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investigation of a hepatitis a outbreak in a primary school by sequential saliva sampling.an outbreak of hepatitis a occurred in a primary school (children aged 4-11 years), starting in the autumn of 1990 and terminating some 5 months later after some spread into the local community.199515566799
[structure and function of hepatitis a virus rna]. 199512442482
[genotypic classification and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus]. 199512442483
[specific and non-specific immune mechanisms against hepatitis a virus (hav)--research and recent progress]. 199512442484
[characteristic features of histopathology in hepatitis type a and localization of hav]. 199512442486
[hepatitis a virus marker]. 199512442489
seroprevalence of total antibodies to hepatitis a virus in haemophiliacs in the west of scotland.serum samples taken from 73 patients with haemophilia a were tested for the presence of total antibody against hepatitis a (antihav) by radiommunoassay. 29 (39.7%) were antihav positive and 44 (60.3%) were antihav negative. these figures are comparable with local prevalence figures for immunity (40.3%) and susceptibility (59.7%) to hav in adults. 30 patients were subsequently exposed to scottish national blood transfusion service high-purity factor viii (snbts hpviii). they were re-tested for th ...199527214539
antiviral effects of bacteria isolated from manure.the objectives of this study were to determine the role of microbial activity in inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) and to learn how the virus is inactivated. of 31 bacterial strains isolated from animal manure, 10 efficiently inactivated hav in fluid thioglycollate medium, with d10 values (time, in days, required for a 90% reduction of virus titer) of ≤ 10 at 30°c. the d10 value of the control suspension without bacteria was 35.1. most of the 10 strains raised the ph of the medium during g ...199524185411
seroprevalence of parvovirus b19, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus antibodies in haemophiliacs treated exclusively with clotting-factor concentrates considered safe against human immunodeficiency and hepatitis c viruses.clotting-factor concentrates (cfc) are a potential source of transmission of blood-borne viruses. newer physical and chemical methods (pasteurization, wet-heating, solvent/detergent treating) developed to inactivate viruses are effective against hiv, hbv and hcv. however, it is not clear if these methods protect against other pathogenic viruses such as parvovirus b19, cytomegalovirus (cmv), hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev). to evaluate the safety of current cfc we have studied ...199527214319
effects of simultaneous rhg-csf and methylprednisolone "pulse" therapy on hepatitis a virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome. 19957540559
localization of a sequential b-epitope in the vp2 protein of hepatitis a virus.a set of synthetic peptides derived from the capsid protein of hepatitis a virus was used to search for b-epitopes. peptides from the 115-139 region of the vp1 protein, from the 69-99 region of the vp2 protein and peptide 137-150 from the vp3 protein were found to react with monoclonal and polyclonal anti-hav antibodies. maps based on 64-80 and 66-80 fragments of vp3 were reactive as well. peptides, their conjugates with protein carriers and maps were used for antipeptide antibody production. on ...19957541374
mimicry of the immunodominant conformation-dependent antigenic site of hepatitis a virus by motifs selected from synthetic peptide libraries.hepatitis a virus (hav) is a positive-strand rna virus with a genome length of approximately 7,480 nucleotides. although hav morphogenesis is thought to be similar to that of poliovirus, the prototype picornavirus, the complete characterization of the antigenic structure of this virus remains elusive. all the available evidences, however, support the existence, on hav virions and empty capsids, of an immunodominant neutralization antigenic site which is conformation dependent and whose structure ...19957543581
[the prevalence of viral hepatitis markers in the general population].the study objective was to measure the characteristic serological markers prevalence for viral hepatitis a, viral hepatitis b and viral hepatitis delta in a representative group from apparent healthy general population. viral hepatitis infections represent through their frequency and gravity a public health problem, in our country. a total of 860 subjects from 13 districts sided in the south part of the country were investigated. the sample were distributed by 9 age group. by using a certain wor ...19957549250
prevalence of viral markers among refugees from southern albania: increased incidence of infection with hepatitis a, b and d viruses.since 1991, thousands of refugees from southern albania have entered north-western greece, an area with low-to-moderate endemicity for infection with hepatitis viruses. we examined the prevalence of several markers of viral infection in this population in order to ascertain the likely impact of its presence on the epidemiology of hepatitis infections in north-western greece.19957552639
[immunogenicity and tolerance of a combined hepatitis a/b vaccine. preliminary results with a candidate vaccine].active immunization against hepatitis a having been undertaken in germany since january 1993, a multicentre study was conducted to test, for the first time, immunogenicity of and tolerance to a candidate vaccine against hepatitis a and b.19957555671
picornavirus internal ribosome entry segments: comparison of translation efficiency and the requirements for optimal internal initiation of translation in vitro.on the basis of primary sequence comparisons and secondary structure predictions, picornavirus internal ribosome entry segments (ireses) have been divided into three groups (entero- and rhinoviruses; cardio- and and aphthoviruses; and hepatitis a virus). here, we describe a detailed comparison of the ability of ireses from each group to direct internal initiation of translation in vitro using a single dicistronic mrna (the only variable being the ires inserted into the dicistronic region). we st ...19957478993
[seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection in street children of goiânia-goiás].a cross-sectional study was performed to determine the age-prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) among street youth from goiania city--central brazil, and to determine if any risk factors could be identified. the surveys were conducted between 1991/1992. the street youth were 397 individuals aged 7 to 21 years old living in institutions and teenagers working at streets. then, 313 adolescents working at streets and with family links, and 84 institutionalized ones without family were screened for ...19957480913
identification and site-directed mutagenesis of the primary (2a/2b) cleavage site of the hepatitis a virus polyprotein: functional impact on the infectivity of hav rna transcripts.the junction between 2a and 2b proteins of the hepatitis a virus (hav) polyprotein is processed by the virus-encoded 3c protease to liberate the precursor for capsid proteins, but details of this cleavage remain poorly defined. we identified the location of this primary cleavage by a novel approach involving expression of hav polypeptides in eukaryotic cells via recombinant vaccinia viruses. a substrate polyprotein spanning the putative hav 2a/2b site was fused at its c-terminus to a poliovirus ...19957483265
sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the vp1 gene in two cell culture-adapted hav strains from a unique pathogenic isolate.the nucleotide sequences of the vp1 coding region of two newly characterized, cell culture-adapted hepatitis a virus (hav) strains (rg-sb11 and rg-sb16) were analyzed and compared with homologous regions of previously characterized hav strains of human or monkey origin, and at different levels of tissue-culture adaptation. in particular, hm175wt and its derivative strains and mbb, lcdc1, pa21, and agm27 isolates were considered. rg-sb11 and rg-sb16 hav strains were derived from a pathogenic isol ...19957483287
vaccination against hepatitis a virus in french hemophilic children. 19957483502
safety, immunogenicity, and kinetics of the immune response to a single dose of virosome-formulated hepatitis a vaccine in thais.the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of virosome-formulated hepatitis a vaccine was evaluated in healthy seronegative thai volunteers. immunization elicited primarily mild transient reactions which did not interfere with normal activities. all subjects possessed > 20 miu of anti-hepatitis a virus antibody per ml of serum one month after immunization. such a prolonged rise in antibody titre is characteristic of virosome-formulated vaccines. protective titres (> 20 miu ml-1) were maintai ...19957483760
antigenicity of hepatitis a virus after ultra-violet inactivation.ultra-violet (uv) treatment has been shown to inactivate hepatitis a virus (hav) in wastewater and polluted drinking water. whether this method could be used to inactivate virus preparations made for vaccine purposes is not known since the effect of uv on the antigenicity of hav has not been studied. hav vaccine preparations have been treated effectively with formaldehyde. however, this method is time-consuming, since treatment times of up to 15 days have been published as necessary for a comple ...19957483806
detection of norwalk virus and hepatitis a virus in shellfish tissues with the pcr.a method for the detection of norwalk virus and hepatitis a virus from shellfish tissues by pcr was developed. virus was added to the stomach and hepatopancreatic tissues of oysters or hard-shell clams, and viral nucleic acids were purified by a modification of a previously described method (r.l. atmar, t.g. metcalf, f.h. neill, and m.k. estes, appl. environ. microbiol. 59:631-635, 1993). the new method had the following advantages compared with the previously described method: (i) more rapid sa ...19957487032
the proposed gene for vp1 of hav encodes for a larger protein than that observed in hav-infected cells and virions.the termini of hepatitis a virus (hav) mature proteins have been assigned mainly by their homology to other picornaviruses and their apparent electrophoretic mobility; the proposed coding sequence for vp1 is supposed to encompass 900 nucleotides from position 2208 to 3107 of the hav genome. in order to further characterize this protein, we analyzed the in vitro-and in vivo-synthesized translation products of the putative vp1 gene. cdna coding for full-length vp1 was cloned under the control of a ...19957491792
virucidal short wavelength ultraviolet light treatment of plasma and factor viii concentrate: protection of proteins by antioxidants.the use of solvent/detergent mixtures and various forms of heat treatment to inactivate viruses has become widespread in the preparation of blood derivatives. because viruses that lack lipid envelopes and/or are heat resistant, eg, hepatitis a virus (hav) or parvovirus b19 may be present, the use of two methods of virus elimination that operate by different mechanisms has been advocated. we now report on short wavelength ultraviolet light (uvc) irradiation for virus inactivation and enhancement ...19957492794
epidemiology of hepatitis a in valencia, spain: public health implications.between july 1988 and july 1989, sera from 1223 persons resident in the valencia area of spain were tested for antibodies against the hepatitis a virus. sixty-five per cent of serum samples were positive for anti-hav (95% confidence interval = 62.4-67.6). the prevalence of anti-hav increased significantly with age (odds ratio > 50 years = 69.8; 95% confidence interval = 26.5-183.4) and previous history of hepatitis a (odds ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.4-3.2). prevalence decreased wit ...19957493309
the 3' untranslated region of picornavirus rna: features required for efficient genome replication.the role of the 3' untranslated region (3'utr) in the replication of enteroviruses has been studied with a series of mutants derived from either poliovirus type 3 (pv3) or a pv3 replicon containing the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. replication was observed when the pv3 3'utr was replaced with that of either coxsackie b4 virus, human rhinovirus 14 (hrv14), bovine enterovirus, or hepatitis a virus, despite the lack of sequence and secondary structure homology of the 3'utrs of th ...19957494295
hepatitis a virus and blood products: virus validation studies.as there have been reports of the transmission of hepatitis a virus by single units of blood, virus validation studies were carried out to determine the fate of the virus at four major steps (cryoprecipitation, solvent/detergent inactivation, deae chromatography and lyophilization) involved in the production of solvent-detergent inactivated factor viii products. if the reduction in infectivity is additive over the four steps, the total reduction would be between 8.6 and 9.3 log10. it is unlikely ...19957495962
hepatitis a virus and polymerase chain reaction amplification: methodology and results.hepatitis a infection among patients receiving solvent/detergent inactivated factor viii preparations in various locations in europe have been documented recently. in investigations in italy, germany and ireland, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification was used to detect hepatitis a virus in frozen plasma pools, purified factor viii, patient sera and samples from animal transmission studies; nucleic acid sequencing was used to clarify and identify the virus responsible based upon genotype ...19957495964
detection of infectious hepatitis a virus in blood factor concentrates by experimental infection of the new world primate saguinus fuscicollis.at present, the hepatitis a virus cannot be detected readily by cell culture techniques. however, the new world primate saguinus fuscicolis is particularly susceptible to this virus. this paper gives details of the in vivo detection of hepatitis a virus in s. fuscicolis, and the method is used to show that a blood factor viii preparation, suspected of being contaminated with hepatitis a, did not contain the virus.19957495965
development and biochemical characterization of a double-virus-inactivated factor viii preparation.this paper describes the development of a double-virus-inactivated preparation. the original goal was to inactivate and/or remove parvovirus from plasma-derived factor viii. more recently, attention has also been focused on the controversial issue of transmission of the non-lipid-coated hepatitis a virus by preparations of factor viii which have been solvent/detergent-treated and purified by ion-exchange chromatography.19957495967
virus validation experiments on the production process of octavi sdplus.the inactivation of both transfusion-relevant and model viruses by modified pasteurization has been evaluated following the established guidelines of the european union committee for proprietary medical products ad hoc working party on biotechnology/pharmacy. this heat treatment in solution for 10 h at 63 degrees c was introduced into the manufacturing process of octavi, a very high purity factor viii concentrate stabilized by von willebrand factor. it could be demonstrated that both enveloped ( ...19957495968
autoimmune hepatitis following hepatitis a virus infection.a 7-year-old patient is reported who suffered from fatigue and jaundice due to chronic hepatitis. he had acquired hepatitis a virus infection in his community and communicated the disease to his german family 4 weeks later. while the other family members recovered from acute viral hepatitis a, the patient presented 10 weeks after the onset of hyperbilirubinemia (12 mg/dl) with the histology of chronic hepatitis, absence of markers for viral persistence, presence of autoantibodies against smooth ...19957499793
cell-mediated immunity in owl monkeys following inoculation with hepatitis a virus. 19957502862
immunogenicity and safety of a new inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in a comparative study.a multicentre, controlled, randomised, open, comparative trial including 839 healthy adult volunteers was carried out in order to compare the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of two vaccines against hepatitis a virus (hav) during primary immunization and after booster injection. the first vaccine was produced by pasteur mérieux (pm), and the second vaccine by smith-kline beecham (skb). the vaccination schedule consisted of 2 doses (months 0, 6) for pm and 3 doses (months 0, 1, and 6) for skb. t ...19957561805
human t-lymphotropic virus type-i, and hepatitis a, b and c viruses in nepal: a serological survey.in 1987, 676 blood samples were collected from inhabitants of the bhadrakali and kotyang villages in nepal. the samples were tested for the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc), second-generation antibody to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv) and antibody to human t-lymphotropic virus type-i (anti-htlv-i). anti-hav was present in 99.3% of the people surveyed. the prevalence of anti-hav reached 100% ...19957563265
symptomatic hepatitis a virus infection during the first year of life. 19957567297
hepatitis a updated. 19957570128
seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a (anti-hav) in singapore: the nfdd experience.at the 4th national foundation for digestive disease (nfdd) day in 1991 where public lectures on prevention of hepatitis and early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma were given, screening of sera obtained from 364 registrants for antibodies to hepatitis a (igg) was undertaken. the overall sero-prevalence rate was 50%, with 55% for males and 46% for females with antibodies for hav. none of the subjects below 20 years old had antibodies to hav. this rose to 16% for those 21-30 years old and 92% ...19957570129
liver pathology in rural south-west cameroon.in a prospective study, 102 hospital patients with liver disease were evaluated in west cameroon, africa. blood donors, pregnant women and patients without liver disease served as controls. a total of 757 individuals were tested for markers of hepatitis a, b, c and d and for immunological markers (autoantibodies, procollagen iii, alpha-foetoprotein, ca50 antigen, alpha-1-antitrypsin and antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2). one-third of the liver disease patients had focal l ...19957570883
an infectious cdna clone of a cytopathic hepatitis a virus: genomic regions associated with rapid replication and cytopathic effect.rapidly replicating, cytopathic (rr/cpe+) variants of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolated from persistently infected bs-c-1 cells have numerous mutations from cell culture-adapted rr/cpe- hav. to determine which mutations in one rr/cpe+ virus, hm175/18f, determine enhanced replication in bs-c-1 cells, a series of chimeric viruses was rescued from infectious cdnas in which hm175/18f genomic segments were placed within the background of a related rr/cpe- virus, hav/7. chimeric viruses containing the ...19957571438
detection of hepatitis b and hepatitis c viral sequences in fulminant hepatic failure of unknown etiology.in a significant number of patients, the etiology of fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) is unknown. to determine whether hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) play a role in patients without serologic markers of hbv and hcv infection, the authors examined tissue samples from 15 liver explants with massive hepatic necrosis for the presence of viral sequences by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the specimens were derived from nine patients with fhf of unknown etiology; two with seru ...19957572821
the risk of viral hepatitis a, b, c, and e among north american missionaries.the seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis a, b, c, and e virus infection were determined among north american missionaries (n = 328) serving in various geographic locations between 1967 and 1984. the mean age of subjects at entry into the study was 39.7 years (range 5-73 years); 65% were female; 89% had lived outside the united states before the study began. seventy-eight percent of subjects served in sub-saharan africa during the study. at initial evaluation, 50.9% of the subjects had antib ...19957573702
concentration and purification of beef extract mock eluates from water samples for the detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus, and norwalk virus by reverse transcription-pcr.in this study we developed a concentration and purification procedure to facilitate reverse transcription (rt)-pcr detection of enteric viruses in water sample concentrates obtained by conventional filter adsorption-elution methods. one liter of beef extract-glycine eluate with or without humic acid and seeded with poliovirus type 1, hepatitis a virus, and norwalk virus was used as a model system, and the eluent was further processed for rt-pcr compatibility. the sample concentration and purific ...19957574592
[vaccination against hepatitis a virus. is it worthwhile?]. 19957577115
a serosurvey of water-borne pathogens amongst canoeists in south africa.certain health risks have been associated with recreational exposure to faecally polluted water. canoeing in certain south african waters is considered to be a high risk activity with regard to schistosomiasis, gastroenteritis and possibly hepatitis. in a cross-sectional study, a serosurvey was conducted amongst canoeists to ascertain whether or not they had a higher seroprevalence to hepatitis a virus, norwalk virus and schistosoma spp. than non-canoeists. in comparisons between the two groups, ...19957589269
an outbreak of hepatitis a among south african patients with hemophilia: evidence implicating contaminated factor viii concentrate as the source.we report an outbreak of hepatitis a in nine south african hemophiliacs treated exclusively with infusions of factor viii concentrate. the solvent/detergent (s/d) method (which does not inactivate nonenveloped viruses) was used for virus eradication. in three of six patients studied at a molecular level hepatitis a virus (hav) complementary dna (cdna) amplified from serum by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was identical to hav cdna in 1 of 14 lots (no. 53) of factor viii ...19957590648
who should receive hepatitis a vaccine? 19957603804
nosocomial transmission of hepatitis a in a pediatric hospital traced to an anti-hepatitis a virus-negative patient with immunodeficiency.from july through october 1991, an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection involving 26 hospital staff, inpatients and household contacts occurred in a pediatric hospital. all ill staff members had cared for one inpatient who had profuse diarrhea with gross fecal contamination of the environment, negative hav serology and idiopathic immunodeficiency. hav infection in this patient was later confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. among hospital staff hav attack rates were highest in nursing ...19957603805
short report: relative risk of hepatitis a and e among foreigners in nepal.sera from two groups of patients in nepal with acute hepatitis were examined for the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses to determine the etiology of viral hepatitis. the first group consisted of 43 consecutive acute hepatitis patients presenting at a clinic for tourists and foreign residents in kathmandu from january 1987 to june 1988. the other group consisted of 95 consecutive acute hepatitis patients admitted during the same period at a hospital used predominantly ...19957611554
risk for british travellers of acquiring hepatitis a. 19957613453
new epidemiological patterns of hepatitis a and b infections in germany.a sero-prevalence study of antibodies against the hepatitis a and b virus is described along with the prevalence of the surface antigen of the hepatitis b virus (hbs1 ag). two groups are compared: the first comprising young adults born between 1961 and 1968; the second, an older population aged 50 and above. results show that only 3.9% of the younger population were found to have antibodies against the hepatitis a virus, in sharp contrast to the older generation in whom the prevalence of antibod ...19957619200
immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in anti-hiv positive and negative homosexual men.the immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine were assessed in anti-hiv positive homosexual men. fourteen anti-hiv positive (group 1) and 20 anti-hiv negative (group 2) men received vaccine (containing 720 elisa units of hepatitis a antigen per dose) intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months. twelve unvaccinated anti-hiv positive men (group 3) were included as controls to evaluate disease progression. seroconversion (anti-hepatitis v virus (hav) > or = 20 mlu/m ...19957623005
prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus among new immigrants in israel.israel, located in a region endemic for hepatitis a virus (hav), recently absorbed a large population of immigrants who came from the former ussr. to assess the risk of high morbidity in this population a serosurvey of hav antibodies was undertaken. serum samples were collected from 965 new immigrants, of whom 664 came from the european, non-endemic region, and 301 from the asian and caucasian endemic regions of the former soviet union. they were compared to 240 israelis. each population was div ...19957623008
a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis a: risk factors for infection among homosexual and bisexual men.to assess risk factors for hepatitis a infection among homosexual and bisexual men during a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis a in new york city.19957625417
[the efficacy of the prevaccination detection of anti-hav in hepatitis a vaccination programs].the convenience of carrying out prevaccination detection studies of hepatitis a virus (hav) markers depends on the relative costs of the detection and vaccination, as well as the prevalence of susceptible subjects in each population group to be vaccinated. the aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of the systematic prevaccination detection of anti-hav antibodies in catalonia, spain.19957630228
hepatitis e virus infection in hemophiliacs.israel is endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of enteric non-a, non-b hepatitis. transmission is via the feco-oral route but the possibility of transmission through blood transfusion has been raised. this question was addressed by examining sera from 188 hemophilic patients in israel, screening was performed with an enzyme immunoassay (eia) for antibody against hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) and confirmed with a neutralization test. sixteen patients (9%) were seropositive for ...19957636504
hepatitis a viruses with deletions in the 2a gene are infectious in cultured cells and marmosets.the 2a gene of hepatitis a virus (hav) bears no obvious similarity to the corresponding genes of other picornaviruses and has no known function. in a preliminary effort to gain information about the hav 2a gene product, we constructed several hav cdnas containing deletions of 30 or 45 nucleotides in the predicted central portion of the 2a gene. these deletions did not affect the sites of protein processing, although the rates or efficiencies of polyprotein cleavage at the surrounding cleavage ju ...19957637003
hepatitis a vaccine gains marketing approval. 19957641029
prevalence of hepatitis a antibody among disadvantaged gypsy children in northern spain.the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (hav) in a group of socially and economically disadvantaged spanish gypsy children was compared to that of a group of non-gypsy middle-class children. the study included 438 children, 73 gypsies (38 girls and 35 boys, mean age 8.5 years, age range 2-16 years) and 365 non-gypsy controls, randomly selected by age. the presence of anti-hav was investigated using elisa. among the gypsy children, 82% had antibodies to hav compared with 9.3% of the child ...19957641829
[analysis of the efficiency of the screening of anti-hva igg antibodies before active or passive immunization].the epidemiological patron of hepatitis a has changed in the last few years and a decrease of the anti-hepatitis a antibodies igg (anti-hva) have been observed at early ages, which will accompany in the future an increase of symptomatic hepatitis. the prevention of hepatitis a requires a strict application of the norms of personal and environmental hygiene and the administration of vaccines or immunoglobulins. in order to determine the convenience of immunization actively or passively with or wi ...19957644884
new developments in hepatitis a control.an inactivated vaccine for hepatitis a was recently licensed in canada. this is the first important development in control of the disease in 50 years. this article presents new information about the vaccine and about the groups who might benefit from it. it also provides a review of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of hepatitis a.19957647625
preventing hepatitis a infections. national advisory committee on immunization statement. laboratory centre for disease control. 19957647629
[study on the contamination of ruditapes philippinarum by hav in jiaozhou bay and its counter-measures].six surveillance spots were set up in jiaozhou bay to examine the contamination of ruditapes philippinarum (r. p) by hav. specimens were collected regularly every month. seventy-five specimens were collected in july 1991-aug 1992. the precursor rna of hav was detected by methods of pcr, rna dot-blot hybridization and hav isolation. it showed that r. p. had been contaminated by hav in some areas of the bay at times, but the virus was in a state of inactivity. epidemiologic investigation in the sa ...19957648635
complete nucleotide sequence of a cytopathic hepatitis a virus strain isolated in italy.the molecular basis of the cytopathic effect induced in cell culture by some hepatitis a virus (hav) strains and variants has not been determined. in order to assess the molecular mechanism(s) underlying this particular phenotype the genome of an italian cytopathic isolate (strain fg) was sequenced from cdnas obtained by rt-pcr. sequence analysis revealed the presence of mutations common to either adapted or cytopathic variants of hav. in particular, amino acid deletions in proteins vp1 and 3a w ...19957653108
[a trial of a hepatitis a cultured inactivated vaccine on rhesus macaques].in this work experimental model of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in macaques rhesus was used. in 6 seronegative monkeys immunized with the inactivated vaccine (3 injections of 0.3 micrograms of viral protein each at an interval of 1 month) pronounced antibody response was observed. the dynamics and titers of anti-hav antibodies were similar to those in 5 rhesus macaques which received the active virus. but, in contrast to the latter, no igm antibodies were detected in the immunized animals. ...19957653138
need for vaccination of sewer workers against leptospirosis and hepatitis a.this study compared the prevalence of leptospira interrogans and hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies in serum samples from sewer workers and controls.19957663634
risk factors and prevalence of hepatitis e in german immigrants from the former soviet union.worldwide there is only limited information on the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) and its association with other hepatotropic viruses. endemic regions have been described in some asian countries, whereas in europe only sporadic cases have been reported. the prevalence of hev and a series of other viral hepatitis infections was investigated in a group of 1,025 individuals immigrating into germany from the former soviet union. serum samples were tested for anti-hev by a commercial enzyme ...19957666043
temperature-sensitive hepatitis a virus mutants with deletions downstream of the first pyrimidine-rich tract of the 5' nontranslated rna are impaired in rna synthesis.hepatitis a virus (hav) mutants containing large deletions within the first pyrimidine-rich tract (py1; nucleotides [nt] 99 to 138) of the 5' nontranslated rna (5'ntr) replicate well in cultured cells, while those with py1 deletions which extend in a 3' direction to include nt 140 to 144 (cuugu) have a temperature-sensitive (ts) replication phenotype (d.r. shaffer, e.a. brown, and s.m. lemon, j. virol. 68:5568-5578, 1994). to characterize this replication defect, the ts mutant delta 131-144 was ...19957666551
a hepatitis a virus deletion mutant which lacks the first pyrimidine-rich tract of the 5' nontranslated rna remains virulent in primates after direct intrahepatic nucleic acid transfection.cell culture-adapted variants of hepatitis a virus (hav) in which the first pyrimidine-rich tract (py1; nucleotides 99 to 138) of the 5' nontranslated region has been deleted (delta 96-137 or delta 96-139) replicate as well as parental virus in cultured cells (d.r. shaffer, e.a. brown, and s.m. lemon, j. virol. 68:5568-5578, 1994). to determine whether viruses with such large deletion mutations are able to replicate and to produce acute hepatitis in primates, we reconstructed the delta 96-137 de ...19957666566
public health control of hepatitis a: memorandum from a who meeting.hepatitis a virus infection is a significant cause of morbidity in many parts of the world, and hepatitis a vaccines will be important tools for its prevention and control. this memorandum reviews the basic features of the disease and its epidemiology, and considers the measures which are available for control and prevention, including hepatitis a vaccine. the use of this vaccine should be adapted to specific epidemiological circumstances existing within a geographical region, with special atten ...19957704922
clinical recurrence of hepatitis a following liver transplantation for acute liver failure.this paper documents clinically significant recurrence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in a 63-year-old man transplanted for hav-related acute liver failure. hav rna was documented in the explant and, following early clearance from the blood and graft, was again detected in post-operative biopsies at the time of an acute hepatic illness. although the clinical and biochemical abnormalities resolved completely, the patient had a second episode of graft dysfunction 6 months later and investiga ...19957714491
[hepatitis viruses].five different hepatitis viruses that cause acute and chronic hepatitis in human beings have been identified. hepatitis viruses are designated by the letters a, b, c, d and e and abbreviated as hav, hbv, hcv, hdv, and hev, respectively. although each belongs to a distinctly different virologic group, they share the feature of hepatotropism, which remains poorly understood. hav and hev are transmitted through a fecal-oral route. hdv, also referred to as the delta agent, is a defective, parenteral ...19957725016
[serum biological markers and screening of viral hepatitis].the diagnosis of hepatitis a is based on igm anti-hav positivity. igg anti-hav indicates immunity from further infections of hepatitis a. in acute hepatitis b, hbs ag is the first marker to appear in the serum, followed by hbe ag and anti-hbc. after recovery, hbs ag disappears, anti-hbs appears with anti-hbe and anti-hbc and persists for many years. anti-hbs is indicative of recovery and immunity. chronic hepatitis b infection is defined as the persistence of hbs ag for more than 6 months. the p ...19957725017
5' utr of hepatitis a virus rna: mutations in the 5'-most pyrimidine-rich tract reduce its ability to direct internal initiation of translation.the 5'-terminal untranslated region (5' utr) of the uncapped hepatitis a virus (hav) rna contains two pyrimidine-rich sequences; one about 20 nucleotides (nt) in length in the vicinity of the aug initiation codon (nt 706-726), and a longer one (about 40 nt) encompassing nt 100 to 140. the latter includes a 13 nt 'core' sequence (positions 126-138 in the hm175 strain) which is 80% identical to the pyrimidine-rich tract of poliovirus type 1 rna (mahoney strain). representative cdnas of the entire ...19957730803
seroprevalence of hcv, hav, hbv, hdv, hcmv and hiv in high risk groups/frankfurt a.m., germany.during the period from august 1991 to april 1993, serum samples originating from different risk groups were tested for antibodies against hepatitis c virus (hcv), using a second-generation elisa. the highest hcv seroprevalence levels were observed in haemophiliacs (87.0%) and intravenous drug abusers (ivda) (78.9%). the hcv-seropositivity rates of polytransfused and organ transplant recipients were nearly identical (18.4% vs. 16.8%). significantly lower hcv-seroprevalence rates were determined i ...19957734823
analysis of immunoassays to detect antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) and anti-hav immunoglobulin m.two newly developed anti-hav tests were assessed, using a total of 1835 sera. these two tests are being distributed under the trademarks enzymun-test anti-hav and enzymun-test igm anti-hav. the anti-hav test was compared to anti-hav tests from other manufacturers and featured a high sensitivity combined with a high level of reproducibility and specificity. in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity, the igm test proved to be comparable to other igm anti-hav tests used for the diagn ...19957738142
study on reliability of commercially available hepatitis c virus antibody tests.the serodiagnosis of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection was analyzed by a recombinant immunoblot assay (riba) with recombinant proteins encoded by the viral rna isolated from our patients in hamburg, germany. the hcv rna was amplified by pcr, and proteins encoded by the viral core and the ns3, ns4, and ns5 regions were expressed subsequently in escherichia coli. the results obtained with our uke riba were compared with the results of the abbott hcv second-generation enzyme immunoassay (eia). seru ...19957751366
a study of hepatitis a virus infection among hemophilia patients in new york city. 19957701558
serologic markers for hepatitis b virus and hepatitis a virus in bushmen in west caprivi, namibia.a community based sero-epidemiological study was undertaken to determine the age specific prevalence rates of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in a band of bushmen in the west caprivi, namibia. all children tested and all but two of the adults tested showed the presence of anti-hav antibodies. nineteen individuals (18%) were positive for hbsag and 65 (61%) individuals had serologic evidence of past exposure to hbv infection.19957781552
[progress in hepatitis diagnosis].until today only five pathogens of viral hepatitis have been discovered: hepatitis virus a (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), d (hdv) and e (hev). an update on the state of the art of actually established diagnostic procedures is briefly summarized. some recent topics and problems are covered more extensively; in the case of hbv the value of hbsag concentration as a prognostic marker, the finding 'anti-hbc only' the role of hbv mutants, the determination of circulating hbv genomic material, and modalities ...19957792463
recombinant expression of hepatitis a virus protein 3a: interaction with membranes.the function of hepatitis a virus (hav) protein 3a and its structural requirements were studied in vitro and in a bacterial expression system by comparing the polypeptide precursor 3ab derived from a cytopathogenic strain with that of an attenuated strain. although the precursor polypeptides 3ab of both hav strains bind to microsomal membranes after translation in vitro they differ in inducing membrane permeability when expression is induced in bacteria. intake and release of macromolecules was ...19957794278
peptide aldehyde inhibitors of hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase.picornaviral 3c proteinases are a group of closely related thiol proteinases responsible for processing of the viral polyprotein into its component proteins. these proteinases adopt a chymotrypsin-like fold [allaire et al. (1994) nature 369, 72-77; matthews et al. (1994) cell 77, 761-771] and a display an active-site configuration like those of the serine proteinases. peptide-aldehydes based on the preferred peptide substrates for hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c proteinase were synthesized by reducti ...19957794931
saliva and serum as diagnostic media for antibody to hepatitis a virus in adults and in individuals who have received an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine.saliva was evaluated as a diagnostic fluid for screening individuals for evidence of previous hepatitis a virus (hav) infection and for evidence of seroconversion after vaccination with inactivated hepatitis a vaccine. a new and simple saliva collection method and an assay for detection of hav antibody were used; the assay used an antibody capture format. there was complete concordance between the results of saliva-based assays and those of serum-based assays, both of which were used for determi ...19957795087
development and retrospective evaluation of hepaxpert-i: a routinely-used expert system for interpretive analysis of hepatitis a and b serologic findings.hepaxpert-i is an expert system that interprets the results of routine serologic tests for infection with hepatitis a or b virus. the tests measure antibody to the hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), igm antibody to the hepatitis a virus (igm anti-hav), hepatitis a virus (hav) in the stool, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and antibody (anti-hbs), antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc and igm anti-hbc), and hepatitis b envelope antigen (hbeag) and antibody (anti-hbe). the knowledge base of ...19957795713
an outbreak of hepatitis a among homosexual men in amsterdam, 1991-1993.when in august 1992 it became evident that an outbreak of hepatitis a virus infections (hav) was taking place in the male homosexual community in amsterdam a case-control study was conducted to validate the assumption that the outbreak was associated with sexual practices involving oro-anal and digital-anal contact and frequent visits to gay saunas and darkrooms.19957797346
risk factors for hepatitis a infection in france: drinking tap water may be of importance.the prevalence of serologic markers for hepatitis a was investigated in 936 french male military recruits from october 1992 to june 1993. data were collected in order to assess the evolution of seroprevalence level according to the decline observed for several years and to appreciate the importance of potential risk factors. the overall prevalence of antibody against hepatitis a virus was 16.3%. the prevalence was higher among those with high number of siblings and whose father's occupation fall ...19957672067
hepatitis a vaccine. 19957760768
transient detection of antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies in hepatitis a virus infection. 19957801939
a prospective controlled crossover trial of a new heat-treated intravenous immunoglobulin.twenty-one patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiency were enrolled in a crossover study to test the efficacy and safety of alphaglobin in comparison with the licensed preparations sandoglobulin and gamimune. there was no statistical difference in these parameters between alphaglobin and sandoglobulin/gamimune. the level of total serum igg and specific igg to pneumococcal polysaccharides was similar in individual patients when they were receiving alphaglobin or one of the other products. tr ...19957813100
[hepatitis a virus]. 19957772618
[hepatitis a vaccine]. 19958684338
[comparative study of the immunogenicity of the inactivated hepatitis a vaccine hep-a-in-vac from experimental and clinical data].comparative analysis of the specific activities of various batches of hep-a-in-vac vaccine showed that the immunologic efficacy of the agent directly depended on the content of hepatitis a virus antigen in the vaccine dose. the results of studying the immunogenicity of the agent on volunteers are compatible with the results of experimental studies and indicate that the test of guinea pigs adequately assesses this characteristic. assessment of the immunogenic properties of hep-a-in-vac prepared u ...19958686264
[immunity against hepatitis a in younger age groups and the basis for an immunization program].the naturally acquired immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) in a sample of 305 children, aged up to 15 years, in the municipality of ivanić-grad amounted to 18.7%. the study was conducted in september 1989. of those 305 children, 16.8% of the boys and 20.7% of the girls were positive. no statistically significant difference was observed with regard to sex (p < 0.01) (chi 2 = 1.4). of the children aged up to two years, 47.4% were exposed to the hepatitis a virus. seropositive for anti-hav were 8.3 ...19958656973
[evaluation of reactivity and immunogenicity of a cultured concentrated inactivated vaccine against hepatitis a "hep-a-in-vak"].clinical trials of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine hep-a-in-vac demonstrated its specific safety and moderate reactogenicity, manifesting by short-term fibrillar twitching of musculus deltoideus at the site of injection. after a course of three immunizations 87.5% seronegative vaccines developed a high level of specific antibodies to hepatitis a virus with at least 100 reverse values of titers. in controls antibody titers remained seronegative in 90% cases. these data indicate evident immunologi ...19958659177
seroepidemiologic study of anti-hav igg in health-care workers.the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus igg antibody (anti-hav igg) was assessed in 410 health-care workers, included 97 physicians, 174 nurses, 57 auxiliary staff, 23 cleaning staff, and 59 from various professions. the overall seroprevalence rate was 50.2% with a mean age of 38.2 years, physicians 41.9%, nurses 48.6%, auxiliary staff 47.4% cleaning staff 87.0%, various professions 57.6%. a low seroprevalence was found in young employees, while a high seroprevalence increasing with age was demo ...19958689086
causes of acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis b.the authors analyzed acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis b in 24 chronic hbsag carriers (20 with positive hbeag, 4 with anti-hbe), more than half of whom were treated with glucocorticoids, by examining specific antigens and antibodies of the hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis delta virus (hdv), epstein-barr virus (ebv) and cytomegalovirus (cmv). of 38 observed exacerbations of the disease they found in 7 (18%) deterioration after discontinuation of glucocorticoids, ...19958718791
risk factors and prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a virus (hav) in children from day-care centers, in goiania, brazil.a seroepidemiologic survey about hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was carried out in a group comprising 310 children, ranging in age from 3 months to 9 years, from day-care centers, in goiania, a middle sized city in the central region of brazil. the biomarkers employed in the investigation of previous infection include total igg and igm anti-hav antibodies, and for the detection of more recent infection, igm anti-hav antibodies were analyzed. the study was performed in 1991 and 1992. according ...19958729753
[viral hepatitis type a. who should be vaccinated?].in order to find out the variations in the prevalence of hav ab and identify the persons who should be vaccinated against hepatitis a virus, we assessed hav ab to 200 patients without any occupational risk. they were classified by their socioeconomic status; in the following categoris: high (level i n = 0); medium-high (level ii n = 50); medium-low (level iii, n = 50); low (level iv, n = 50); and very low (level v, n = 50). the percentage of positivity ofr serum hav ab was: level ii: 12%, level ...19958762654
[hepatitis a: clinical course and serology]. 19958948769
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