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sequence analysis of s1 genes of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in thailand during 2008-2009: identification of natural recombination in the field isolates.during 2008-2009, fifteen field infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) were isolated from commercial chicken farms in thailand. after sequencing of the complete s1 gene, phylogenetic analysis was performed and this found that the thai ibv isolates were divided into three distinct groups, unique to thailand (group i), qx-like ibv (group ii), and massachusetts type (group iii). this finding indicated that the recent thai ibvs evolved separately and that at least three groups of viruses are circulati ...201121706315
infectious bronchitis virus variants: a review of the history, current situation and control measures.the history, current situation and control measures for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants are reviewed. a large number of ibv variants exist worldwide; some being unique to a particular area, others having a more general distribution. the possible reasons why some strains spread readily over major parts of the world, whereas other strains stay more localized are discussed. the advantages and disadvantages of strain classification by protectotyping, serotyping and genotyping are discusse ...201121711181
phylogenetic analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in china during 2009-2010.as part of our ongoing surveillance program, 40 field strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from dead or diseased chicken flocks in different areas of china between 2009 and 2010. s1 glycoprotein genes of these strains were sequenced and analyzed with 38 strains published in genbank. s1 genes of these isolated strains and the vaccine strains showed nucleotide homologies ranging from 65.2 to 82% and amino acid homologies ranging from 58.4 to 81.9%. meanwhile, chinese ib ...201121842233
binding of avian coronavirus spike proteins to host factors reflects virus tropism and pathogenicity.the binding of viruses to host cells is the first step in determining tropism and pathogenicity. while avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) infection and avian influenza a virus (iav) infection both depend on +¦2,3-linked sialic acids, the host tropism of ibv is restricted compared to that of iav. here we investigated whether the interaction between the viral attachment proteins and the host could explain these differences by using recombinant spike domains (s1) of ibv strains with diff ...201121697468
Prevalence of infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease virus among domestic and wild birds in H5N1 outbreaks areas.The first H5N1 outbreak in Burkina Faso was reported to the World Organization for Animal Health on 3 April 2006. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and Newcastle disease virus among domestic and wild birds in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks areas.201121841299
effects of blood sample mishandling on elisa results for infectious bronchitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus and chicken anaemia virus.this study determined the effect of sample mishandling on the performance of elisas for detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian encephalomyelitis virus (aev) and chicken anaemia virus (cav) in the serum of chickens. the effects of five different sample mishandling treatments were assessed: heat treatment, repetitive freezing and thawing and three levels of severity of haemolysis. these mishandling treatments simulated different conditions that might occur during ...201122015139
In vitro and in vivo effects of Houttuynia cordata on infectious bronchitis virus.Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis leading to enormous economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) (HC) is a traditional Chinese medicine used in China. In the present study, the effect of HC on cell infection by IBV was determined using plaque assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The inhibitory effect of HC on IBV infection in ovo and in vivo was analysed using specific pathogen free (S ...201121848486
Recombination in avian gamma-coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.Recombination in the family Coronaviridae has been well documented and is thought to be a contributing factor in the emergence and evolution of different coronaviral genotypes as well as different species of coronavirus. However, there are limited data available on the frequency and extent of recombination in coronaviruses in nature and particularly for the avian gamma-coronaviruses where only recently the emergence of a turkey coronavirus has been attributed solely to recombination. In this stu ...201121994806
The sialic acid binding activity of the S protein facilitates infection by porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has a sialic acid binding activity that is believed to be important for enteropathogenicity, but that has so far appeared to be dispensable for infection of cultured cells. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of sialic acid binding for the infection of cultured cells under unfavorable conditions, and comparison of TGEV strains and mutants, as well as the avian coronavirus IBV concerning their dependence on the sialic acid binding activit ...201121910859
Epidemiology and immunoprotection of nephropathogenic avian infectious bronchitis virus in southern China.In last three years, 96 suspected poultry farms from different provinces in China were diagnosed for avian infectious bronchitis (IB) survey. Finally, 221 IBV strains were confirmed by dwarf embryo test and RT-PCR assay. By virus recovery trials, 187 of the isolates caused the birds died or distressed from nephritis, which was accordant with the clinical record.201122032619
Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus after vaccination and challenge of chickens varying in serum mannose-binding lectin concentrations.Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a C-type collectin with structural similarities to C1q, is an innate pattern-recognition molecule that is sequestered to sites of inflammation and infections. MBL selectively binds distinct chemical patterns, including carbohydrates expressed on all kinds of pathogens. The present study shows that serum MBL levels influence the ability of chickens to clear the respiratory tract of virus genomes after an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection. The primary IBV in ...201122008821
impact of competitive non-protective antigens in a booster killed vaccine on seroconversions to protective antigens of newcastle disease virus in chickens.this study was designed to examine the impact of competitive non-protective antigens in a bivalent killed vaccine of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis (ib) virus on seroconversions against protective fusion protein of newcastle disease (nd) virus (ndv), in free-range layers primed by live nd-clone 30 and ib-h120 vaccines. the experimental design included two free-range layer farms in which sera of randomly chosen layers were collected on two occasions from each of the two farms n ...201122194228
Changes in nonstructural protein 3 are associated with attenuation in avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.Full-length genome sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated (for chickens) avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains of the same serotype was conducted to identify genetic differences between the pathotypes. Analysis of the consensus full-length genome for three different IBV serotypes (Ark, GA98, and Mass41) showed that passage in embryonated eggs, to attenuate the viruses for chickens, resulted in 34.75-43.66% of all the amino acid changes occurring in nsp 3 within a virus typ ...201121909766
QX-like infectious bronchitis virus in Africa. 201122121184
a recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus expressing a heterologous spike gene belonging to the 4/91 serotype.we have shown previously that replacement of the spike (s) gene of the apathogenic ibv strain beau-r with that from the pathogenic strain of the same serotype, m41, resulted in an apathogenic virus, beaur-m41(s), that conferred protection against challenge with m41. we have constructed a recombinant ibv, beaur-4/91(s), with the genetic backbone of beau-r but expressing the spike protein of the pathogenic ibv strain 4/91(uk), which belongs to a different serogroup as beaudette or m41. similar to ...201121912629
a 15-year analysis of molecular epidemiology of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus in china.a comprehensive study of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in china was carried out by molecular characterization of the s1 gene from 46 isolates obtained for this study and 174 reference strains isolated over a 15-year period. nine types were found according to sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the s1 gene. the co-circulation of multiple ibv types and the ongoing emergence of ibv variants are the epidemiological challenges in china. factors contri ...201120833270
forsythoside a inhibits the avian infectious bronchitis virus in cell culture.forsythoside a is a polyphenolic constituent of the fruits of forsythia suspensa vahl. which is widely used as an antiinflammatory agent in traditional chinese medicine. in the present study, the effects of forsythoside a on cell infection by avian infectious bronchitis virus were assessed. a real-time fluorescence quantitative pcr assay was used to determine mrna content of ibv n gene. the pretreatment of cells with forsythoside a, adding forsythoside a post infection of cells, and treatment of ...201120677175
development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.in this study, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was developed for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). six primers were designed to amplify the nucleocapsid (n) gene of pedv. the optimization, sensitivity, and specificity of the rt-lamp were investigated. the results showed that the optimal reaction condition for rt-lamp amplifying pedv n gene was achieved at 63°c for 50 min. the rt-lamp assay was more sensitive than gel-based rt-pcr and en ...201121286798
protective immune responses induced by in ovo immunization with recombinant adenoviruses expressing spike (s1) glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus fused/co-administered with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes tremendous economic losses associated with production inefficiencies and mortality in poultry industry worldwide. in the present report, the recombinant adenoviruses expressing chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (gm-csf) and s1 gene of nephropathogenic ibv were constructed and characterized. then, the immunological efficacy and protection against homologous ibv challenge were assessed in specific pathogen free (spf) chickens. the res ...201120850939
Annexin A2 binds RNA and reduces the frameshifting efficiency of infectious bronchitis virus.Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a protein implicated in diverse cellular functions, including exocytosis, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. It was recently proposed to be involved in RNA metabolism because it was shown to associate with some cellular mRNA. Here, we identified ANXA2 as a RNA binding protein (RBP) that binds IBV (Infectious Bronchitis Virus) pseudoknot RNA. We first confirmed the binding of ANXA2 to IBV pseudoknot RNA by ultraviolet crosslinking and showed its binding to RNA pseudoknot ...201121918681
Coronavirus infection induces DNA replication stress partly through interaction of its nonstructural protein 13 with the p125 subunit of DNA polymerase d.Perturbation of cell cycle regulation is a characteristic feature of infection by many DNA and RNA viruses, including Coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). IBV infection was shown to induce cell cycle arrest at both S and G(2)/M phases for the enhancement of viral replication and progeny production. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well explored. In this study we show that activation of cellular DNA damage response is one of the mechanisms exploited by Coronavirus to induce ce ...201121918226
New insights on infectious bronchitis virus pathogenesis: characterization of Italy 02 serotype in chicks and adult hens.Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a worldwide disease affecting chickens of all ages and causing important economic losses in poultry industry. Despite being one of the predominant IB virus (IBV) serotype in several European countries, slightly is known about pathogenesis and pathogenicity of Italy 02 serotype. In this study chicks and old hens were infected by oculo-nasal route with Italy 02 serotype. Clinical signs, gross and microscopic findings were evaluated, viral nucleic acid detection was as ...201122172297
Detection of Chinese Q1 strain of infectious bronchitis virus in Europe. 201121856669
The SARS-coronavirus-host interactome: identification of cyclophilins as target for pan-coronavirus inhibitors.Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human and animal pathogens that induce fatal respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological disease. The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002/2003 has demonstrated human vulnerability to (Coronavirus) CoV epidemics. Neither vaccines nor therapeutics are available against human and animal CoVs. Knowledge of host cell proteins that take part in pivotal virus-host interactions could define broad-spectrum antiviral targets. In this study ...201122046132
regulation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and dual-specificity phosphatase 1 feedback loop modulates the induction of interleukin 6 and 8 in cells infected with coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.induction of pro-inflammatory response is a crucial cellular process that detects and controls the invading viruses at early stages of the infection. along with other innate immunity, this nonspecific response would either clear the invading viruses or allow the adaptive immune system to establish an effective antiviral response at late stages of the infection. the objective of this study was to characterize cellular mechanisms exploited by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) to regula ...201121959016
evaluation of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing infectious bronchitis virus s1 gene and chicken interferon-γ gene for immune protection against heterologous strains.a recombinant fowlpox virus (rfpv-ifnγs1) that co-expressed the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 gene and the chicken interferon-γ gene has been constructed. to evaluate the efficacy of the recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine against heterotypic ibv strains, 60 4-week-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens were inoculated with this vaccine and 3 weeks post inoculation challenged with the homotypic ibv strain lx4 and the heterotypic ibv strains lhb, lhlj04xi, ltj95i and lsc99i. antibodies ag ...201121216313
an emerging recombinant cluster of nephropathogenic strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in korea.the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is continuously evolving through point mutation and recombination of their genome, subsequently the emergence of ibv variants complicates disease control. the objective of this study was to investigate genetic characterization of new ibv variants isolated from commercial chicken flocks in korea collected between 2005 and 2010. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all new ibv isolates belonged to korean group ii (k-ii), which included the nephropathogenic ibv ...201121255688
Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Russia and neighbouring countries: identification of intertypic recombination in the S1 gene.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) isolates recovered in Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan between 2007 and 2010 were subjected to molecular characterization and compared with those isolated a decade ago. The IBV genome was detected in 202 out of 605 field samples from chickens with various clinical signs. Partial sequencing of the S1 gene revealed 153 vaccine strains and 49 field isolates of several genetic groups. Massachusetts, 793/B and D274 remained the predominant IBV genotypes along with QX, ...201121854179
profiling of substrate specificities of 3c-like proteases from group 1, 2a, 2b, and 3 coronaviruses.coronaviruses (covs) can be classified into alphacoronavirus (group 1), betacoronavirus (group 2), and gammacoronavirus (group 3) based on diversity of the protein sequences. their 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)), which catalyzes the proteolytic processing of the polyproteins for viral replication, is a potential target for anti-coronaviral infection.201122073294
Emergence of novel strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Sweden.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis, an important disease that produces severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Recent IBV infections in Sweden have been associated with poor growth in broilers, drop in egg production and thin egg shells in layers. The complete spike gene of selected isolates from IBV cases was amplified and sequenced using conventional RT-PCR. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons have shown that the recent isolates be ...201122005179
nephritis associated with infectious bronchitis virus cal99 variant in game chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) cal99 variant was isolated from the kidneys of seven 2-5-mo-old game chickens with nephritis and respiratory disease. ibv cal99 variant is usually associated with respiratory disease in broiler chickens in california. macroscopically, the majority of the birds had moderately to severely enlarged and mottled pale kidneys, with increased urates in the ureters. microscopically, most of the birds had acute nephrosis and interstitial nephritis. the birds also had sin ...201122017040
Phylogenetic analysis of S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from China.Between 2006 and 2009, seven strains of infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) were isolated from vaccinated chicken flocks on different chicken farms in China. The pathogenic characters of seven IBV strains were assessed. Each of the seven strains was infective to the test chickens and could induce an immune response. The results from chicken embryo cross-neutralization assays showed that these strains were antigenically distinct from classic IBV strains of H120, M41, Conn, and Gray. Compared t ...201122017046
Serotype and genotype diversity of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated during 1985-2008 in Guangxi, China.The genetic diversity of the hypervariable region I of S1 gene (HVR I) of infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine strains H120, Ma5 and 4/91 was compared to that of 26 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains isolated from the field in Guangxi province of China during the years 1985-2008, and the field isolates were classified into five major genotypes. Monovalent antisera against three vaccine strains and seven field isolates of different genotypes were prepared by immunizing rabbits with mineral o ...201122198411
Effects of immune stress on growth performance, immunity, and cecal microflora in chickens.Immune stress is the loss of immune homeostasis by external forces. This study investigated the effects of different types of immune stress on growth performance, immunity, and the distribution of cecal microflora in broiler chickens. In total, 540 one-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 5 (n = 108 birds/group) treatments: 1) no vaccination; 2) simplified vaccination, which included the infectious bronchitis vaccine (H120), the inactivated avian influenza vaccine (AI ...201122080012
evaluation of sialic acid and acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloids a) in healthy and avian infection bronchitis virus-infected chicks.forty-five 24-day-old cobb chicks infected with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and ten healthy 24-day-old cobb chicks without any clinical signs of ibv as control group were selected for the study. all of the diseased chicks showed some or all of the clinical signs of infectious bronchitis including gasping, coughing and nasal discharge, wet eyes, swollen sinuses, reduction of food consumption and weight gain. diagnosis of ibv was based on clinical signs and elisa test. blood samples were tak ...201132214968
s1 gene sequence analysis of new variant isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus in tunisia.tissue samples were collected from suspected broiler flocks showing respiratory signs to identify infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), characterize emerging field strains, and study their relationships with the massachusetts h120 strain, the only ib vaccine used in tunisia.201230155432
optimization of transfection methods for huh-7 and vero cells: a comparative study.availability of an efficient transfection protocol is the first determinant in success of gene transferring studies in mammalian cells which is accomplished experimentally for every single cell type. herein, we provide data of a comparative study on optimization of transfection condition by electroporation and chemical methods for huh-7 and vero cells. different cell confluencies, dna/reagent ratios and total transfection volumes were optimized for two chemical reagents including jetpei™ and lip ...201232214542
efficacy of intranasal and spray delivery of adjuvanted live vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus in experimentally infected poultry.live vaccines are widely used in the avian industry. such vaccines can be either injected or delivered on animal mucosa and are usually not adjuvanted. in this study we show that live vaccines efficacy can be improved by formulation with adjuvants in a model of mucosal delivery of live infectious bronchitis vaccine in chicken. three adjuvant technologies have been tested using intranasal and spray delivery methods to poultry. those technologies are water in oil in water emulsion, nanoparticles a ...201232288918
up-regulation of mcl-1 and bak by coronavirus infection of human, avian and animal cells modulates apoptosis and viral replication.virus-induced apoptosis and viral mechanisms that regulate this cell death program are key issues in understanding virus-host interactions and viral pathogenesis. like many other human and animal viruses, coronavirus infection of mammalian cells induces apoptosis. in this study, the global gene expression profiles are first determined in ibv-infected vero cells at 24 hours post-infection by affymetrix array, using avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) as a model system. it reveals ...201222253918
influenza c virus-associated community-acquired pneumonia in children.to evaluate the impact of influenza c (icv) infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap), all of the children consecutively seen during 4 influenza seasons with respiratory symptoms and radiographically confirmed cap were prospectively evaluated. icv was identified in the respiratory secretions of five of 391 patients (1·3%). in children with icv-associated cap, clinical data were similar to those observed in children with iav-associated cap and worse than those observed in chil ...201223594251
the proportion of specific viral subpopulations in attenuated arkansas delmarva poultry industry infectious bronchitis vaccines influences vaccination outcome.we investigated the significance of differing proportions of specific subpopulations among commercial arkansas (ark) delmarva poultry industry (dpi) vaccines with regard to vaccination outcome. two arkdpi-derived vaccines that contain a higher proportion of viruses with s1 genes that become selected during replication in chickens exhibited more rapid establishment of those selected subpopulations in chickens, produced significantly higher viral loads in tears, and induced higher antibody respons ...201223397834
review of infectious bronchitis virus around the world.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gamma coronavirus that causes a highly contagious disease in chickens. the virus can affect the upper respiratory tract and the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause a nephritis. different serotypes and genetic types of the virus have been identified worldwide and for the most part do not cross-protect. in addition, new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome, making this virus difficult to ...201223397833
[evaluation of antigenic relationship of guangxi isolates of infectious bronchitis virus].monovalent antisera of 3 vaccine strains and 7 representative field isolates were prepared based on the comparison of genetic diversity of the hypervariable region i of s1 gene (hvr i from 3 infectious bronchitis (ib) vaccine strains (h120, ma5 and 4/91) ,one reference strain m41 and 26 ib field isolates. these 30 strains were classified in 7 different genotypes, respectively. virus-neutralizing test on tracheal organ cultures (toc) with chicken embryo were used to evaluate relatedness values of ...201223367560
Modification of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus for vaccine development.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an infectious respiratory disease of domestic fowl that affects poultry of all ages causing economic problems for the poultry industry worldwide. Although IBV is controlled using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines it continues to be a major problem due to the existence of many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein resulting in poor cross-protection, and loss of immunogenicity associated with vaccine production. Live attenuated IBV vacci ...201222179147
Antiviral activity of arbidol, a broad-spectrum drug for use against respiratory viruses, varies according to test conditions.The therapeutic activity of arbidol was investigated against representatives of seven different virus families. Its 50% median effective concentration (EC(50) ) was 0.22-11.8?µg/ml (0.41-22?nM). Therapeutic indices of 91 were obtained for type 1 poliovirus and 1.9-8.5 for influenza A and B, human paramyxo-3, avian infectious bronchitis-, and Marek's disease viruses. Arbidol was more inhibitory for influenza A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus than rimantadine or amantadine (EC(50) 10 vs. >15 and >31.6?µg/ ...201222028179
Live attenuated nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus vaccine provides broad cross protection against new variant strains.Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide, and the emergence of new variant strains complicates disease control. The present study investigated the genetic and protectotypic features of newly emerged Korean IBV strains. A phylogenetic analysis showed that several recent isolates formed 2 different clusters (new cluster 1 and 2), which were distinct from other preexisting clusters. New cluster 1 IBV strains represented recombinants ...201222184432
expression of the c-type lectins dc-sign or l-sign alters host cell susceptibility for the avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), an avian coronavirus, is a cause of great economic loss in the poultry industry. the virus mainly infects respiratory epithelium, but can be also detected in other organs. the functional receptor for the virus has not been found and field strains of ibv do not infect conventional cell lines. recently, it has been shown that the c-type lectins dc-sign/l-sign can promote entry of several coronaviruses. here we examine whether dc-sign/l-sign are entry determinants ...201222340967
co-infection of broilers with ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and h9n2 avian influenza virus.since 2008, a progressive pneumonia has become prevalent in broilers and laying hens. this disease occurrs the first day after hatching and lasts more than 30 days, resulting in approximately 70% morbidity and 30% mortality in broilers. the objective of this study was to isolate and identify the pathogens that are responsible for the progressive pneumonia and establish an animal model for drug screening.201222748160
bioinformatics and evolutionary insight on the spike glycoprotein gene of qx-like and massachusetts strains of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gammacoronavirus of the family coronaviridae and is a causative agent of an economically important disease in poultry. the spike glycoprotein of ibv is essential for host cell attachment, neutralization, and is involved in the induction of protective immunity. previously obtained sequence data of the spike gene of ibv qx-like and massachusetts strains were subjected to bioinformatics analysis.201222992336
detection of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus type qx infection in switzerland.infectious bronchitis, a disease of chickens caused by avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), leads to severe economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. various attempts to control the virus based on vaccination strategies are performed. however, due to the emergence of novel genotypes, an effective control of the virus is hindered. in 1996, a novel viral genotype named ibv-qx was reported for the first time in qingdao, shandong province, china. the first appearance of an ...201223051829
complete genome sequences of two chinese virulent avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus variants.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is variable, which causes many serotypes. here we reported the complete genome sequences of two virulent ibv variants from china, gx-yl5 and gx-yl9, belonging to different serotypes. differences between gx-yl5 and gx-yl9 were found mainly in stem-loop structure i in the predicted rna secondary structure of open reading frame (orf) 1b and the s protein gene fusion region, which will help us understand the molecular evolutionary mechanism of ibv ...201222966194
avian coronavirus spike glycoprotein ectodomain shows a low codon adaptation to gallus gallus with virus-exclusive codons in strategic amino acids positions.this is a study on the avian coronavirus ibv and chicken host-relationship from the codon usage point of view based on fifty-nine non-redundant ibv s1 sequences (nt 1-507) from strains detected worldwide and chicken tissue-specific protein genes sequences from ibv-replicating sites. the effective number of codons (enc) values ranged from 36 to 47.8, indicating a high-to-moderate codon usage bias. the highest ibv codon adaptation index (cai) value was 0.7, indicating a distant virus versus host s ...201222903606
molecular evolution and emergence of avian gammacoronaviruses.coronaviruses, which are single stranded, positive sense rna viruses, are responsible for a wide variety of existing and emerging diseases in humans and other animals. the gammacoronaviruses primarily infect avian hosts. within this genus of coronaviruses, the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes a highly infectious upper-respiratory tract disease in commercial poultry. ibv shows rapid evolution in chickens, frequently producing new antigenic types, which adds to the multip ...201222609285
avian reovirus sigma c enhances the mucosal and systemic immune responses elicited by antigen-conjugated lactic acid bacteria.mucosal surfaces are common sites of pathogen colonization/entry. effective mucosal immunity by vaccination should provide protection at this primary infection site. our aim was to develop a new vaccination strategy that elicits a mucosal immune response. a new strain of enterococcus faecium, a non pathogenic lactic acid bacteria (lab) with strong cell adhesion ability, was identified and used as a vaccine vector to deliver two model antigens. specifically, sigma (σ) c protein of avian reovirus ...201222531554
effects of chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunodeficiency on infectious bronchitis virus replication and genotypic drift.we followed changes in a portion of the s1 gene sequence of the dominant populations of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas (ark) vaccine strain during serial passage in chickens infected with the immunosuppressive chicken anaemia virus (cav) and/or infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) as well as in immunocompetent chickens. the ibv-ark vaccine was applied ocularly and tears were collected from infected chickens for subsequent ocular inoculation in later passages. the experiment was ...201222897690
development of fpv140 antigen-specific elisa differentiating fowlpox virus isolates from all other viral pathogens of avian origin.the fpv140 gene encodes an envelope protein of fowlpox virus (fpv). in this study, the fpv140 gene of fpv chinese isolate hh2008 was cloned and the comparison of its sequence with other fpv isolates showed it to be highly conserved across all fpv isolates. a recombinant plasmid pet-fpv140 carrying fpv140 gene was constructed and transformed into escherichia coli. the optimal expression condition for the fpv140 gene was developed and purified fpv140 recombinant protein was used to produce rabbit ...201222991535
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) from avian infectious bronchitis virus.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a member of the group iii coronaviruses, which differ from the other groups of coronaviruses in that they do not encode the essential pathogenic factor nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) and instead start with nsp2. ibv nsp2 is one of the first replicase proteins to be translated and processed in the viral life cycle; however, it has an entirely unknown function. in order to better understand the structural details and functional mechanism of ibv nsp2, the ...201222684079
effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on colibacillosis lesions in broilers after infectious bronchitis virus and subsequent escherichia coli infection.in case of persistent and sterile inflammation, anti-inflammatory drugs should be considered as first choice treatment instead of antibiotics.201222475186
immune responses to mucosal vaccination by the recombinant a1 and n proteins of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is prevented primarily by the use of live attenuated vaccines, which are known to have a limited strain range of protection. alternative vaccines against the emerging new virus strains can improve control of the disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenic potential of two recombinant viral proteins, when administered by eyedrop, without the assistance of a vector. the recombinant s1 (rs1) and n (rn) proteins of the m41 strain expressed in e. c ...201222225471
preparation and characterization of egg yolk immunoglobulin y specific to influenza b virus.the aim of this study was to prepare egg yolk immunoglobulin (igy) for use in the prevention and treatment of influenza b viral infections. laying hens were immunized with inactivated influenza b virus (ibv), and igy was isolated from the egg yolk by multiple polyethylene glycol (peg) 6000 extraction and ammonium sulfate purification steps. the titers and specificity of the purified antibodies were assessed. the specific igy titer increased beginning the second week after the first immunization, ...201222127067
infectious bronchitis virus subpopulations in vaccinated chickens after challenge.infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) shows extensive genotypic and phenotypic variability. the evolutionary process involves generation of genetic diversity by mutations and recombination followed by replication of those phenotypes favored by selection. in the current study, we examined changes occurring in a wild arkansas (ark) challenge strain in chickens that were vaccinated either ocularly with commercially available attenuated arkdpi-derived vaccines or in ovo with a replication-defectiv ...201223050466
genetic diversity and selection regulates evolution of infectious bronchitis virus.conventional and molecular epidemiologic studies have confirmed the ability of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) to rapidly evolve and successfully circumvent extensive vaccination programs implemented since the early 1950s. ibv evolution has often been explained as variation in gene frequencies as if evolution were driven by genetic drift alone. however, the mechanisms regulating the evolution of ibv include both the generation of genetic diversity and the selection process. ibv's generation of ...201223050459
expression of avian infectious bronchitis virus multi-epitope based peptide epic in lactococcus lactis for oral immunization of chickens.the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) multi-epitope based peptide epic was found to be effective in inducing strong humoral and cellular responses against ibv. in this study, the gene epic was introduced into lactococcus lactis nz3900, and three recombinant strains expressing epic in intracellular and extracellular forms were constructed. sds-page and western blot results indicated that epic was successfully expressed and had good immunoreactivity with chicken anti-ibv serum. fusion of the ...201223047098
circulation of qx-like infectious bronchitis virus in the middle east. 201223042850
effect of infection route and concurrent infectious bronchitis virus vaccination on mycoplasma gallisepticum disease pathology in an experimental model.the study of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) infection is needed, not only to understand the disease process but also to understand the mechanisms by which mg vaccines protect the host. many model systems have been used to study the mg disease process. this work compared two different routes of infection (intratracheal versus eye drop) in commercial pullets, looking for differences in the pathology (air sac and tracheal lesion scores, and tracheal mucosal thickness) and the humoral immune response ...201223025670
qx-like infectious bronchitis virus isolated from cases of proventriculitis in commercial broilers in england. 201223118050
comparative dynamic distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus m41, h120, and saibk strains by quantitative real-time rt-pcr in spf chickens.avian infectious bronchitis is an acute, highly contagious disease of chickens. to study the differences of dynamic distribution between nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains such as saibk and other strains (the m41 and h120 strains), relative quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was developed by housekeeping gene selection. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ubiquitin were chosen for normalization in this experimental set. then ni ...201223221700
virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus, people's republic of china.a virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was isolated from 30-day-old broiler chickens that exhibited respiratory symptoms, nephropathologic lesions, and a high proportion of deaths in the people's republic of china during 2005. the strain, designated yn, was genetically and pathologically characterized. phylogenetic analysis showed that yn and most of the previously characterized ibv isolates found in china were phylogenetically classified into 2 main genetic clusters. the yn isolate ...201223171741
complete genome sequence of an infectious bronchitis virus chimera between cocirculating heterotypic strains.to date, multiple serotypes and genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been isolated and identified. in order to provide more information on the viral evolution of ibvs, a new virulent strain named gx-nn09032, isolated from guangxi, china, in 2009, was sequenced, and phylogenetic and recombination analyses were conducted. furthermore, potential recombination events associated with gx-nn09032 were found in four ibv strains, including gx-yl5, dy07, ck/ch/sd09/005, tc07-2. the present ...201223166279
complete genome sequence of a recombinant nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain in china.recently, nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) outbreaks have occurred in commercial broiler flocks and have been associated with a high incidence and morbidity in china. the ck/ch/zhejiang/06/10 strain (ibv-yx10) was isolated from a 12-day-old broiler chicken in a flock of chickens with swollen speckled kidneys and distended ureters filled with uric acid in china in 2010. here we reported the complete genomic sequence of the ibv-yx10 which was a natural recombinant nephropathogeni ...201223166232
comparative genomics of korean infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) and an animal model to evaluate pathogenicity of ibvs to the reproductive organs.the k-i and nephropathogenic k-ii genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been isolated since 1995 and 1990, respectively, in korea and commercial inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines containing km91 (k-ii type) and massachusetts 41 strains have been used in the field. to date, genomic analyses of korean ibv strains and animal models to test the pathogenicity of korean ibvs to the reproductive organs have been rare. in the present study, comparative genomics of snu8067 (k-i type) and km ...201223202499
avian infectious bronchitis and deep pectoral myopathy - a case control study.infectious bronchitis is caused by a coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). infectious bronchitis is an acute and highly contagious disease of economic importance due to the reduction in weight gain observed with infected broilers and the drop in egg quality and production associated with infected laying hens. the presence of deep pectoral myopathy has been associated with ibv variants. this lesion is detected at slaughterhouses and is characterized by paleness and atrophy of the deep p ...201223155012
characterization of cellular furin content as a potential factor determining the susceptibility of cultured human and animal cells to coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus infection.in previous studies, the beaudette strain of coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was adapted from chicken embryo to vero, a monkey kidney cell line, by serial propagation for 65 passages. to characterize the susceptibility of other human and animal cells to ibv, 15 human and animal cell lines were infected with the vero-adapted ibv and productive infection was observed in four human cell lines: h1299, hepg2, hep3b and huh7. in other cell lines, the virus cannot be propagated beyond pas ...201222995191
d1466-like genotype of infectious bronchitis virus responsible for a new epidemic in chickens in poland. 201222903901
emergence of a novel genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in egypt.five avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates were isolated from broiler chickens showing respiratory and renal lesions. the isolated strains were characterized by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the hypervariable region 3 of the s1 spike glycoprotein gene. three out of five isolates formed a distinct phylogenetic group with the egypt/beni-suef/01 variant (var 1). two of the five isolates showed 89 and 84 % amino acid sequence identity and 89 and ...201222903394
infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein specific ctl response is generated prior to serum igg.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens. to understand the kinetics and relationships between the humoral (ab) and antigen specific t cell immunity as well as pathological changes during infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection and immunization, one-week-old spf chickens were vaccinated with live ibv h52 strain and challenged with ibv m41 15 days post primary infection. chickens were sacrificed every 3 days to monitor antigen specific ...201222835899
expression and purification of coronavirus envelope proteins using a modified β-barrel construct.coronavirus envelope (e) proteins are short (~100 residues) polypeptides that contain at least one transmembrane (tm) domain and a cluster of 2-3 juxtamembrane cysteines. these proteins are involved in viral morphogenesis and tropism, and their absence leads in some cases to aberrant virions, or to viral attenuation. in common to other viroporins, coronavirus envelope proteins increase membrane permeability to ions. although an nmr-based model for the tm domain of the e protein in the severe acu ...201222819936
recent progress in studies of arterivirus- and coronavirus-host interactions.animal coronaviruses, such as infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and arteriviruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), are able to manifest highly contagious infections in their specific native hosts, thereby arising in critical economic damage to animal industries. this review discusses recent progress in studies of virus-host interactions during animal and human coronavirus and arterivirus infections, with emphasis on ibv-host cell interactions. these interact ...201222816036
the long view: 40 years of infectious bronchitis research.the remit of this review is to provide the non-specialist reader of avian pathology with an overview of research carried out on infectious bronchitis over the 40 years since the journal was first published. in order to do this, we felt it necessary to summarize the knowledge acquired previously, since the since the disease was first identified in the 1930s. infectious bronchitis virus is a significant pathogen in the domestic chicken, affecting the respiratory and renal systems as well as the fe ...201222702451
application of purified recombinant antigenic spike fragments to the diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis virus infection.the spike (s) protein, containing two subunits, s1 and s2, is the major immunity-eliciting antigen of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a highly contagious disease of chickens. several immunogenic regions, mainly located within the s1 subunit, have been identified. nonetheless, these immune-dominant regions were defined using selected monoclonal antibodies or using a short peptide approach that involves only certain limited regions of the s protein. in addition, some immune-dominant regio ...201222627759
isolation and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus from recent outbreaks in broiler flocks reveals emergence of novel strain in india.in this study, two isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from field outbreaks in 2008 (india/lkw/56/ivri/08) and 2010 (india/nmk/72/ivri/10) from broiler chickens in india were isolated and characterized. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the entire s1 gene revealed that these isolates belong to two different genotypes, india/lkw/56/ivri/08 as mass strain whereas india/nmk/72/ivri/10 as of different genotype. nucleotide sequencing ...201222573006
a single polar residue and distinct membrane topologies impact the function of the infectious bronchitis coronavirus e protein.the coronavirus e protein is a small membrane protein with a single predicted hydrophobic domain (hd), and has a poorly defined role in infection. the e protein is thought to promote virion assembly, which occurs in the golgi region of infected cells. it has also been implicated in the release of infectious particles after budding. the e protein has ion channel activity in vitro, although a role for channel activity in infection has not been established. furthermore, the membrane topology of the ...201222570613
pathogenesis and tissue distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate irfibv32 (793/b serotype) in experimentally infected broiler chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry. the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate irfibv32 (793/b serotype) in experimentally infected chicken. ninety-one-day-old commercial broilers were divided randomly into two groups (seventy in the experimental and twenty in the control group). chicks in the experimental group were inoculated intranasally with 10(5) eld50/0.1 ml of the virus at three week ...201222566769
genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus in recent years in china.fifty-six isolates of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were obtained from different field outbreaks in china in 2010, and they were genotyped by comparison with 19 reference strains in the present study. the results showed that lx4-type isolates are still the predominant ibvs circulating in chicken flocks in china, and these isolates could be grouped further into two clusters. viruses in each cluster had favored amino acid residues at different positions in the s1 subunit of the spike pro ...201222545524
the presence of viral subpopulations in an infectious bronchitis virus vaccine with differing pathogenicity--a preliminary study.there are currently four commercially available vaccines in australia to protect chickens against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). predominantly, ibv causes clinical signs associated with respiratory or kidney disease, which subsequently cause an increase in mortality rate. three of the current vaccines belong to the same subgroup (subgroup 1), however, the vics vaccine has been reported to cause an increased vaccinal reaction compared to the other subgroup 1 vaccines. molecular anomalies dete ...201222542436
immunopathological effects of experimental t-2 mycotoxocosis in broiler chicken co-infected with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv).a total of 128 1-week-old chicks were classified into four groups; t-2 toxin fed (t-2), ibv infected (ibv), t-2 toxin fed and co-infected with ibv (t-2+ibv), and untreated (control) for a period of 6 weeks. within their respective groups, the birds belonged to t-2 and t-2+ibv were exposed to 2 ppm of t-2 toxin contaminated feed for 6 weeks, and 0.2 ml of 10 eid(50) (10(5.69)/0.2 ml) inoculums of ibv isolate (india/lkw/56/ivri/08) was used to challenge the chicks belonged to ibv alone and t-2+ibv ...201222483992
proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in chicken trachea and kidney after infection with the highly virulent and attenuated coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus in vivo.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is first to be discovered coronavirus which is probably endemic in all regions with intensive impact on poultry production. in this study, we used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) and two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-dige), coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (maldi-tof/tof-ms), to explore the global proteome profiles of trachea and kidney tissues from chicken at ...201222463732
characterization and analysis of the full-length genome of a strain of the european qx-like genotype of infectious bronchitis virus.in recent years, strains of infectious bronchitis virus belonging to the qx-like genotype have been causing huge economic losses in commercial chicken flocks in different countries in europe. in order to expand the knowledge of the molecular features of these viruses, we have sequenced and characterized the complete genome of european qx-like ibv strain ck/swe/0658946/10, which was isolated in 2010 in sweden. the genome is 27664 nucleotides in length, comprising six genes and 5' and 3' untransla ...201222421962
deoxynivalenol as a contaminant of broiler feed: effects on bird performance and response to common vaccines.recent data suggest that fusarium trichothecenes may reduce broiler performance at levels previously thought not to affect this variable in chickens. in the present study, we investigated the effects of deoxynivalenol (don), a type-b trichothecene, on broilers. male broilers at 7 d of age were fed either a basal diet (0.265 ± 0.048 mg of don; 0.013 ± 0.001 mg of zearalenone/kg), a low don diet (1.68 mg of don/kg; 0.145 ± 0.007 mg of zearalenone/kg), or a high don diet (12.209 ± 1.149 mg of don/k ...201222399723
ameliorative effect of a microbial feed additive on infectious bronchitis virus antibody titer and stress index in broiler chicks fed deoxynivalenol.although acute mycotoxicoses are rare in poultry production, chronic exposure to low levels of mycotoxins is responsible for reduced productivity and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. deoxynivalenol (don) is known to modulate immune function, but only a few studies have investigated the effect of don on the vaccinal immune response. in addition, the effects of mycofix select (biomin gmbh, herzogenburg, austria) supplementation to don-contaminated broiler diets have not yet been de ...201222399717
binding of the 5'-untranslated region of coronavirus rna to zinc finger cchc-type and rna-binding motif 1 enhances viral replication and transcription.coronaviruses rna synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and is regulated by host cell proteins. in a screen based on a yeast three-hybrid system using the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) rna as bait against a human cdna library derived from hela cells, we found a positive candidate cellular protein, zinc finger cchc-type and rna-binding motif 1 (madp1), to be able to interact with this region of the sars-cov genome. this interaction was subsequently confirmed in corona ...201222362731
first evidence of the emergence of novel putative infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in cuba.the emergence of new infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genotypes or serotypes along with the poor cross-protection observed among ibv serotypes have complicated the avian infectious bronchitis (ib) control programs in different geographic regions. in cuba, the lack of genetic information regarding ibv and the increasing epidemiological importance of this virus in cuban chicken flocks demand further characterization of ibv isolates. in the present work, studies of genetic diversity and phylogenet ...201222357366
immune response of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with different level of chromium methionine under heat stress conditions.the objectives of this study were to investigate the immune responses of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with different level of chromium methionine (crmet) in heat stress (hs) condition. two hundred and eighty eight male broiler chickens (ross 308) were allocated to four treatment groups (supplementation with 0, 200, 400 or 800 ppb cr in the form of crmet) in a completely randomized design. the experiment was conducted at heat stressed condition and all birds were kept under temperature ...201225049559
functional transcriptional regulatory sequence (trs) rna binding and helix destabilizing determinants of murine hepatitis virus (mhv) nucleocapsid (n) protein.coronavirus (cov) nucleocapsid (n) protein contains two structurally independent rna binding domains. these are denoted n-terminal domain (ntd) and c-terminal domain and are joined by a charged linker region rich in serine and arginine residues (sr linker). in mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), the ntd binds the transcriptional regulatory sequence (trs) rna, a conserved hexanucleotide sequence required for subgenomic rna synthesis. the ntd is also capable of disrupting a short rna duplex. we show here ...201222241479
presence of infectious bronchitis virus strain ck/ch/ldl/97i in the middle east.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a very dynamic and evolving virus, causing major economic losses to the global poultry industry. in early 2011, respiratory disease outbreaks were investigated in iraq, jordan, and saudi arabia. five ibv isolates (joa2, joa4, saudi-1, saudi-2, and iraqi ibv) were detected by diagnostic-nested nucleocapsid rt-pcr. strain identification was characterised by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the amplified hypervariable region of the spike 1 (s1) gene. thes ...201223738118
protection conferred by a recombinant marek's disease virus that expresses the spike protein from infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free chicken.in many countries, the predominant field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been classified as qx-like strains since 1996. however, no commercial vaccines that are specific for this type of ibv are currently available. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel vaccines that prevent qx-like ibv infection.201222559869
evaluation of infectious bronchitis virus arkansas-type vaccine failure in commercial broilers.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and is highly contagious. many different types of the virus exist, but only a few types are used as attenuated live vaccines in the commercial poultry industry. of the vaccine types used, the arkansas (ark)-type virus is most frequently reisolated from vaccinated broilers. previous research has suggested that incomplete clearance of ark-type vaccine virus plays a role in the inadequate protection observed whe ...201324689182
emergence of a new genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in brazil.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the agent of a highly contagious disease that affects domestic fowl (gallus gallus). recent reports showed a high prevalence of one main ibv genotype (brazil or br-i) with low genetic diversity in commercial poultry flocks from brazil. this research analyzed ibv positive poultry flocks from different rearing regions to verify the s1 gene variability and geographic distribution of variant ibv strains in recent years (2010 and 2011). samples of ibv-positive flo ...201324689178
identification of three h-2k(d) restricted ctl epitopes of ns4a and ns4b protein from yellow fever 17d vaccine.in this study, 12 nonamers derived from the nonstructural protein ns4a and ns4b of a chinese attenuated yellow fever 17d (yf-17d) vaccine strain were screened for their ability to elicit a recall interferon-γ (ifn-γ) response from the splenocytes of balb/c mice following dna vaccination and a booster vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing ns4a or ns4b protein. three peptides (amino acid residues s(106)yimliffv from ns4a protein and v(43)yvgivtml and l(174)ylllalsl from ns4b prote ...201323123122
characterization of a recombinant coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus with distinct s1 subunits of spike and nucleocapsid genes and a 3' untranslated region.an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), ck/ch/lzj/111113, was isolated from a h120-vaccinated chicken which showed disease suspected of ibv infection. neutralization testing showed that ck/ch/lzj/111113 was distinct from either the chinese predominant ibv lx4-type or mass-type vaccine strains. phylogenetic analysis confirmed that ck/ch/lzj/111113 is of the 4/91 type; however, further extensive analyses of full-length genomes identified occurrence of recombination events. therefore, ck/ch/lzj/11111 ...201323182435
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