonella enteritidis has considerably increased in western europe. comparison of endemic animal strains isolated in belgium from 1976-84 with strains isolated from 1987 on shows that the strains which cause the current epidemic have no features distinguishing them from the previously-isolated strains and that furthermore, they do not constitute a bacterial clone. they belong to 13 different lysotypes and in most cases remain sensitive ...19911993446
distribution of salmonella enteritidis phage types in canada.the distribution of salmonella enteritidis phage types in canada is described; 606 of 674 strains examined were of human origin. typable strains of all sources, constituted 99.6% (671/674) of all strains examined, and were representative of 15 different phage types. five phage types (8, 13, 4, 13a and 1) accounted for 92.4% of the total. phage type 8 consistently showed the highest incidence in human (69.96%) and non-human (72.05%) sources and appeared to be the most common in north america. pha ...19911993451
augmentation of endotoxic lethality and glucose dyshomeostasis by phorbol ester.to investigate the role of protein kinase c (pkc) activation in the pathogenesis of endotoxin (etx) shock, the in vivo effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) on etx-induced lethality and glucose dyshomeostasis were determined. fed rats (300-400 g) were treated intravenously with incremental doses of salmonella enteritidis etx and either the vehicle, 110 mg/kg ip dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), or 0.5 mg/kg ip pma dissolved in dmso. pma significantly increased etx-induced lethality to doses ...19912000998
new adhesive factor (antigen 8786) on a human enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o117:h4 strain isolated in africa.an enterotoxigenic escherichia coli strain, e. coli 8786, of serotype o117:h4 produced only heat-stable enterotoxin and gave mannose-resistant hemagglutination with human and bovine erythrocytes. the strain adhered to the brush border of human enterocytes and to enterocytelike cell line caco-2. adhesion inhibition assays using caco-2 cells with different adhesive factor extracts showed that the adhesive factor of e. coli 8786 is different from colonization factor antigen i (cfa/i). cfa/ii, cfa/i ...19912004811
[changing epidemiology of salmonellosis]. 19912013256
serological analysis for antibodies to s enteritidis. 19912017849
altered glucose transporter mrna abundance in a rat model of endotoxic shock.to better understand molecular mechanisms of glucose transport in shock, we studied glucose transporter isoform mrna abundance after injection of s. enteritidis endotoxin (40 mg/kg) or saline. six to 8 hours after injection, endotoxin-treated animals compared to controls became hypoglycemic (44 +/- 6 vs. 111 +/- 4 mg/dl) and lactacidemic (5.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.1). at such times, tissue rna was isolated and hybridized to riboprobes for glut1 (erythrocyte), glut2 (liver), and glut4 (muscle/fat ...19912018543
the use of plasmid profiles and nucleic acid probes in epidemiologic investigations of foodborne, diarrheal diseases.the application of nucleic acid analyses to investigations of infectious disease outbreaks has resulted in useful molecular strain markers that distinguish the epidemic clone of a particular pathogen and help identify specific vehicles of infection. we have successfully used plasmid profile analysis, restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid and whole-cell dnas, and nucleic acid hybridization to investigate recent outbreaks of foodborne diarrheal illness. plasmid analysis has been important ...19912018708
the prevalence of salmonella enteritidis and other salmonella spp. among canadian registered commercial layer flocks.a survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among canadian commercial egg producing flocks. environmental (faecal and eggbelt) samples from 152 of 295 (52.9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. thirty-five different salmonella serovars were isolated. eggbelt samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than faecal samples (25.7 v. 10.1%). the most prevalent serovars were s. heidelberg, s. infantis, s. hadar, ...19912019297
growth of salmonella enteritidis in artificially contaminated hens' shell eggs.the effect of some factors on the growth of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in artificially contaminated shell eggs was investigated. salmonella enteritidis was found to be resistant to the antimicrobial properties of the albumen. growth occurred on storage at 25 degrees c but not at 4 or 10 degrees c. the rate and extent of infection was influenced by the size of inoculum, the site of contamination relative to yolk movement, and the presence of iron in the inoculum.19912019298
serological analysis for antibodies to s enteritidis. 19912021045
salmonella contamination of poultry flocks in the netherlands.the contamination of poultry in the netherlands with salmonella enteritidis was tested. for this, different methods (detection of s. enteritidis in faecal samples of 25 g; detection of s. enteritidis in cloacal swabs; detection of s. enteritidis by serological testing of antibodies in serum) were compared for their efficiency to detect s. enteritidis in flocks of poultry. testing of faecal samples clearly yielded the best results. this method was used in a transmission study, in which 14 flocks ...19912021053
[thyroid abscess caused by salmonella enteritidis].a 70-year-old diabetic woman with a nodular goitre developed a swelling in the right neck, increasing over two weeks, as well as fever (38.2 degrees c), increased tendency towards sweating, finger tremors and pain on swallowing. ultrasound examination of the thyroid raised the suspicion of an abscess, 3.5 x 1.5 cm, at the upper pole of the right thyroid lobe. material obtained by fine-needle puncture grew salmonella enteritidis. there have been no symptoms of gastroenteritis at any time. stool a ...19912026099
zoonoses and other findings in hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus): a survey of mortality and review of the literature.a survey of mortality in hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) was carried out between july 1976 and november 1986. most were from norfolk. of the 74 examined, 35 (47.3 per cent) were road casualties, one of which yielded salmonella typhimurium phage type (pt) 104. of the remaining 39, 13 (33.3 per cent) had salmonellosis due to s enteritidis pt 11. this organism, which appears to be common and widespread in hedgehogs in england was found in 10 separate incidents. the only other zoonosis was ringworm ...19912035215
control of salmonella enteritidis infections in poultry by polymyxin b and trimethoprim.antimicrobial compounds were screened in vitro in trypticase soy broth for antimicrobial activity against a virulent strain of salmonella enteritidis. of the several compounds tested, polymyxin b showed the strongest inhibition in vitro, preventing growth at a concentration of less than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml. polymyxin b administered in the drinking water was effective in vivo for preventing infections in 1-day-old chickens but did not remove established infections in 1-week-old chickens. ...19912039233
salmonella: a rare cause of subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis.a 36 year old woman had emergency pericardectomy because of subacute effusive-constrictive pericarditis. the pericardial fluid and tissue culture showed that this was caused by infection with salmonella enteritidis. cardiac involvement with salmonella does not usually present in such an aggressive manner and it has not previously been reported to cause this rare type of cardiac constriction.19912039677
relapsing salmonella enteritidis infection in a young adult male with chronic granulomatous disease.a case of chronic salmonella enteritidis infection in a young adult patient is reported. following an initial enteritis with bacteraemia, the illness lasted for a 7-year period and was characterized by recurrent pyrexia, anaemia, weight loss and marked hepatosplenomegaly. investigations revealed that the patient suffers from a mild form of chronic granulomatous disease presenting in adolescence.19912041855
[pathologico-anatomic, bacteriologic and serologic findings in laying hens from small neighborhood flocks with salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection].two small free range flocks with 32 hens, whose salmonella enteritidis contaminated eggs caused salmonellosis in man, were investigated for localisation of the agent. salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was isolated from 12 of 32 hens (37.5%). eight hens (25%) harbored the bacterium in the ovary and/or the oviduct. the rapid slide agglutination test with salmonella pullorum-antigen revealed 21 positive hens (66%). all eight hens with salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in the reproductive tract ...19912047834
comparative and interactive in vivo effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha and endotoxin.a comparative and interactive analysis of the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf) and endotoxin (etx) on selected hemodynamic and glucoregulatory alterations was performed in conscious, unrestrained, adult male holtzman rats. rats with indwelling carotid artery and jugular vein cannulae were administered intravenous (i.v.) bolus injections of either (1) etx at 1.55 or 30 mg/kg; (2) tnf at 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg; or (3) tnf plus etx as a low dose co-treatment at 0.1 mg/kg plus 1.55 mg/kg ...19912049814
numbers of salmonella enteritidis in the contents of naturally contaminated hens' eggs.over 5700 hens eggs from 15 flocks naturally infected with salmonella enteritidis were examined individually for the presence of the organism in either egg contents or on shells. thirty-two eggs (0.6%) were positive in the contents. in the majority, levels of contamination were low. three eggs, however, were found to contain many thousands of cells. in eggs where it was possible to identify the site of contamination, the albumen was more frequently positive than the yolk. storage at room tempera ...19912050203
mechanism of nitrofuran resistance in salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 and interpretation of nitrofuran susceptibility tests.the mechanism of nitrofuran resistance in salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was studied. nitrofuran reductase activity was inversely related to the furazolidone mic for the organism. strains with low-level nitrofuran resistance, typically found in almost all isolates of s. enteritidis pt4, had intermediate nitrofuran reductase activity. disc diffusion tests with furazolidone, 15 or 50 micrograms discs, and nitrofurantoin, 50 or 300 micrograms discs, failed to distinguish reliably between susce ...19912050594
serological analysis for antibodies to s enteritidis. 19912053269
update: salmonella enteritidis infections and shell eggs--united states, 1990. 19912054850
epidemiology of nontyphoidal salmonella bacteremia during the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic.to assess the impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on nontyphoidal salmonella septicemia and to identify risk factors for this infection, national laboratory-based salmonella surveillance data and aids case reports were analyzed. among 25- to 49-year-old men in states with a high incidence of aids, the proportion of salmonella isolates reported from blood increased from 2.8% in 1978-1982 to 14.2% in 1983-1987, with substantial increases for serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium. o ...19912056220
[spinal epidural abscess caused by salmonella enteritidis]. 19912056795
salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis transmitted by intact chicken eggs.to determine the source and to describe the clinical importance of a large outbreak of salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis in tennessee, which is outside the geographic focus of the s. enteritidis pandemic.19912058873
sepsis in the young rat: maternal milk protects during cecal ligation and puncture sepsis but not during endotoxemia.cecal ligation and puncture (clp) sepsis and the impact of maternal milk were studied in young rats from 10 to 28 days of age. ten- and 14-day-old rats were highly resistant to clp; 24 hr survival was 90% and 97%, respectively. however, survival decreased to 55% and 30%, respectively, in 21- and 28-day-old rats. no differences in plasma glucose and lactate were seen in rats from 10 to 18 days of age, but 21-day-old rats became significantly hypoglycemic and hyperlacticacidemic after clp. in rats ...19912065440
an in-depth investigation into a food poisoning outbreak.on and shortly after the 6th may 1990, 16 people were affected by food poisoning in an old peoples' residential home, of whom two died. the vehicle of infection was identified as a baked alaska contaminated by salmonella enteritidis phage type (pt) 8 and, at an early stage of the investigation, the source was attributed to a single infected egg. a separate investigation by the author, however, revealed that the baked alaska meringue had been dispensed from an inadequately cleaned piping bag whic ...199110115964
persistent shedding of salmonella enteritidis from the udder of a cow.salmonella enteritidis phagetype 8 was isolated from ill humans, milk-line filters, milk from a bulk tank, and milk from the right hind quarter of a five-year-old holstein cow on a dairy farm in southern alberta. the affected animal was removed from the herd and continued to shed s. enteritidis from this quarter during a seven-month interval in an isolation facility. milk from the affected quarter was visually normal, and no other pathogen was isolated from the udder during the investigation. af ...199117423915
experimental infection of chickens with salmonella enteritidis.following oral inoculation of newly hatched commercial broilers, four phage types of salmonella enteritidis showed considerable variation in their virulence. the percentage mortality varied from 96%, produced by a phage type 4 strain, to 20% (phage type 13a). when high mortality was observed, chickens that died showed a polyserositis with pericarditis similar to that observed in naturally occurring cases. strains of phage types 4, 6 and 8 were more virulent than a phage type 13a strain when inoc ...199118680007
experimental infection of egg-laying hens with salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.chickens were inoculated intravenously with 10(5) or 10(6) organisms. heavy infection of the ovaries occurred and some infection persisted in this organ for several weeks. most of the ovarian infections were confined to the interstitial tissues and not to the yolk contained in the large follicles. infections of the ovary did not result from contamination from infected air sacs. none of 810 eggs laid contained s. enteritidis. chickens infected orally gave similar results to those following intrav ...199118680027
persistence of salmonella enteritidis in young chickens.one- and 7-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were artificially infected with a field isolate of salmonella enteritidis, phage type 13a. at intervals up to 42 days of age, birds were killed and liver, lung, spleen, brain, yolk sac, testis or ovary, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon collected for culture. in chickens infected at one day of age and killed 1, 4 and 7 days pi all tissues were infected. thereafter most non-intestinal tissues (74%) and intestinal tissues (92%) were posit ...199118680039
the use of two live attenuated vaccines to immunize egg-laying hens against salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.laying hens aged 24 weeks were vaccinated twice, separated by a 2-week interval, with spectinomycin-resistant mutants of either the salmonella gallinarum 9r vaccine or a rough, aroa insertion mutant of a s. enteritidis phage type 4 strain. the 9r strain was given intramuscularly, the rough, aroa mutant both intramuscularly and orally. two weeks after the second vaccination the immunized and a control group of unimmunized birds were challenged with a nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of a fully vir ...199118680065
efficacies of novel n-halamine disinfectants against salmonella and pseudomonas species.six novel n-halamine compounds of potential importance as disinfectants to the food-processing industry were tested against salmonella enteritidis, salmonella gallinarum, salmonella typhimurium, and pseudomonas fluorescens in aqueous solution. inactivation times for 10-fold reductions were determined as a function of water quality at ph 6.5 and 25 degrees c. phenol coefficients for the efficacies of the compounds against s. enteritidis have been reported also. when both stability and efficacy da ...199216348692
experimental salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection and egg transmission in japanese quails.japanese quails were inoculated orally with 1 x 10(10) colony-forming units of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 isolated from chicks to obtain information concerning s. enteritidis infection and egg transmission. the inoculation resulted in a bacteraemic infection with seeding of the liver, spleen, intestine, peritoneum, ovule, ovary and oviduct. some infected birds showed diarrhoea, ruffled feathers, depression, loss of appetite and death. however, most infected birds remained clinically nor ...199216031673
eggs and salmonella enteritidis transmission. 19921727104
gastroenteritis due to salmonella sp: clinical and radiologic signs mimicking surgical peritonitis.salmonella infections most often are self-limited illnesses confined to the gastrointestinal system. they can, however, produce clinical and radiographic findings consistent with peritonitis. careful attention to evaluation and treatment is required to avoid unnecessary surgery for what may initially appear to be a surgical condition.19921734537
[experience with ciprofloxacin therapy of salmonellosis gastroenteritica].five days' ciprofloxacin treatment resulted quick clinical improvement in all of the 45 patients with salmonella gastroenteritis and stool cultures of 35 patients became negative. the advantages of ciprofloxacin treatment are analysed in comparison with previous antibiotics. indications for new quinolones in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis are summarized. it is emphasized that antibiotic therapy is unnecessary in mild cases of salmonella gastroenteritis. this is demonstrated on the b ...19921736229
salmonella bacteraemia in england and wales, 1981-1990.to report the incidence of nontyphoidal salmonellas in england and wales and identified in the division of enteric pathogens, london between 1981 and 1990.19921740511
monoclonal antibodies against salmonella porins: generation and characterization.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated against porins, one of the major outer membrane proteins of salmonella typhi. six clones, designated mp1, mp2, mp3 (igg2ak), mpn4, mpn6 (igg1k) and mpn5 (igg2bk) were characterized by enzyme immunoassay (elisa) for their reactivity to porins from s. typhi, salmonella paratyphi a, s. paratyphi b, s. paratyphi c, salmonella choleraesuis, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella krefeld, salmonella panama, salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli b, shigella fl ...19921280248
nucleotide sequence of the nfaa gene encoding the antigen 8786 adhesive factor of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli.the nucleotide sequence of a 714-bp dna fragment containing the enterotoxic escherichia coli (etec) adhesive factor 8786 structural gene, designated nfaa, revealed an open reading frame of 498 bp encoding a polypeptide of 166 amino acids. primer-extension experiments showed that the nfaa gene is within a single transcription unit. no homology was found with the etec adhesive factors already sequenced. in contrast, a homology with salmonella enteritidis fimbrin sef 14 was observed.19921281130
food poisoning at a wedding reception. 19921284928
food poisoning at a religious event. 19921284929
food poisoning in two homes for the elderly. 19921284930
raw eggs and body builders. 19921285093
salmonella enteritidis pt 8 and turkey meat. 19921285145
effect of sample selection from experimentally contaminated hatching eggs and freshly hatched chicks on salmonella enteritidis detection rate.the conventional culture methods of hatching eggs using shell and/or egg contents for detection of salmonella organisms give mostly unsatisfactory results. the aim of the present study is to evaluate selection of other samples and techniques of culturing hatching eggs and freshly hatched chicks. this current study provides the best evidence of salmonella enteritidis in artificially contaminated eggs (layer type) by using enrichment broth in empty egg shell samples in comparison to culturing samp ...19921289043
salmonella enteritidis infection in the sudan.twenty-one salmonella enteritidis isolates were recovered from several poultry farms in three states in the sudan over an eighteen-month period. the infection was disseminated from a distributing company which had imported infected fertilized eggs and parent stock. the sudan s. enteritidis epidemic which devastated many poultry farms during 1990 was attributable and concurrent to that in europe in particular and throughout the world in general.19921301625
molecular phylogenetic typing of pandemic isolates of salmonella enteritidis.salmonella enteritidis is now the most common salmonella serovar in many countries. we have used cloned dna probes to analyze genome interrelationships between strains chosen to represent the current s. enteritidis pandemic, and included designated type strains of the seven subspecies of salmonella in order to compare the levels of discrimination of probes. dna sequence divergence and rearrangements were analyzed in and around the rfa, fim and umudc loci, and around insertion sites of the salmon ...19921311276
genetic relationships among strains of salmonella enteritidis in a national epidemic in switzerland.a collection of salmonella enteritidis strains isolated in switzerland (1965-90) was characterized. the phage type and plasmid profile of isolates were compared with the copy number and insertion loci of the dna insertion element is200. three clonal lines of s. enteritidis were identified by is200 profile; the various phage types were subtypes reproducibly associated with one of these lines. all human and poultry isolates contained a 38 mda plasmid which hybridized with a mouse virulence-associa ...19921316285
cloning, sequencing and expression of the nhaa and nhar genes from salmonella enteritidis.na+/h+ antiporter activity is wide-spread and plays essential physiological roles. we found that several enterobacteriaceae share conserved sequences with nhaa, the gene coding for an e. coli antiporter. a delta nhaa strain, which is sensitive to na+ and li+, was used to clone by complementation a dna fragment from salmonella enteritidis which confers resistance to the ions. the cloned fragment increased na+/h+ antiport activity in membranes isolated from strains carrying the respective hybrid p ...19921317153
identification of novel loci affecting entry of salmonella enteritidis into eukaryotic cells.there are an estimated 2 million cases of salmonellosis in the united states every year. unlike the incidence of many infectious diseases, the incidence of salmonellosis in the united states and other developed countries has been rising steadily over the past 30 years, and the disease now accounts for 10 to 15% of all cases of acute gastroenteritis in the united states. the infecting organism is ingested and must traverse the intestinal epithelium to reach its preferred site for multiplication, ...19921317843
molecular detection of infectious bursal disease virus by polymerase chain reaction.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was applied to the detection of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv). reverse transcription followed by the pcr was used to amplify a portion of ibdv genome. a set of primers that specify a 150-base-pair segment of ibdv genome was chosen from an australian strain of ibdv. standard challenge strain and variant strains a, d, e, g, and gls-5 of ibdv serotype 1 and oh strain of serotype 2 from infected bursae were subjected to reverse transcription, fo ...19921320861
an unusual pagc::tnphoa mutation leads to an invasion- and virulence-defective phenotype in salmonellae.two phenotypes believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of salmonella infections are macrophage survival and invasion of epithelial cells. it was recently observed that the salmonella macrophage survival factor pagc has significant amino acid similarity to the yersinia invasion factor ail. this observation raised the possibilities that macrophage survival is in part determined by the pathway of entry and that pagc confers an entry mechanism that does not trigger the microbicidal activities of ...19921323535
macrophage antimicrobial functions in a chicken mhc chromosome dosage model.macrophages respond to certain inflammatory signals with a marked increase in respiratory burst and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates; these metabolites play an essential role in the destruction of invading microorganisms. in this study, macrophage antibacterial inflammatory responses were compared among chickens having two (disomic), three (trisomic), or four (tetrasomic) copies of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-encoding microchromosome (b15 haplotype). phorbol myrista ...19921326019
meningitis caused by salmonella enteritidis in an adult. 19921332352
effect of endotoxic shock on basal and insulin-mediated na+/k(+)-pump activity in rat soleus muscle.this study evaluated basal and insulin-mediated na+/k+ transport in skeletal muscle during endotoxic shock. fasted male holtzman rats (80-100 g) were killed 5 hr after the i.v. injection of saline (control) or 20 mg/kg salmonella enteritidis endotoxin. 86rb+ uptake into the cellular compartment of soleus muscle was determined in the presence and absence of 100 mu/ml insulin. the rate coefficient and rate of 22na+ efflux and muscle intracellular 22na+ content (in percentage of total muscle 22na+) ...19921338036
clinical relevance of herpes simplex virus in the throat of elderly with salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis.it is not known whether the presence of herpes simplex virus in the throat of elderly patients with severe gastroenteritis and pulmonary implications is of clinical relevance. we cultured throat swabs and faeces of elderly patients with (n = 11) and without (n = 12) severe salmonella gastroenteritis for viruses and bacteria to study the aetiology of respiratory complications. complement fixation titers for anti-herpes simplex antibodies in paired sera were also ascertained. throat swabs of 6 out ...19921341452
oxygen-independent antimicrobial activity against salmonella enteritidis of specially activated macrophage with living vaccine.characteristics of peritoneal macrophages recovered from mice infected with two attenuated strains ser and jena of salmonella enteritidis were compared. strong resistance against lethal infection with a virulent strain 116-54 of s. enteritidis was seen in a group of mice immunized with strain ser, but not in a group of mice immunized with strain jena as well as in a control group. peritoneal macrophages from mice immunized with strain ser showed an enhanced salmonella-killing activity, an increa ...19921344009
[bacteria associated with diarrheic episodes in young camels in niger].during diarrhoeic episodes of young camels in niger, bacteria such as salmonella enteritidis, e. coli, staphylococcus sp., clostridium perfringens and other bacteria were isolated from stool samples. bacteria roll in this pathology is discussed, and a treatment is proposed, compared with antibiogram results.19921345079
the crl protein activates cryptic genes for curli formation and fibronectin binding in escherichia coli hb101.curli are thin, coiled, temperature-regulated fibres on fibronectin-binding escherichia coli. the subunit protein of curli was highly homologous at its amino terminus to sef-17, the subunit protein of thin, aggregative fimbriae of salmonella enteritidis 27655 strain 3b, suggesting that these fibres form a novel class of surface organelles on enterobacteria. e. coli hb101 is non-curliated and unable to bind soluble, iodinated fibronectin. the phenotypically cryptic curlin subunit gene, csga, in h ...19921357528
role of type 1 and type 3 fimbriae on the adherence and pathogenesis of salmonella enteritidis in mice.through hemagglutination tests two isogenic strains of salmonella enteritidis were shown to possess type 1 fimbriae (strain v) and type 1 and type 3 fimbriae (strain a). the two strains bound to human buccal and mouse small intestine epithelial cells. strain a attached to the epithelial cells more readily and in larger numbers in comparison to strain v. adherence of both strains were sensitive to the presence of d-mannose and pretreatment of the epithelial cells with tannic acid did not promote ...19921357531
characterisation of monoclonal antibodies against a fimbrial structure of salmonella enteritidis and certain other serogroup d salmonellae and their application as serotyping reagents.a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies from different hybridomas was produced against a novel salmonella fimbrial antigen expressed predominantly by salmonella enteritidis strains. the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies to this antigen (sef14) was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using purified sef14, immune electron microscopy and, with 11 monoclonal antibodies, the identification of a repeating protein subunit (14,300kda) on the antigen. blocking-elisa with the monoclo ...19921361237
plasmid analysis and epidemiology of salmonella enteritidis infection in three commercial layer flocks.ninety-six s. enteritidis isolates obtained from three commercial layer flocks in 1988-90 were examined following dna extraction, restriction enzyme digestion, and gel electrophoresis for plasmid size profiles and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps). the s. enteritidis isolates from the three flocks had three, eight, and two different plasmid profiles, respectively. only four isolates from one flock lacked plasmids. a 36-megadalton (mda) (54-kilobase) plasmid was present in 73% of ...19921362492
[reactive arthritis caused by salmonella]. 19921366167
hospital outbreak of salmonella enteriditis infection--ontario. 19921366254
hydroxypropyl cellulose/poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(propylene glycol) aqueous two-phase systems: system characterization and partition of cells and proteins.novel aqueous polymeric two-phase systems are described. these systems are formed by mixing hydroxypropyl cellulose (molecular mass 100,000, trade name klucel l) with poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(propylene glycol) copolymer [molecular mass 6,500, poly(propylene glycol) content 50% w/w, trade name pluronic p105], in a saline buffer. the phase diagram was measured and the interfacial tensions, phase separation times, and lower phase viscosities of three phase systems having constant pluronic p105 ...19921368966
construction of salmonella strains with both antigen o4 (of group b) and antigen o9 (of group d).a salmonella live vaccine causing both o4- and o9-specific immune responses would be of use, but no reported salmonella serotype has both of these o antigens. constructed salmonella typhimurium strains with an rfb (o-antigen-specifying) gene cluster of type d in the chromosome and one of type b in an f'-rfb+ factor, and those with the reverse combination reacted strongly with both anti-o4 (and anti-o5) and anti-o9 sera and, if they carried reca, could be maintained in this state by growth condit ...19921372316
structural and immunochemical studies of the lipopolysaccharides of salmonella strains with both antigen o4 and antigen o9.two salmonella hybrid strains, sl5313 (salmonella typhimurium with a d.rfb+ gene cluster) and sl5396 (s. enteritidis with a b.rfb+ gene cluster), each expressing both o-antigen 4 (of serogroup b) and o-antigen 9 (of serogroup d) were studied by immunofluorescence using a mixture of o4-specific mouse monoclonal and o9-specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies. bound antibodies, detected by anti-mouse antibody labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and anti-rabbit antibody labelled with tetramethylr ...19921372317
cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene (citc) encoding a citrate carrier from several salmonella serovars.the nucleotide sequence of the citc coding for the citrate carrier in several salmonella serovars has been determined, and the amino acid sequence of the carrier protein was deduced. the predicted citrate carrier from salmonella pullorum and salmonella enteritidis consists of 446 amino acids with a molecular weight of 47,621, whereas that from salmonella dublin is the same 446 amino acids with the slightly different molecular weight of 47,591, because 1 amino acid residue was substituted. the pr ...19921374406
role of nitric oxide in the oxidant stress during ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver.the potential role of nitric oxide (no) and its reaction product with superoxide, peroxynitrite, was investigated in a model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in male fischer rats in vivo. pretreatment with the no synthase inhibitor nitro-l-arginine (10 mg/kg) did neither affect the post-ischemic oxidant stress and liver injury during the initial reperfusion phase nor the subsequent infiltration of neutrophils into the liver and the later, neutrophil-induced injury phase. furthermore, no ev ...19921375973
salmonella enteritidis-specific monoclonal antibodies.three monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived that are specific for salmonella enteritidis. such antibodies are of interest because reagents that specifically identify s. enteritidis are potentially useful for the diagnosis and detection of this pathogen. immunization of balb/c mice with intact, unfixed, ultraviolet-killed s. enteritidis permitted the derivation of a collection of hybridomas among which were found three mabs: 1053, 1110, and 1170. each mab reacted with six independent field is ...19921378262
serum, disc and egg elisa for the serodiagnosis of salmonella gallinarum and s. enteritidis infections in chickens.an elisa was evaluated for the serodiagnosis of fowl typhoid and paratyphoid due to salmonella enteritidis in chickens. the hot phenol: water lipopolysaccharide (lps) extract of salmonella was used as the antigen. chicken serum, eggs and discs impregnated with chicken blood were tested for the presence of antibodies against salmonella factor 'o' 9 antigen. the substrate and chromogen used were hydrogen peroxide and orthophenylenediamine respectively. serological results from the experimentally a ...19921381107
[focal infections caused by non-typhi salmonella: a review of our case series and comparison with other series].nine cases of local infection due to non typhi salmonella enterica, some of them of unusual localization, in 8 patients (mean age 64.9 +/- 12.4 years) attended in zamora's virgen de la concha hospital over a period of five years, are described. focal salmonellosis represented 1.5% of non-typhi salmonellosis cases in that period (9 out of 606 detected cases). 6 of the 8 patients (75%) showed a predisposing disease. in two patients the previous existence of gastroenteritis due to salmonella was as ...19921386936
[molecular epidemiology of salmonella enterica poisoning: correlation of the serotype and protein profile and plasmid dna analysis].food-borne diseases nosocomial outbreaks due to salmonella enterica strains have a high incidence nowadays. we describe here an outbreak that occurred in july 1990 in the malaga university hospital, that only involves one shift of health care workers. salmonella enterica was detected in stool samples from hcw and a first analysis revealed the presence of two different antibiotic susceptibility patterns (resistotypes) among isolated strains. two months after the outbreak started, the cnvis (majad ...19921391014
effect of faecal extract on the growth of salmonella enteritidis in artificially contaminated hens' eggs.1. salmonella enteritidis pt 4 grew in eggs stored at 25 degrees c, but not at 10 degrees c. 2. the incidence of generalised infection of the egg contents (greater than 10(6) salmonellas/ml) was greater in eggs inoculated with cells suspended in faecal extract compared to those with cells in ringer's solution. 3. the removal of most of the iron did not decrease the growth-promoting effect of the faecal extract.19921393670
techniques for the isolation of salmonellas from eggs.1. when the contents of 4 or more naturally-contaminated intact eggs were combined, the isolation rate of salmonella enteritidis was improved by extending incubation at 37 degrees c from 24 to 48 h before sub-culture. 2. the isolation rate of salmonellas from raw homogenised whole egg was significantly increased by the inclusion of novobiocin and cefsulodin in the primary culture media. 3. rappaport vassiliadis broth was found to be superior to selenite as a selective enrichment medium.19921393671
use of competitive exclusion to protect newly-hatched chicks against intestinal colonisation and invasion by salmonella enteritidis pt4.1. the recommended dose of a commercial competitive exclusion (ce) product (broilact) was given orally to newly-hatched broiler chicks to protect them against oral challenge by salmonella enteritidis pt4. 2. in 5 replicate trials, half of the birds thus treated and half from untreated control groups were examined for salmonellas at 5 d and the other half at 12 d after challenge. 3. caecal contents were examined quantitatively while heart, liver and spleen samples were examined qualitatively by e ...19921393673
serological responses of chickens experimentally infected with salmonella enteritidis pt4 by different routes.commercially reared chickens were challenged with salmonella enteritidis phage-type (pt) 4 by aerosol, or via the conjunctiva. inhalation of 2.9 x 10(2) or 4.2 x 10(3) s. enteritidis resulted in the production of igg antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of s. enteritidis pt4. when the aerosol inoculum was increased to 2.4 x 10(5) bacteria per bird the antibody produced were predominantly of the igm-class. chickens challenged with 10(3) s. enteritidis pt4 via the conjunctiva mounted only a ...19921397118
endotoxin tolerance is associated with altered gtp-binding protein function.previous studies have suggested that guanine nucleotide regulatory (g) proteins modulate endotoxin-stimulated peritoneal macrophage arachidonic acid (aa) metabolism. endotoxin-stimulated metabolism of aa by peritoneal macrophages is decreased in endotoxin tolerance (rogers et al. prostaglandins 31: 639-650, 1986). these observations led to a study of g protein function and aa metabolism by peritoneal macrophages in endotoxin tolerance. endotoxin tolerance was induced by the administration of sub ...19921400011
comparison of four different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serological diagnosis of salmonella enteritidis infections in experimentally infected chickens.the program for the eradication of salmonella enteritidis from chickens in the netherlands is based on bacteriological examination of breeding flocks. there is a great need for a specific and sensitive serological screening test. for that purpose, we developed four different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas), i.e., an indirect elisa with s. enteritidis flagellin, an indirect elisa with s. enteritidis lipopolysaccharide, a double-antibody sandwich blocking elisa that uses monoclonal ant ...19921400954
[studies on genetic differentiation of salmonella enteritidis isolates by plasmid profile].since 1989, the number of salmonellosis cases caused by s. enteritidis has increased considerably in japan. genetic differentiation of 385 strains isolated from january 1982 to december 1988 and january 1989 to april 1991 were used for plasmid profiles. plasmids were found in 377 out of 385 strains; therefore, only 8 strains carried no plasmid. among 377 strains, 15 different plasmid profile types (op-1 to op-15) were classified. the most common plasmid profile types from 1982 to 1988 were op-7 ...19921402111
salmonella-associated with deep vein thrombosis: report of a case and review of the literature. 19921402120
platelet-derived growth factor reduces the inhibitory effects of lipopolysaccharide on gingival fibroblast proliferation.lipopolysaccharide from a variety of bacterial sources is known to inhibit gingival fibroblast proliferation and synthetic activity and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal inflammation. however, it may be involved not only in pathogenesis but also be responsible for delayed wound healing following periodontal therapy. the aim of this investigation was to determine whether the inhibitory effect of lps on gingival fibroblast proliferation could be reversed by growth factors. hum ...19921403578
microbiological and histopathological effects of an induced-molt fasting procedure on a salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens.a study was undertaken to determine if a 2-week feed-removal protocol, as is used by industry to induce a molt in aging hens, would affect the course of a salmonella enteritidis infection. white leghorn hens aged 69-84 weeks were deprived of feed to induce a molt, and on day 4 of the fast, the birds were orally infected with 5 x 10(6) s. enteritidis. s. enteritidis organisms were enumerated in the spleen on day 6 and from the alimentary tract on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. little difference was ...19921417591
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