Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| the influence of perceived responsibility and personality characteristics on the emotional and behavioral reactions to people with aids. | the present study examined the effect of a target's personality and responsibility for a misdeed on a perceiver's emotions and behavior by determining the variables' impact on the perceiver's emotional reactions and willingness to help the target. a total of 134 germans and 171 americans were given information about the level of responsibility (low, medium, or high) for a person's infection with hiv, 2 variations of information about the target's personality (positive vs. negative), and the tran ... | 1999 | 10457763 |
| on the etiology of tropical spastic paraparesis and human t-cell lymphotropic virus-i-associated myelopathy. | the purpose of this review is to present some concepts on the etiology of tropical spastic paraparesis or human t-cell lymphotropic virus-i (htlv-i)-associated myelopathy (tsp/ham). the large number of syndromes that have been associated with htlv-i (60 to date), the existence of tsp/ham cases associated with other retroviruses (human immunodeficiency virus-2 [hiv-2], htlv-ii), the existence of many tsps without htlv-i, and the evidence of clear epidemiologic contradictions in tsp/ham indicate t ... | 1999 | 10460931 |
| activity of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against hiv-2 and siv. | after the initial discovery of 1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-6-(phenylthio)thymine (hept) and tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepin-2(1h)-one and thione (tibo) derivatives, several other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors (nnrti), including nevirapine (bi-rg-587), pyridinone derivatives (l-696,229 and l-697,661), delavirdine (u-90152), alpha-anilinophenylacetamides (alpha-apa) and various other classes of nnrti have been described. the hallmark of nnrti has been based on th ... | 1999 | 10465070 |
| human neutralizing human immunodeficiency virus type 2-specific fab molecules generated by phage display. | a panel of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-neutralizing, recombinant fab fragments was generated by using the phage display technique. the combinatorial library was derived from an asymptomatic, hiv-2-seropositive individual and constructed on the surface of filamentous phage by using the pcomb3 phagemid vector and then screened against native hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein (gp125). ten of 30 fab fragments generated displayed strong reactivity in an elisa and were therefore selected for ... | 1999 | 10466795 |
| postexposure immunoprophylaxis of primary isolates by an antibody to hiv receptor complex. | mab b4 is a monoclonal antibody directed against hiv receptor complex. the antibody had broad neutralizing activity against hiv and provided postexposure prophylaxis to hu-peripheral blood leukocyte (pbl)-severe combined immunodeficient mice and chimpanzees. b4 recognized a complex receptor site for hiv on the t cell surface that includes cd4 and also may be influenced by interaction with hiv coreceptors. mab b4 preferentially neutralized primary hiv-1 isolates compared with t cell line-adapted ... | 1999 | 10468614 |
| lower human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 viral load reflects the difference in pathogenicity of hiv-1 and hiv-2. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is less pathogenic than hiv type 1 (hiv-1), but the mechanisms underlying this difference have not been defined. we developed an internally controlled quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to measure hiv-2 viral load and determined levels of plasma virus in a cohort of registered commercial sex workers in dakar, senegal. the assay has a lower limit of detection of 100 copies/ml and is linear over 4 logs. hiv-2 viral rna was detec ... | 1999 | 10479138 |
| targeting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 integrase protein into hiv type 1. | integrase (in) is the only retroviral enzyme necessary for the integration of retroviral cdna into the host cell's chromosomes. the structure and function of in is highly conserved. the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in has been shown to efficiently support 3' processing and strand transfer of hiv-1 dna substrate in vitro. to determine whether hiv-2 in protein (in(2)) could substitute for hiv-1 in function in vivo, we used hiv-1 vpr to deliver the in(2) into in mutant hiv-1 virions ... | 1999 | 10482639 |
| effect of substrate residues on the p2' preference of retroviral proteinases. | the substrate sequence requirements for preference toward p2' glu residue by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) proteinase were studied in both the matrix protein/ capsid protein (ma/ca) and ca/p2 cleavage site sequence contexts. these sequences represent typical type 1 (-aromatic*pro-) and type 2 (-hydrophobic* hydrophobic-) cleavage site sequences, respectively. while in the type 1 sequence context, the preference for p2' glu over ile or gln was found to be strongly dependent on the i ... | 1999 | 10491141 |
| seroprevalence of hiv infection among jail inmates in orissa. | seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was carried out in three prisons in orissa from march 1994 to december 1995. all the prisoners of indian origin (300), housed in these jails tested negative for hiv infection. on the other hand, 33.8 per cent (26/77) of jail inmates from foreign countries (thailand and myanmar), serving short terms in orissa jails were found positive for hiv infection. while all the 26 hiv positive prisoners had hiv-1 infection, five of them had anti ... | 1999 | 10491909 |
| identification of a functionally important amino acid residue near to the amino-terminus of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif protein. | previous studies have reported the importance of residues in the central and carboxy-terminal regions of hiv-1 vif as being important for a vif+ phenotype. mutants in a residue (trp21) near to the amino-terminus of vif, which is conserved between hiv-1, hiv-2, and sivmac, were generated in the permissive c8166 cell line, and their vif phenotype determined by monitoring their growth on the nonpermissive h9 cell line. of seven variants at position 21 of vif only phenylalanine substituted successfu ... | 1999 | 10499446 |
| molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and -2 in individuals from guinea-bissau with single or dual infections: predominance of a distinct hiv-1 subtype a/g recombinant in west africa. | guinea-bissau in west africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-2 infection in the world, but recently the hiv-1 prevalence increased rapidly with the subsequent appearance of hiv-1 and hiv-2 dual infections. information about the genetic subtypes of hiv in the region is limited. therefore, we characterized the env v3 region of hiv-1 and hiv-2 variants through direct dna sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 18 individuals with hiv-1 only and ... | 1999 | 10502510 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in acutely and chronically infected cells by em2487, a novel substance produced by a streptomyces species. | in a search for effective hiv-1 transcription inhibitors, we have evaluated more than 75,000 compounds for their inhibitory effects on tat-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) long terminal repeat (ltr)-driven reporter gene expression and found that em2487, a novel small-molecule substance produced by a streptomyces species, is a potent and selective inhibitor of hiv-1 replication in both acutely and chronically infected cells. its 50% effective concentration for acute hiv-1 infec ... | 1999 | 10508005 |
| in vitro induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to phosphoralaninate prodrugs of z-methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues. | two methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues with a phenylphosphoralaninate moiety, qyl-685 and qyl-609, exert potent and specific activities against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain lai (hiv-1(lai)) and hiv-2 in vitro. in this study, we induced hiv-1 variants resistant to qyl-685 by exposing hiv-1(lai) to increasing concentrations of qyl-685. after 16 passages, the virus (hiv-1(p16)) was less sensitive to qyl-685 (104-fold), qyl-609 (>41-fold), and (-)-beta-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacyti ... | 1999 | 10508028 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of phenylenebis(methylene)-linked bis-azamacrocycles that inhibit hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication by antagonism of the chemokine receptor cxcr4. | bis-tetraazamacrocycles such as the bicyclam amd3100 are a class of potent and selective anti-hiv-1 and hiv-2 agents that inhibit virus replication by binding to the chemokine receptor cxcr4, the co-receptor for entry of x4 viruses. with the aim of optimizing the anti-hiv-1 and hiv-2 activity of bis-azamacrocycles, a series of analogues were synthesized which contain neutral heteroatom (oxygen, sulfur) or heteroaromatic (of lower pk(a) than a secondary amine) replacements for the amino groups of ... | 1999 | 10508445 |
| co-receptor usage of bob/gpr15 in addition to ccr5 has no significant effect on replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in vivo. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) frequently use the orphan receptor bob/gpr15 in addition to the chemokine receptor ccr5 for efficient entry and replication. however, the role of bob/gpr15 in replication and pathogenesis of hiv-2 and siv in vivo is unclear. this study shows that a single amino acid substitution in the v3 loop of the pathogenic sivmac239 clone, 321p-->s, impaired the ability to use bob/gpr15 for entry and r ... | 1999 | 10515808 |
| field evaluation of the determine rapid human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic test in honduras and the dominican republic. | rapid detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection can result in improved patient care and/or faster implementation of public health preventive measures. a new rapid test, determine (abbott, abbott park, ill.), detects hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 antibodies within 15 min by using 50 microl of serum or plasma. no specialized equipment or ancillary supplies are required, and results are read visually. a positive result is noted by the appearance of a red line. an operational control ... | 1999 | 10523577 |
| serological diagnosis of human immuno-deficiency virus in burkina faso: reliable, practical strategies using less expensive commercial test kits. | reported are the results of a cross-sectional survey in burkina faso to identify reliable, practical strategies for the serological diagnosis of hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 infections, using less-expensive commercial test kits in various combinations, as an alternative to the conventional western blot (wb) test, which costs us$ 60. serum samples, collected from blood donors, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and pregnant women, were tested between december 1995 and january 1997. twe ... | 1999 | 10534896 |
| selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase modules encoded by rna viruses. | glutathione peroxidase (gpx) is the prototypical eukaryotic selenoprotein, with the rare amino acid selenocysteine (sec) at the enzyme active site, encoded by the uga codon in rna. a dna virus, molluscum contagiosum, has now been shown to encode a functional selenium-dependent gpx enzyme. using modifications of conventional sequence database searching techniques to locate potential viral gpx modules, combined with structurally guided comparative sequence analysis, we provide compelling evidence ... | 1999 | 10535520 |
| small amino acid changes in the v3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 determines the coreceptor usage for cxcr4 and ccr5. | hiv-2 gh-1 is a molecular clone derived from an aids patient from ghana. in contrast to the prototypic molecular clone rod, gh-1 exhibits a narrow range of target cell specificity. by an infectious assay using hela-cd4 cells stably transfected with an hiv-1 ltr-beta-galactosidase reporter gene and transiently expressing various cloned chemokine receptors, we have examined the coreceptor usage of gh-1. in contrast to rod, which uses principally cxcr4, gh-1 was found to use mainly if not exclusive ... | 1999 | 10544150 |
| antiviral chemokines: intracellular life of recombinant c-c chemokine rantes. | select c-c and c-x-c chemokines can suppress hiv infection. this is because their receptors are the gateways for hiv-1 entry, determinants of viral tropism and sensitivity. c-c chemokines are most effective against macrophage-tropic viruses, and c-x-c chemokines are most effective against t-tropic viruses. the epitopes on the chemokine molecule responsible for virus inhibition and for chemokines' specificities are not known. the objective of this study was to map the functional domains of protot ... | 1999 | 10551733 |
| hiv infection in adults: a therapeutic update. | audience: this article is designed to update physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other healthcare providers on therapeutic advances concerning human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. goals: to provide a review of the pathophysiology of hiv infection as well as an update on current guidelines, acute infection, medications, adherence, and monitoring. recommendations regarding treatment in pregnancy and postexposure prophylaxis will also be discussed. lastly, the impact on managed care will ... | 1999 | 10558128 |
| synthetic dna minor groove-binding drugs. | in this review, both cationic and neutral synthetic ligands that bind in the minor groove of dna are discussed. certain bis-distamycins and related lexitropsins show activities against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2 at low nanomolar concentrations. dapi binds strongly to at-containing polymers and is located in the minor groove of dna. dapi intercalates in dna sequences that do not contain at least three consecutive at bp. berenil can also exhibit intercalative, as well as minor ... | 1999 | 10580832 |
| antigen-specific cytokine responses in vaccinated macaca nemestrina. | we describe a new surrogate assay for cd8 + t lymphocyte activity that has the capability of discriminating between cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) activity and cytokine-mediated suppressive activity. we applied this approach to two groups of macaca nemestrina vaccinated with a minimally pathogenic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 [hiv-2 (hiv-2(kr))] as a model of an attenuated virus vaccine. group 1 was then inoculated with a non-infectious stock of a pathogenic strain, hiv-2287. both ... | 1999 | 10593484 |
| a cxc chemokine receptor, cxcr5/blr1, is a novel and specific coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | g protein-coupled receptors serve as coreceptors in the infection process of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1), type-2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). in this study, we showed that a cxc-ckr, cxcr5/blr1, is a novel coreceptor for hiv-2, but for neither hiv-1 nor siv. the expression of cxcr5 was detected by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription of cellular mrna from s+l-hos/cd4 cells and mt-2 human t cells, and the cxcr5 gene was cloned into an expressi ... | 1999 | 10600598 |
| [treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: recent modalities]. | an endemic disease: visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in 47 countries and continues to be a difficult therapeutic challenge. the emergence of leishmania strains resistant to pentavalent antimony derivatives and the growing incidence of visceral leishmaniasis among aids patients in the mediterranean area emphasizes the need for optimal therapeutic management. more effective strategies: during the last few years, alternatives to pentavalent antimony derivatives has disclosed the contrib ... | 1999 | 10605480 |
| pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-d-dioxolane guanine and prodrug (-)-beta-d-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane in rats and monkeys. | (-)-beta-d-dioxolane guanine (dxg) is a nucleoside analog possessing potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in vitro. owing to the limited aqueous solubility of dxg, (-)-beta-d-2,6-diaminopurine dioxolane (dapd), a more water-soluble prodrug of dxg, is being developed for clinical use. the purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of dxg after administration of dxg and dapd to rats and monkeys. afte ... | 1999 | 10606085 |
| development and validation of a western immunoblot assay for detection of antibodies to porcine endogenous retrovirus. | reports that pig endogenous retrovirus (perv) infects human cells in vitro have heightened the importance of molecular and serologic monitoring of xenograft recipients for evidence of infection with perv. we report the development and validation of a perv-specific western immunoblot assay for the diagnostic testing of porcine xenografts recipients. this assay is based upon the serological cross-reactivity observed between perv variants capable of infecting human cells in vitro and other mammalia ... | 1999 | 10221475 |
| predominance of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype b in abidjan, ivory coast. | we analyzed the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among 28 hiv-2 strains collected from patients enrolled in an hiv epidemiologic study in abidjan, ivory coast, during 1995-1996. although both subtype a (n = 8; 29%) and subtype b (n = 20; 71%) were present in this sampling, the majority of infections were caused by subtype b viruses. these findings contrasted with the reported predominance of hiv-2 subtype a in other african countries. the broad genetic diversity identified amon ... | 1999 | 10221538 |
| development of hiv/aids vaccine using chimeric gag-env virus-like particles. | we attempted to develop a candidate hiv/aids vaccine, by using unprocessed hiv-2 gag pr45 precursor protein. we found that a 45 kda unprocessed hiv-2 gag precursor protein (pr45), with a deletion of a portion of the viral protease, assembles as virus-like particles (vlp). we mapped the functional domain of hiv-2 gag vlp formation in order to find the minimum length of gag protein to form vlp. a series of deletion mutants was constructed by sequentially removing the c-terminal region of hiv-2 gag ... | 1999 | 10223338 |
| processing and routage of hiv glycoproteins by furin to the cell surface. | proteolytic activation of hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein precursors (gp160 and gp140, respectively) occurs at the carboxyl side of a consensus motif consisting of the highly basic amino acid sequence. we have shown previously (hallenberger et al., 1997) and confirmed in this report, that furin and pc7 can be considered as the putative physiological enzymes involved in the proteolytic activation of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 envelope precursors. in this study, we show by cell surface biotinylatio ... | 1999 | 10225274 |
| potent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gene expression and virus production by an hiv-2 tat activation-response rna decoy. | tat activation-response region (tar) decoys have been developed for use in gene therapy for people infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). when a tar rna decoy is overexpressed, it will bind tat, thus leaving less of this crucial protein to bind to and activate the natural transcriptional promoter of hiv-1. previous tar decoy constructs have used hiv-1 tar. however, recent epidemiological and biological data began to suggest that the tar region from the human immunodeficiency ... | 1999 | 10233987 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 produces a defect in cd3-gamma gene transcripts similar to that observed for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | t cells are central players in the immune response to infectious disease, with the specificity of their responses controlled by the t-cell receptor (tcr)/cd3 complex on the cell surface. impairment of tcr/cd3-directed cd4(+) t-cell immune responses is frequently observed in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). virus replication is also regulated by t-cell activation factors, with hiv-1 and hiv-2 responding to different tcr/cd3-directed cellular ... | 1999 | 10233990 |
| an orphan g protein-coupled receptor, gpr1, acts as a coreceptor to allow replication of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in brain-derived cells. | twelve g protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, act as coreceptors and determinants for the cell tropisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we isolated hiv-1 variants from t-cell-line (t)- and macrophage (m)-tropic (i.e., dualtropic) (r5-r3-x4) hiv-1 strains and also produced six hiv-1 mutants carrying single-point amino acid substitutions at the tip of the v3 region of the env protein of hiv-1. these variants and t ... | 1999 | 10233994 |
| inhibition of hiv-1 replication by newly developed adamantane-containing polyanionic agents. | newly developed antiviral compounds consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-soluble polyanionic matrix were shown to inhibit hiv-1 infection in lymphoblastoid cells, hela cd4+ beta-galactosidase (magi) cells and macrophages. the effect of the compounds was recorded by measuring viral reverse transcriptase activity and p24 by elisa in culture supernatant and by immunoblotting of cell lysates. in this paper we describe the data obtained with one of the most promising co ... | 1999 | 10320046 |
| cyanovirin-n binds to gp120 to interfere with cd4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion binding, fusion, and infectivity but does not affect the cd4 binding site on gp120 or soluble cd4-induced conformational changes in gp120. | cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda protein isolated from the cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum, potently inactivates diverse strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. while it has been well established that the viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a molecular target of cv-n, the detailed mechanism of action is of further interest. we compared matched native and cv-n-treated virus preparations in a panel of assays that measure viral re ... | 1999 | 10196334 |
| novel potential agents for human cytomegalovirus infection: synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of benzothiadiazine dioxide acyclonucleosides. | the first acyclonucleosides based on the benzothiadiazine dioxide system were synthesized following the silylation procedure. several acyclic moieties, including acetoxyethoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, and propargyloxymethyl groups, were introduced. two synthetic strategies were designed to selectively obtain the n-1 or n-3 derivatives. lipase-mediated deacylation was used for the deprotection of the acyclonucleosides. some of the benzothiadiazine dioxide acyclonucleosides, in particular 16, prove ... | 1999 | 10197958 |
| broadly cross-reactive hiv-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes in highly-exposed persistently seronegative donors. | hiv-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (ctl) are believed to play a key part in the control of virus levels throughout hiv infection. an important goal of a potential prophylactic vaccine against hiv is therefore to elicit a strong ctl response which is broadly cross-reactive against a diverse range of hiv strains. we have detected hiv-specific ctl in two groups of highly-exposed but persistently seronegative female sex workers in africa which show extensive cross-reactivity between different vira ... | 1999 | 10203028 |
| suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by a soluble factor produced by cd8+ lymphocytes from hiv-2-infected baboons. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected baboons (papio cynocephalus) provide a valuable animal model for the study of acquired immunodefidency syndrome (aids) pathogenesis since many features of disease progression resemble hiv-1-infection of humans. in some hiv-2-infected baboons that are clinically healthy, a cd8+ cell antiviral response, that is partly mediated by a soluble factor, controls viral replication in vitro. in the present study, we demonstrate that cd8+ cells derived f ... | 1999 | 10203048 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new rapid automated human immunodeficiency virus antigen detection assay. | although human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen assays are of limited value for monitoring antiretroviral therapy, they play an important role for confirmatory testing of fourth generation hiv screening enzyme immunoassay (eia) reactive samples. in a multicenter study, a new automated rapid p24 antigen assay, elecsys hiv ag (roche diagnostics boehringer mannheim gmbh, penzberg, germany), was compared to fda licensed tests (abbott hiv-1 ag monoclonal and coulter hiv-1 p24 antigen assay). in t ... | 1999 | 10204697 |
| chicoric acid analogues as hiv-1 integrase inhibitors. | the present study was undertaken to examine structural features of l-chicoric acid (3) which are important for potency against purified hiv-1 integrase and for reported cytoprotective effects in cell-based systems. through a progressive series of analogues, it was shown that enantiomeric d-chicoric acid (4) retains inhibitory potency against purified integrase equal to its l-counterpart and further that removal of either one or both carboxylic functionalities results in essentially no loss of in ... | 1999 | 10212126 |
| [chronic genital ulcerations and hiv infection: 29 cases]. | genital ulcers are common manifestations of infectious disease. the incidence of genital ulcers featuring a chronic course has increased since the beginning of the aids epidemic. the purpose of this 18-month cross-sectional study was to determine the main infectious causes of chronic genital ulcers (cgu) and their correlation with hiv infection. a total of 29 patients with cgu defined as an ulcer showing no sign of healing after more than one month were studied. mean age ranged from 24 to 54 yea ... | 1999 | 10701208 |
| interaction with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 predicts hiv type 1 genotype. | in west africa, india, and certain regions of europe, both human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) are known to cocirculate. to investigate the hiv-1 subtypes involved in dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections, we sequenced the envelope c2-v3 region from 29 dually infected female commercial sex workers from senegal. the majority of women (23 of 29) were infected by hiv-1 subtype a. within the hiv-1 subtype a sequences, 14 of 23 (60.8%) clustered with the west african associated a ... | 2000 | 10704348 |
| potent anti-hiv (type 1 and type 2) activity of polyoxometalates: structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action. | a series of polyoxometalates have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory effects on hiv-1(iii(b)) and hiv-1(rod) replication in mt-4 cells. all compounds showed activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2, but the antiviral potency of the heteropolytungstates varied considerably depending on their chemical structure. the antiviral activity of single, double, and triple keggin-type of compounds against hiv-1(iii(b)) replication was comparable (ic(50): 0.4-0.5 microgram/ml), whereas hiv-2(rod) a ... | 2000 | 10715146 |
| resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro as a surrogate of vaccine-induced protective immunity. | an in vitro assay developed as a correlate of vaccine-induced protection from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was validated in populations with relative resistance to hiv-1 as well as in hiv vaccine recipients. cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were challenged with 10 tcid50 of hiv-1mn or hiv-1bal, titered in pbmc from normal controls (n=57). pbmc from hiv-1-infected persons with low viremia (n=17), exposed uninfected persons (n=23), and hiv-2-infected senegalese prostitut ... | 2000 | 10720510 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in portugal: clinical spectrum, circulating subtypes, virus isolation, and plasma viral load. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is responsible for 4. 5% of aids cases in portugal. six hiv-2 subtypes have been described so far, subtype a being proposed as more pathogenic than the rest. the relationship between the clinical status and levels of both cellular and plasma hiv-2 viraemia is not well known, nor their modifications under antiretroviral therapy. thirty-two consecutive hiv-2 infected persons (17 men, 15 women) attending two different hospitals in lisbon in 1997 were ... | 2000 | 10745242 |
| emergence of drug resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected subjects undergoing antiretroviral therapy. | the reverse transcriptase (rt) and protease genes from 12 human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected individuals who had been exposed to antiretroviral drugs for longer than 6 months were examined for the presence of mutations which could be involved in drug resistance. four individuals carried virus genotypes with amino acid substitutions potentially associated with resistance to nucleoside analogues: two at codon 70 (k-->r) and two at codon 184 (m-->v). moreover, the latter two patie ... | 2000 | 10747109 |
| rapid shift from virally infected cells to germinal center-retained virus after hiv-2 infection of macaques. | lymphoid tissues are the primary target during the initial virus dissemination that occurs in hiv-1-infected individuals. recent advances in antiretroviral therapy and techniques to monitor virus load in humans have demonstrated that the early stages of viral infection and host response are major determinants of the outcome of individual infections. relatively little is known about immunopathogenic events occurring during the acute phase of hiv infection. we analyzed viral dissemination within l ... | 2000 | 10751345 |
| hiv-1 reverse transcriptase-pseudoknot rna aptamer interaction has a binding affinity in the low picomolar range coupled with high specificity. | systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) is a powerful method for the identification of small oligonucleotides that bind with high affinity and specificity to target proteins. such dnas/rnas are a new class of potential chemotherapeutics that could block the enzymatic activity of pathologically relevant proteins. we have conducted a detailed biochemical study of the interaction of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) with a selex-derived pseu ... | 2000 | 10751399 |
| children and adolescents living with hiv and aids: a review. | worldwide, more than one million children are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and in the united states it has become the sixth leading cause of death among 15-24-year-olds. despite the trend of increasing rates of infection, advances in therapies have led to survival past 5 years of age for more than 65% of infected children. this global health threat will therefore continue to have a significant impact on child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology. this paper reviews curren ... | 2000 | 10763677 |
| properties of cyanovirin-n (cv-n): inactivation of hiv-1 by sessile cyanovirin-n (scv-n). | cyanovirin-n (cv-n) is a novel anti-hiv protein isolated and characterized from a cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum. cv-n protein is a single 101 amino acid chain containing two intrachain disulphide bonds and considerable internal sequence duplication, but no significant homology to previously described proteins or to the transcription products of known nucleotide sequences. in solution, cv-n exists largely as a beta-sheet protein with internal two-fold pseudosymmetry. cv-n irreversibly inact ... | 2000 | 10794101 |
| apelin peptides block the entry of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | the orphan g protein-coupled receptor apj has been shown to be a coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv and siv) strains. we have determined that some hiv and siv strains use apj as a coreceptor to infect the brain-derived np-2/cd4 cells. because apelin is an endogenous ligand for the apj receptor, we examined the inhibitory effects of apelin peptides on hiv infection, and found that the apelin peptides inhibit the entry of some hiv-1 and hiv-2 into the np-2/cd4 cells expres ... | 2000 | 10802050 |
| evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, hepatitis b surface antigen, and syphilis in ho chi minh city, vietnam. | an evaluation of three new rapid diagnostic test kits for human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1/2), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), and syphilis involved a two-phase comparison of rapid diagnostic assays using prospectively collected from hospitals and clinics in ho chi minh city, vietnam. after specificity and sensitivity testing, three new rapid diagnostic test kits were tested in parallel with six commonly used diagnostic test kits. the determine hiv-1/2 test had fewer indete ... | 2000 | 10813489 |
| structure-activity relationship studies on potential non-nucleoside dabo-like inhibitors of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase. | using 2,6-dichloro-4-aminopyrimidine, a number of uracil and cytosine derivatives with both arylthio and alkoxy moieties were prepared. these novel pyrimidines share chemical similarities with dabos and hepts, two classes of non-nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis), which have been widely studied of late. all new derivatives were tested in mt-4 cells to explore their potential in vivo anti-hiv activity. like other nnrtis, they selective ... | 2000 | 10819436 |
| the double-stranded rna-binding protein staufen is incorporated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence for a role in genomic rna encapsidation. | human staufen (hstau), a double-stranded rna (dsrna)-binding protein that is involved in mrna transport, is incorporated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and in other retroviruses, including hiv-2 and moloney murine leukemia virus. sucrose and optiprep gradient analyses reveal cosedimentation of hstau with purified hiv-1, while subtilisin assays demonstrate that it is internalized. hstau incorporation in hiv-1 is selective, is dependent on an intact functional dsrna-binding domain, ... | 2000 | 10823848 |
| differential narrow focusing of immunodominant human immunodeficiency virus gag-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses in infected african and caucasoid adults and children. | cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) activity plays a central role in control of viral replication and in determining outcome in cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. incorporation of important ctl epitope sequences into candidate vaccines is, therefore, vital. most ctl studies have focused upon small numbers of adult caucasoid subjects infected with clade-b virus, whereas the global epidemic is most severe in sub-saharan african populations and predominantly involves clade-c i ... | 2000 | 10823876 |
| risk factors for hiv-2 seropositivity among older people in guinea-bissau. a search for the early history of hiv-2 infection. | because the seroprevalence of hiv-2 has been shown to be high in older age groups, we conducted a survey of all persons aged 50 years or over in two districts in bissau, investigating the presence of hiv antibodies and possible risk factors for hiv infection with a particular emphasis on age, the impact of the war of independence (1963-74), traditional marital and extramarital sex patterns, blood contact and contact with monkeys. in 670 participants, the hiv-2 prevalence was 14.3%; 16.1% in wome ... | 2000 | 10826903 |
| varying effects of temperature, ca(2+) and cytochalasin on fusion activity mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 glycoproteins. | we examined fusion mediated by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) envelope glycoproteins under various experimental conditions. incubation of hela cells expressing hiv-2(rod) and hiv-2(sbl/isy) envelope glycoproteins with hela-cd4 target cells resulted in fusion at temperatures >/=25 degrees c whereas fusion with cells expressing hiv-1(lai) occurred only at >/=31 degrees c. hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion proceeded in the absence of ca(2+) in the cultu ... | 2000 | 10838094 |
| squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva as initial presenting sign in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) due to human immunodeficiency virus type-2. | 2000 | 10845028 | |
| cleavage of vimentin by different retroviral proteases. | proteases (prs) of retroviruses cleave viral polyproteins into their mature structural proteins and replication enzymes. besides this essential role in the replication cycle of retroviruses, prs also cleave a variety of host cell proteins. we have analyzed the in vitro cleavage of mouse vimentin by proteases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), bovine leukemia virus (blv), mason-pfizer monkey virus (m-pmv), myeloblastosis-associated virus (mav), and two active-site ... | 2000 | 10845700 |
| the c-terminal proline-rich tail of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx is necessary for nuclear localization of the viral preintegration complex in nondividing cells. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), like other lentiviruses, is capable of infecting nondividing t cells and macrophages. the present work shows that in hiv-2-infected cells, vpx is necessary for efficient nuclear import of the preintegration complex. in agreement with this finding, the subcellular localization of a gfp-vpx fusion protein was found to be predominantly nuclear. however, deletion of the proline-rich c-terminal 11 residues of vpx resulted in a shift of the fusion protein t ... | 2000 | 10846100 |
| interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx and invariant chain. | vpx is a virion-associated protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency viruses. the yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify invariant chain (ii) as a cellular protein that interacts with hiv-2 vpx. vpx-ii interaction was confirmed in cell-free reactions using bacterially expressed glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins and by coimmunoprecipitation in transfected and infected cells. in chronically infected cells expressing vpx, ii levels were markedl ... | 2000 | 10846101 |
| reduced immune activation and t cell apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 compared with type 1: correlation of t cell apoptosis with beta2 microglobulin concentration and disease evolution. | this study analyzes the degree of immune activation and characterizes apoptosis in lymphocytes from healthy west african donors or patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 or -2. the lower decline of cd4 t cells in hiv-2- compared with hiv-1-infected donors is associated with lower levels of immune activation, evaluated by hla-dr expression on lymphocytes and sera concentrations of igg and beta2 microglobulin (beta2m). ex vivo apoptosis was found in both infections in all lymp ... | 2000 | 10608752 |
| a second target for the peptoid tat/transactivation response element inhibitor cgp64222: inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by blocking cxc-chemokine receptor 4-mediated virus entry. | the peptoid cgp64222 has been previously demonstrated to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) tat/transactivation response element complex formation. it has previously been shown that cgp64222 selectively inhibits hiv-1 long terminal repeat-driven gene expression and hiv-1(lav) replication in lymphocytes. here, we show that cgp64222 inhibits the replication of a wide range of laboratory strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in mt-4 cells. however, cgp64222 proved inactive in mt-4 cells against hi ... | 2000 | 10617686 |
| a putative g protein-coupled receptor, rdc1, is a novel coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | more than 10 g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to act as coreceptors for infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). we have isolated hiv-1 variants infectious to primary brain-derived cd4-positive cells (bt-3 and bt-20/n) and u87/cd4 glioma cells that are resistant to t-cell line-tropic (t-tropic), macrophage-tropic (m-tropic), and t- and m-tropic (dualtropic) (x4, r5, and r5x4) hiv-1 strains. these primary brain-de ... | 2000 | 10623723 |
| low plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 2 viral load is independent of proviral load: low virus production in vivo. | levels of virus in the plasma are closely related to the pathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). hiv-2 is much less pathogenic than hiv-1, and infection with hiv-2 leads to significantly lower plasma viral load. to identify the source of this difference, we measured both viral rna and proviral dna in matched samples from 34 hiv-2-infected individuals. nearly half had undetectable viral rna loads (<100 copies/ml), but levels of proviral dna were relatively high and confirmed ... | 2000 | 10627569 |
| isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus variants that are resistant to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) act quite specifically on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in general, they are not effective on human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). only siv strains from african green monkeys are sensitive to several nnrtis. here we isolated nnrti- and 3tc-resistant sivagm variants. viruses resistant to delavirdine contained v112i and m231i substitutions, while those resistant to 3tc contained a ... | 2000 | 11205100 |
| planning a hepatitis c postexposure management program for health care workers. issues and challenges. | 1. approximately 4 million individuals in the united states are infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv), many of whom are unaware of this infection. thus, health care workers are faced with the potential for needlestick and blood exposure to another bloodborne pathogen in addition to hepatitis b and hiv. 2. the centers for disease control and prevention recommended that health care facilities follow guidelines from the u.s. public health service for prevention and control of hcv infection. 3. hosp ... | 2000 | 11760299 |
| absence of coreceptor switch with disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infections in india. | the envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) utilizes cd4 as a receptor and ccr5 and/or cxcr4 as coreceptor to gain entry into the cell. the ccr5-tropic viruses, observed early in infection, could be important in transmission and the cxcr4-tropic viruses, observed late, may play an important role in disease progression. viruses from 40 hiv-positive, asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals in india were isolated. of 40 isolates 39 used ccr5. thirty-three isolates were subty ... | 2000 | 10860879 |
| cd4-independent infection of two cd4(-)/ccr5(-)/cxcr4(+) pre-t-cell lines by human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. | the infection of cd4-negative cells by variants of tissue culture-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) or hiv-2 strains has been shown to be mediated by the cxcr4 coreceptor. here we show that two in vitro-established cd4(-)/ccr5(-)/cxcr4(+) human pre-t-cell lines (a3 and a5) can be productively infected by wild-type laboratory-adapted t-cell-tropic hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains in a cd4-independent, cxcr4-dependent fashion. despite the absence of ccr5 expression, a3 and a5 cells were s ... | 2000 | 10864687 |
| amprenavir: a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. | this paper reviews the pharmacologic properties and clinical usefulness of amprenavir, a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitor. | 2000 | 10868554 |
| identification of a new hiv-2 subtype based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomic sequence. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey (siv(sm) form one of the six primate lentivirus lineages. the close phylogenetic relationship and geographic coincidence indicate that hiv-2 originated from cross-species transmission of siv(sm) to humans. hiv-2 exhibits considerable genetic diversity, with subtypes a-f identified. previously, we reported the partial gag and env sequences of an unusual hiv-2 isolate, abt96. abt96 was collected in iv ... | 2000 | 10875618 |
| [cns cryptococcosis with idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia]. | a 33-year-old japanese man, with a history of recurrent skin cryptococcosis, was admitted complaining of fever and severe headache for 3 weeks. he had no known risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed an elevated opening pressure of 32 cm h2o, cell counts of 884/mm3, a total protein value of 184 mg/dl, a glucose level of 16 mg/dl, and demonstrated a positive india ink stain for fungus. cultures grew cryptococcus neoformans. hematolog ... | 2000 | 10885336 |
| cd4-independent, ccr5-dependent simian immunodeficiency virus infection and chemotaxis of human cells. | most simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), and hiv-1 infection of host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) is cd4 dependent. in some cases, x4 hiv-1 chemotaxis is cd4 independent, and cross-species transmission might be facilitated by cd4-independent entry, which has been demonstrated for some siv strains in cd4(-) non-t cells. as expected for ccr5-dependent virus, siv required cd4 on rhesus and pigtail macaque pbmcs for infection and chemotaxis ... | 2000 | 10888609 |
| use of inhibitors to evaluate coreceptor usage by simian and simian/human immunodeficiency viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in primary cells. | we have used coreceptor-targeted inhibitors to investigate which coreceptors are used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), simian immunodeficiency viruses (siv), and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to enter peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). the inhibitors are tak-779, which is specific for ccr5 and ccr2, aminooxypentane-rantes, which blocks entry via ccr5 and ccr3, and amd3100, which targets cxcr4. we found that for all the hiv-1 isolates and all but one of the hi ... | 2000 | 10888629 |
| an anti-human immunodeficiency virus multiple antigen peptide encompassing the cleavage region of the env precursor interferes with membrane fusion at a post-cd4 binding step. | cliv is a multiple antigen peptide ([ptkakrrvvqrekr](4)-k(2)-k-betaa) that encompasses the cleavage region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope precursor. it displays an antiviral activity against hiv-1 and hiv-2 and inhibits hiv-1 env-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. this effect has previously been attributed to interference with env processing, resulting in the expression of a nonfusogenic envelope [virology (1998) 247, 137]. however, we show here that cliv does not alter t ... | 2000 | 10891419 |
| secretor polymorphism and human immunodeficiency virus infection in senegalese women. | the fut2 gene encodes the enzyme alpha (1,2) fucosyltransferase, which determines expression of blood-group antigens on mucosal epithelial cell surfaces and in secretions. homozygotes for a specific stop mutation in fut2 (nonsecretors) cannot produce this enzyme and thus are unable to express blood group antigens. nonsecretor status is associated with a decreased risk of several respiratory viral infections. by use of molecular genotyping, 2 populations of senegalese women were examined for poly ... | 2000 | 10669366 |
| hiv-2 protease is inactivated after oxidation at the dimer interface and activity can be partly restored with methionine sulphoxide reductase. | human immunodeficiency viruses encode a homodimeric protease that is essential for the production of infectious virus. previous studies have shown that hiv-1 protease is susceptible to oxidative inactivation at the dimer interface at cys-95, a process that can be reversed both chemically and enzymically. here we demonstrate a related yet distinct mechanism of reversible inactivation of the hiv-2 protease. exposure of the hiv-2 protease to h(2)o(2) resulted in conversion of the two methionine res ... | 2000 | 10677347 |
| tsao-t analogues bearing amino acids at position n-3 of thymine: synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. | novel analogues of the anti-hiv-1 lead compound [1-[2',5'-bis-o-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-d-ribofuranosyl]thymine]- 3'-spiro-5'-(4"-amino-1",2"-oxathiole-2',2'-dioxide) (tsao-t) bearing different amino acids at position n-3 of thymine were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of hiv replication. the synthesis of the target compounds was accomplished by coupling of the appropriate tsao intermediate with a conveniently protected (l) amino acid in the presence of bop and triethylamine, followe ... | 2000 | 10693655 |
| performance of a multiplex qualitative pcr lcx assay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m subtypes, group o, and hiv-2. | early detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in blood and blood products can be achieved by a sensitive nucleic acid amplification-based assay. we report on the performance of a pcr-based qualitative assay that detects both hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 with a sensitivity of 20 to 50 copies/ml. the assay has a specificity of 99.6% and an inhibition rate of 1.7%. one milliliter of sample is processed with a manifold system and qiagen columns, and one-third of the extracted sample is used ... | 2000 | 10655373 |
| the hiv-2 genotype and the hiv-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype are associated with a lower virus replication in dendritic cells. | during sexual transmission, hiv infects the mucosal dendritic cells and is transferred to cd4 t cells. whether hiv variants of a particular genetic (sub)type or phenotype selectively infect dendritic cells (dc) or are preferentially transferred to t cells remains highly controversial. to avoid the cumbersome use of primary dendritic cells, in vitro dendritic cell models were generated from precursors, either hematopoietic progenitor cells (hpc) or monocytes (mo). productive infection in the dend ... | 2000 | 10630963 |
| broadening of coreceptor usage by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 does not correlate with increased pathogenicity in an in vivo model. | the pathogenic properties of four primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates and two primary hiv-2 biological clones were studied in an in vivo human-to-mouse chimeric model. the cell-associated viral load and the ability to reduce the severity of the induced graft-versus-host disease symptoms, the cd4/cd8 ratio and the level of repopulation of the mouse tissues by the graft, were determined. all hiv-2 strains, irrespective of their in vitro biological phenotype, replicated to ... | 2000 | 10644850 |
| dependence of cd8+ t-cell-mediated suppression of hiv type 1 on viral phenotypes and mediation of phenotype-dependent suppression by viral envelope gene and not by beta-chemokines. | cd8+ t-cell-mediated hiv-1 suppressive activity has been shown against a number of strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2. in this study using a semiquantitative assay, we showed that cd8+ t cells from seropositive subjects and herpes virus saimiri transformed cd8+ t-cell clones from hiv-1-infected subjects exhibited 5 to 100-fold higher suppressive activity against slow replicating nonsyncytia-inducing strains (slow/nsi) as compared to fast replicating syncytia-inducing strains (fast/si) of hiv-1. such dif ... | 2000 | 10659051 |
| seronegative hiv-2 carriers in india. | the discordant cases of seronegative, but culture and proviral hiv-2 dna positive were found in mumbai, india. this was corroborated by the successful isolation of hiv-2-rna in culture medium, hiv-2 cdna sequence determination and the detection of the antigen. the sequence of the isolated hiv-2 genomic rna does not seem to be altered to the extent that the change will alter antibody binding. furthermore, antibody from the same individual (even at 8 months from initial sampling) from whom hiv-2 w ... | 2000 | 10667898 |
| how can human and simian immunodeficiency viruses utilize chemokine receptors as their coreceptors? | several chemokine receptors (ckrs) act as coreceptors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). these ckrs interact with the v3 domain of the envelope (env) protein of hiv/siv. in this study, we found that the amino acid sequences of two chemokines (sdf-1beta and rantes), whose receptors (cxcr4 and ccr5) act as major coreceptors for hiv-1, hiv-2 or siv, showed statistically significant similarity to those of the region containing the ... | 2000 | 11163977 |
| absence of specific mucosal antibody responses in hiv-exposed uninfected sex workers from the gambia. | specific antibodies to hiv envelope that inactivate virus at the mucosal surfaces involved in sexual contact are of interest for the design of a vaccine against hiv-1. it has been suggested that, in frequently hiv-exposed but uninfected individuals, hiv-specific mucosal antibody responses may exist and play a role in resistance against hiv. this study investigated hiv-1 envelope specific mucosal antibody responses in hiv-resistant sex workers in west africa. | 2000 | 10894275 |
| searching for the epidemic's origins. | theories about the origin of aids all suffer from a dearth of data. for more than a decade, researchers have recognized the close genetic links between siv from sooty mangabeys and hiv-2, a type of the virus that is mostly confined to west african countries, but to date, there are scant data that closely link hiv-1, the predominant human aids virus, to sivs found in primates. | 2000 | 10896603 |
| detection of reverse transcriptase activity in the serum of patients with motor neurone disease. | the recognition that both human and murine retroviruses can cause motor neurone disease-like syndromes has raised the possibility that a retrovirus may be involved in the aetiology of motor neurone disease. this possibility was explored by looking for evidence of reverse transcriptase in the serum of motor neurone disease patients. sera from 56 patients with motor neurone disease and 58 controls were tested by the product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay, a technique that is approximately a ... | 2000 | 10897073 |
| prevalence and distribution of hepatitis c subtypes in patients with opioid dependence. | aim and setting: the drug addiction out-patient clinic at the university hospital for psychiatry in vienna performed a study to identify the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections in a group of opiate-dependent patients, to detect the distribution of hcv subtypes and to calculate the comorbidity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv). | 2000 | 11124573 |
| marked immunosuppressive effects of the hiv-2 envelope protein in spite of the lower hiv-2 pathogenicity. | hiv-1 envelope proteins have immunosuppressive properties and it is thought that they have a role in the establishment of immunodeficiency. this study characterizes the immunological effects of hiv-2 envelope protein gp105, a virus which is associated with a slower rate of disease progression. | 2000 | 11125886 |
| ion channel activation by spc3, a peptide derived from the hiv-1 gp120 v3 loop. | spc3 is a multibranched peptide containing eight identical gpgraf motifs which are derived from the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 gp120 v3 loop consensus sequence. this molecule was reported to prevent the infection of cd4+ cells by various hiv-1 and hiv-2 strains. however, the molecular mode of action of spc3 remains unclear. here, we investigated the possibility that spc3 could interact with alpha/beta-chemokine receptors following observations that, first, the v3 loop is likely to be i ... | 2000 | 11152302 |
| prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus 2 among homosexual men either positive or negative for human immunodeficiency viruses in slovakia. | we determined the prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2, hsv-2 antibodies) in sera of homosexual men either positive for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1, hiv+, a group of 27 sera) or negative for hiv-1 and hiv-2 (hiv-, a group of 52 sera) in slovakia. antibodies to hsv-2 glycoprotein g-2 (gg-2, gg-2 antibodies) were determined by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa) and immunoblot analysis. we found that 40% of hiv+ and 23% of hiv- ho ... | 2000 | 11155359 |
| infection of mesangial cells with hiv and siv: identification of gpr1 as a coreceptor. | mesangial cells are an important component of the glomerulus. dysfunction of mesangial cells is thought to be involved in the development of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-associated nephropathy (hivan). hivan is a structural renal failure frequently observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. however, the susceptibility of mesangial cells to hiv-1 is disputable. more than ten g protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine receptors, have been shown to act as hi ... | 2000 | 10916084 |
| development of a real-time quantitative rt-pcr for the detection of hiv-2 rna in plasma. | an assay is described for the quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna in edta plasma based on rt-pcr using the taqman real-time pcr detection method. as standard, an electron microscopically counted virus stock of hiv-2 strain nihz was used. the lower detection limit is 5 # 102 hiv-2 rna copies per ml of edta plasma. the assay is linear within the range required (5 # 102-106 hiv-2 rna copies/ml of edta plasma) with an intra assay variability of 2.5% and an inter-assay v ... | 2000 | 10921845 |
| cell-mediated immunity to low doses of sivsm in cynomolgus macaques did not confer protection against mucosal rechallenge. | simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection of macaques is a useful model for studies of the roles of different immune responses against viruses that cause (aids). in this study, six cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intrarectally with subinfectious or infectious doses of sivsm to assess the siv specific immunity, in particular protective immunity against subsequent challenge with a higher dose of sivsm. following the first inoculation with sivsm, the two monkeys given the highest doses of c ... | 2000 | 10930685 |
| longstanding presence of hiv-2 infection in guinea-bissau (west africa). | we have retrospectively studied the seroprevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in guinea-bissau in a sample of sera collected from the whole country in 1980. we tested a total of 1248 individuals and found 11 individuals who were seropositive for hiv-2 but there were no hiv-1 seropositive samples. the mean age of the hiv-2 seropositive people was significantly higher than the age of the seronegative individuals. in the different areas surveyed, the hiv-2 seroprevalence ranged from ... | 2000 | 10936570 |
| polyanions--a lost chance in the fight against hiv and other virus diseases? | polyanions are known to exhibit potent antiviral activity in vitro, and may represent future therapeutic agents. this review summarizes literature reports, pertinent to anionic polymers as antiviral agents. the in vitro antiviral effects of numerous polyanionic compounds (sulphated polysaccharides, negatively charged serum albumin and milk proteins, synthetic sulphated polymers, polymerized anionic surfactants and polyphosphates) are described. this class of antiviral agent exhibits several uniq ... | 2000 | 10950387 |
| viral entry as the primary target for the anti-hiv activity of chicoric acid and its tetra-acetyl esters. | the antiviral activity of l-chicoric acid against hiv-1 has been attributed previously to the inhibition of hiv-1 integration. this conclusion was based on the inhibition of integrase activity in enzymatic assays and the isolation of a resistant hiv strain with a mutation (g140s) in the integrase gene. here we show that the primary antiviral target of l-ca and its analogs in cell culture is viral entry. l- and d-chicoric acid (l-ca and d-ca) and their respective tetra-acetyl esters inhibit the r ... | 2000 | 10953059 |
| genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 c2v3 region within and between individuals from bissau, guinea-bissau, west africa. | the v3 loop of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 is characterized by a high degree of genetic variation. to investigate the spectrum of hiv-2 variability in nature we have focused on the c2v3 region of env and analyzed 108 viral sequences obtained from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 16 hiv-2-seropositive individuals from bissau (guinea-bissau). the estimated values of genetic divergence between individuals were higher than those calculated from sequence information collected in a ... | 2000 | 10957727 |
| cdk9 autophosphorylation regulates high-affinity binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-p-tefb complex to tar rna. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) tat interacts with cyclin t1 (cyct1), a regulatory partner of cdk9 in the positive transcription elongation factor (p-tefb) complex, and binds cooperatively with cyct1 to tar rna to recruit p-tefb and promote transcription elongation. we show here that tat also stimulates phosphorylation of affinity-purified core rna polymerase ii and glutathione s-transferase-c-terminal-domain substrates by cyct1-cdk9, but not cych-cdk7, in vitro. interestingly, incub ... | 2000 | 10958691 |
| challenges in the development of an effective hiv vaccine: current approaches and future directions. | the intent of this review is to investigate and discuss why developing a successful hiv vaccine has been so challenging, first by examining the molecular biology of the virus and how hiv interacts with the immune system, and then reviewing past viral vaccine successes as well as future directions for hiv vaccine research. | 2000 | 10963285 |