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emergence of canine distemper in bavarian wildlife associated with a specific amino acid exchange in the haemagglutinin protein.a widespread, severe outbreak of canine distemper encephalitis was observed in wildlife in southern bavaria in the spring and summer of 2008. the haemagglutinin (ha) genes of six representative canine distemper virus (cdv) samples originating from five red foxes and one badger during this outbreak had a y549h amino acid substitution in the ha protein compared to sequences from two captive domesticated ferrets which succumbed to cdv in the same area 2 years earlier. as this specific substitution ...201120089424
canine distemper virus: the emergence of new variants. 201120233663
effects of body weight on antibody titers against canine parvovirus type 2, canine distemper virus, and canine adenovirus type 1 in vaccinated domestic adult dogs.the objective of this study was to determine whether post-vaccination antibody titers vary according to body weight in adult dogs. antibody titers against canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv), and canine adenovirus type 1 (cadv-1) were measured for 978 domestic adult dogs from 2 to 6 y of age. the dogs had been vaccinated approximately 12 mo earlier with a commercial combination vaccine. the dogs were divided into groups according to their weight. it was found that mean ...201223543958
rabies virus and canine distemper virus in wild and domestic carnivores in northern kenya: are domestic dogs the reservoir?rabies virus (rv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) can cause significant mortality in wild carnivore populations, and rv threatens human lives. we investigated serological patterns of exposure to cdv and rv in domestic dogs (canis familiaris), african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas), spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta), striped hyenas (hyaena hyaena) and african lions (panthera leo), over a 10-year period, in a kenyan rangeland to assess the role domestic dogs may ...201223459924
design of different strategies of multivalent dna-based vaccination against rabies and canine distemper in mice and dogs.during the vaccination campaigns, puppies younger than 3 months old are not targeted and remain unvaccinated for at least the first year of their lives. almost half of the reported rabid dogs are 6 months or younger. hence, we should recommend the vaccination against rabies of young puppies. unfortunately, owing to the exposure of puppies to infections with either canine parvovirus (cpv) or distemper virus (cdv) after the intervention of the vaccinators, owners are reluctant to vaccinate puppies ...201223270301
[establishment and application of a vero cell line stably expressing raccoon dog slam, the cellular receptor of canine distemper virus].the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam, also known as cd150), is used as a cellular receptor by canine distemper virus (cdv). wild-type strains of cdvs can be isolated and propagated efficiently in non-lymphoid cells expressing this protein. our aim is to establish a vero cells expressing raccoon dog slam (rslam) to efficiently isolate cdv from pathological samples.201223457801
oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine: current status and future prospects for canine patients.oncolytic viruses refer to those that are able to eliminate malignancies by direct targeting and lysis of cancer cells, leaving non-cancerous tissues unharmed. several oncolytic viruses including adenovirus strains, canine distemper virus and vaccinia virus strains have been used for canine cancer therapy in preclinical studies. however, in contrast to human studies, clinical trials with oncolytic viruses for canine cancer patients have not been reported. an 'ideal' virus has yet to be identifie ...201222216938
pathogen and rodenticide exposure in american badgers (taxidea taxus) in california.urban and agricultural land use may increase the risk of disease transmission among wildlife, domestic animals, and humans as we share ever-shrinking and fragmented habitat. american badgers (taxidae taxus), a species of special concern in california, usa, live in proximity to urban development and often share habitat with livestock and small peridomestic mammals. as such, they may be susceptible to pathogens commonly transmitted at this interface and to anticoagulant rodenticides used to contro ...201222493124
black-backed jackal exposure to rabies virus, canine distemper virus, and bacillus anthracis in etosha national park, namibia.canine distemper virus (cdv) and rabies virus (rabv) occur worldwide in wild carnivore and domestic dog populations and pose threats to wildlife conservation and public health. in etosha national park (enp), namibia, anthrax is endemic and generates carcasses frequently fed on by an unusually dense population of black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas). using serology, phylogenetic analyses (on samples obtained from february 2009-july 2010), and historical mortality records (1975-2011), we assesse ...201222493112
serosurvey of free-ranging amur tigers in the russian far east.wild amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica, n=44) from the russian far east were tested for antibodies to feline leukemia virus, feline corona virus (fcov), feline immunodeficiency virus, feline parvovirus (fpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), toxoplasma gondii, and bartonella henselae. antibodies to fcov, cdv, fpv, and t. gondii were detected in 43, 15, 68, and 42% of tigers, respectively. no differences were detected in antibody prevalence estimates between tigers captured as part of a research ...201222247389
prevalence of antibodies to canine parvovirus and distemper virus in wolves in the canadian rocky mountains.wild carnivores are often exposed to diseases via contact with peridomestic host species that travel through the wildland-urban interfaces. to determine the antibody prevalences and relationships to human activity for two common canid pathogens, we sampled 99 wolves (canis lupus) from 2000 to 2008 for antibodies to canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) in banff and jasper national parks and surrounding areas of the canadian rockies. this population was the source for wolves re ...201222247375
contact with domestic dogs increases pathogen exposure in endangered african wild dogs (lycaon pictus).infectious diseases have contributed to the decline and local extinction of several wildlife species, including african wild dogs (lycaon pictus). mitigating such disease threats is challenging, partly because uncertainty about disease dynamics makes it difficult to identify the best management approaches. serious impacts on susceptible populations most frequently occur when generalist pathogens are maintained within populations of abundant (often domestic) "reservoir" hosts, and spill over into ...201222238695
development of a combined canine distemper virus specific rt-pcr protocol for the differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (diva) and genetic characterization of the hemagglutinin gene of seven chinese strains demonstrated in dogs.a combined reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was developed for the detection and differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of the canine distemper virus (cdv). a pair of primers (p1/p2) was used to detect both cdv wild-type strains and vaccines. another pair (p3/p4) was used to detect only cdv wild-type strains. a 335bp fragment was amplified from the genomic rna of the vaccine and wild-type strains. a 555bp fragment was amplified specifically from the genomi ...201222108430
exposure to selected pathogens in to selected pathogens in geoffroy's cats and domestic carnivores from central argentina.wild carnivores share a high percentage of parasites and viruses with closely related domestic carnivores. because of increased overlap and potential contact with domestic species, we conducted a retrospective serosurvey for 11 common carnivore pathogens in 40 geoffroy's cats (leopardus geoffroyi) sampled between 2000 and 2008 within or near two protected areas in central argentina (lihué calel national park, la pampa, and campos del tuyú national park, buenos aires), as well as five domestic ca ...201223060491
pathogens of wild maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) in brazil.the maned wolf, chrysocyon brachyurus, is an endangered neotropical canid that survives at low population densities. diseases are a potential threat for its conservation but to date have been poorly studied. we performed clinical evaluations and investigated the presence of infectious diseases through serology and coprologic tests on maned wolves from galheiro natural private reserve, perdizes city, minas gerais state, southeastern brazil. fifteen wolves were captured between 2003 and 2008. we f ...201223060508
enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in dogs entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.201222812470
serosurvey of mountain lions in southern arizona.an understanding of the prevalence of diseases in free-ranging populations of felids is limited, and there is even less known about the overall health and diseases of wild felids that inhabit or utilize urban areas. we collected serum samples from 9 radiocollared mountain lions (puma concolor) in the mountains surrounding tucson, arizona, usa, from august 2005 to august 2008. we tested serum samples for evidence of exposure to 10 feline viruses: feline calicivirus (fcv), feline herpesvirus, feli ...201232327861
canine cd4+cd8+ double positive t cells in peripheral blood have features of activated t cells.in dogs a cd4(+)cd8(+) double positive t cell subpopulation exists that has not been phenotypically defined yet. we demonstrate that canine cd4(+)cd8(+) t cells are mature cd1a(-) and tcrαβ(+) t cells. to analyse the activation potential of cd4(+)cd8(+) t cells, pbmc from dogs vaccinated against canine distemper virus (cdv) were re-stimulated with cdv. upon antigen-specific stimulation, the cd4(+)cd8(+) t cell fraction increases and consists nearly exclusively of proliferated cells. similarly, o ...201222789871
nectin4 is an epithelial cell receptor for canine distemper virus and involved in neurovirulence.canine distemper virus (cdv) uses signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam), expressed on immune cells, as a receptor. however, epithelial and neural cells are also affected by cdv in vivo. wild-type cdv strains showed efficient replication with syncytia in vero cells expressing dog nectin4, and the infection was blocked by an anti-nectin4 antibody. in dogs with distemper, cdv antigen was preferentially detected in nectin4-positive neurons and epithelial cells, suggesting that nectin4 is a ...201222761370
dna vaccines encoding proteins from wild-type and attenuated canine distemper virus protect equally well against wild-type virus challenge.immunity induced by dna vaccines containing the hemagglutinin (h) and nucleoprotein (n) genes of wild-type and attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) was investigated in mink (mustela vison), a highly susceptible natural host of cdv. all dna-immunized mink seroconverted, and significant levels of virus-neutralizing (vn) antibodies were present on the day of challenge with wild-type cdv. the dna vaccines also primed the cell-mediated memory responses, as indicated by an early increase in the num ...201222714870
peste des petits ruminants virus detected in tissues from an asiatic lion (panthera leo persica) belongs to asian lineage iv.in this study, peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was detected in frozen pooled tissue samples from a dead asiatic lion (panthera leo persica). the samples were negative for canine distemper virus and positive for pprv nucleic acids when tested with one-step rt-pcr using the appropriate virus-specific primers. subsequent amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the partial nucleocapsid, matrix, and fusion genes confirmed the presence of pprv nucleic acid. comparative sequence and phylogene ...201222705744
evaluation of synthetic infection-enhancing lipopeptides as adjuvants for a live-attenuated canine distemper virus vaccine administered intra-nasally to ferrets.inactivated paramyxovirus vaccines have been associated with hypersensitivity responses upon challenge infection. for measles and canine distemper virus (cdv) safe and effective live-attenuated virus vaccines are available, but for human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus development of such vaccines has proven difficult. we recently identified three synthetic bacterial lipopeptides that enhance paramyxovirus infections in vitro, and hypothesized these could be used as adjuvan ...201222705079
recombinant canine distemper virus serves as bivalent live vaccine against rabies and canine distemper.effective, safe, and affordable rabies vaccines are still being sought. attenuated live vaccine has been widely used to protect carnivores from canine distemper. in this study, we generated a recombinant canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine strain, rcdv-rvg, expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) by using reverse genetics. the recombinant virus rcdv-rvg retained growth properties similar to those of vector cdv in vero cell culture. animal studies demonstrated that rcdv-rvg was safe in mi ...201222698451
booster effect of canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and infectious canine hepatitis combination vaccine in domesticated adult dogs.domesticated adult dogs with antibody titer classified as below 'high' to one or more of canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus type-2 (cpv-2) and canine adenovirus type-1 (cadv-1) were then given an additional inoculation, and the effectiveness of this booster evaluated 2 months later. consequently, cdv and cadv-1 antibody titer experienced a significant increase, but the same effect was not observed in the antibody titer of cpv-2. these findings suggest that with additional inoculatio ...201222672137
epidemiology of canine distemper virus in wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) from south korea.raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) are widespread and common in south korea. in 2011, we obtained serum samples from 102 wild raccoon dogs to survey their exposure to canine distemper virus (cdv). forty-five of the 102 animals (44.1%) were seropositive. field cases of canine distemper in wild raccoon dogs from 2010 to 2011 were investigated. fourteen cases of cdv infection were identified by a commercially available cdv antigen detection kit. these cases were used for virus isolation and mo ...201222608695
recombinant canine distemper virus strain snyder hill expressing green or red fluorescent proteins causes meningoencephalitis in the ferret.the propensity of canine distemper virus (cdv) to spread to the central nervous system is one of the primary features of distemper. therefore, we developed a reverse genetics system based on the neurovirulent snyder hill (sh) strain of cdv (cdv(sh)) and show that this virus rapidly circumvents the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (csf) barriers to spread into the subarachnoid space to induce dramatic viral meningoencephalitis. the use of recombinant cdv(sh) (rcdv(sh)) expressing enhance ...201222553334
bats host major mammalian paramyxoviruses.the large virus family paramyxoviridae includes some of the most significant human and livestock viruses, such as measles-, distemper-, mumps-, parainfluenza-, newcastle disease-, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumoviruses. here we identify an estimated 66 new paramyxoviruses in a worldwide sample of 119 bat and rodent species (9,278 individuals). major discoveries include evidence of an origin of hendra- and nipah virus in africa, identification of a bat virus conspecific with the human ...201222531181
comparison of two assays for detection of antibodies against canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus in dogs admitted to a florida animal shelter.to compare 2 assays for use in the identification of dogs with a protective antibody titer (pat) against canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv).201222515628
virological survey in free-ranging wildcats (felis silvestris) and feral domestic cats in portugal.to determine the presence of viral pathogens in natural areas a survey was conducted on an opportunistic sample of fifty eight wild (felis silvestris silvestris) and feral cats (f. s. catus). the biological materials included serum, lung tissue extract and stool. feline leukemia virus p27 antigen was detected in 13/50 serum/lung tissue extract samples (26%), canine distemper virus antibodies were detected in 2/26 serum/lung tissue extract samples (7.7%), feline coronavirus rna was present in 6/2 ...201222424865
morbillivirus glycoprotein expression induces er stress, alters ca2+ homeostasis and results in the release of vasostatin.although the pathology of morbillivirus in the central nervous system (cns) is well described, the molecular basis of neurodegenerative events still remains poorly understood. as a model to explore morbillivirus-mediated cns dysfunctions, we used canine distemper virus (cdv) that we inoculated into two different cell systems: a monkey cell line (vero) and rat primary hippocampal neurons. importantly, the recombinant cdv used in these studies not only efficiently infects both cell types but recap ...201222403712
morbillivirus receptors and tropism: multiple pathways for infection.morbilliviruses, which include measles virus (mev), canine distemper virus, and rinderpest virus, are among the most important pathogens in their respective hosts and cause severe syndromes. morbilliviruses are enveloped viruses with two envelope proteins, one of which is hemagglutinin (h) protein, which plays a role in binding to cellular receptors. during morbillivirus infection, the virus initially targets lymphoid cells and replicates efficiently in the lymph nodes. the principal cellular re ...201222403577
accuracy of a point-of-care elisa test kit for predicting the presence of protective canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus antibody concentrations in dogs.canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) are highly infectious and often fatal diseases with worldwide distributions, and are important population management considerations in animal shelters. a point-of-care elisa test kit is available to detect serum antibodies to cpv and cdv, and presumptively to predict protective status. the aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the test compared to cpv hemagglutination inhibition titers and cdv serum neutralization t ...201222381707
emergence of canine distemper virus strains with modified molecular signature and enhanced neuronal tropism leading to high mortality in wild carnivores.an ongoing canine distemper epidemic was first detected in switzerland in the spring of 2009. compared to previous local canine distemper outbreaks, it was characterized by unusually high morbidity and mortality, rapid spread over the country, and susceptibility of several wild carnivore species. here, the authors describe the associated pathologic changes and phylogenetic and biological features of a multiple highly virulent canine distemper virus (cdv) strain detected in and/or isolated from r ...201222362965
detection by hemi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and genetic characterization of wild type strains of canine distemper virus in suspected infected dogs.a new highly sensitive and specific hemi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was applied to detect nucleoprotein (np) gene of canine distemper virus (cdv) in samples collected from dogs showing respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological signs. thirty-eight out of 86 samples were positive suggesting that despite the vaccination, canine distemper may still represent a high risk to the canine population. the 968 base pair (bp) fragments from the hemagglutinin ...201222362940
elements in the canine distemper virus m 3' utr contribute to control of replication efficiency and virulence.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a negative-sense, single-stranded rna virus within the genus morbillivirus and the family paramyxoviridae. the morbillivirus genome is composed of six transcriptional units that are separated by untranslated regions (utrs), which are relatively uniform in length, with the exception of the utr between the matrix (m) and fusion (f) genes. this utr is at least three times longer and in the case of cdv also highly variable. exchange of the m-f region between different ...201222348107
canine distemper virus epithelial cell infection is required for clinical disease but not for immunosuppression.to characterize the importance of infection of epithelial cells for morbillivirus pathogenesis, we took advantage of the severe disease caused by canine distemper virus (cdv) in ferrets. to obtain a cdv that was unable to enter epithelial cells but retained the ability to enter immune cells, we transferred to its attachment (h) protein two mutations shown to interfere with the interaction of measles virus h with its epithelial receptor, human nectin-4. as expected for an epithelial receptor (epr ...201222278252
the effect of protected areas on pathogen exposure in endangered african wild dog (lycaon pictus) populations.infectious diseases impact african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), but the nature and magnitude of this threat likely varies among populations according to different factors, such as the presence and prevalence of pathogens and land-use characteristics. we systematically evaluated these factors to assist development of locally appropriate strategies to mitigate disease risk. wild dogs from 16 sites representing five unconnected populations were examined for rabies virus, canine distemper virus (cdv), ...201232226083
antagonistic pleiotropy and fitness trade-offs reveal specialist and generalist traits in strains of canine distemper virus.theoretically, homogeneous environments favor the evolution of specialists whereas heterogeneous environments favor generalists. canine distemper is a multi-host carnivore disease caused by canine distemper virus (cdv). the described cell receptor of cdv is slam (cd150). attachment of cdv hemagglutinin protein (cdv-h) to this receptor facilitates fusion and virus entry in cooperation with the fusion protein (cdv-f). we investigated whether cdv strains co-evolved in the large, homogeneous domesti ...201223239996
immunopathogenic and neurological mechanisms of canine distemper virus.canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the canine distemper virus (cdv), which is a member of the morbillivirus genus, paramyxoviridae family. animals that most commonly suffer from this disease belong to the canidae family; however, the spectrum of natural hosts for cdv also includes several other families of the order carnivora. the infectious disease presents worldwide distribution and maintains a high incidence and high levels of lethality, despite the availability o ...201223193403
duration of serological response to canine parvovirus-type 2, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 1 and canine parainfluenza virus in client-owned dogs in australia.to determine whether client-owned dogs in australia, last vaccinated with canvac(®) vaccines containing canine parvovirus-type 2 (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) ± canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv) at least 18 months ago, were seropositive or responded serologically to revaccination.201223186088
canine distemper in an isolated population of fishers (martes pennanti) from california.four fishers (martes pennanti) from an insular population in the southern sierra nevada mountains, california, usa died as a consequence of an infection with canine distemper virus (cdv) in 2009. three fishers were found in close temporal and spatial relationship; the fourth fisher died 4 mo later at a 70 km distance from the initial group. gross lesions were restricted to hyperkeratosis of periocular skin and ulceration of footpads. all animals had necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis with ...201223060505
canine distemper outbreak in pet store puppies linked to a high-volume dog breeder.canine distemper is uncommon in the pet trade in the united states, in large part due to effective vaccines against canine distemper virus (cdv). this is a report of cdv affecting 24 young dogs of multiple breeds shortly after sale by 2 pet stores in wyoming during august-october 2010. cases were diagnosed over 37 days. diagnosis was established by a combination of fluorescent antibody staining, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, negative stain electron microscopy, and necropsy wit ...201223012378
occurrence and geographical distribution of canine distemper virus infection in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) of saxony-anhalt, germany.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects dogs and a variety of carnivore species. in saxony-anhalt, a federal state of germany, 761 foxes were examined for cdv infection, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), in the years 2010 and 2011. a prevalence of 30.5% was found for the whole time period without significant changes in prevalence between 2010 and 2011. the relative risk (rr) of a fox to test positive for cdv varied markedly within the area of the state and was significantly increased ...201322999912
simultaneous detection of canine respiratory disease associated viruses by a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay.a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of canine distemper virus (cdv), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov) and canine influenza virus (civ). these viral pathogens are all causative agents of canine infectious respiratory disease (cird). the sensitivity and specificity of the mrt-pcr were determined by comparing it to a rapid antigen test (rat) or immuno-chromatography test kit and reverse transcription-polymera ...201322971595
canine distemper virus with the intact c protein has the potential to replicate in human epithelial cells by using human nectin4 as a receptor.recent outbreaks in monkeys have proven that canine distemper virus (cdv) causes diseases in a wide range of mammals. cdv uses slam and nectin4 as receptors to replicate in susceptible animals. here, we show that human nectin4, but not human slam, is fully functional as a cdv receptor. the cdv ac96i strain hardly replicated in nectin4-expressing human epithelial nci-h358 cells, but readily adapted to grow in them. unsurprisingly, no amino acid change in the h protein was required for the adaptat ...201323174504
lethal canine distemper virus outbreak in cynomolgus monkeys in japan in 2008.canine distemper virus (cdv) has recently expanded its host range to nonhuman primates. a large cdv outbreak occurred in rhesus monkeys at a breeding farm in guangxi province, china, in 2006, followed by another outbreak in rhesus monkeys at an animal center in beijing in 2008. in 2008 in japan, a cdv outbreak also occurred in cynomolgus monkeys imported from china. in that outbreak, 46 monkeys died from severe pneumonia during a quarantine period. a cdv strain (cyn07-dv) was isolated in vero ce ...201323135729
first report of clinical disease associated with canine distemper virus infection in a wild black bear (ursus americana).an approximately 1-yr-old black bear was discovered on the porch of a rural residence in southwestern pennsylvania on october 26, 2011, where it remained during the day in spite of efforts to frighten it away. the bear exhibited periods of somnolence and sporadic tremors and seizures. it was euthanized by gunshot that evening. immediately after euthanasia it was observed to have footpads that exuded fluid when compressed. it was submitted for necropsy the next day where roughened footpads were n ...201324502734
pathogen exposure and blood chemistry in the washington, usa population of northern sea otters (enhydra lutris kenyoni).northern sea otters (enhydra lutris kenyoni) from washington state, united states were evaluated in 2011 to determine health status and pathogen exposure. antibodies to brucella spp. (10%) and influenza a virus (23%) were detected for the first time in this population in 2011. changes in clinical pathology values (serum chemistries), exposure to pathogens, and overall health of the population over the last decade were assessed by comparing 2011 data to the data collected on this population in 20 ...201324502716
comparison of oral and intramuscular recombinant canine distemper vaccination in african wild dogs (lycaon pictus).a series of three doses of recombinant canary-pox-vectored canine distemper virus vaccine was administered at 1-mo intervals, orally (n = 8) or intramuscularly (n = 13), to 21 previously unvaccinated juvenile african wild dogs (lycaon pictus) at the wildlife conservation society's bronx zoo. titers were measured by serum neutralization at each vaccination and at intervals over a period of 3.5-21.5 mo after the initial vaccination. all postvaccination titers were negative for orally vaccinated an ...201324450046
dynamic changes of foxp3(+) regulatory t cells in spleen and brain of canine distemper virus-infected dogs.canine distemper virus (cdv) infection causes immunosuppression and demyelinating leukoencephalitis in dogs. in viral diseases, an ambiguous function of regulatory t cells (treg), with both beneficial effects by reducing immunopathology and detrimental effects by inhibiting antiviral immunity, has been described. however, the role of treg in the pathogenesis of canine distemper remains unknown. in order to determine the effect of cdv upon immune homeostasis, the amount of foxp3(+) treg in spleen ...201324210687
sandwich-dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of canine distemper virus.a sandwich-dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot elisa) was developed for the detection of canine distemper virus (cdv). in 56 dogs suspected to have cd the rates of detection of cdv antigen in samples of blood lymphocytes and palpebral conjunctiva by dot elisa and elisa were, respectively, 91% (49/54) and 81% (44/54) for the lymphocyte samples and 88% (28/32) and 75% (24/32) for the conjunctival samples. the cdv detection limits were 10 ng/50 μl for dot elisa and 40 ng/50 μl for elisa. the ...201324124274
canine distemper virus antibody test alone increases misdiagnosis of distemper encephalitis. 201324106247
membrane-bound siv envelope trimers are immunogenic in ferrets after intranasal vaccination with a replication-competent canine distemper virus vector.we are investigating canine distemper virus (cdv) as a vaccine vector for the delivery of hiv envelope (env) that closely resembles the native trimeric spike. we selected cdv because it will promote vaccine delivery to lymphoid tissues, and because human exposure is infrequent, reducing potential effects of pre-existing immunity. using siv env as a model, we tested a number of vector and gene insert designs. vectors containing a gene inserted between the cdv h and l genes, which encoded env lack ...201324074564
canine distemper virus (cdv) in another big cat: should cdv be renamed carnivore distemper virus?one of the greatest threats to the conservation of wild cat populations may be dogs or, at least, one of their viruses. canine distemper virus (cdv), a single-stranded rna virus in the paramyxoviridae family and genus morbillivirus, infects and causes disease in a variety of species, not just canids. an outbreak of cdv in wild lions in the serengeti, tanzania, in 1994 was a wake-up call for conservationists, as it demonstrated that an infectious disease could swiftly impact a previously healthy ...201324045642
canine distemper virus: an emerging disease in wild endangered amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica).fewer than 500 amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica) remain in the wild. due to low numbers and their solitary and reclusive nature, tiger sightings across their range in the russian far east and china are rare; sightings of sick tigers are rarer still. serious neurologic disease observed in several wild tigers since 2001 suggested disease emergence in this endangered species. to investigate this possibility, histology, immunohistochemistry (ihc), in situ hybridization (ish), and reverse transcr ...201323943758
detection and differentiation of field and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus using reverse transcription followed by nested real time pcr (rt-nqpcr) and rflp analysis.canine distemper virus (cdv) is the cause of a severe and highly contagious disease in dogs. practical diagnosis of canine distemper based on clinical signs and laboratory tests are required to confirm cdv infection. the present study aimed to develop a molecular assay to detect and differentiate field and vaccine cdv strains. reverse transcription followed by nested real time polymerase chain reaction (rt-nqpcr) was developed, which exhibited analytical specificity (all the samples from healthy ...201323942341
cutaneous lesions associated with dual infection caused by canine distemper virus and orthopoxvirus in a domestic cat.within the context of an increased epidemiological pressure caused by canine distemper virus (cdv) in switzerland together with a potential re-emergence of endemic pathogens such as orthopoxviruses (opxv), dual infections are possible among susceptible species.201323869471
complete nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus 2 isolated from piglets in china.a new strain of canine distemper virus, strain hx, has been isolated from piglets in china, and its complete genome has been sequenced and analyzed. phylogenetic analysis suggests that hx belongs to the 2d genotype cluster and it is highly prevalent in china.201323868119
high prevalence of antibodies against canine adenovirus (cav) type 2 in domestic dog populations in south africa precludes the use of cav-based recombinant rabies vaccines.rabies in dogs can be controlled through mass vaccination. oral vaccination of domestic dogs would be useful in the developing world, where greater vaccination coverage is needed especially in inaccessible areas or places with large numbers of free-roaming dogs. from this perspective, recent research has focused on development of new recombinant vaccines that can be administered orally in a bait to be used as adjunct for parenteral vaccination. one such candidate, a recombinant canine adenovirus ...201323867013
genotypic lineages and restriction fragment length polymorphism of canine distemper virus isolates in thailand.canine distemper virus (cdv) is known to cause multisystemic disease in all families of terrestrial carnivores. attenuated live vaccines have been used to control cdv in a variety of species for many decades, yet a number of cdv infections in vaccinated dogs are still observed. the aims of this study were to investigate the genetic diversity of cdv lineages based on phosphoprotein (p), hemagglutinin (h) and fusion protein (f) genes and to develop the restriction fragment length polymorphism (rfl ...201323830775
duration of maternal antibodies against canine distemper virus and hendra virus in pteropid bats.old world frugivorous bats have been identified as natural hosts for emerging zoonotic viruses of significant public health concern, including henipaviruses (nipah and hendra virus), ebola virus, and marburg virus. epidemiological studies of these viruses in bats often utilize serology to describe viral dynamics, with particular attention paid to juveniles, whose birth increases the overall susceptibility of the population to a viral outbreak once maternal immunity wanes. however, little is unde ...201323826322
rabies, canine distemper, and canine parvovirus exposure in large carnivore communities from two zambian ecosystems.disease transmission within and among wild and domestic carnivores can have significant impacts on populations, particularly for threatened and endangered species. we used serology to evaluate potential exposure to rabies virus, canine distemper virus (cdv), and canine parvovirus (cpv) for populations of african lions (panthera leo), african wild dogs (lycaon pictus), and spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) in zambia's south luangwa national park (slnp) and liuwa plain national park (lpnp) as well ...201323805791
serologic response of harbor seals (phoca vitulina) to vaccination with a recombinant canine distemper vaccine.morbilliviruses pose a significant threat to marine mammal populations around the world and have been associated with multiple epizootics in pinnipeds and cetaceans. as part of a preventive veterinary medical program, five harbor seals (phoca vitulina) in a managed collection were vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored canine distemper virus vaccine. the vaccine was evaluated for safety (by monitoring seals for local and systemic adverse effects and by testing for shedding of the canar ...201323778607
serosurvey for selected viral infections in free-ranging jaguars (panthera onca) and domestic carnivores in brazilian cerrado, pantanal, and amazon.we investigated the exposure of jaguar (panthera onca) populations and domestic carnivores to selected viral infections in the cerrado, amazon, and pantanal biomes of brazil. between february 2000 and january 2010, we collected serum samples from 31 jaguars, 174 dogs (canis lupus familiaris), and 35 domestic cats (felis catus). serologic analyses for antibodies to rabies virus, canine distemper virus (cdv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), and for feline leukemia virus (felv) antigen were co ...201323778599
paramyxovirus infections in ex vivo lung slice cultures of different host species.paramyxoviruses, including measles virus (mv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and canine distemper virus (cdv), are transmitted via the respiratory route. despite their close phylogenetic relationship, the pathogenesis of these viruses is very different. to study viral tropism and replication ex vivo, a protocol for the inflation of lungs with low-melting-point agarose mixed with culture medium was established. lung slices were prepared and remained viable ...201323777750
supplementation of diets with bovine colostrum influences immune function in dogs.while the need for colostrum in neonates is well established, the systemic effect of feeding bovine colostrum (bc) to adult humans is gaining increasing attention. however, no systematic studies evaluating the immunomodulatory effect of bc in dogs have been reported. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of dietary supplementation of bc in dogs. the study was conducted in two phases: pre-test (8 weeks) and test (40 weeks), with twenty-four dogs (mean age 2.5 ye ...201323773360
complete nucleotide sequence of canine distemper virus cdv-ps, isolated from dogs in china.a new strain of canine distemper virus, cdv-ps, has been isolated from dogs in china, and its complete genome has been sequenced and analyzed. the phylogenetic analysis suggests that cdv-ps belongs to the asia-1 cluster and has low identity to the vaccine strain.201323682141
the fusion protein signal-peptide-coding region of canine distemper virus: a useful tool for phylogenetic reconstruction and lineage identification.canine distemper virus (cdv; paramyxoviridae, morbillivirus) is the etiologic agent of a multisystemic infectious disease affecting all terrestrial carnivore families with high incidence and mortality in domestic dogs. sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (h) gene has been widely employed to characterize field strains, permitting the identification of nine cdv lineages worldwide. recently, it has been established that the sequences of the fusion protein signal-peptide (fsp) coding region are e ...201323675493
assessing demographic and epidemiologic parameters of rural dog populations in india during mass vaccination campaigns.mass vaccination of dogs is a mainstay for efforts to control rabies and other viral pathogens. the success of such programs is a function of the ability to vaccinate sufficient proportions of animals to develop herd immunity. however, fully assessing success in reaching target vaccination-levels and in understanding the outcome of mass vaccination efforts is hindered if insufficient information is available on the demographics of dog populations and the prevalence of the targeted pathogens. whi ...201323664490
in vitro inhibition of canine distemper virus by flavonoids and phenolic acids: implications of structural differences for antiviral design.infection caused by canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious disease with high incidence and lethality in the canine population. antiviral activity of flavonoids quercetin, morin, rutin and hesperidin, and phenolic cinnamic, trans-cinnamic and ferulic acids were evaluated in vitro against the cdv using the time of addition assay to determine which step of the viral replicative cycle was affected. all flavonoids displayed great viral inhibition when they were added at the times 0 (adso ...201323664014
[entry mechanism of morbillivirus family].the genus morbillivirus includes measles virus, canine distemper virus and rinderpest virus. these are highly contagious and exhibit high mortality. these viruses have the attachment glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (h), at the virus surface, which bind to signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) and nectin 4 as receptors for the entry. however, the molecular mechanism for this entry has been limitedly understood. here we summarize the current topics, (1) newly identified receptor, nectin 4, ( ...201323649396
zymographic patterns of mmp-2 and mmp-9 in the csf and cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis.distemper leukoencephalitis is a disease caused by the canine distemper virus (cdv) infection. it is a demyelinating disease affecting mainly the white matter of the cerebellum and areas adjacent to the fourth ventricle; the enzymes of the matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) group, especially mmp-2 and mmp-9 have a key role in the myelin basic protein fragmentation and in demyelination, as well as in leukocyte traffic into the nervous milieu. to evaluate the involvement of mmps during subacute dist ...201323639293
rabies and canine distemper virus epidemics in the red fox population of northern italy (2006-2010).since 2006 the red fox (vulpes vulpes) population in north-eastern italy has experienced an epidemic of canine distemper virus (cdv). additionally, in 2008, after a thirteen-year absence from italy, fox rabies was re-introduced in the udine province at the national border with slovenia. disease intervention strategies are being developed and implemented to control rabies in this area and minimise risk to human health. here we present empirical data and the epidemiological picture relating to the ...201323630599
deduced sequences of the membrane fusion and attachment proteins of canine distemper viruses isolated from dogs and wild animals in korea.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes highly contagious respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological diseases in wild and domestic animal species. despite a broad vaccination campaign, the disease is still a serious problem worldwide. in this study, six field cdv strains were isolated from three dogs, two raccoon dogs, and one badger in korea. the full sequence of the genes encoding fusion (f) and hemagglutinin (h) proteins were compared with those of other cdvs including field and vaccine stra ...201323624803
canine distemper virus associated with a lethal outbreak in monkeys can readily adapt to use human receptors.a canine distemper virus (cdv) strain, cyn07-dv, associated with a lethal outbreak in monkeys, used human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule as a receptor only poorly but readily adapted to use it following a p541s substitution in the hemagglutinin protein. since cyn07-dv had an intrinsic ability to use human nectin-4, the adapted virus became able to use both human immune and epithelial cell receptors, as well as monkey and canine ones, suggesting that cdv can potentially infect humans.201323596291
risk factors for exposure to feline pathogens in california mountain lions (puma concolor).the primary challenge to mountain lion population viability in california is habitat loss and fragmentation. these habitat impacts could enhance disease risk by increasing contact with domestic animals and by altering patterns of exposure to other wild felids. we performed a serologic survey for feline pathogens in california mountain lions (puma concolor) using 490 samples from 45 counties collected from 1990 to 2008. most mountain lions sampled were killed because of depredation or public safe ...201323568903
phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of canine distemper virus strains detected from giant panda and raccoon dogs in china.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a variety of carnivores, including wild and domestic canidae. in this study, we sequenced and phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin (h) genes from eight canine distemper virus (cdv) isolates obtained from seven raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and a giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in china.201323566727
experimental adaptation of wild-type canine distemper virus (cdv) to the human entry receptor cd150.canine distemper virus (cdv), a close relative of measles virus (mv), is widespread and well known for its broad host range. when the goal of measles eradication may be achieved, and when measles vaccination will be stopped, cdv might eventually cross the species barrier to humans and emerge as a new human pathogen. in order to get an impression how fast such alterations may occur, we characterized required adaptive mutations to the human entry receptors cd150 (slam) and nectin-4 as first step t ...201323554862
phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin gene of wild-type strains of canine distemper virus in southern brazil.this study examined the phylogenetic relationship of strains of canine distemper virus (cdv) collected from paraná state, brazil, based on the hemagglutinin gene. urine samples were collected from 4 dogs from northern paraná state that demonstrated clinical manifestations of canine distemper. the participation of cdv was initially confirmed by rt-pcr targeting the nucleocapsid protein, after which the complete hemagglutinin gene was sequenced from each sample. sequences were deposited in and com ...201323546971
function of feline signaling lymphocyte activation molecule as a receptor of canine distemper virus.morbilliviruses use signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) as a receptor for their entry to cells. in this study, a complete gene encoding slam of a domestic cat was identified. the identity of feline slam with canine one was 73%, and feline slam formed the same cluster with those of carnivores. furthermore, feline cell expressing feline slam supported growth of canine distemper virus (cdv) as well as that expressing canine one. these results indicated that feline slam can function as a ...201323535266
detection of canine distemper virus serum neutralizing antibodies in captive u.s. phocids.antibodies to morbilliviruses have been documented in free-ranging pinnipeds throughout populations in the atlantic and arctic oceans, but not from the pacific ocean. as a symbolic geographic barrier between the exposed atlantic and naive pacific populations, the captive phocid population in north america had undocumented serologic status. in this study, canine distemper virus (cdv) serum neutralization assays were used to assess the prevalence of antibodies in this population with participation ...201323505705
leukocyte adhesion deficiency type i in a mixed-breed dog.a 6-month-old, neutered male, mixed-breed dog was examined for a 2-month persistent fever, nonhealing dermal metacarpal area wound, and leukocytosis (47.0-198.0 × 10(3)/μl). serum chemistry findings included hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperphosphatasemia. complete blood cell count results revealed a moderate microcytic, hypochromic nonregenerative anemia with a profound leukocytosis (198.5 × 10(3)/μl), characterized by neutrophilia with toxicity and hypersegmentat ...201323417082
complete nucleotide sequence of canine distemper virus hlj1-06, isolated from foxes in china.a new strain of canine distemper virus, hlj1-06, has been isolated from foxes in china, and its complete genome has been sequenced and analyzed. the phylogenetic analysis suggests that hlj1-06 belongs to the asia-1 cluster and has low identity to the vaccine strain.201323405331
fatal combined infection with canine distemper virus and orthopoxvirus in a group of asian marmots (marmota caudata).a fatal combined infection with canine distemper virus (cdv) and orthopoxvirus (opxv) in asian marmots (marmota caudata) is reported in this article. a total of 7 asian marmots from a small zoological garden in switzerland were found dead in hibernation during a routine check in the winter of 2011. the marmots died in february 2011. no clinical signs of disease were observed at any time. the viruses were detected in all individuals for which the tissues were available (n = 3). detection of the v ...201323381928
aptamers targeting rabies virus-infected cells inhibit viral replication both in vitro and in vivo.rabies is an acute fatal encephalitis disease that affects many warm-blooded mammals. the causative agent of the disease is rabies virus (rabv). currently, no approved therapy is available once the clinical signs have appeared. aptamers, oligonucleotide ligands capable of binding a variety of molecular targets with high affinity and specificity, have recently emerged as promising therapeutic agents. in this study, sixteen high-affinity single-stranded dna (ssdna) aptamers were generated by cell- ...201323333291
concomitant canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, canine parvoviral enteritis, canine infectious tracheobronchitis, and toxoplasmosis in a puppy.the concomitant infections of canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus a types 1 (cadv-1) and 2 (cadv-2), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), and toxoplasma gondii are described in a 43-day-old mixed-breed puppy. clinically, there were convulsions and blindness with spontaneous death; 14 siblings of this puppy, born to a 10-month-old dam, which was seropositive (titer: 1,024) for t. gondii, also died. necropsy revealed unilateral corneal edema (blue eye), depletion of intestinal lymphoid ti ...201323293164
characteristics of a canine distemper virus outbreak in dichato, chile following the february 2010 earthquake.following the earthquake and tsunami disaster in chile in february 2010, residents of dichato reported high morbidity and mortality in dogs, descriptions of which resembled canine distemper virus (cdv). to assess the situation, free vaccine clinics were offered in april and may. owner information, dog history and signalment were gathered; dogs received physical examinations and vaccines protecting against cdv, and other common canine pathogens. blood was collected to screen for igm antibodies to ...201326479537
dog nectin-4 is an epithelial cell receptor for canine distemper virus that facilitates virus entry and syncytia formation.canine distemper virus (cdv) was shown to use dog nectin-4 as a receptor to gain entry into epithelial cells. rna from dog placenta or mdck kidney cells was isolated and cdnas were prepared. two splice variants of dog nectin-4 were identified. a deletion of 25 amino acids was found in the cytoplasmic domain of dog nectin-4 from mdck cells, corresponding to a splice variant that is also seen in murine nectin-4, and did not affect its role as a receptor. both dog nectin-4 and human nectin-4 could ...201323260107
mast cells in canine parvovirus-2-associated enteritis with crypt abscess.the role of mast cells (mcs) in allergic reactions and parasitic infections is well established. their involvement in host immune response against bacterial and viral infections is reported. in this study, investigation is made to determine if mcs are associated with canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2)-induced enteritis with crypt abscess (eca). mast cell count (mcc) was made on toluidine blue-stained intestinal sections from a total of 34 dogs. these included 16 dogs exhibiting eca positive for cpv-2 a ...201323558973
the v protein of canine distemper virus is required for virus replication in human epithelial cells.canine distemper virus (cdv) becomes able to use human receptors through a single amino acid substitution in the h protein. in addition, cdv strains possessing an intact c protein replicate well in human epithelial h358 cells. the present study showed that cdv strain 007lm, which was isolated from lymph node tissue of a dog with distemper, failed to replicate in h358 cells, although it possessed an intact c protein. sequence analyses suggested that a cysteine-to-tyrosine substitution at position ...201324358174
detection of mink enteritis virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp).loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method was discovered in the last decade but only used for the first time in the diagnosis of mink enteritis virus (mev) infection in this study. the amplification could be completed within 60 min, under isothermal condition at 65°c, by employing a set of four primers targeting the vp2 gene of mev. the lamp was more sensitive than the conventional pcr, with a detection limit of 10(-1) median tissue culture infective doses (tcid(50))/ml per reaction, ...201323183142
morbillivirus v proteins exhibit multiple mechanisms to block type 1 and type 2 interferon signalling pathways.morbilliviruses form a closely related group of pathogenic viruses which encode three non-structural proteins v, w and c in their p gene. previous studies with rinderpest virus (rpv) and measles virus (mev) have demonstrated that these non-structural proteins play a crucial role in blocking type i (ifnα/β) and type ii (ifnγ) interferon action, and various mechanisms have been proposed for these effects. we have directly compared four important morbilliviruses, rinderpest (rpv), measles virus (me ...201323431397
canine distemper virus antigen detection in external epithelia of recently vaccinated, sick dogs by fluorescence microscopy is a valuable prognostic indicator.currently, there are no reliable predictors of the clinical outcomes of domesticated dogs that have been recently vaccinated against canine distemper virus (cdv) and develop respiratory disease. in this study, vaccinated dogs from oklahoma city that were showing clinical signs of respiratory disease were evaluated for cdv antigen using a direct fluorescent antibody test (fat). clinical outcomes after standard symptomatic therapy for respiratory disease were recorded, and a statistical analysis o ...201425428156
rapid and sensitive detection of canine distemper virus by one-tube reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction.canine distemper virus (cdv) has been associated with outbreaks of canine infectious respiratory disease in shelters and boarding kennel environments. pockittm nucleic acid analyzer is a field-deployable device capable of generating automatically interpreted insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iipcr) results from extracted nucleic acid within one hour. in this study, reverse transcription iipcr (rt-iipcr) was developed to facilitate point-of-need diagnosis of cdv infection.201425200113
canine distemper virus infection leads to an inhibitory phenotype of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro with reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules and increased interleukin-10 transcription.canine distemper virus (cdv) exhibits a profound lymphotropism that causes immunosuppression and increased susceptibility of affected dogs to opportunistic infections. similar to human measles virus, cdv is supposed to inhibit terminal differentiation of dendritic cells (dcs), responsible for disturbed repopulation of lymphoid tissues and diminished antigen presenting function in dogs. in order to testify the hypothesis that cdv-infection leads to an impairment of professional antigen presenting ...201424769532
first report of angiostrongylus vasorum and hepatozoon from a red fox (vulpes vulpes) from west virginia, usa.angiostrongylus vasorum was identified in the lungs of a red fox (vulpes vulpes) from west virginia, united states (us), indicating a new geographical location for this metastrongylid nematode. the fox was euthanized and submitted for necropsy after displaying erratic behavior. we did not detect rabies virus or canine distemper virus from the fox. we observed bronchopneumonia associated with a. vasorum infection disseminated in both lungs. in addition, protozoal meronts were observed in the live ...201424412356
serosurvey for selected pathogens in free-ranging american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa.american black bears (ursus americanus) in maryland, usa, live in forested areas in close proximity to humans and their domestic pets. from 1999 to 2011, we collected 84 serum samples from 63 black bears (18 males; 45 females) in five maryland counties and tested them for exposure to infectious, including zoonotic, pathogens. a large portion of the bears had antibody to canine distemper virus and toxoplasma gondii, many at high titers. prevalences of antibodies to zoonotic agents such as rabies ...201425075540
canine adenovirus type 1 in a fennec fox (vulpes zerda).a 10-mo-old female fennec fox (vulpes zerda) with drooling suddenly died and was examined postmortem. histologic examination of different tissue samples was performed. vacuolar degeneration and diffuse fatty change were observed in the liver. several diagnostic methods were used to screen for canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine influenza virus, canine coronavirus, canine parainfluenza virus, and canine adenovirus (cadv). only cadv type 1 (cadv-1) was detected in several organs (liv ...201425632689
antiviral activity of a bacillus sp. p34 peptide against pathogenic viruses of domestic animals.p34 is an antimicrobial peptide produced by a bacillus sp. strain isolated from the intestinal contents of a fish in the brazilian amazon basin with reported antibacterial activity. the aim of this work was to evaluate the peptide p34 for its in vitro antiviral properties against canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine coronavirus (ccov), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), equine arteritis virus (eav), equine influenza virus (eiv), feline calicivirus (fcv) and felin ...201425477947
molecular and serological surveillance of canine enteric viruses in stray dogs from vila do maio, cape verde.infections caused by canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine coronavirus are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in dogs worldwide. prior to this study, no information was available concerning the incidence and prevalence of these viruses in cape verde archipelago.201424755118
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