Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| group i metabotropic glutamate receptor activation increases phosphorylation of camp response element-binding protein, elk-1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases in rat dorsal striatum. | cyclic amp response element-binding protein (creb) is a major transcriptional activator at the calcium and camp response-element (cacre). phosphorylated (p)creb facilitates gene expression in striatal neurons. elk-1 is another transcriptional regulator at the serum response element in the upstream promoter region of the cacre. elk-1 is phosphorylated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk) and may also contribute to the regulation of gene expression. to evaluate putative roles of group i ... | 2001 | 11597767 |
| heparin and heparan sulfate inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and myocardial cell hypertrophy induced by endothelin-1. | heparan sulfate (hs) is one of the components of extracellular matrix and a potent anti-growth factor in various cells. heparin has a similar structure to hs and is demonstrated to inhibit myocardial cell hypertrophy. we examined the intracellular signal mechanisms linking to the inhibitory effects of heparin and hs on endothelin-1 (et-1)-induced hypertrophy in cultured rat neonatal myocardial cells (mcs). heparin inhibited et-1-induced c-fos mrna expression. heparin and hs inhibited et-1-induce ... | 2001 | 11599124 |
| direct action of melatonin in human granulosa-luteal cells. | the direct involvement of melatonin in modulation of ovarian steroidogenesis, the high levels of melatonin found in human follicular fluid, and the presence of melatonin binding sites in the ovary led us to hypothesize that melatonin acts as a modulator of ovarian function. in contrast to the hypothalamus and pituitary, the mechanism of melatonin action at the level of the ovary is still poorly understood. in the present study, we investigated the gene expression of the two different forms of me ... | 2001 | 11600542 |
| experimental ehrlichia phagocytophila infection in red deer (cervus elaphus). | 2001 | 11601517 | |
| activation of raf/erk1/2 map kinase pathway is involved in gm-csf-induced proliferation and survival but not in erythropoietin-induced differentiation of tf-1 cells. | the involvement of mapk pathways in differentiation, proliferation and survival was investigated by comparing epo and gm-csf signalling in human factor-dependent myeloerythroid tf-1 cells with abnormal epo-r. gm-csf withdrawal induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis accompanied by increased caspase-3 activity, dna degradation and reduced expression of the antiapoptotic bcl-2 and bcl-xl proteins. readministration of gm-csf but not epo reversed these processes and induced proliferation. the gm-csf ... | 2001 | 11602185 |
| [seasonal adaptation of general metabolism and energy metabolism in the elk alces alces from pechora taiga]. | 2001 | 11605439 | |
| activation of mu-opioid receptor induces expression of c-fos and junb via mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. | opioid-induced long-term functional alterations of the nervous system, such as tolerance, addiction, and dependence, conceivably involve changes in gene expression. the authors have previously reported that opioid receptors are functionally coupled to extracellular signal-regulated kinase, a class of the mitogen-activated protein kinase. to address whether activation of the opioid receptor induces changes in gene expression through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, the aut ... | 2001 | 11605942 |
| oncogenic levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling of the dinucleotide kras2 mutations g12f and gg12-13vc. | we previously reported the occurrence of novel dinucleotide mutations of the k-ras gene (kras2) in 2% of pancreatic tumors sampled, but it remained unknown whether these were functional mutations that convert the proto-oncogene to an oncogene, or unselected mutations that might inactivate protein function. in the current study, the functionality of these rare mutations was quantitated via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway-specific transactivational reporter system. pathway activa ... | 2001 | 11668624 |
| development of a homogeneous map kinase reporter gene screen for the identification of agonists and antagonists at the cxcr1 chemokine receptor. | agonist activity at g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) that regulate heterotrimeric g proteins of the galpha(i/o) or galpha(q) families has been shown to result in activation of the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase cascade. to facilitate compound screening for these classes of gpcr, we have developed a reporter gene that detects the activation of the ternary complex transcription factor sap1a following map kinase activation. in contrast to other reporter gene assays for galpha(i/o)-couple ... | 2001 | 11679162 |
| group i metabotropic glutamate receptors control phosphorylation of creb, elk-1 and erk via a camkii-dependent pathway in rat striatum. | in vivo activation of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) upregulates phosphorylation of cyclic amp response element-binding protein (creb), elk-1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk) in striatal neurons. to evaluate putative roles of ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii (camkii) in creb, elk-1 and erk phosphorylation, the camkii inhibitor, kn62, was infused simultaneously with the group i mglur agonist, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (dhpg), into the rat dorsal stri ... | 2001 | 11682144 |
| pten does not modulate glut4 translocation in rat adipose cells under physiological conditions. | pten is a 3'-inositol lipid phosphatase that dephosphorylates products of pi 3-kinase. since pi 3-kinase is required for many metabolic actions of insulin, we investigated the role of pten in insulin-stimulated translocation of glut4. in control rat adipose cells, we observed a approximately 2-fold increase in cell surface glut4 upon maximal insulin stimulation. overexpression of wild-type pten abolished this response to insulin. translocation of glut4 in cells overexpressing pten mutants withou ... | 2001 | 11689011 |
| onchocercosis in red deer (cervus elaphus) from spain. | onchocercosis, caused by onchocerca flexuosa, was observed in red deer (cervus elaphus) from spain for the first time. adult specimens of p. flexuosa were found in nodules in subcutaneous tissues in 42 of 125 (33%) red deer between october 1994 and september 1995; intensity of infection +/- sd was 3.93 +/- 5.26 nodules per infected host. a clear seasonal pattern in the distribution of nodules was observed, with higher values of prevalence and intensity in fall and winter in contrast to spring an ... | 2001 | 11695405 |
| enhancement of survival by lpa via erk1/erk2 and pi 3-kinase/akt pathways in a murine hepatocyte cell line. | first published september 5, 2001; 10.1152/ajpcell.00077.2001.-protective mechanisms for lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) against cell death caused by clostridium difficile toxin, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) plus d-galactosamine, were investigated in a murine hepatocyte cell line aml12 expressing edg2 lpa receptor. in these models of hepatocellular injury, lpa prevented hepatocyte damage, suppressed apoptosis, and enhanced cell survival in a dose-dependent fashion. the protective effec ... | 2001 | 11698260 |
| stimulation of endothelin b receptors in astrocytes induces camp response element-binding protein phosphorylation and c-fos expression via multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. | the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin (et-1) exerts its physiological and pathological effects via activation of et(a) and et(b) receptor (et-r) subtypes. in this study, we demonstrate that both et-r subtypes are highly expressed in rat astrocytes in vivo, indicating that these cells are potential targets of the biological effects of et-1 in the brain. in cultured cortical astrocytes, both et-r subtypes are expressed, and selective stimulation of et(b)-r with et-1 induces phosphorylation of cam ... | 2001 | 11698596 |
| activation of elk-1, an ets transcription factor, by glucose and egf treatment of insulinoma cells. | elk-1, a member of the ternary complex factor family of ets domain proteins that bind serum response elements, is activated by phosphorylation in a cell-specific manner in response to growth factors and other agents. the purpose of the current study was to determine whether elk-1 activation contributes to glucose-/depolarization-induced ca(2+)-dependent induction of immediate early response genes in pancreatic islet beta-cells. the results of experiments in insulinoma (min6) cells demonstrated t ... | 2001 | 11701445 |
| no direct mitogenic effect of sex hormones on antlerogenic cells detected in vitro. | deer pedicles, antecedents of antlers, develop from a specialized periosteum (antlerogenic periosteum) which overlies the lateral crest of the deer frontal bone. the initiation of pedicle growth is triggered by androgen hormones. thus far, it is not known whether pedicle initiation is caused by direct stimulation of androgen hormones on the antlerogenic periosteum or whether some intermediate mechanisms are necessary. the present study took an in vitro approach to investigate whether sex hormone ... | 2001 | 11703073 |
| biological activity of re-1 silencing transcription factor (rest) towards distinct transcriptional activators. | the zinc finger protein re-1 silencing transcription factor (rest) is a transcriptional repressor that represses neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissues. we have analyzed the ability of rest and the rest mutants, restdeltan and restdeltac lacking either the n-terminal or c-terminal repression domains of rest, to inhibit transcription mediated by distinct transcriptional activator proteins. for this purpose we have designed an activator specific assay where transcription is activated as a result o ... | 2001 | 11703459 |
| radicicol suppresses transformation and restores tropomyosin-2 expression in both ras- and mek-transformed cells without inhibiting the raf/mek/erk signaling cascade. | the antibiotic radicicol suppresses transformation in a variety of transformed cells. the antineoplastic effects of the drug have been attributed to the degradation of raf and the inactivation of the ras/raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling cascade. here we demonstrate that radicicol induces cell spreading, suppresses anchorage-independent cell growth, and increases the expression of the high-molecular weight tropomyosin isoform ... | 2001 | 11714635 |
| akt serine threonine kinase regulates platelet-derived growth factor-induced dna synthesis in glomerular mesangial cells: regulation of c-fos and p27(kip1) gene expression. | proliferation of mesangial cells requires platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (pdgfr)-mediated signal transduction. we have previously shown that activation of phosphatidylinositol (pi) 3-kinase is necessary for pdgfr-induced dna synthesis in these cells. the mechanism by which pi 3-kinase stimulates dna synthesis is not known. one target of pi 3-kinase, akt serine threonine kinase, regulates survival of many cells by inhibiting the actions of certain proapoptotic proteins. in this stud ... | 2001 | 11470779 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of predator odors as repellents for kiore (rattus exulans) and ship rats (r. rattus). | predator odors may serve to stop rats from entering conservation areas or to decrease predation, food consumption, and other damage by rats in areas tainted with predator odor. we compared the efficacy of real predator odors and synthetic odors (derived from the urine and feces of carnivores) as rat repellents with real herbivore odors as controls in a y maze. we tested six predator odors: cat (felis catus) urine and feces, mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus) feces, n-propylthietane, s-methyl, me ... | 2001 | 11471938 |
| endothelial exposure to hypoxia induces egr-1 expression involving pkcalpha-mediated ras/raf-1/erk1/2 pathway. | hypoxia induces endothelial dysfunction that results in a series of cardiovascular injuries. early growth response-1 (egr-1) has been indicated as a common theme in vascular injury. here we demonstrates that in bovine aortic endothelial cells (ecs) subjected to hypoxia (po(2) approximately 23 mmhg), rapidly increased egr-1 mrna expression which peaked within 30 min and decreased afterwards. treatment of ecs with pd98059, a specific inhibitor to mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk/erk), inhibi ... | 2001 | 11473356 |
| assessment of in vitro fertility of deer spermatozoa by heterologous ivf with zona-free bovine oocytes. | we have previously shown that the in vitro development of deer embryos differed according to the ivf conditions. the aim of the study was to use heterologous ivf with zona-free matured bovine oocytes to assess the in vitro fertility of 3 samples of deer semen (2 ejaculates from sika deer (cervus nippon) and 1 pool of epididymal spermatozoa from red deer (cervus elaphus)). the frozen/thawed semen samples were selected on percoll gradient and resuspended in tyrode modified medium supplemented with ... | 2001 | 11480618 |
| oscillation in the activities of mek/erk1/2 during cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs. | because cardiopulmonary bypass (cpb) is associated with edema and vasoreactive dysfunction and erk1/2 pathway is involved in vascular contractility and permeability, a time course study was performed to monitor mek/erk1/2/elk-1 activities during cpb. | 2001 | 11490347 |
| inhibition of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase increases lipopolysaccharide induced inhibition of apoptosis in neutrophils by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase. | prolonged polymorphonuclear neutrophil (pmn) survival has been implicated in tissue injury after sepsis. previously we reported that lipopolysaccharide (lps) inhibits pmn apoptosis via the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk). conversely, the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is involved in the spontaneous apoptosis of pmns. the interaction between these 2 pathways and their ability to regulate apoptosis during sepsis remain largely undefined. we hypoth ... | 2001 | 11490356 |
| spred is a sprouty-related suppressor of ras signalling. | cellular proliferation, and differentiation of cells in response to extracellular signals, are controlled by the signal transduction pathway of ras, raf and map (mitogen-activated protein) kinase. the mechanisms that regulate this pathway are not well known. here we describe two structurally similar tyrosine kinase substrates, spred-1 and spred-2. these two proteins contain a cysteine-rich domain related to sprouty (the spr domain) at the carboxy terminus. in drosophila, sprouty inhibits the sig ... | 2001 | 11493923 |
| involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in staphylococcus aureus invasion of normal osteoblasts. | staphylococcus aureus invades osteoblasts and can persist in the intracellular environment. the present study examined the role of osteoblast mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways in bacterial invasion. s. aureus infection of normal human and mouse osteoblasts resulted in an increase in the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (erk 1 and 2). this stimulation of erk 1 and 2 correlated with the time course of s. aureus invasion, and bacterial adherence i ... | 2001 | 11500391 |
| erk2- and p90(rsk2)-dependent pathways regulate the ccaat/enhancer-binding protein-beta interaction with serum response factor. | the serum response element (sre) of the c-fos promoter is a convergence point for mitogenic signaling pathways. several transcription factors regulate sre, including serum response factor (srf), ternary complex factors, and ccaat/enhancer-binding protein-beta (c/ebpbeta). c/ebpbeta can interact with both srf and the ternary complex factor family member elk-1, but only in response to activated ras. transactivation of the sre by c/ebpbeta is also greatly stimulated by ras. the ras effectors that s ... | 2001 | 11500490 |
| health protocol for translocation of free-ranging elk. | when considering an elk (cervus elaphus) restoration program, wildlife managers must evaluate the positive and negative elements of translocation. we prepared this protocol to give an overview of health considerations associated with translocation of elk, with an emphasis on movement of free-ranging elk from western north america to the southeastern usa. we evaluated infectious agents and ectoparasites reported in elk from two perspectives. first, we made a qualitative estimate of the ability of ... | 2001 | 11504216 |
| experimental infection of nontarget species of rodents and birds with brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine. | the brucella abortus vaccine strain rb51 (srb51) is being considered for use in the management of bnucellosis in wild bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) populations in the greater yellowstone area (usa). evaluation of the vaccines safety in non-target species was considered necessary prior to field use. between june 1998 and december 1999, ground squirrels (spermophilus richardsonii, n = 21), deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus, n = 14), prairie voles (microtus ochrogaster, n = 21), and ... | 2001 | 11504226 |
| safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 in deer mice. | brucella abortus strain rb51 is an approved brucellosis vaccine for use in cattle that may have potential as an oral vaccine for use in elk (cervus elaphus) and/or bison (bison bison). this study was designed to determine effects of strain rb51 on deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus), a nontarget species that could have access to treated baits in a field situation. in february 1994, 90 mice were orally dosed or intraperitoneally injected with 1 x 10(8) colony forming units strain rb51 and 77 contr ... | 2001 | 11504238 |
| the descended larynx is not uniquely human. | morphological modifications of vocal anatomy are widespread among vertebrates, and the investigation of the physiological mechanisms and adaptive functions of such variants is an important focus of research into the evolution of communication. the "descended larynx" of adult humans has traditionally been considered unique to our species, representing an adaptation for articulate speech, and debate concerning the position of the larynx in extinct hominids assumes that a lowered larynx is diagnost ... | 2001 | 11506679 |
| mechanisms of inhibition of the ras-map kinase signaling pathway in 30.7b ras 12 cells by tea polyphenols (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate. | our previous study showed that tea polyphenols inhibited map kinase and ap-1 activities in mouse epidermal jb6 cells and the corresponding h-ras-transformed cell line 30.7b ras 12. the present study investigated the mechanisms of this inhibition. the cells were incubated with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) or theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tfdig) (20 mm) for different times, and the cell lysate was analyzed by immunoblotting. egcg treatment decreased the levels of phospho-erk1/2 and -mek1/2 t ... | 2001 | 11511526 |
| muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a population-based study of patterns of care and prognostic factors. | population-based cancer registries can permit the study of the survivorship of all patients with a particular diagnosis regardless of patterns of referral and practice within a specific geographic distribution. the purpose of this study is to describe the patterns of care, outcome, and prognostic factors for bladder cancer in the northern region of the province of alberta, canada, between 1984 and 1993. | 2001 | 11516847 |
| lipopolysaccharide activation of the mek-erk1/2 pathway in human monocytic cells mediates tissue factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression by inducing elk-1 phosphorylation and egr-1 expression. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) induces human monocytes to express many proinflammatory mediators, including the procoagulant molecule tissue factor (tf) and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha). the tf and tnf-alpha genes are regulated by various transcription factors, including nuclear factor (nf)-kappab/rel proteins and egr-1. in this study, the role of the mek-erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway in lps induction of tf and tnf-alpha gene expression in human monocyt ... | 2001 | 11520792 |
| activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-jun-nh(2)-terminal kinase but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases is required for rrr-alpha-tocopheryl succinate-induced apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. | rrr-alpha-tocopherol succinate (vitamin e succinate, ves) is a potent, selective apoptotic agent for cancer cells but not normal cells. ves has been shown to inhibit the growth of a wide variety of tumor cells in cell culture and animal models. studies addressing mechanisms of action of ves-induced apoptosis have identified transforming growth factor-beta, fas/cd95-apo-1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathway involvement. here we show that mapks, the extracellular signal- ... | 2001 | 11522656 |
| enhancement of epidermal growth factor signaling and activation of src kinase by gangliosides. | in a recent study, inhibition of cellular ganglioside synthesis blocked growth factor-induced fibroblast proliferation. conversely, enrichment of cell membrane gangliosides by ganglioside preincubation enhanced growth factor-elicited cell proliferation. in the absence of serum and growth factors, neunacalpha2-3galbeta1-3galnacbeta1-4(neunacalpha2-3)galbeta1-4glcbeta1-1cer (g(d1a)) acted like a growth factor when cells were pretreated with the ganglioside, stimulating proliferation of normal huma ... | 2001 | 11535585 |
| keratinocyte growth factor activates p38 mapk to induce stress fibre formation in human prostate du145 cells. | fgf7/keratinocyte growth factor (kgf) regulates the differentiation and development of the prostate epithelium, while over-expression of fgf8 and fgf1 are implicated in carcinogenesis of the prostate. we tested the hypothesis that different members of the fgf family function through different signalling molecules. in prostate du145 cells, both fgf1 and fgf2 activated erk1/2 potently and p38 moderately. kgf was however most efficient in inducing p38 activities but had no effect on erk1/2 function ... | 2001 | 11536048 |
| functional analysis of the conserved domains of a rice knox homeodomain protein, osh15. | the rice knox protein osh15 consists of four conserved domains: the meinox domain, which can be divided into two subdomains (knox1 and knox2); the gse domain; the elk domain; and the homeodomain (hd). to investigate the function of each domain, we generated 10 truncated proteins with deletions in the conserved domains and four proteins with mutations in the conserved amino acids in the hd. transgenic analysis suggested that knox2 and hd are essential for inducing the abnormal phenotype and that ... | 2001 | 11549765 |
| molecular evolution of growth hormone (gh) in cetartiodactyla: cloning and characterization of the gene encoding gh from a primitive ruminant, the chevrotain (tragulus javanicus). | in mammals the sequence of pituitary growth hormone (gh) is generally strongly conserved, indicating a slow basal rate of molecular evolution. however, on two occasions, during the evolution of primates and that of cetartiodactyls, the rate of evolution has increased dramatically (25 to 50-fold) so that the sequences of human and ruminant ghs differ markedly from those of other mammalian ghs. to define further the burst of gh evolution that occurred in cetartiodactyls, the gh gene of the chevrot ... | 2001 | 11551118 |
| delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced mapk/erk and elk-1 activation in vivo depends on dopaminergic transmission. | it is now well established that central effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc), the main psychoactive component of marijuana, are mediated by cb1 cannabinoid receptors. however, intraneuronal signalling pathways activated in vivo by thc remain poorly understood. we show that acute administration of thc induces a progressive and transient activation (i.e. phosphorylation) of the mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk) in the dorsal striatum and the ... | 2001 | 11553284 |
| functional components of basic fibroblast growth factor signaling that inhibit lung elastin gene expression. | previously, we have demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) decreases elastin gene transcription in confluent rat lung fibroblasts via the binding of a fra-1-c-jun heterodimer to an activator protein-1-camp response element in the distal region of the elastin promoter. in the present study, we show that bfgf activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, resulting in the translocation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kina ... | 2001 | 11557580 |
| alpha-synuclein affects the mapk pathway and accelerates cell death. | insoluble alpha-synuclein accumulates in parkinson's disease, diffuse lewy body disease, and multiple system atrophy. however, the relationship between its accumulation and pathogenesis is still unclear. recently, we reported that overexpression of alpha-synuclein affects elk-1 phosphorylation in cultured cells, which is mainly performed by mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks). we further examined the relationship between mapk signaling and the effects of alpha-synuclein expression on ecdys ... | 2001 | 11560921 |
| net-targeted mutant mice develop a vascular phenotype and up-regulate egr-1. | the ternary complex factors (tcfs) net, elk-1 and sap-1 regulate immediate early genes through serum response elements (sres) in vitro, but, surprisingly, their in vivo roles are unknown. net is a repressor that is expressed in sites of vasculogenesis during mouse development. we have made gene-targeted mice that express a hypomorphic mutant of net, net delta, which lacks the ets dna-binding domain. strikingly, homozygous mutant mice develop a vascular defect and up-regulate an immediate early g ... | 2001 | 11566878 |
| lack of elk-1 phosphorylation and dysregulation of the extracellular regulated kinase signaling pathway in senescent human fibroblast. | replicative senescence is characterized by numerous phenotypic alterations including the loss of proliferative capacity in response to mitogens and numerous changes in gene expression including impaired serum inducibility of the immediate-early genes c-fos and erg-1. transcription of c-fos in response to mitogens depends on the activation of a multiprotein complex formed on the c-fos serum response element (sre), which includes the transcription factors srf (serum response factor) and tcf (terna ... | 2001 | 11570821 |
| peptides derived from pro-growth hormone-releasing hormone activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in gh3 pituitary cells. | posttranslational processing of the pro-growth hormone-releasing hormone (proghrh) peptide can result in the formation of at least two peptide products: ghrh and the c-terminal peptide, ghrh-related peptide (ghrh-rp). while cyclic adenosine monophosphate transduces many of the actions of ghrh, other pathways also have been implicated in its actions. the aims of this study were to examine and characterize the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways by ghrh, and ghrh-rp in p ... | 2001 | 11572318 |
| high glucose-enhanced mesangial cell extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase activation and alpha1(iv) collagen expression in response to endothelin-1: role of specific protein kinase c isozymes. | high glucose (hg) stimulates glomerular mesangial cell (mc) expression of extracellular matrix, a process involving protein kinase c (pkc) isozymes and enhanced signaling by autocrine peptides such as endothelin-1 (et-1). the purpose of this study was to identify the specific pkc isozymes mediating the effects of hg on mc extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk1/2) signaling and alpha1(iv) collagen expression in response to et-1. hg (30 mmol/l for 72 h) enhanced et-1-stimulated alpha1 ... | 2001 | 11574422 |
| disabled-2 mediates c-fos suppression and the cell growth regulatory activity of retinoic acid in embryonic carcinoma cells. | f9 embryonic stem cell-like teratocarcinoma cells are widely used to study early embryonic development and cell differentiation. the cells can be induced by retinoic acid to undergo endodermal differentiation. the retinoic acid-induced differentiation accompanies cell growth suppression, and thus, f9 cells are also often used as a model for analysis of retinoic acid biological activity. we have recently shown that mapk activation and c-fos expression are uncoupled in f9 cells upon retinoic acid- ... | 2001 | 11577091 |
| glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf)-induced migration and signal transduction in corneal epithelial cells. | to identify signal-transduction pathways induced by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf) in corneal epithelial cells and to characterize its effect on cell migration. | 2001 | 11581189 |
| constitutive activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 by synergistic point mutations. | constitutively active mutant forms of signaling enzymes provide insight into mechanisms of activation as well as useful molecular tools for probing downstream targets. in this study, point mutations in erk2 at conserved residues l73p and s151d were identified that individually led to 8-12-fold increased specific activity and in combination reached 50-fold, indicating synergistic interactions between these residues. examination by mass spectrometry, phosphatase sensitivity, and western blotting r ... | 2001 | 11591711 |
| potent inhibition of nfat activation and t cell cytokine production by novel low molecular weight pyrazole compounds. | nfat (nuclear factor of activated t cell) proteins are expressed in most immune system cells and regulate the transcription of cytokine genes critical for the immune response. the activity of nfat proteins is tightly regulated by the ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2b/calcineurin (can). dephosphorylation of nfat by can is required for nfat nuclear localization. current immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin a and fk506 block can activity thus inhibiting nuclear translocation ... | 2001 | 11592964 |
| creutzfeldt-jakob disease in unusually young patients who consumed venison. | creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk occur in the united states. recent reports of 3 unusually young patients with cjd who regularly consumed deer or elk meat created concern about the possible zoonotic transmission of cwd. | 2001 | 11594928 |
| farmed deer: new domestic animals defined by controlled breeding. | the domestication of plants and animals is recognized as pivotal in mankind's social evolution. yet, surprisingly few species have actually been farmed, prompting speculation as to which attributes are needed for successful domestication. although red deer were the staple source of meat throughout europe in the mesolithic, they have not been widely domesticated, leading many ethologists to argue that they are behaviourally unsuitable. recently, the most widely accepted criterion of domestication ... | 2001 | 11999300 |
| [a comparison of chemical composition and bioactivity of polypeptides from velvet antlers of cervus nippon temminck and cervus elaphus linnaeus]. | to compare the chemical composition and bioactivity of polypeptides(pps) isolated from velvet antlers of sika deer (cervus nippon temminck) and red deer (cervus elaphus linnaeus). | 2001 | 12776321 |
| length polymorphism of pcr-amplified genomic fragments of the pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (pag) gene family in the pig and some other domestic and wild mammals. | porcine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein genes (ppag) are known as a multigene family, in which five members have been cloned and sequences of their cdnas identified. porcine pag1 and ppag3 genes, belonging to the ppag1-like subfamily, both encode enzymatically inactive precursors. in contrast, cdnas of ppag2, ppag4 and ppag6 represent the ppag2-like gene subfamily, encoding enzymatically active precursors. the objective of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of both ppag-like gene s ... | 2001 | 14564040 |
| paratuberculosis in red deer (cervus elaphus): an immunohistochemical study. | in the present study, we compared the utility of immunohistochemistry with serological and histological results for the characterization of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) in tissues of affected red deer. bacterial isolation was considered the standard reference. samples were taken from seven clinically affected animals with typical macroscopic lesions. the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the gel diffusion tests (gd) were used for serological determi ... | 2001 | 15129586 |
| selective targeting of mapks to the ets domain transcription factor sap-1. | mapk pathways play important roles in regulating the key cellular processes of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. there are multiple mapk pathways, which are subject to different regulatory cues. it is important that these pathways maintain specificity in signaling to elicit the activation of a specific program of gene expression. mapk-docking domains in several transcription factors have been shown to play important roles in determining the specificity and efficiency of their phosph ... | 2001 | 11029469 |
| similarity indices for spatial ecological data. | we present a method for assessing similarity between species maps of presence and absence or abundance that emphasizes global features while ignoring minor local dissimilarities. the method arranges sites into small groups, or cliques, and allows controlled changes to be made within cliques to reduce the influence of local discrepancies. resulting measures of similarity are visually more satisfactory than traditional indices. we show that the similarity indices are useful for model selection by ... | 2001 | 11414575 |
| the epidemiology of childhood asthma in red deer and medicine hat, alberta. | to document the prevalence of asthma among school-aged children in two alberta communities, to understand host and indoor environmental factors associated with asthma, and to compare these factors between the two communities. | 2001 | 11420589 |
| sustained activation of the raf/mek/erk pathway in response to egf in stable cell lines expressing the hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein. | chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) worldwide. the hcv capside core is a multifunctional protein with regulatory functions that affects transcription and cell growth in vitro and in vivo. here, we show that both hcv genotype 1a and 3 core proteins activate mek1 and erk1/2 map kinases and that the costitutive expression of the hcv core results in a high basal activity of raf1 and map/kinase/kinase, as determined by end ... | 2001 | 11420671 |
| gonadotrophin-induced follicle development in red deer hinds during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. | the effect of exogenous equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) and endogenous (gnrh-treatment) gonadotrophins in promoting antral follicle development in red deer hinds was assessed during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. after progesterone pretreatment, hinds received no further treatment, a single injection of 300 iu equine chorionic gonadotrophin or infusion of gnrh (1.0 microg h(-1)) for up to 4 days. ovaries were recovered (n = 5 per group) at the time of, or 36 h after, progesterone re ... | 2001 | 11425335 |
| differential expression of genes encoding subthreshold-operating voltage-gated k+ channels in brain. | the members of the three subfamilies (eag, erg, and elk) of the ether-a-go-go (eag) family of potassium channel pore-forming subunits express currents that, like the m-current (i(m)), could have considerable influence on the subthreshold properties of neuronal membranes, and hence the control of excitability. a nonradioactive in situ hybridization (nr-ish) study of the distribution of the transcripts encoding the eight known eag family subunits in rat brain was performed to identify neuronal pop ... | 2001 | 11425889 |
| variation in antral follicle development during the follicular phase of the oestrous cycle in red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds. | the aim of this study was to quantify antral follicle populations in cyclic red deer hinds and to monitor follicle development leading to ovulation. oestrus was synchronized with exogenous progesterone and ovaries were recovered approximately 0, 12, 24 or 36 h (follicular phase) or 10 days (luteal phase) after progesterone withdrawal (n = 5 per group). all follicles > or = 2 mm in diameter were dissected out, health status was assessed, follicular fluid oestradiol content was measured, granulosa ... | 2001 | 11427157 |
| metal levels in body tissues, forage and fecal pellets of elk (cervus elaphus) living near the ore smelters at sudbury, ontario. | ontario's only free-ranging elk herd located at burwash-french river has been subjected to the influence of historic copper-nickel-iron (cu-ni-fe) ore smelting operations within the sudbury area. metal levels in selected body tissues, preferred forage items and fecal pellets were determined, and their potential effects on health and reproductive viability assessed. significant age effects were apparent in 13 out of 31 tissue metal values obtained, with most age-related differences attributable t ... | 2001 | 11428143 |
| tissue interactions and antlerogenesis: new findings revealed by a xenograft approach. | tissue interactions play a pivotal role in organogenesis. here we describe a xenograft approach to investigate how heterotypic tissue interactions control antler formation in deer. deciduous antlers grow from the apices of permanent protuberances, called pedicles. histogenesis of pedicles depends on the antlerogenic periosteum (ap). pedicles and growing antlers are made up of interior osseocartilage (a mixture of bone and cartilaginous tissue) and exterior skin. in a previous study we hypothesis ... | 2001 | 11429760 |
| risk factors for dystocia in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). | to analyse data from a study of deer herd health and productivity to identify potential risk factors for the occurrence of dystocia. | 2001 | 11432003 |
| seasonal changes in prevalence and intensity of hypoderma actaeon in cervus elaphus from central spain. | hypodermosis in red deer, cervus elaphus linnaeus (artilodactyla: cervidae), caused by the warble fly, hypoderma actaeon latreille (diptera: oestridae), was studied at quintos de mora (toledo, spain) over a one-year period between october 1994 and september 1995. one hundred and twenty-five red deer were examined for the presence of warble fly larvae. the prevalence of warbles was 44.8% and the intensity of infection was 38.29 (sd +/- 61.32) warbles/deer infected. clear seasonal variations were ... | 2001 | 11434555 |
| behavioural responses of red deer to fences of five different designs. | capercaillie, a large species of grouse, are sometimes killed when they fly into high-tensile deer fences. a fence design which is lower or has a less rigid top section than conventional designs would reduce bird deaths, but such fences would still have to be deer-proof. the short-term behavioural responses of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) to fences of five designs, including four that were designed to be less damaging to capercaillie, were measured. five deer were located on one side of a fe ... | 2001 | 11434963 |
| concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-i in adult male white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus): associations with serum testosterone, morphometrics and age during and after the breeding season. | our understanding of insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) in cervids has been limited mostly to its effects on antler development in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama), and pudu (pudu puda). although igf-i has been found to play a critical role in reproductive function of other mammals, its role in reproduction of deer is unknown. the objectives of the present study were to determine if serum levels of igf-i change during the breeding season, asses ... | 2001 | 11440874 |
| cd28 signaling augments elk-1-dependent transcription at the c-fos gene during antigen stimulation. | untransformed cd4(+) th1 cells stimulated with ag and apc demonstrated a dependence on b7- and cd28-mediated costimulatory signals for the expression and function of ap-1 proteins. the induction of transactivation by the c-fos gene regulator elk-1 mirrored this requirement for tcr and cd28 signal integration. c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) (but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38) protein kinase activity was similarly inhibited by neutralizing anti-b7 mabs. blockade of jnk protein ki ... | 2001 | 11441089 |
| crkl is recruited through its sh2 domain to the erythropoietin receptor and plays a role in lyn-mediated receptor signaling. | the erythropoietin (epo) receptor transduces its signals by activating physically associated tyrosine kinases, mainly jak2 and lyn, and thereby inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of various substrates including the epo receptor (epor) itself. we previously demonstrated that, in epo-stimulated cells, an adapter protein, crkl, becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated, physically associates with shc, shp-2, and cbl, and plays a role in activation of the ras/erk signaling pathway. here, we demonstrate that ep ... | 2001 | 11443118 |
| morphological variability of forestomach mucosal membrane in red deer, fallow deer, roe deer and mouflon. | the number and size of ruminal papillae, reticular cells and omasal laminae in free-living game deer (red deer, fallow deer, roe deer and mouflon) were examined. mucosal membrane (mm) specimens were collected from the forestomachs of hunted deer. these parameters were assessed as related to the grazing environment, sex and age of animals. the number and size of ruminal papillae corresponded the best to the feeding specialization of the respective deer species and affecting factors. in two areas ... | 2001 | 11445418 |
| direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds in three california counties, with reference to control of potential foot-and-mouth disease transmission. | to estimate direct and indirect contact rates on livestock facilities and distance traveled between herd contacts. | 2001 | 11453490 |
| extremely low-dose ionizing radiation causes activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and enhances proliferation of normal human diploid cells. | we demonstrated here that x-ray irradiation at very low doses of between 2 and 5 cgy stimulated proliferation of normal human diploid cells and human tumor cells. higher doses of irradiation at >1 gy accumulated p53 protein and induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1/2. phosphorylation of erk1/2 decreased with dose down to 50 cgy, however, doses of between 5 cgy and 2 cgy phosphorylated erk1/2 as efficiently as higher doses of x-rays, whereas the p53 protein leve ... | 2001 | 11454682 |
| selective potentiation of paclitaxel (taxol)-induced cell death by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition in human cancer cell lines. | activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway in hela and chinese hamster ovary cells after treatment with paclitaxel (taxol) and other microtubule interacting agents has been investigated. using a trans-reporting system, the phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factors elk-1 and c-jun was measured. concentration- and time-dependent activation of the elk-1 pathway, mediated primarily by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) component of the mapk family, was ... | 2001 | 11455016 |
| altered regulation of erk1b by mek1 and ptp-sl and modified elk1 phosphorylation by erk1b are caused by abrogation of the regulatory c-terminal sequence of erks. | erk1b is an alternatively spliced form of erk1, containing a 26-amino acid insertion between residues 340 and 341 of erk1. although under most circumstances the kinetics of erk1b activation are similar to that of erk1 and erk2, we have previously found several conditions under which the activation of erk1b by extracellular stimuli differs from that of other erks. we studied the molecular mechanisms that cause this differential regulation of erk1b and found that erk1b is altered in its ability to ... | 2001 | 11463794 |
| cyclic amp and mitogen-activated protein kinases are required for glutamate-dependent cyclic amp response element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum in vivo. | dopaminergic and glutamatergic signalling cascades are integrated in striatal medium spiny neurones by cyclic amp response-element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation. phosphorylated cyclic amp response-element binding protein and phosphorylated elk-1 contribute to c-fos expression by binding to the calcium and cyclic amp response-element and the serum response element, respectively, in the c-fos promoter. the role of cyclic amp and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling cascades in g ... | 2001 | 11208903 |
| homocysteine stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in endothelial cells leading to enhanced monocyte chemotaxis. | hyperhomocysteinemia has been identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. the infiltration of monocytes into the arterial wall is one of the key events during atherogenesis. monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) is a potent chemokine that stimulates the migration of monocytes into the intima of the arterial wall. the mechanism by which increased monocyte infiltration occurs in atherosclerotic lesions in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia has not been delineated. the object ... | 2001 | 11216856 |
| infection with bartonella weissii and detection of nanobacterium antigens in a north carolina beef herd. | very recently, bartonella organisms have been isolated from large ruminants (deer, elk, and dairy and beef cattle) located in the united states and in france. in this study, we report the serologic, microbiologic, and molecular findings related to the isolation of a bartonella species in north carolina beef cattle and the detection of nanobacterial antigen using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. between august 1998 and september 1999, blood was collected from 38 cattle ... | 2001 | 11230398 |
| high prevalence of large spiny-tailed protostrongylid larvae in iberian red deer. | the prevalence and abundance of protostrongylid larvae (nematoda: protostrongylidae) in 173 fecal samples of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus erxleben, 1777) are presented. large (401(365-425)+/-24 micom) spiny-tailed larvae, comparable to the descriptions of first stage elaphostrongylus cervi larvae were found in 66.47+/-0.7% of the samples (range 6.8-100%, depending on the locality). the overall abundance of larvae in faces was overdispersed with an average of 24.94+/-96.23 (range 0 ... | 2001 | 11230923 |
| a novel erythroid-specific marker of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) are a group of invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases and include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and kuru disease, creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) and variant cjd in humans. the pathological effects of disease occur predominantly in the cns (central nervous system), where common hallmarks include vacuolation, gliosis, accumulation of a protease-resistant, abnormally ... | 2001 | 11231637 |
| successful in vitro production of embryos in the red deer (cervus elaphus) and the sika deer (cervus nippon). | the aim of our study was to define the conditions for ivm and ivf of oocytes in 2 common deer species as models for endangered related subspecies. immature oocytes were recovered during the breeding season from postmortem ovaries (red deer) or by repeated laparoscopic follicular aspiration (sika deer). oocytes were cultured for 24 h in ivm medium supplemented with egf or fsh and follicular fluid. stag semen was collected by electroejaculation (both species) or by epididymal flushing (red deer) a ... | 2001 | 11233790 |
| inclusion body myositis: expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and its substrate. | to assess abnormal intracellular signal transduction in inclusion body myositis (ibm). | 2001 | 11148241 |
| estrogen receptor-mediated activation of the serum response element in mcf-7 cells through mapk-dependent phosphorylation of elk-1. | 17beta-estradiol (e2) induces c-fos protooncogene expression in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells, and deletion analysis of the c-fos promoter showed that the serum response element (sre) at -325 to -296 was e2-responsive. the mechanism of ligand-activated estrogen receptor alpha (eralpha)-dependent activation of gene expression through the sre was determined by mutational analysis of the promoter, analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway activation by e2, and transforming growt ... | 2001 | 11145955 |
| induction of early growth response-1 gene expression by calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine through the activation of elk-1 in human fibrosarcoma ht1080 cells. | the early growth response gene-1 (egr-1) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in cell growth and differentiation. it has been known that egr-1 expression is down-regulated in many types of tumor tissues, including human fibrosarcoma ht1080 cells, and introduction of the egr-1 gene into ht1080 cells inhibits cell growth and tumorigenic potential. trifluoperazine (tfp), a phenothiazine class calmodulin antagonist, is known to inhibit dna synthesis and cell proliferation and poten ... | 2001 | 11121417 |
| hepatitis c virus core protein enhances the activation of the transcription factor, elk1, in response to mitogenic stimuli. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways play key roles in cell proliferation, transformation of mammalian cells, and the stress response. we and other investigators showed that hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein has an oncogenic potential, but its mechanism has remained unknown. we previously demonstrated that the mapk-extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) kinase (mek)-erk pathway and its downstream target, the serum response element (sre), is activated in balb/3t3 cells produc ... | 2001 | 11124832 |
| nuclear factor-kappa b activation by the cxc chemokine melanoma growth-stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein involves the mekk1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. | melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein (mgsa/gro), a cxc chemokine, plays an important role in inflammation, wound healing, growth regulation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. constitutive expression of mgsa/groalpha in melanoma tumors is associated with constitutive nuclear factor (nf)-kappab activity. we show here that either exogenous addition or continuous expression of mgsa/groalpha in immortalized melanocytes enhances nf-kappab activation, as well as mitogen-activate ... | 2001 | 11062239 |
| a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase is responsive to raf and mediates growth factor specificity. | the proto-oncogene raf is a major regulator of growth and differentiation. previous studies from a number of laboratories indicate that raf activates a signaling pathway that is independent of the classic mek1,2-erk1,2 cascade. however, no other signaling cascade downstream of raf has been identified. we describe a new member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, p97, an erk5-related kinase that is activated and raf associated when cells are stimulated by raf. furthermore, p97 is selec ... | 2001 | 11238956 |
| androgen receptors are only present in mesenchyme-derived dermal papilla cells of red deer (cervus elaphus) neck follicles when raised androgens induce a mane in the breeding season. | red deer stags produce an androgen-dependent mane of long hairs only in the breeding season; in the non-breeding season, when circulating androgen levels are low, the neck hair resembles the rest of the coat. this study was designed to determine whether androgen receptors are present in deer follicles throughout the year or only in the mane (neck) follicles when circulating testosterone levels are high in the breeding season. although androgens regulate much human hair growth the mechanisms are ... | 2001 | 11241171 |
| protein kinase c mu selectively activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) p42 pathway. | here we show that human protein kinase c mu (pkc mu) activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk). transient expression of constitutive active pkc mu leads to an activation of raf-1 kinase as demonstrated by in vitro phosphorylation of mapk. pkc mu enhances transcriptional activity of a basal thymidine kinase promotor containing serum response elements (sres) as shown by luciferase reporter gene assays. sre driven gene activation by pkc mu is triggered by the elk-1 ternary complex facto ... | 2001 | 11248233 |
| the anthocyanidins cyanidin and delphinidin are potent inhibitors of the epidermal growth-factor receptor. | the aglycons of the most abundant anthocyanins in food, cyanidin (cy) and delphinidin (del), were found to inhibit the growth of human tumor cells in vitro in the micromolar range, whereas malvidin (mv), a typical anthocyanidin in grapes, was less active. the aglycons preferentially inhibited the growth of the human vulva carcinoma cell line a431, overexpressing the epidermal growth-factor receptor (egfr). the glycosides cyanidin-3-beta-d-galactoside (cy-3-gal, idaein) and malvidin-3-beta-d-gluc ... | 2001 | 11262056 |
| analysis of the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase in mediating cyclic-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate effects on prolactin promoter activity. | the mechanisms mediating camp effects to stimulate transcription of the prl gene have been examined. treatments that elevate intracellular camp concentrations were found to stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) in gh(3) cells. elevated camp was also found to stimulate activation of the gtp-binding protein, rap1. rap1gap1 reduced camp-induced phosphorylation of mapk, offering evidence that rap1 may play a role in mediating activation of mapk. treatment of gh(3) cells with pd98059, ... | 2001 | 11266512 |
| laminitis in a mature elk hind (cervus elaphus). | laminitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in elk presenting with shifting leg lameness, reluctance to move, recumbency and hoof wall ridging. eliminating the underlying cause and corrective trimming lead to a good prognosis for recovery. | 2001 | 11272458 |
| evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay and comparison to other serological assays for detection of brucellosis in cervids. | the complement fixation test (cft), competitive enzyme immunoassay (celisa), indirect enzyme immunoassay (ielisa) and fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) were evaluated for the detection of antibodies to brucella abortus and brucella suis biotype 4 in caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), elk (cervus elapus), red deer (cervus elapus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). when combining the data the fpa and the celisa were determined to be the most suitable tests for serodiagnosis of cervi ... | 2001 | 11272484 |
| cloning, sequencing, and expression of interferon-gamma from elk in north america. | eradication of mycobacterium bovis relies on accurate detection of infected animals, including potential domestic and wildlife reservoirs. available diagnostic tests lack the sensitivity and specificity necessary for accurate detection, particularly in infected wildlife populations. recently, an in vitro diagnostic test for cattle which measures plasma interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) levels in blood following in vitro incubation with m. bovis purified protein derivative has been enveloped. this tes ... | 2001 | 11272492 |
| spatial analysis of key signaling proteins by high-content solid-phase cytometry in hep3b cells treated with an inhibitor of cdc25 dual-specificity phosphatases. | protein phosphorylation frequently results in the subcellular redistribution of key signaling molecules, and this spatial change is critical for their activity. here we have probed the effects of a cdc25 inhibitor, 2-(2-mercaptoethanol)-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, or compound 5, on the spatial regulation and activation kinetics of tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling events using two methods: (i) high-content, automated, fluorescence-based, solid-phase cytometry and (ii) a novel cellula ... | 2001 | 11274178 |
| adenosine nucleotides acting at the human p2y1 receptor stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinases and induce apoptosis. | for the widely distributed p2y receptors for nucleotides, the transductional and functional responses downstream of their coupling to g proteins are poorly characterized. here we describe apoptotic induction and the associated differential stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase family members by the human p2y(1) receptor. the potent p2y(1) receptor agonist, 2-methylthio-adp (2-mesadp), stimulated the extracellular-signal regulated kinases (erk1/2) (ec(50) approximately 5 nm) as we ... | 2001 | 11278310 |
| alpha-synuclein forms a complex with transcription factor elk-1. | alpha-synuclein has been identified as a component of lewy bodies in parkinson's disease and diffuse lewy body disease, and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (gcis) in multiple system atrophy (msa). to explore the role of alpha-synuclein in the pathogenesis, we searched for molecules interacting with alpha-synuclein and discovered that gcis are stained by anti-elk-1 antibody. to seek the role of elk-1 in synucleinopathies, we cotransfected alpha-synuclein and elk-1 to cultured cells, and found small ... | 2001 | 11279280 |
| phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates integrin-dependent nf-kappab and mapk activation through separate signaling pathways. | integrin-mediated signals play an important but poorly understood role in regulating many leukocyte functions. in monocytes and monocytic leukemia cells, beta1 integrin-mediated adhesion results in a strong induction of immediate-early genes that are important in inflammation. to investigate the signaling pathways from integrins in monocytic cells, thp-1 cells were stimulated via beta1 integrins by binding to fibronectin and by crosslinking the integrins with specific monoclonal antibodies. the ... | 2001 | 11282033 |
| temporal recruitment of the msin3a-histone deacetylase corepressor complex to the ets domain transcription factor elk-1. | the transcriptional status of eukaryotic genes is determined by a balance between activation and repression mechanisms. the nuclear hormone receptors represent classical examples of transcription factors that can regulate this balance by recruiting corepressor and coactivator complexes in a ligand-dependent manner. here, we demonstrate that the equilibrium between activation and repression via a single transcription factor, elk-1, is altered following activation of the erk mitogen-activated prot ... | 2001 | 11283259 |
| activator protein-1 transcription factor mediates bombesin-stimulated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. | colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex, multistep process involving genetic alterations and progressive changes in signaling pathways regulating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. although cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2), gastrin-releasing peptide (grp), and its receptor, grp-r, are not normally expressed by the epithelial cells lining the human colon, the levels of all three proteins are aberrantly overexpressed in premalignant adenomatous polyps and colorectal c ... | 2001 | 11292836 |