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bovine papillomavirus type 7 in italy: complete genomes and sequence variants.two novel bovine papillomavirus type 7 (bpv-7) variants have been identified in teat cutaneous papillomas affecting dairy cows in northern italy. the entire genome sequences of two bpv-7 italian variants showed major sequence differences in the long control region (lcr) and in the l2 gene compared to the japanese reference strain. in order to define the stability of these genetic variants, the l2 and lcr sequences of seven further bpv-7 positive isolates were characterized. an insertion of six a ...201626837892
localization of bovine papillomavirus nucleic acid in equine sarcoids.bovine papillomaviruses (bpv1/bpv2) have long been associated with equine sarcoids; deciphering their contribution has been difficult due to their ubiquitous presence on skin and in the environment, as well as the lack of decent techniques to interrogate their role in pathogenesis. we have developed and characterized an in situ hybridization (ish) assay that uses a pool of probes complementary to portions of the e5, e6, and e7 genes. this assay is highly sensitive for direct visualization of vir ...201626215759
phosphorylation of bovine papillomavirus e1 by the protein kinase ck2 near the nuclear localization signal does not influence subcellular distribution of the protein in dividing cells.the bovine papillomavirus e1 helicase is essential for viral replication. in dividing cells, dna replication maintains, but does not increase, the viral genome copy number. replication is limited by low e1 expression and an e1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mechanism. shuttling is controlled in part by phosphorylation of e1 by cellular kinases. here we investigate conserved sites for phosphorylation by kinase ck2 within the e1 nuclear localization signal. when these ck2 sites are mutated to either ...201626467928
bovine papillomavirus: new insights into an old disease.bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) are small dna tumoral viruses able to induce benign cutaneous and/or mucosal epithelial lesions. generally, the benign tumours affecting the skin or mucosa spontaneously regress, but under special circumstances, the defence system may be overwhelmed, thus leading to cancer, especially in the presence of immunosuppressant and mutagen agents from bracken fern. to date, thirteen different bpv genotypes have been associated with skin and mucosal tumours in cattle, and ...201624661978
mixed nipple infections caused by variant of bpv3 and a putative new subtype of bpv in cattle.bovine papilloma is a chronic and proliferative skin and mucosal wart caused by bovine papillomavirus (bpv). in june, 2013, a leaf-and flat-shaped wart disease was observed on the nipple skins in a cattle farm in xinjiang. to diagnose the disease, we collected the diseased skins for pathological biopsy and dna analysis by pcr amplification using a pair of degenerate primers fap59 and fap64. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the infection was caused by a variant of bpv3 and putativ ...201624894388
detection of different bovine papillomavirus types and co-infection in bloodstream of cattle.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) is a diverse group of double-stranded dna oncogenic viruses. bpvs are classically described as epitheliotropic, however, they have been detected in body fluids, such as blood and semen. the presence of bpv in these sites can have implications for the dissemination of bpv. the aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of bpv types in cattle blood. a total of 57 blood samples were analyzed by pcr using bpv type-specific primers to bpvs 1-6 and 8-10, and subsequent ...201624889887
complete genome sequence of deltapapillomavirus 4 (bovine papillomavirus 2) from a bovine papillomavirus lesion in amazon region, brazil.the complete genome sequence of bovine papillomavirus 2 (bpv2) from brazilian amazon region was determined using multiple-primed rolling circle amplification followed by illumina sequencing. the genome is 7,947 bp long, with 45.9% gc content. it encodes seven early (e1, e2,e4, e5, e6,e7, and e8) and two late (l1 and l2) genes. the complete genome of a bpv2 can help in future studies since this bpv type is highly reported worldwide although the lack of complete genome sequences available.201627074259
requirement for the e1 helicase c-terminal domain in papillomavirus dna replication in vivo.the papillomavirus (pv) e1 helicase contains a conserved c-terminal domain (ctd), located next to its atp-binding site, whose function in vivo is still poorly understood. the ctd is comprised of an alpha helix followed by an acidic region (ar) and a c-terminal extension termed the c-tail. recent biochemical studies on bovine papillomavirus 1 (bpv1) e1 showed that the ar and c-tail regulate the oligomerization of the protein into a double hexamer at the origin. in this study, we assessed the impo ...201626739052
epidemiologic analysis of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys in northern italy.equine sarcoids develop upon bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (bpv1, bpv2) infection in conjunction with trauma and represent the most common tumour disease in horses and other equids, including donkeys. in face of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys and mules at the 'rifugio degli asinelli', a subsidiary charity organization of the donkey sanctuary, non-invasively collected sample material including crusts, dandruff, swabs and hair roots was collected from sarcoid-affected and 26 he ...201627939161
immune response to bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine sarcoid. 201627687935
quantitative analysis of infiltrating immune cells and bovine papillomavirus type 1 e2-positive cells in equine sarcoids.sarcoids are the most frequently observed skin tumours in equids and consist of cutaneous accumulations of transformed fibroblasts. their aetiopathogenesis is closely linked to a presumably abortive infection by bovine papillomavirus (bpv) types 1 and 2. in cattle, dermal fibropapillomas induced by bpv1/2 usually regress spontaneously due to a local, cell-mediated, immune response; however, equids appear to lack an effective immune response to bpv1/2 and mechanisms of immune evasion have been po ...201627687925
molecular and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 1: first report in iraqi cattle.this study aimed to provide the first molecular characterization of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) in iraq. bpv is a widely spread oncogenic virus in iraqi cattle and is associated with the formation of both benign and malignant lesions, resulting in notable economic losses in dairy and beef cattle. in the current study, 140 cutaneous papilloma specimens were collected from cattle in central iraq. these samples were submitted to histopathological examination, pcr, and sequencing analysis. ...201627413374
differential expression of micrornas in bovine papillomavirus type 1 transformed equine cells.bovine papillomavirus (bpv) types 1 and 2 play an important role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids (es), the most common cutaneous tumour affecting horses. micrornas (mirnas), small non-coding rnas that regulate essential biological and cellular processes, have been found dysregulated in a wide range of tumours. the aim of this study was to identify mirnas associated with es. differential expression of mirnas was assessed in control equine fibroblasts (eqpalfs) and eqpalfs transformed with ...201627039895
papillomavirus in yaks: the isolates of bovine papillomavirus type 1 have a high possibility of belonging to a novel type.although papillomaviruses (pvs) have been widely reported in vertebrates, there have been only a few pv reports in yaks (bos grunniens). in 2012, bam et al. reported bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) and bpv-2 associated with cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks, which provided genomic and pathology information for yak pvs. however, nucleotide identity and phylogenic analyses revealed that there are two isolates with a high possibility of belonging to a novel type that is not bpv-1. the argument ...201626922971
extracellular matrix remodeling in equine sarcoid: an immunohistochemical and molecular study.equine sarcoids are locally invasive, fibroblastic benign skin tumors. bovine papillomavirus type-1 (bpv-1) and/or bovine papillomavirus type-2 (bpv-2) are believed to be the causative agent of sarcoids, although the mechanisms by which the virus induce the tumor are still poorly understood. we hypothesized that in genetically predisposed equines latent bpv infection may be reactivated by immunosoppression and/or mechanical injury leading to a form of pathologic wound which may transform into a ...201626838095
potential of a bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine to prevent bpv1- or bpv2-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation and safety and immunogenicity of ecpv2 l1 vlps in horse.we have previously shown that immunization of horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) l1 virus-like particles (vlps) is safe and highly immunogenic and that bpv1 and bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv2) are closely related serotypes. here we evaluated the protective potential of a bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine against experimental bpv1 and bpv2 challenge and studied the safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2)/bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine. fourteen healthy horses were imm ...201728284277
phosphorylation of the bovine papillomavirus e2 protein on tyrosine regulates its transcription and replication functions.papillomaviruses are small, double-stranded dna viruses that encode the e2 protein, which controls transcription, replication, and genome maintenance in infected cells. posttranslational modifications (ptms) affecting e2 function and stability have been demonstrated for multiple types of papillomaviruses. here we describe the first phosphorylation event involving a conserved tyrosine (y) in the bovine papillomavirus 1 (bpv-1) e2 protein at amino acid 102. while its phosphodeficient phenylalanine ...201727807239
genome characterization of a bovine papillomavirus type 5 from cattle in the amazon region, brazil.papillomaviruses are small and complex viruses with circular dna genome that belongs to the papillomavirus family, which comprises at least 39 genera. the bovine papillomavirus (bpv) causes an infectious disease that is characterized by chronic and proliferative benign tumors that affect cattle worldwide. in the present work, the full genome sequence of bpv type 5, an epsilonpapillomavirus, is reported. the genome was recovered from papillomatous lesions excised from cattle raised in the amazon ...201727817150
enhancing antitumor immunogenicity of hpv16-e7 dna vaccine by fusing dna encoding e7-antigenic peptide to dna encoding capsid protein l1 of bovine papillomavirus.human papillomavirus (hpv) has been identified as the primary etiologic factor of cervical cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. we have previously shown that coadministration of dna encoding l1 capsid protein of bovine papillomavirus (bpv) can enhance the antigen-specific immune response elicited by a therapeutic hpv16-e7 dna vaccination. in this study, we sought to generate and evaluate the immunogenicity of a therapeutic hpv16-e7 dna vaccine that encodes the f ...201728852471
two transmembrane dimers of the bovine papillomavirus e5 oncoprotein clamp the pdgf β receptor in an active dimeric conformation.the dimeric 44-residue e5 protein of bovine papillomavirus is the smallest known naturally occurring oncoprotein. this transmembrane protein binds to the transmembrane domain (tmd) of the platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (pdgfβr), causing dimerization and activation of the receptor. here, we use rosetta membrane modeling and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in a membrane environment to develop a chemically detailed model of the e5 protein/pdgfβr complex. in this model, an active ...201728808001
phylogenetic analysis of a partial l1 gene from bovine papillomavirus type 1 isolated from naturally occurring papilloma cases in the northwestern region of turkey.this study was aimed at the molecular characterisation of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv-1) isolated from papilloma cases in the northwestern region of turkey. bpv-1 is a widely occurring oncogenic virus in cattle and is associated with benign epithelial neoplasia which causes significant economic losses in dairy and beef cattle because of treatment costs. in this study, 29 suspected papilloma specimens were collected from cattle in northwestern turkey. these samples underwent molecular chara ...201728697610
type-specific l1 virus-like particle-mediated protection of horses from experimental bovine papillomavirus 1-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation is long-lasting.equine sarcoids are common therapy-resistant skin tumours induced by bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 (bpv1, bpv2) infection. we have previously shown that prophylactic vaccination with bpv1 l1 virus-like particles (vlps) efficiently protects horses from experimental bpv1-induced pseudo-sarcoid development. here, we assessed bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine-mediated long-term protection from experimental tumour formation in seven horses 5 years after immunization with three different doses of bpv1 l1 vlps, ...201728635592
a novel bovine papillomavirus type in the genus dyokappapapillomavirus.papillomaviruses are a diverse group of viruses that are known to infect a wide range of animal species. bovine papillomaviruses (bpvs) are divided into at least 21 genotypes (bpv1 to bpv21),  with most bpv isolates/strains described to date belonging to one of four genera, including deltapapillomavirus, xipapillomavirus, epsilonpapillomavirus and dyoxipapillomavirus. here, we describe the identification and genetic characterization of a new bpv type in the genus dyokappapapillomavirus. a farm i ...201728616671
oral squamomelanocytic tumour in a dog: a unique biphasic cancer.in human medicine, squamomelanocytic tumour is a malignant cutaneous neoplasm composed of closely intermingled neoplastic squamous cells and melanocytes. a multinodular gingival tumour in a 16-year-old, mixed breed neutered female dog was examined microscopically. two populations of neoplastic cells, melanocytic and squamous epithelial cells were intermingled. the melanocytic cells were melan-a positive and cytokeratin ae1-ae3 negative and the squamous component was cytokeratin ae1-ae3 positive ...201726805740
bovine papillomavirus dna and s100 profiles in sarcoids and other cutaneous spindle cell tumors in horses.histopathologic differentiation between deep dermal or subcuticular equine sarcoids (ie, nodular sarcoids) and other spindle cell tumors in the dermis and subcutis such as peripheral nerve sheath tumors (pnsts) can be challenging based on morphologic criteria alone. it has been proposed that polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for bovine papillomavirus (bpv) dna and s100 immunohistochemistry be used as diagnostic tests to separate equine sarcoids from pnsts. we reviewed 197 skin-associated spindle c ...201727312364
the cellular dna helicase chlr1 regulates chromatin and nuclear matrix attachment of the human papillomavirus 16 e2 protein and high-copy-number viral genome establishment.in papillomavirus infections, the viral genome is established as a double-stranded dna episome. to segregate the episomes into daughter cells during mitosis, they are tethered to cellular chromatin by the viral e2 protein. we previously demonstrated that the e2 proteins of diverse papillomavirus types, including bovine papillomavirus (bpv) and human papillomavirus 16 (hpv16), associate with the cellular dna helicase chlr1. this virus-host interaction is important for the tethering of bpv e2 to m ...201727795438
integrated analysis of recombinant bpv-1 l1 protein for the production of a bovine papillomavirus vlp vaccine.bovine papillomatosis is an infectious disease that is caused by bovine papillomavirus (bpv), which results in important economic losses. however, no bpv vaccines or effective treatment methods are commercially available to date. moreover, the absence of papillomavirus replication in vitro makes the use of recombinant protein a promising candidate for vaccine formulations. hence, we developed an integrated study on the l1 capsid protein of bpv-1, obtained from a bacterial expression system, rega ...201728222997
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