Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| response to influenza immunisation during treatment for cancer. | to assess the annual risk of influenza infection in children with cancer and the immunogenicity of a trivalent split virus influenza vaccine in these children. | 2001 | 11369567 |
| infection of a child in hong kong by an influenza a h3n2 virus closely related to viruses circulating in european pigs. | influenza virus a/hong kong/1774/99, isolated from a young child with mild influenza, was shown to be similar in its antigenic and genetic characteristics to h3n2 viruses circulating in pigs in europe during the 1990s and in particular to be closely related to viruses isolated from two children in the netherlands in 1993. similar viruses had previously not been identified outside europe. although there is little evidence as to how the child contracted the infection, it appears likely that pigs i ... | 2001 | 11369884 |
| pattern of mutation in the genome of influenza a virus on adaptation to increased virulence in the mouse lung: identification of functional themes. | the genetic basis for virulence in influenza virus is largely unknown. to explore the mutational basis for increased virulence in the lung, the h3n2 prototype clinical isolate, a/hk/1/68, was adapted to the mouse. genomic sequencing provided the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that a group of 11 mutations can convert an avirulent virus to a virulent variant that can kill at a minimal dose. thirteen of the 14 amino acid substitutions (93%) detected among clonal isolates were likely instrum ... | 2001 | 11371620 |
| efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons in welfare nursing homes: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic. | the effect of influenza vaccination on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in a population residing in nursing homes was studied through a program by the osaka prefectural government, which is the first and official support for influenza vaccination of the elderly population during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan: | 2001 | 11382801 |
| outbreak of influenza in highly vaccinated crew of u.s. navy ship. | an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) occurred aboard a u.s. navy ship in february 1996, despite 95% of the crew's having been appropriately vaccinated. virus isolated from ill crew members was antigenically distinct from the vaccination strain. with an attack rate of 42%, this outbreak demonstrates the potential for rapid spread of influenza in a confined population and the impact subsequent illness may have upon the workplace. | 2001 | 11384530 |
| formation of wild-type and chimeric influenza virus-like particles following simultaneous expression of only four structural proteins. | we are studying the structural proteins and molecular interactions required for formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the cell surface. to investigate these events, we generated a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses in sf9 cells the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix (m1), and m2 proteins of influenza virus a/udorn/72 (h3n2). using this quadruple recombinant, we have been able to demonstrate by double-labeling immunofluorescen ... | 2001 | 11390617 |
| primary immune system effects of the orally administered cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 in influenza virus-infected mice. | the cyclopentane derivative [1s,2s,3r,4r]-3-[(1s)-1-(acetylamino)-2- ethylbutyl]-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (rwj-270201) has been previously reported to be a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, and to inhibit infections with this virus in vitro, in mice, and in clinical challenge studies. the effect of oral gavage therapy of 100 mg/kg/day of rwj-270201 administered twice daily for 5 days beginning 16 h prior to virus exposure, o ... | 2001 | 11407315 |
| pharmacodynamic evaluation of rwj-270201, a novel neuraminidase inhibitor, in a lethal murine model of influenza predicts efficacy for once-daily dosing. | we examined rwj-270201 in a lethal model of influenza in balb/c mice. the aim was to delineate the pharmacodynamically linked variable for the drug. challenge was performed with influenza virus a/shongdong/09/93 (h3n2). treatment was administered by gavage. five doses (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) and three schedules (every 24, 12, and 8 h) were evaluated with 10 mice per group. there were 39 placebo-treated mice. drug exposure was evaluated for infected mice. exposures were calculated after po ... | 2001 | 11408232 |
| respiratory virus surveillance. fluwatch project, 2000-2001. end of season update. | the 2000-2001 season was a relatively mild season worldwide. in canada, lower than usual activity was reported for all national indicators of influenza activity, including the rate of influenza-like illness (ili), the percentage of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza and provincial/territorial influenza activity levels. however, there were a number of interesting characteristics of this year's influenza season. in contrast to the predominance of influenza a, and in particular the a/sydney/5/ ... | 2001 | 11416943 |
| influenza virus a stimulates expression of eotaxin by nasal epithelial cells. | respiratory virus is one of the most common causes of airway inflammation, but its pathogenic mechanisms are not well understood. eotaxin is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant and is a selective agonist for c-c chemokine receptor 3 (ccr3). although it has recently been demonstrated that epithelial cells express eotaxin, both in vivo and in vitro, there are few data concerning the expression in viral infection. | 2001 | 11422151 |
| detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (ns1) of influenza a virus allows distinction between vaccinated and infected horses. | antibodies to the nonstructural protein (ns1) of a/equine/miami/1/63 (h3n8) influenza virus were detected exclusively in the sera of mice experimentally infected with a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and horses infected with a/equine/kentucky/1/81 (h3n8) or a/equine/la plata/1/93 (h3n8), but not in those of the animals immunized with the inactivated viruses, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using a recombinant ns1 as antigen. the results indicate that the present method is useful for serological ... | 2001 | 11423202 |
| [generation of human recombinant antibody fab fragment to influenza virus from combined antibody library]. | to acquire the recombinant human monoclonal antibodies to influenza virus which can be used in mucous membrane treatment to prevent the infection of virus in animal model in the future. | 2001 | 11436656 |
| influence of virus strain, challenge dose, and time of therapy initiation on the in vivo influenza inhibitory effects of rwj-270201. | the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 (cyclopentane carboxylic acid, 3-[cis-1-(acetylamino)-2-ethylbutyl]-4[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-[cis, 2s, 3r, 4r]) was significantly inhibitory to an infection in mice induced by influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1) virus when oral gavage (p.o.) treatment with 10 mg/kg per day was delayed at least 60 h after virus exposure. treatment was 5 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days. viral challenge doses of influenza a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) virus ranging f ... | 2001 | 11448729 |
| molecular evolution of influenza a/h3n2 viruses in the province of québec (canada) during the 1997-2000 period. | in this study, we compared antigenic (hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay) and molecular (sequencing of the hemagglutinin (ha1) gene) characterization of influenza isolates collected in the province of québec (canada) during the last three flu seasons (1997-2000). twenty-three isolates were tested by a standard hi assay and 37 by sequencing of the ha1 gene for their homology to the a/h3n2 vaccine strains a/wuhan/359/95 (1997-1998) and a/sydney/5/97 (1998-1999 and 1999-2000). by hi, two isolat ... | 2001 | 11451491 |
| antigenic and molecular heterogeneity in recent swine influenza a(h1n1) virus isolates with possible implications for vaccination policy. | in order to explore the occurrence of antigenic drift in swine influenza a(h1n1) viruses and the match between epidemic and vaccine strains, 26 virus isolates from outbreaks of respiratory disease among finishing pigs in the netherlands in the 1995/1996 season and reference strains from earlier outbreaks were examined using serological and molecular methods. in contrast to swine h3n2 viruses, no significant antigenic drift was observed in swine h1n1 viruses isolated from the late 1980s up to 199 ... | 2001 | 11483271 |
| efficacy of vaccination of pigs with different h1n1 swine influenza viruses using a recent challenge strain and different parameters of protection. | this study investigates whether antigenic evolution within h1n1 swine influenza viruses can compromise vaccine efficacy and, specifically, whether the a/new jersey/8/76 strain in the commercial swine influenza vaccines needs to be updated. pigs were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with experimental monovalent vaccines derived from different h1n1 strains (a/new jersey/8/76, sw/belgium/1/83 or sw/belgium/1/98) or with a commercial bivalent vaccine based on a/new jersey/8/76 (h1n1) and a/port chal ... | 2001 | 11483274 |
| ferrets as a transmission model for influenza: sequence changes in ha1 of type a (h3n2) virus. | ferrets were used as an animal model to study whether controlled transmission of type a influenza is similar to human transmission when sequence changes in ha1 are used as the outcome. ferrets were infected initially with a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) or a/la/1/87 (h3n2) intranasally, and transmission chains were established by housing infected ferrets with noninfected ferrets with no influenza antibody titer against the infecting virus. ferrets infected with a/sydney were seronegative for a/sydney and a ... | 2001 | 11494159 |
| nosocomial outbreak of influenza virus a (h3n2) infection in a solid organ transplant department. | there is a strong body of evidence in favor of influenza virus immunization in solid organ recipients. however, little attention has been devoted to other reservoirs, such as the patients' relatives and, at the time of hospital admission, to the healthcare workers. | 2001 | 11502991 |
| cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitors with potent in vitro anti-influenza virus activities. | a novel series of cyclopentane derivatives have been found to exhibit potent and selective inhibitory effects on influenza virus neuraminidase. these compounds, designated rwj-270201, bcx-1827, bcx-1898, and bcx-1923, were tested in parallel with zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate against a spectrum of influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1) and influenza b viruses in mdck cells. inhibition of viral cytopathic effect ascertained visually and by neutral red dye uptake was used, with 50% effective ( ... | 2001 | 11181354 |
| in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rjw-270201. | the cyclopentane influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 was evaluated against influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), and b/hong kong/05/72 virus infections in mice. treatment was by oral gavage twice daily for 5 days beginning 4 h pre-virus exposure. the influenza virus inhibitor oseltamivir was run in parallel, and ribavirin was included in studies with the a/shangdong and b/hong kong viruses. rwj-270201 was inhibitory to all infections using do ... | 2001 | 11181355 |
| influenza virus types and subtypes detection by single step single tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and agarose gel electrophoresis. | influenza virus type and subtype specific primers were selected for use in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the selected primer sets were used in a single step rt-pcr of influenza virus rna in multiplex format for the detection of virus type and subtypes. three one step reaction conditions are optimized: (1) multiplex typing only, (2) multiplex subtyping of influenza a, and (3) multiplex typing and subtyping simultaneously. rna from strains of influenza virus type a of s ... | 2002 | 11684304 |
| cooperation between the hemagglutinin of avian viruses and the matrix protein of human influenza a viruses. | to analyze the compatibility of avian influenza a virus hemagglutinins (has) and human influenza a virus matrix (m) proteins m1 and m2, we doubly infected madin-darby canine kidney cells with amantadine (1-aminoadamantane hydrochloride)-resistant human viruses and amantadine-sensitive avian strains. by using antisera against the human virus has and amantadine, we selected reassortants containing the human virus m gene and the avian virus ha gene. in our system, high virus yields and large, well- ... | 2002 | 11799173 |
| h3n2 influenza viruses from domestic chickens in italy: an increasing role for chickens in the ecology of influenza? | in italy, multiple h3n2 influenza viruses were isolated from chickens with mild respiratory disease and were shown to replicate in the respiratory tracts of experimentally infected chickens; this finding is the first to show that h3n2 influenza viruses can replicate and cause disease in chickens. h3n2 influenza viruses in pigs on nearby farms seemed a likely source of the virus; however, antigenic and molecular analyses revealed that the gene segments of the viruses in chickens were mainly of eu ... | 2002 | 11807234 |
| cold-adapted live influenza vaccine versus inactivated vaccine: systemic vaccine reactions, local and systemic antibody response, and vaccine efficacy. a meta-analysis. | since the 1940s, influenza vaccines are inactivated and purified virus or virus subunit preparations (iiv) administered by the intramuscular route. since decades, attempts have been made to construct, as an alternative, attenuated live influenza vaccines (liv) for intranasal administration. presently, the most successful liv is derived from the cold-adapted master strains a/ann arbor/6/60 (h2n2) and b/ann arbor/1/66 (aa-liv, for ann-arbor-derived live influenza vaccine). it has been claimed that ... | 2002 | 11818152 |
| sequence variation in a newly identified hla-b35-restricted epitope in the influenza a virus nucleoprotein associated with escape from cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | here, we describe a new hla-b*3501-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope in the influenza a virus (h3n2) nucleoprotein, which was found to exhibit a high degree of variation at nonanchor residues. the influenza virus variants emerged in chronological order, and ctls directed against old variants failed to recognize more recent strains of influenza a virus, indicating an escape from ctl immunity. | 2002 | 11836437 |
| [changes in phospholipid components of pulmonary surfactant in experimental influenza infection and their correction by remantadin and deitiforine]. | changes in the levels of total phospholipids and phospholipid fractions of pulmonary surfactant fractions of albino mice intranasally infected with influenza a/aichi/2/68(h3n2) virus in a dose of 5 ld50 were studied. reproduction of influenza virus in mice is paralleled by fluctuations in the level of total lipids and changes in the phospholipid components of pulmonary surfactant. antiviral drugs remantadin and deitiforine injected in accordance with the treatment and prophylaxis protocol to inf ... | 2002 | 12046462 |
| susceptibility of recent canadian influenza a and b virus isolates to different neuraminidase inhibitors. | forty-two influenza a and 23 influenza b isolates collected from untreated subjects during the 1999-2000 influenza season in canada were tested for their susceptibility to three neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate and rwj-270201 or bcx-1812) using a chemiluminescent neuraminidase assay. influenza b isolates were less susceptible than a viruses to all tested drugs. rwj-270201 was the most potent drug against both influenza a(h3n2) (mean ic(50): 0.60 nm) and b (mean ic(50) ... | 2002 | 12062387 |
| influenza virus carrying neuraminidase with reduced sensitivity to oseltamivir carboxylate has altered properties in vitro and is compromised for infectivity and replicative ability in vivo. | oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu, ro 64-0796) is the first orally administered neuraminidase (na) inhibitor approved for use in treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection in man. oseltamivir phosphate is the pro-drug of the active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (ro 64-0802). extensive monitoring throughout the oseltamivir development programme has identified a very low incidence of patients who have carried drug-resistant virus. the predominant mutation seen is the substitution of a ... | 2002 | 12062393 |
| influenza virus carrying an r292k mutation in the neuraminidase gene is not transmitted in ferrets. | a model of influenza transmission has been established in ferrets in which wild-type influenza infection in a donor ferret can be transmitted sequentially to other ferrets. we have studied the transmission in ferrets of a clinical isolate of a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) carrying the neuraminidase 292k mutation compared with the corresponding wild-type virus from the same subject. donor ferrets (n=four per group) were inoculated intranasally with mutant or wild-type virus and each housed with three naïve ... | 2002 | 12062395 |
| avian influenza and human health. | natural infections with influenza a viruses have been reported in a variety of animal species including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, mustelids and birds. occasionally devastating pandemics occur in humans. although viruses of relatively few ha and na subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all 15 ha subtypes and all 9 na subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. in the 20th century the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains transmis ... | 2002 | 12062786 |
| [differences in receptor specificity between the influenza a viruses isolated from the duck, chicken, and human]. | the affinity of the duck, chicken, and human influenza viruses to the host cell sialosides was determined, and considerable distinctions between duck and chicken viruses were found. duck viruses bind to a wide range of sialosides, including the short-stem gangliosides. most of the chicken viruses, like human ones, lose the ability to bind these gangliosides, which strictly correlates with the appearance of carbohydrate at position 158-160. the affinity of the chicken viruses to sialoglycoconjuga ... | 2002 | 12068641 |
| polymeric inhibitor of influenza virus attachment protects mice from experimental influenza infection. | synthetic sialic acid-containing macromolecules inhibit influenza virus attachment to target cells and suppress the virus-mediated hemagglutination and neutralize virus infectivity in cell culture. to test the protective effects of attachment inhibitors in vivo, mice were infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and treated with synthetic polyacrylamide-based sialylglycopolymer paa-yds bearing moieties of (neu5acalpha2-6galbeta1-4glcnacbeta1-2manalpha1)2-3,6manbeta1-4glcna ... | 2002 | 12076764 |
| influenza activity in china: 1998-1999. | during 1989-1999, influenza a h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes and b type viruses were still co-circulating in human population in china, while influenza a (h3n2) virus was predominant strain. the two antigenically and genetically distinguishable strains of influenza b virus were also still co-circulating in men in southern china. the antigenic analysis indicated that most of the h3n2 viruses were a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2)-like strain, the most of the h1n1 viruses were antigenically similar to a/beijing/262 ... | 2002 | 12110253 |
| the role of live influenza vaccines in children. | live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccines (caivs) have been developed over the past two decades by taking advantage of the segmented rna genome of influenza and creating attenuated reassortants containing contemporary hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes. these vaccines have been shown to be easily administered, safe and immunogenic in adults and children. recent trials of a trivalent live attenuated caiv (caiv-t, tradename flumist, aviron, mt. view, ca) in children have demonst ... | 2002 | 12110263 |
| prevalence of swine influenza virus subtypes on swine farms in the united states. | serologic and virologic prevalence of infection with different swine influenza virus (siv) subtypes was investigated using swine sera, nasal swabs and lung samples that had been submitted for a diagnosis to the minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory. a total of 111,418 pig sera were tested for siv antibody between 1998 and 2000, and 25,348 sera (22.8%) were found to be positive by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. of the positive samples, 16,807 (66.7%) and 8,541 (33.7%) had antibod ... | 2002 | 12111430 |
| influenza-associated encephalopathy in japan. | although the clinical entity of influenza-associated encephalopathy (influenza encephalopathy) has not gained universal recognition, it has been reported frequently as a complication of influenza in japanese children. the influenza type a (h3n2) virus was detected in most cases. most of the patients have been young children. influenza encephalopathy typically is associated with a sudden onset of high fever, severe convulsions, rapidly progressive coma, and death within 2 or 3 days. influenza enc ... | 2002 | 12122956 |
| eight-plasmid system for rapid generation of influenza virus vaccines. | the antigenic variation of influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) glycoproteins requires frequent changes in vaccine formulation. the classical method of creating influenza virus seed strains for vaccine production is to generate 6 + 2 reassortants that contain six genes from a high-yield virus, such as a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and the ha and na genes of the circulating strains. the techniques currently used are time-consuming because of the selection process required to isolate the ... | 2002 | 12163268 |
| cleavage of influenza a virus hemagglutinin in human respiratory epithelium is cell associated and sensitive to exogenous antiproteases. | proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin (ha) of human influenza viruses a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and a/wsn/34 (h1n1) from ha0 to ha1/ha2 was studied in primary human adenoid epithelial cells (haec). haec contain a mixture of ciliated and nonciliated secretory cells and mimic the epithelium membrane of the human respiratory tract. pulse-chase labeling with [(35)s]methionine and western blot analysis with anti-ha antibodies of cellular and virion polypeptides showed that haec cleaved newly synthesize ... | 2002 | 12163588 |
| [development of immunoenzyme assay for subtype-specific detection of antibodies to influenza viruses a (h1n1) and a (h3n2)]. | conditions were developed for obtaining surface viral glycoprotein (gp) fraction intended for solid phase sensitization with the aim of constructing enzyme immunoassay test systems (eiats) for detection of subtypical igg and igg to influenza a (h1n1) and a (h3n2) viruses. new variants of test systems were compared with the traditional methods for serological diagnosis of influenza. gp-based eiats more often diagnosed influenza than eiats based on purified whole-virion (wv) suspensions, hemagglut ... | 2002 | 12173436 |
| phylogenetic analysis of h1n2 isolates of influenza a virus from pigs in the united states. | twenty-four h1n2 influenza a viruses were newly isolated from pigs in the united states. these isolates originated from 19 farms in 9 different swine producing states between 1999 and 2001. all farms had clinical histories of respiratory problem and/or abortion. the viral isolates were characterized genetically to determine the origin of all eight gene segments. the results showed that all h1n2 isolates were reassortants of classical swine h1n1 and triple reassortant h3n2 viruses. the neuraminid ... | 2002 | 12191781 |
| immune-globulin prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients undergoing stem-cell transplantation. | thirty-two patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation were given respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immune globulin (rsvig) at the time of transplantation and again 3 weeks later. antibody titers to rsv, human parainfluenza virus 3, measles, and influenza h1n1, h3n2, and b were measured prior to administration of rsvig and 6 more times over the course of the subsequent 6 weeks. baseline antiviral titers and increases in antibody after administration of rsvig were extre ... | 2002 | 12198619 |
| [effect of influenza epidemics on mortality in santa fe, argentina, during 1992-1999]. | to define the effect of influenza epidemics on mortality and to establish the best criterion for predicting mortality so as to provide a method for advance warning of the severity of an influenza epidemic. | 2002 | 12202022 |
| [prevention and control of influenza]. | this piece summarizes a report that updates the recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices of the united states of america with regard to the use of the influenza vaccine and of specific antiviral agents for influenza. the recommended 2002-2003 trivalent vaccine virus strains are a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like, and b/hong kong/330/2001- like. the piece defines the groups who should be vaccinated and the persons who should not be, as well as ... | 2002 | 12202027 |
| emergence of influenza a h1n2 reassortant viruses in the human population during 2001. | influenza a h1n2 viruses, which emerged during 2001, are genetic reassortants between h1n1 and h3n2 subtype viruses which have cocirculated in the human population since 1977. they possess a h1 hemagglutinin antigenically and genetically similar to contemporary a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like viruses and seven genes closely related to those of recent a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like viruses. the viruses have spread to many regions of the world and have predominated over h1n1 viruses in several count ... | 2002 | 12202200 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2001. | surveillance of influenza in australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. in 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). influenza a was the dominant type, 81 per cent of which were subtype h1n1 and 19 per cent were subtype h3n ... | 2002 | 12206371 |
| mortality in dioxin-exposed mice infected with influenza: mitochondrial toxicity (reye's-like syndrome) versus enhanced inflammation as the mode of action. | increased mortality following influenza a infection was reported in b6c3f1 mice exposed to a low (0.01 micro g/kg) dose of dioxin. however, mortality was not associated with increased viral load and antibody titers to the virus were not decreased at doses of tcdd < or = 10 micro g/kg, suggesting that viral overgrowth, secondary to immunosuppression, was not the proximate cause of death. we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial toxicity and dysfunction, similar to reye's syndrome (rs) in human ... | 2002 | 12215664 |
| antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in european wild boars from southcentral spain. | serum samples from 78 european wild boars (sus scrofa) harvested during the 1999-2000 hunting season were tested for antibodies to brucella spp., classical swine fever virus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, haemophilus parasuis, leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, salmonella serogroups b, c, and d, streptococcus suis, and swine influenza virus (siv) serotypes h1n1 a ... | 2002 | 12238391 |
| characterization of 2 influenza a(h3n2) clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors due to mutations in the hemagglutinin gene. | previous studies have shown that amino acid changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of influenza viruses may result in decreased susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) in vitro. however, the emergence and characteristics of such ha variants in the clinical setting remain poorly studied. herein, we report 2 influenza a(h3n2) isolates, from untreated patients, harboring an arg229-->ile substitution in the ha1 gene. the ile229 variants were as sensitive as the arg229 viruses to zanamivir ... | 2002 | 12355356 |
| a pilot study of seroprevalence of influenza virus type a in vellore, south india. | influenza virus type a is active in many regions of the world. however, information from many parts of india is sparse. hence we carried out a serological study on the prevalence of antibodies to influenza virus type a in vellore, south india. | 2002 | 12362555 |
| comparison of colorimetric, fluorometric, and visual methods for determining anti-influenza (h1n1 and h3n2) virus activities and toxicities of compounds. | methods have been developed previously for rapid evaluation of compounds for antiviral activity in 96-well microplates, which include visual quantitation of antiviral activity based upon inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect (cpe) or by less subjective colorimetric or fluorometric means. in the present studies we compared a number of colorimetric (crystal violet, mtt [3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide], and neutral red) and fluorometric (alamar blue, bisbenzimi ... | 2002 | 12367731 |
| [the 2001/2002 influenza season and the vaccine composition for the 2002/2003 season]. | the epidemic in the influenza season 2001/2002 was of moderate activity just like in 2000/2001. the influenza epidemic started in week 2 of 2002 when the clinical influenza activity reported by the general practitioner network of the netherlands institute of primary health care (nivel) increased. this was caused by influenza a viruses of the h3n2 subtype in particular. all influenza a viruses of this subtype were closely related to the vaccine strain for this subtype, a/moscow/10/99. influenza b ... | 2002 | 12382372 |
| disruption of services in an internal medicine unit due to a nosocomial influenza outbreak. | to describe a nosocomial influenza a outbreak, how it was managed, what impact it had on subsequent delivery of health care, and the additional charges attributable to it | 2002 | 12400893 |
| prevention of influenza pneumonitis by sialic acid-conjugated dendritic polymers. | influenza a viral infection begins by hemagglutinin glycoproteins on the viral envelope binding to cell membrane sialic acid (sa). free sa monomers cannot block hemagglutinin adhesion in vivo because of toxicity. polyvalent, generation 4 (g4) sa-conjugated polyamidoamine (pamam) dendrimer (g4-sa) was evaluated as a means of preventing adhesion of 3 influenza a subtypes (h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2). in hemagglutination-inhibition assays, g4-sa was found to inhibit all h3n2 and 3 of 5 h1n1 influenza sub ... | 2002 | 12402191 |
| phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated from conscripts receiving influenza vaccine prior to the epidemic season of 1998/9. | roughly half (54%) of the 910 young conscripts at a garrison in finland were vaccinated with commercial influenza vaccines in autumn 1998. during the influenza outbreak in february 1999, 12 h3n2-subtype virus strains were isolated from vaccinated patients, and 11 such strains were isolated from unvaccinated patients. the isolates were related to the vaccine strain a/sydney/5/97 and could be classified into three subgroups based on sequence variation in the ha1 gene coding for the variable domain ... | 2002 | 12403110 |
| intercontinental circulation of human influenza a(h1n2) reassortant viruses during the 2001-2002 influenza season. | reassortant influenza a viruses bearing the h1 subtype of hemagglutinin (ha) and the n2 subtype of neuraminidase (na) were isolated from humans in the united states, canada, singapore, malaysia, india, oman, egypt, and several countries in europe during the 2001-2002 influenza season. the has of these h1n2 viruses were similar to that of the a/new caledonia/20/99(h1n1) vaccine strain both antigenically and genetically, and the nas were antigenically and genetically related to those of recent hum ... | 2002 | 12404167 |
| antibody epitopes on the neuraminidase of a recent h3n2 influenza virus (a/memphis/31/98). | we have characterized monoclonal antibodies raised against the neuraminidase (na) of a sydney-like influenza virus (a/memphis/31/98, h3n2) in a reassortant virus a/nws/33(ha)-a/mem/31/98(na) (h1n2) and nine escape mutants selected by these monoclonal antibodies. five of the antibodies use the same heavy chain vdj genes and may not be independent. another antibody, mem5, uses the same v(h) and j genes with a different d gene and different isotype. sequence changes in escape mutants selected by th ... | 2002 | 12414967 |
| recombinant adenovirus encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus partially protects mice from challenge with heterologous virus: a/hk/1/68 (h3n2). | immunization with recombinant adenoviral vaccine that induces potent immunity has been applied to many infectious diseases. we report here developing a recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus (siv). two replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses were generated: (1) rad-ha: recombinant adenovirus encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus, and (2) rad-vector: a control recombinant adenovirus containing adenovirus and transfer plasmids with ... | 2002 | 12417948 |
| surveillance for influenza--united states, 1997-98, 1998-99, and 1999-00 seasons. | in the united states, influenza epidemics occur nearly every winter and are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, including an average of approximately 114,000 hospitalizations and 20,000 deaths/year. | 2002 | 12418623 |
| mechanism by which mutations at his274 alter sensitivity of influenza a virus n1 neuraminidase to oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir. | oseltamivir carboxylate is a potent and specific inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase (na). an influenza a/h1n1 variant selected in vitro with reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir carboxylate contains a his274tyr mutation. to understand the mechanism by which a his274tyr mutation gives rise to drug resistance, we studied a series of na variant proteins containing various substitutions at position 274. replacement of his274 with larger side chain residues (tyr or phe) reduced the na sensitivity ... | 2002 | 12435681 |
| serological evidence of transmission of human influenza a and b viruses to caspian seals (phoca caspica). | seroepidemiological surveillance of influenza in caspian seals (phoca caspica) was conducted. antibodies to influenza a virus were detected in 54% (7/13), 57% (4/7), 40% (6/15) and 26% (11/42) of the serum samples collected in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in an hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test using h1-h15 reference influenza a viruses as antigens, more than half of the examined elisa-positive sera reacted with an h3n2 prototype strain a/aichi/2/68 ... | 2002 | 12437032 |
| antigenic drift and variability of influenza viruses. | annual influenza epidemics are caused by rapid evolution of the viral genome. continuous and extensive antigenic variation has been shown for hemagglutinin (ha), the principal immunizing antigen of the virus. monitoring of the antigenicity of circulating influenza viruses is necessary for selection of the most suitable vaccine strains. in this study, characterization of influenza a/h3n2 and influenza b viruses recently circulating in germany was performed by molecular and antigenic analysis. seq ... | 2002 | 12458347 |
| specific antibody response after influenza immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus. | to determine the efficacy of influenza virus vaccine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). | 2002 | 12465151 |
| induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza a (h5n1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? | in 1997, the first documented instance of human respiratory disease and death associated with a purely avian h5n1 influenza virus resulted in an overall case-fatality rate of 33%. the biological basis for the severity of human h5n1 disease has remained unclear. we tested the hypothesis that virus-induced cytokine dysregulation has a role. | 2002 | 12480361 |
| [influenza virus infection in progressing atherosclerosis]. | to study relationship between influenza virus infection and activity of clinical presentations of atherosclerosis. | 2002 | 12494108 |
| effect of maclorides on duration and resolution of symptoms and complication of pneumonia in children with influenza. | we randomly administered cephalosporins or macrolides to 365 pediatric patients with influenza-like symptoms and compared the clinical course and complication rate of pneumonia. one hundred and fifty-four patients received cephalosporins (group 1) and 211 received macrolides (group 2). there were no significant differences in age, male/female ratio and body weight between the two groups. macrolides alleviated fever significantly faster than cephalospoins (3.8plus minus 1.4 days vs 4.3plus minus ... | 2002 | 11847511 |
| standardization of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for mutant screening of influenza a (h3n2) virus samples. | because of the extensive genetic variability of the influenza viruses, new virus mutants arise worldwide. in the human population, some strains may become potentially epidemic after evading the immune response of the host. at present, molecular methods have made it possible to identify these variants. however, if a large number of samples need to be analyzed the identification of randomly mutated nucleotides cannot be achieved by sequencing analysis or restriction fragment length polymorphism (r ... | 2002 | 11849689 |
| supplementation of conventional trivalent influenza vaccine with purified viral n1 and n2 neuraminidases induces a balanced immune response without antigenic competition. | influenza viruses neuraminidase (na) were chromatographically extracted from influenza viruses a/nanchang/933/95 h3(nc)n2(nc) [r] and a/johannesburg/82/96 h1(jh)n1(jh) [r] and used to supplement conventional inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine. immunization of mice with this preparation resulted in high titers of antibodies to both hemagglutinins (ha) and neuraminidases (na); there were no significant differences in the anti-ha antibody titers between the conventional and the supplemented va ... | 2002 | 11858877 |
| influenza: prospect for prevention and control. | influenza is an emerging and re-emerging disease. since the late 1930s influenza viruses have been isolated yearly from different parts of the world during epidemics and pandemics. the "epidemiologic success" of influenza is due largely to rapid and unpredictable antigenic changes (antigenic drift) among human influenza viruses, and the emergence of new subtypes (antigenic shift), mostly from reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses. antigenic shifts were attributed to the global p ... | 2002 | 12515400 |
| [antineuraminidase activity of inactivated influenza vaccines in elderly people]. | the antineuraminidase activity of 5 inactivated split and subunit influenza vaccines (iiv) was studied in individuals aged above 65 years. postvaccinal antibody titers were determined in the lectin test. all the vaccines were shown to have a high antigenicity, by providing high titers of neuraminidase antibodies in most vaccinated persons: the mean geometric titers (mgt) to influenza viruses a(h1n1) and a(h3n2), and b were 7.4-8.0, 8.5-9.2, and 6.8-8.5 log2, respectively. neuraminidases showed a ... | 2002 | 12522964 |
| retrospective analysis of serum and nasal mucus from cattle in northern ireland for evidence of infection with influenza a virus. | eighty-four pairs of acute and convalescent serum samples collected in 1998 and 1999 from 17 outbreaks of respiratory disease, milk drop syndrome or diarrhoea in cattle were tested by haemagglutination inhibition against human influenza viruses a/eng/333/80 (hin1) and a/eng/427/88 (h3n2). antibodies to these viruses were present in the convalescent sera of 56.5 per cent and 58.8 per cent cattle tested, respectively, with 56 per cent of the animals seroconverting to one or both viruses. titres we ... | 2002 | 11878437 |
| stabilizing cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine under various storage conditions. | various diluents, stabilizers, buffers, and storage conditions were assessed for their efficacy in stabilizing cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine. frozen liquid vaccine formulations, comprised of a normal uninfected allantoic fluid diluent and an spg (sucrose-phosphate-glutamate) stabilizer, generated complete stability of h1n1, h3n2, and type b strains for at least 1 year of storage at -20 degrees c. the ability to store live influenza virus frozen liquid vaccines, at the moderate temperature ... | 2002 | 11879689 |
| detection and subtyping of swine influenza h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 viruses in clinical samples using two multiplex rt-pcr assays. | a total of 360 type a swine influenza virus-positive samples including cell culture isolates, nasal swabs or lung tissues along with 30 virus-negative samples were tested for the detection and subtyping of h1n1, h1n2 or h3n2 by two multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. the positive samples had been collected between 1999 and 2001 from pigs with respiratory diseases, and type a influenza virus was isolated and subtyped by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test at the minnesota veterinar ... | 2002 | 11879692 |
| the effectiveness of influenza vaccine against influenza a (h3n2) virus infections in nursing homes in niigata, japan, during the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 seasons. | to evaluate the effectiveness of influenza vaccines against influenza-like illness (ili) among nursing home residents. | 2002 | 11893153 |
| oral administration of cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitors protects ferrets against influenza virus infection. | several cyclopentane inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase that have inhibitory activities in tissue culture similar to those of zanamivir and oseltamivir have recently been described. these new inhibitors have been examined for efficacy against a virulent h3n2 influenza virus when administered orally to infected ferrets. preliminary studies indicated that oral administration of bcx-1923, bcx-1827, or bcx-1812 (rwj-270201) at a dose of 5 or 25 mg/kg of body weight was active in ferrets in ... | 2002 | 11897581 |
| in vitro characterization of a-315675, a highly potent inhibitor of a and b strain influenza virus neuraminidases and influenza virus replication. | a-315675 is a novel, pyrrolidine-based compound that was evaluated in this study for its ability to inhibit a and b strain influenza virus neuraminidases in enzyme assays and influenza virus replication in cell culture. a-315675 effectively inhibited influenza a n1, n2, and n9 and b strain neuraminidases with inhibitor constant (k(i)) values between 0.024 and 0.31 nm. these values were comparable to or lower than the k(i) values measured for oseltamivir carboxylate (gs4071), zanamivir, and bcx-1 ... | 2002 | 11897583 |
| antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza a h1n1 and h1n2 viruses in europe. | three subtypes of influenza a viruses, h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2, co-evolve in pigs in europe. h1n2 viruses isolated from pigs in france and italy since 1997 were closely related to the h1n2 viruses which emerged in the uk in 1994. in particular, the close relationship of the neuraminidases (nas) of these viruses to the na of a previous uk h3n2 swine virus indicated that they had not acquired the na from h3n2 swine viruses circulating in continental europe. moreover, antigenic and genetic heterogeneit ... | 2002 | 11907321 |
| [outbreaks due to respiratory syncytial virus and influenzavirus a/h3n in institutionalized aged. role of immunological status to influenza vaccine and possible implication of caregivers in the transmission]. | report of epidemiological, clinical and virological data collected from the prospective surveillance of febrile episodes observed in aged residents of a long-stay care unit of 33 beds, at the university hospital of saint-etienne, during the 1997-1998 winter season. | 2002 | 11913077 |
| effect of immobilization, cold and cold-restraint stress on liver monooxygenase activity and lipid peroxidation of influenza virus-infected mice. | the present study provides a direct experimental evidence that the combination of influenza a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) infection with different models of "oxidative stress", such as immobilization, cold and cold-restraint, is associated with graduated oxidative disturbances in the liver of mice, despite the absence of virus and inflammation in this tissue. it was found that experimental influenza virus infection is accompanied with a significant increase of lipid peroxidation products, a decrease of na ... | 2002 | 11914779 |
| molecular epidemiology of influenza a(h3n2) virus reinfections. | between 1979 and 1989, families enrolled in the houston family study were prospectively monitored for influenza virus infections. reinfection with the h3n2 subtype occurred in a number of family members, and 6 pairs of isolates (interval between collection of first and second isolate, 2-5 years) were available for molecular analysis. changes in the hemagglutinin genes of pairs of viruses isolated from the same individuals were examined to determine the molecular basis for reinfection. the findin ... | 2002 | 11920323 |
| pathogenesis of avian influenza a (h5n1) viruses in ferrets. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n1 viruses caused outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry and humans in hong kong in 1997. direct transmission of the h5n1 viruses from birds to humans resulted in 18 documented cases of respiratory illness, including six deaths. here we evaluated two of the avian h5n1 viruses isolated from humans for their ability to replicate and cause disease in outbred ferrets. a/hong kong/483/97 virus was isolated from a fatal case and was highly pathogenic in the balb ... | 2002 | 11932409 |
| an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for the detection of antibodies against swine influenza virus. | an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma) has been developed to detect antibodies against swine influenza a virus (siv) in pig sera. the test was evaluated by using sequential sera from pigs experimentally infected with h1n1 subtype of siv. two hundred field serum samples that had been examined by the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test were also tested. antibodies specific to siv were detected as early as 3 days postinoculation (dpi) in the ipma test as compared with 7 dpi by the hi test. un ... | 2002 | 11939342 |
| dna vaccination of ferrets with chimeric influenza a virus hemagglutinin (h3) genes. | recently a technology was established based on homologous recombination that allowed the rapid generation of chimeric ha genes of influenza viruses, containing the antigenic determinants obtained from various influenza virus a (h3n2) viruses. in the present report plasmids were generated using a h3 ha vector handle and the hypervariable regions of two genetically distinct influenza a h3n2 viruses, a/stockholm/7/97 and a/netherlands/18/94. in a ferret model it was shown that immunisation with pla ... | 2002 | 11972972 |
| preparation and characterisation of attenuated cold-adapted influenza a reassortants derived from the a/leningrad/134/17/57 donor strain. | the development of a rapid cell culture method for the preparation of cold-adapted (ca) influenza a reassortant viruses is described and compared with a currently used egg method. mixtures of the ca donor a/leningrad/134/17/57-ca (a/len/17) and a/beijing/32/92 (a/beij/32), a recent h3n2 epidemic strain, were used to co-infect chicken embryo kidney (cek) cell cultures; reassortant progeny were selected using an infectious centre assay. the assay was capable of detecting interference where the inf ... | 2002 | 11972977 |
| a candidate vaccine against influenza virus intensively improved the immunogenicity of a neutralizing epitope. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses is one of the major targets of the humoral response. the role of serum antibody to ha in the protection against infection has been demonstrated by long-standing observation. in previous studies, we suggested that an epitope vaccine might be a new strategy against the virus. | 2002 | 11979050 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | this report updates the 2001 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 2001;50 [no. rr-4]:1-44). the 2002 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) the timing of influenza vaccination by risk group; 2) influenza vaccine for children aged 6-23 months; 3) the 2002-2003 trivalent vaccine virus strains: a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like, and b/hong kong ... | 2002 | 12002171 |
| ambroxol suppresses influenza-virus proliferation in the mouse airway by increasing antiviral factor levels. | the protective effect of ambroxol, a mucolytic agent which has antioxidant properties and stimulates the release of pulmonary surfactant, against influenza-virus proliferation in the airway was investigated in mice. ambroxol or the vehicle was administered intraperitoneally twice a day for 5-7 days to mice shortly after intranasal infection with a lethal dose of influenza a/aichi/68 (h3n2) virus, and the survival rate, virus titre and levels of factors regulating virus proliferation in the airwa ... | 2002 | 12030738 |
| human influenza a viral genes responsible for the restriction of its replication in duck intestine. | although influenza a viruses are occasionally transmitted from one animal species to another, their host range tends to be restricted. currently circulating human influenza a viruses are thought to have originated from avian viruses, yet none of these strains replicate in duck intestine, a major site of avian virus replication. although the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes are known to restrict human virus replication in ducks, the contribution of the other viral genes remains unk ... | 2002 | 12033783 |
| correlation between levels of apoptosis, levels of infection and haemagglutinin receptor binding interaction of various subtypes of influenza virus: does the viral neuraminidase have a role in these associations. | previously, we have shown that an h3n2 influenza virus (clone 7a) induced more apoptosis in mdck cells than an h1n1 (a/fiji) influenza virus and that the virion neuraminidase (na) played a role in the induction of apoptosis. in this study we have examined a further 6 n2 (h3/h2) and 3 n1 (hsw/h1) viruses and confirmed that the n2 viruses induce more apoptosis in mdck cells than the n1 viruses. furthermore, the level of apoptosis, the level of cell infection and the na activity of the virus prepar ... | 2002 | 12034479 |
| evaluation of a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for subtyping hemagglutinin genes 1 and 3 of swine influenza type a virus in clinical samples. | a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed to detect and identify subtypes of hemagglutinin (h) 1 and h3 swine influenza virus (siv). two oligonucleotide primer sets were prepared using published sequence data for h1n1 and h3n2. the pcr products with unique size characteristics of each subtype were sequenced, and the sequences were confirmed to be subtype specific for h gene 1 or 3. these primer sets did not amplify when rt-pcr assay was performed fo ... | 2002 | 12680647 |
| natural influenza a virus infection of mice elicits strong antibody response to ha2 glycopolypeptide. | two influenza viruses, a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) and a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2) were adapted to balb/c mice. groups of balb/c mice were intranasally (i.n.) infected with either single dose of particular virus strain or successively with both virus strains and titers of serum antibodies against influenza virus antigens ("influenza virus antibodies") and those just against the ha2 part of hemagglutinin (ha) ("ha2 antibodies") were determined. successive infection with virus strains dunedin and mississi ... | 2002 | 12693859 |
| detection of human influenza virus in yucatan, mexico. | influenza virus is the most common cause of acute respiratory infections (ari) world wide. in patients with chronic condition, infection by the influenza virus can cause complications such as pneumonia which may have fatal outcome. the aim of this work was to determine the frequency of human influenza virus in outpatients with influenza-like illness (ili) and in those patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia (cap) in yucatan, mexico (october 1998-july 1999). | 2002 | 12587415 |
| outbreak of influenza, madagascar, july-august 2002. | preliminary investigation found that a large outbreak of influenza-like illness occurred in madagascar during july-august 2002, with 30 304 cases and 754 deaths reported. most cases were reported from the highland regions of fianarantsoa province, in centre madagascar. the majority of the cases lived in rural areas, and children under five years and adults 60 years and older were the most affected. the outbreak was attributable to an a/panama/2007/99-like (h3n2) virus, which has been circulating ... | 2002 | 12631982 |
| mild to moderate influenza activity in europe and the detection of novel a(h1n2) and b viruses during the winter of 2001-02. | influenza activity in europe during the 2001-02 influenza season was mild to moderate. compared to historical data, the intensity was low in six countries, medium in eleven and high in one country (spain). the dominant virus circulating in europe was influenza a(h3n2). two novel influenza virus strains were isolated during the 2001-02 season: influenza a(h1n2) viruses (mainly isolated in the united kingdom and ireland, but also in belgium, france, germany, the netherlands, portugal, sweden, swit ... | 2002 | 12631987 |
| quality control assessment of influenza and rsv testing in europe: 2000-01 season. | the quality control assessment (qca) was initiated to evaluate the quality of the influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) testing in the national reference centres belonging to the european influenza surveillance scheme (eiss) network. samples were coded and sent in two panels of 12 samples within a two week interval to 16 laboratories during the 2000-01 winter season. the antibodies titration by hi test was reported by 60% of the laboratories (n=16), and the results were correct for 56% ... | 2002 | 12631989 |
| [application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for surveillance of influenza virus in beijing]. | to establish the rt-pcr method to type the influenza virus. | 2002 | 12641973 |
| influenza ah1n2 viruses, united kingdom, 2001-02 influenza season. | during the winter of 2001-02, influenza ah1n2 viruses were detected for the first time in humans in the u.k. the h1n2 viruses co-circulated with h3n2 viruses and a very small number of h1n1 viruses and were isolated in the community and hospitalized patients, predominantly from children <15 years of age. characterization of h1n2 viruses indicated that they were antigenically and genetically homogeneous, deriving the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from recently circulating a/new caledonia/20/99-like h1n ... | 2003 | 12643824 |
| multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for respiratory viruses in acute otitis media. | because respiratory viruses play an important role in the causation and pathogenesis of acute otitis media (aom), determining which virus has infected a child is important with respect to vaccines and antiviral drugs. in some instances, this information might be used to prevent the occurrence of aom. we used a rapid, economical, and sensitive diagnostic system involving a multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay to detect various respiratory viruses in clin ... | 2003 | 12656418 |
| distinct host range of influenza h3n2 virus isolates in vero and mdck cells is determined by cell specific glycosylation pattern. | influenza a viruses were isolated in vero, mdck cells and chicken embryos. in contrast to mdck-derived variants all h3n2 isolates obtained in vero cells neither agglutinated chicken erythrocytes nor grew in chicken eggs. these host range differences of h3n2 vero and mdck isolates were noticed even in the absence of amino acid substitutions in the ha1 molecule. evaluation of ha glycosylation pattern by treatment with endoglycosidases h and f revealed that vero-variants contained more oligosacchar ... | 2003 | 12667817 |
| [influenza activity in china from 2000 to 2001]. | to understand the epidemics and antigenic drift of influenza viruses in china from 2000 to 2001. | 2003 | 12678953 |
| [application of molecular biological techniques in the surveillance of influenza viruses in infants and young children]. | to establish a rapid, specific and effective technique for identifying subtyping a(1), a(3) and b of influenza virus isolates and clinical specimens as well as to analyze the sequences of nucleotides and deduced amino acids of ha1 regions from isolates of influenza virus a(3) isolated from 1996 to 2002. | 2003 | 12678954 |