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good outcome with early empiric treatment of neural larva migrans due to baylisascaris procyonis.we report a remarkably good outcome in a 14-month-old boy with early clinical diagnosis and aggressive empirical treatment of neural larva migrans caused by the raccoon roundworm baylisascaris procyonis. he presented with fever, meningismus, lethargy, irritability and asymmetric spastic extremity weakness. early findings of marked blood and cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia and of diffuse white matter signal abnormality in the brain and spinal cord on mri suggested a parasitic encephalomyelitis. ...201222311989
frequency of deposition and location of baylisascaris procyonis eggs in raccoon feces.baylisascaris procyonis is a large ascarid nematode found in the small intestine of raccoons (procyon lotor). infection with larvae of b. procyonis can produce visceral, ocular, and neural larval migrans in humans. infected raccoons can shed millions of eggs a day in their feces. however, it is unknown whether eggs are consistently shed or whether eggs occur at irregular intervals by the population of female nematodes within a host. we trapped, infected, and collected daily fecal samples from 11 ...201222247390
serologic survey of brucellosis in captive neotropical wild carnivores in northeast brazil.abstract. this study reports the detection of antibodies against brucella abortus and b. canis in wild neotropical carnivores kept in captivity in three zoos in northeastern brazil. a total of 42 serum samples were examined, 17 from coatis (nasua nasua), eight from crab-eating raccoons (procyon cancrivorus), three from crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous), three from hoary foxes (lycalopex vetulus), two from little spotted cats (leopardus tigrinus), five from tayras (eira barbara), two from great ...201222779245
epidemiology of canine distemper virus in wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) from south korea.raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) are widespread and common in south korea. in 2011, we obtained serum samples from 102 wild raccoon dogs to survey their exposure to canine distemper virus (cdv). forty-five of the 102 animals (44.1%) were seropositive. field cases of canine distemper in wild raccoon dogs from 2010 to 2011 were investigated. fourteen cases of cdv infection were identified by a commercially available cdv antigen detection kit. these cases were used for virus isolation and mo ...201222608695
human dirofilariasis due to dirofilaria repens in southern india.dirofilariasis is primarily confined to animals such as dogs, cats, foxes and raccoons. human dirofilariasis is an accidental zoonotic infection acquired through mosquitoes. human dirofilariasis due to dirofilaria repens though endemic in kerala, reports from karnataka state are rare. we report a case of solitary subcutaneous dirofilariasis of the eyelid due to d. repens in a 47-year-old woman. she presented with periorbital edema. the swelling was soft, cystic with associated tenderness. a thin ...201223508234
enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon cuniculi in horses kept under different management systems in the czech republic.faecal samples were collected from 377 horses on 23 farms with varying management systems in the czech republic. microsporidia were found on 16 farms and the overall prevalence of enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon cuniculi was 17.3% (66/377) and 6.9% (26/377), respectively. the prevalence of e. cuniculi in horses over 3 years of age was significantly higher (10.0%) compared to younger horses (4.0%). no significant differences in prevalence were observed among stallions, geldings, and m ...201222877825
antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolates from raccoons (procyon lotor) in southern ontario, canada.we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (amr) in fecal escherichia coli isolates from raccoons (procyon lotor) living in ontario, canada. from june to october 2007, we trapped raccoons in three areas: one primarily urban site around niagara, one primarily rural site north of guelph, and one at the toronto zoo. in addition, we conducted a longitudinal study at the toronto zoo site to investigate the temporal dynamics of fecal e. coli and amr in ...201222447599
missense polymorphisms in the mc1r gene of the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog.coat colour variation is determined by many genes, one of which is the melanocortin receptor type 1 (mc1r) gene. in this study, we examined the whole coding sequence of this gene in four species belonging to the canidae family (dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). although the comparative analysis of the obtained nucleotide sequences revealed a high conservation, which varied between 97.9 and 99.1%, we altogether identified 22 snps (10 in dogs, six in farmed red foxes, two in wild ...201223496014
the culex pipiens complex in the mississippi river basin: identification, distribution, and bloodmeal hosts.members of the culex pipiens complex are the primary vectors of st. louis encephalitis virus and west nile virus in the mississippi river basin (mrb). the cx. pipiens complex in the mrb is composed of 4 taxa: cx. p. pipiens form pipiens, cx. p. quinquefasciatus, hybrids between cx. p. pipiens f. pipiens and cx. p. quinquefasciatus, and cx. p. pipiens form molestus. three studies on bloodmeal hosts with large sample sizes have been conducted on members of the cx. pipiens complex in the mrb includ ...201223401948
babesia microti in rodents and raccoons from northeast florida.human babesiosis in the united states is caused most commonly by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, babesia microti . although a few reports have described evidence of babesia species in animals in florida, to date babesia microti specifically has not been reported from florida or most other southern states. to determine if the organism is present in vertebrates in the region, small mammals were trapped and sampled at 2 sites in northeastern florida, and dna extracts from blood samples we ...201222646851
isolation and phylogenetic analysis of bartonella species from wild carnivores of the suborder caniformia in japan.the prevalence of bartonella species was investigated among wild carnivores of the suborder caniformia, including 15 japanese badgers (meles anakuma), 8 japanese martens (martes melampus), 2 japanese weasels (mustela itatsi), 1 siberian weasel (mustela sibirica), 171 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), and 977 raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan. bartonella bacteria were isolated from one japanese badger (6.7%) and from one japanese marten (12.5%); however, no bartonella species was found in ...201222841404
reservoir competence of wildlife host species for babesia microti.human babesiosis is an increasing health concern in the northeastern united states, where the causal agent, babesia microti, is spread through the bite of infected ixodes scapularis ticks. we sampled 10 mammal and 4 bird species within a vertebrate host community in southeastern new york to quantify reservoir competence (mean percentage of ticks infected by an individual host) using real-time pcr. we found reservoir competence levels >17% in white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), raccoons (pro ...201223171673
the effect and relative importance of neutral genetic diversity for predicting parasitism varies across parasite taxa.understanding factors that determine heterogeneity in levels of parasitism across individuals is a major challenge in disease ecology. it is known that genetic makeup plays an important role in infection likelihood, but the mechanism remains unclear as does its relative importance when compared to other factors. we analyzed relationships between genetic diversity and macroparasites in outbred, free-ranging populations of raccoons (procyon lotor). we measured heterozygosity at 14 microsatellite l ...201223049796
application of change-point analysis to determine winter sleep patterns of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) from body temperature recordings and a multi-faceted dietary and behavioral study of wintering.a multi-faceted approach was used to investigate the wintertime ecophysiology and behavioral patterns of the raccoon dog, nyctereutes procyonoides, a suitable model for winter sleep studies. by utilizing gps tracking, activity sensors, body temperature (tb) recordings, change-point analysis (cpa), home range, habitat and dietary analyses, as well as fatty acid signatures (fas), the impact of the species on wintertime food webs was assessed. the timing of passive bouts was determined with multipl ...201223237274
[establishment and application of a vero cell line stably expressing raccoon dog slam, the cellular receptor of canine distemper virus].the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam, also known as cd150), is used as a cellular receptor by canine distemper virus (cdv). wild-type strains of cdvs can be isolated and propagated efficiently in non-lymphoid cells expressing this protein. our aim is to establish a vero cells expressing raccoon dog slam (rslam) to efficiently isolate cdv from pathological samples.201223457801
chromosomal rearrangements and karyotype evolution in carnivores revealed by chromosome painting.chromosomal evolution in carnivores has been revisited extensively using cross-species chromosome painting. painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of the domestic dog, which has one of the most rearranged karyotypes in mammals and the highest dipoid number (2n=78) in carnivores, are a powerful tool in detecting both evolutionary intra- and inter-chromosomal rearrangements. however, only a few comparative maps have been established between dog and other non-canidae species. here, we ...201222086079
detection of anti-leptospira antibodies in captive nonhuman primates from salvador, brazil.leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis that affects several species of domestic and wild animals. under captive conditions, leptospirosis is a potential problem because the physical conditions in most zoos and research centers cannot prevent the captive animals from being exposed to rodents, raccoons, opossums, and other local wildlife that are known carriers. yet, despite the potential risk, animals that are destined for reintroduction into the wild are not routinely tested for anti-lep ...201222052355
Role of multiple hosts in the cross-species transmission and emergence of a pandemic parvovirus.Understanding the mechanisms of cross-species virus transmission is critical to anticipating emerging infectious diseases. Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged as a variant of a feline parvovirus when it acquired mutations that allowed binding to the canine transferrin receptor type 1 (TfR). However, CPV-2 was soon replaced by a variant virus (CPV-2a) that differed in antigenicity and receptor binding. Here we show that the emergence of CPV involved an additional host range variant virus tha ...201222072763
pseudorabies in free-ranging raccoons. 20123505966
investigation of tularemia outbreak after natural infection of outdoor-housed rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) with francisella tularensis.in the summer and fall of 2010, a series of outdoor-housed rhesus macaques were diagnosed with tularemia. pcr analysis or positive culture confirmed 11 cases, and 9 additional animals with similar clinical signs responded to empiric antibiotic treatment. a serosurvey conducted in the 9 mo after the outbreak found 53% (43 of 81 macaques) seropositivity in the southern outdoor colony, which had an average population of 700 animals. a prospective survey of small mammal reservoirs and arthropod vect ...201323582425
distribution of wild mammal assemblages along an urban-rural-forest landscape gradient in warm-temperate east asia.urbanization may alter mammal assemblages via habitat loss, food subsidies, and other factors related to human activities. the general distribution patterns of wild mammal assemblages along urban-rural-forest landscape gradients have not been studied, although many studies have focused on a single species or taxon, such as rodents. we quantitatively evaluated the effects of the urban-rural-forest gradient and spatial scale on the distributions of large and mid-sized mammals in the world's larges ...201323741495
endoparasites of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) and the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in denmark 2009-2012 - a comparative study.invasive species negatively influence the biodiversity of the ecosystems they invade and may introduce pathogens to native species. raccoon dogs have very successfully invaded europe, including, recently, denmark. this study included analyses of gastrointestinal helminths and trichinella spp. from 99 raccoon dogs and 384 native red foxes collected from october 2009 to march 2012. the sedimentation and counting method used revealed that raccoon dogs and foxes harboured 9 and 13 different helminth ...201324533328
alaria alata mesocercariae in raccoons (procyon lotor) in germany.alaria alata is a trematode of carnivores from europe. the mesocercarial stage was recently identified in wild boar meat from europe. previous histopathologic studies showed the presence of unidentified parasitic cysts within the tongues of raccoons from northern germany. for identification of the parasite species, tissue samples of 105 raccoons originating from a national park in northern germany and from berlin metropolitan area were collected. histological examination of cryotome sections of ...201323892481
aleutian mink disease virus in furbearing mammals in nova scotia, canada.aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is widespread among ranched and free-ranging american mink in canada, but there is no information on its prevalence in other wild animal species. this paper describes the prevalence of amdv of 12 furbearing species in nova scotia (ns), canada.201323394546
parasites and the conservation of small populations: the case of baylisascaris procyonis.human demands on natural resources result in landscape changes that facilitate the emergence of disease. most emerging diseases are zoonotic, and some of these pathogens play a role in the decline of vulnerable wildlife species. baylisascaris procyonis, the common roundworm parasite of raccoons (procyon lotor), is a well recognized zoonotic infection that has many of the properties associated with a pathogen capable of driving extinction. it is highly non-specific and frequently pathogenic with ...201324533336
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of babesia sp. nv-1 detected from wild american mink ( neovison vison ) in hokkaido, japan.babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease affecting many mammalian species worldwide, caused by the intraerythrocytic multiplication of babesia spp. the present study aimed to detect the presence of babesia sp. in 13 american mink from hokkaido, japan. one of 13 animals was positive, as indicated by nested pcr targeting the 18s ribosomal rna (ssu rdna) and subunit 7 (eta) of the chaperonin-containing t-complex polypeptide 1 (cct7) genes from species of babesia and theileria. sequencing of the ...201322994135
isolation of deer tick virus (powassan virus, lineage ii) from ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the hudson valley, new york state.deer tick virus, dtv, is a genetically and ecologically distinct lineage of powassan virus (powv) also known as lineage ii powv. human incidence of pow encephalitis has increased in the last 15 years potentially due to the emergence of dtv, particularly in the hudson valley of new york state. we initiated an extensive sampling campaign to determine whether powv was extant throughout the hudson valley in tick vectors and/or vertebrate hosts.201324016533
assessment of animal impacts on bacterial water quality in a south carolina, usa tidal creek system.fecal pollution may adversely impact water quality in coastal ecosystems. the goal of this study was to determine whether cattle were a source of fecal pollution in a south carolina watershed. surface water samples were collected in june 2002 and february through march 2003 in closed shellfish harvesting waters of toogoodoo creek in charleston county, sc. fecal coliform concentrations in 70 % of the water samples taken for this study exceeded shellfish harvesting water standards. ribotyping was ...201323435851
the safety of onrab® in select non-target wildlife.onrab(®) is a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (had5) with the rabies glycoprotein gene incorporated into its genome. onrab(®) has been used in canada as an oral rabies vaccine in target wildlife species such as: red fox (vulpes vulpes), raccoon (procyon lotor), and striped skunk (mepthis mephitis). we evaluated the safety of onrab(®) in non-target wildlife species likely to contact the vaccine baits during oral rabies vaccine campaigns in the united states. we investigated the effects of ora ...201323831321
an assessment of onrab oral rabies vaccine persistence in free-ranging mammal populations in ontario, canada.onrab is a rabies glycoprotein recombinant human adenovirus type 5 oral vaccine developed for application in baits to control rabies in wildlife populations. prior to widespread use of onrab, both the safety and effectiveness of this vaccine required investigation. while previous research has focused on field performance and the persistence and pathogenicity of onrab in captive animals, we sought to examine persistence and shedding of onrab in populations of free-ranging target and non-target ma ...201323499602
feline panleukopenia virus: its interesting evolution and current problems in immunoprophylaxis against a serious pathogen.vaccination of cats against feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) has been a routine part of feline medicine for the past 40 or more years, and many of the same vaccines that were first developed in the 1960s are still in routine use today. however, there has been significant evolution of the virus in the last 40 years, in particular the emergence of canine parvovirus (cpv) in dogs in the late 1970s, which was a host range variant of the fpv-like virus, and the world-wide spread of the cpv-derived vi ...201323561891
serologic survey for antibodies to canine parvovirus and influenza virus in wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in south korea.sera from 102 wild raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) were screened for antibodies to canine parvovirus (cpv) and influenza a virus (iav) in south korea. sixteen samples were antibody positive for cpv and all samples were negative for iav antibodies.201323307391
frequent cross-species transmission of parvoviruses among diverse carnivore hosts.although parvoviruses are commonly described in domestic carnivores, little is known about their biodiversity in nondomestic species. a phylogenetic analysis of vp2 gene sequences from puma, coyote, gray wolf, bobcat, raccoon, and striped skunk revealed two major groups related to either feline panleukopenia virus ("fpv-like") or canine parvovirus ("cpv-like"). cross-species transmission was commonplace, with multiple introductions into each host species but, with the exception of raccoons, rela ...201323221559
detection of clostridium difficile in small and medium-sized wild mammals in southern ontario, canada.we sampled 325 small and medium-sized wild mammals in ontario, canada in 2007 and 2010 to determine the prevalence and characteristics of clostridium difficile in wild mammals living in proximity to captive wildlife and livestock. clostridium difficile was isolated from five of 109 animals (4.6%) on four of 25 farms (16%), but was not isolated from any of the 216 samples from raccoons (procyon lotor) living on the grounds of the toronto zoo. the positive animals included two raccoons from one be ...201323568920
deduced sequences of the membrane fusion and attachment proteins of canine distemper viruses isolated from dogs and wild animals in korea.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes highly contagious respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological diseases in wild and domestic animal species. despite a broad vaccination campaign, the disease is still a serious problem worldwide. in this study, six field cdv strains were isolated from three dogs, two raccoon dogs, and one badger in korea. the full sequence of the genes encoding fusion (f) and hemagglutinin (h) proteins were compared with those of other cdvs including field and vaccine stra ...201323624803
phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of canine distemper virus strains detected from giant panda and raccoon dogs in china.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a variety of carnivores, including wild and domestic canidae. in this study, we sequenced and phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin (h) genes from eight canine distemper virus (cdv) isolates obtained from seven raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and a giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in china.201323566727
first report of clinical disease associated with canine distemper virus infection in a wild black bear (ursus americana).an approximately 1-yr-old black bear was discovered on the porch of a rural residence in southwestern pennsylvania on october 26, 2011, where it remained during the day in spite of efforts to frighten it away. the bear exhibited periods of somnolence and sporadic tremors and seizures. it was euthanized by gunshot that evening. immediately after euthanasia it was observed to have footpads that exuded fluid when compressed. it was submitted for necropsy the next day where roughened footpads were n ...201324502734
illegal wildlife imports more than just animals--baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (procyon lotor) in norway.in autumn 2011, 11 illegally imported animals were seized from a farm in southern norway. these included four raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), four raccoons (procyon lotor), and three south american coatis (nasua nasua), all considered alien species in norway. an additional two raccoons had escaped from the farm prior to seizure. the seized animals were euthanized and postmortem examination revealed that the four raccoons had moderate to high numbers of the zoonotic nematode baylisascari ...201324502726
baylisascaris larva migrans.baylisascaris procyonis is a roundworm of the raccoon found primarily in north america but also known to occur in other parts of the world including south america, europe, and japan. migration of the larvae of this parasite is recognized as a cause of clinical neural larva migrans (nlm) in humans, primarily children. it is manifested as meningoencephalitis associated with marked eosinophilia of the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood. diagnosis is made by recovering and identifying larvae i ...201323829916
baylisascaris procyonis infection in white-footed mice: predicting patterns of infection from landscape habitat attributes.there is a growing body of evidence that habitat fragmentation resulting from anthropogenic land use can alter the transmission dynamics of infectious disease. baylisascaris procyonis , a parasitic roundworm with the ability to cause fatal central nervous system disease in many mammals, including humans, is a zoonotic threat, and research suggests that parasite recruitment rates by intermediate hosts are highly variable among forest patches in fragmented landscapes. during 2008, we sampled 353 w ...201323656487
use of experimental translocations of allegheny woodrat to decipher causal agents of decline.translocations are an important tool for wildlife conservation, although progress in the field of reintroduction biology has been hindered by the ad hoc and opportunistic nature of many translocations. we used an experimental translocation to elucidate the role of raccoon roundworm (baylisascaris procyonis) and inbreeding depression in the decline of the allegheny woodrat (neotoma magister), an endangered species. we translocated woodrats from genetically diverse populations in the core of the s ...201323647164
molecular analysis of baylisascaris columnaris revealed mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphisms.baylisascaris species are intestinal nematodes of skunks, raccoons, badgers, and bears belonging to the genus ascarididae. oral uptake of embryonated baylisascaris sp. eggs by a wide variety of mammals and birds can lead to visceral, ocular and neurological larva migrans. b. procyonis, the raccoon roundworm, is known to cause severe illness in intermediate hosts and in humans, whereas the skunk roundworm b. columnaris is probably less pathogenic. skunks and raccoons are kept as pets in europe, s ...201323627901
baylisascaris procyonis in raccoons (procyon lotor) from north carolina and current status of the parasite in the usa.baylisascaris procyonis is an intestinal nematode of raccoons (procyon lotor) that can cause fatal larva migrans in numerous species of birds and mammals, including humans. historically, this parasite has been rare in the southeastern usa but recently has been reported in eastern tennessee and isolated parts of georgia and florida. the objective of the current study was to investigate the distribution and prevalence of b. procyonis in raccoons from north carolina. in western north carolina, in c ...201323180125
wildlife contact rates at artificial feeding sites in texas.given the popularity of feeding white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in texas and the increasing amount of corn that is distributed, more information is needed on the impacts of this activity on non-target wildlife. our objectives were to report visitation, intra- and interspecific contact, and contact rates of wildlife at artificial feeding sites in texas. our study was conducted at three sites in kleberg and nueces counties, texas. we trapped animals from february to april and august to ...201323609307
costs of raccoon rabies incidents in cattle herds in hampshire county, west virginia, and guernsey county, ohio.to determine direct and indirect costs associated with raccoon rabies incidents involving cattle herds in hampshire county, wv, in 2008 and guernsey county, ohio, in 2010.201324261805
the mirna world of polyomaviruses.polyomaviruses are a family of non-enveloped dna viruses infecting several species, including humans, primates, birds, rodents, bats, horse, cattle, raccoon and sea lion. they typically cause asymptomatic infection and establish latency but can be reactivated under certain conditions causing severe diseases. micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas that play important roles in several cellular processes by binding to and inhibiting the translation of specific mrna transcripts. in this review ...201323984639
evaluation of the zoonotic potential of transmissible mink encephalopathy.successful transmission of transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) to cattle supports the bovine hypothesis for the still controversial origin of tme outbreaks. human and primate susceptibility to classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-bse) and the transmissibility of l-type bse to macaques indicate a low cattle-to-primate species barrier. we therefore evaluated the zoonotic potential of cattle-adapted tme. in less than two years, this strain induced in cynomolgus macaques a neurological ...201325437205
trypanosoma cruzi infection in neotropical wild carnivores (mammalia: carnivora): at the top of the t. cruzi transmission chain.little is known on the role played by neotropical wild carnivores in the trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles. we investigated t. cruzi infection in wild carnivores from three sites in brazil through parasitological and serological tests. the seven carnivore species examined were infected by t. cruzi, but high parasitemias detectable by hemoculture were found only in two procyonidae species. genotyping by mini-exon gene, pcr-rflp (1f8/akw21i) and kdna genomic targets revealed that the raccoon ( ...201323861767
genetic variation and exchange in trypanosoma cruzi isolates from the united states.trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease, is a multiclonal parasite with high levels of genetic diversity and broad host and geographic ranges. molecular characterization of south american isolates of t. cruzi has demonstrated homologous recombination and nuclear hybridization, as well as the presence of 6 main genetic clusters or "discrete typing units" (dtus). few studies have extensively investigated such exchange events and genetic diversity in north american isolates. in the ...201323457528
southern plains woodrats (neotoma micropus) from southern texas are important reservoirs of two genotypes of trypanosoma cruzi and host of a putative novel trypanosoma species.trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas' disease, is an important public health and veterinary pathogen. although human cases are rare in the united states, infections in wildlife, and in some areas domestic dogs, are common. in 2008 and 2010, we investigated t. cruzi prevalence in possible vertebrate reservoirs in southern texas, with an emphasis on southern plains woodrats (neotoma micropus). infection status was determined using a combination of culture isolation, polymerase chain re ...201323127189
impacts of tree rows on grassland birds and potential nest predators: a removal experiment.globally, grasslands and the wildlife that inhabit them are widely imperiled. encroachment by shrubs and trees has widely impacted grasslands in the past 150 years. in north america, most grassland birds avoid nesting near woody vegetation. because woody vegetation fragments grasslands and potential nest predator diversity and abundance is often greater along wooded edge and grassland transitions, we measured the impacts of removing rows of trees and shrubs that intersected grasslands on potenti ...201323565144
lactobacillus faecis sp. nov., isolated from animal faeces.three lactic acid bacteria were isolated from faeces of a jackal (canis mesomelas) and raccoons (procyron lotor). the isolates formed a subcluster in the lactobacillus salivarius phylogenetic group, closely related to lactobacillus animalis, lactobacillus apodemi and lactobacillus murinus, by phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna and reca gene sequences. levels of dna-dna relatedness revealed that the isolates belonged to the same taxon and were genetically separated from their phylogenetic re ...201323907223
surveillance and movements of virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) in the bovine tuberculosis region of michigan.wildlife reservoir hosts of bovine tuberculosis (btb) include eurasian badgers (meles meles) and brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) in the uk and new zealand, respectively. similar species warrant further investigation in the northern lower peninsula of michigan, usa due to the continued presence of btb on cattle farms. most research in michigan, usa has focused on interactions between white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (bos taurus) for the transmission of the infectious ...201323531427
bioeconomic modelling of raccoon rabies spread management impacts in quebec, canada.beginning in 2006, point infection control operations and aerial distribution of oral rabies vaccines along the us border were performed in quebec, canada, to control the potential spread of raccoon rabies. a benefit-cost analysis assessed the economic efficiency of this rabies control programme into the future. in this study, a mathematical simulation model was used to determine the potential spread of raccoon rabies from the 2006 index case, and incidence rates of human post-exposure prophylax ...201322709550
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2012.summary-during 2012, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,162 rabid animals and 1 human rabies case to the cdc, representing a 2.1% increase from the 6,031 rabid animals and 6 human cases reported in 2011. approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 1,953 raccoons (31.7%), 1,680 bats (27.3%), 1,539 skunks (25.0%), 340 foxes (5.5%), 257 cats (4.2%), 115 cattle (1.9%), and 84 dogs (1.4%). compared with 2011, there wa ...201324004227
complete genome sequences of three rabies viruses isolated from rabid raccoon dogs and a cow in korea.the complete genomes of three rabies viruses (bd0406cc, bv9901pj, and 08f40) of two raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) and a cow were determined. the genomic organization is typical of rabies viruses, and the open reading frames of the n, p, m, g, and l genes are 1,353, 894, 609, 1,575, and 6,384 bases in length, respectively. the full genome length of the three strains was 11,928 nucleotides, and the sequence similarity between the rabies viruses at the nucleotide level was 98.5- ...201323975690
raccoon rabies virus variant transmission through solid organ transplantation.the rabies virus causes a fatal encephalitis and can be transmitted through tissue or organ transplantation. in february 2013, a kidney recipient with no reported exposures to potentially rabid animals died from rabies 18 months after transplantation.201323917290
knowledge, attitudes, and practices of veterinary facility owners regarding rabies preexposure prophylaxis--west virginia, 2011.to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding rabies preexposure prophylaxis among veterinary facility owners in west virginia and to compare facilities in counties where raccoon rabies virus variant (rrvv) is or is not enzootic.201323786192
humoral immune response to oral rabies vaccination in raccoon kits: problems and implications.little is known about the immunogenicity of raboral v-rg(®) (v-rg), an oral rabies vaccine, in raccoon kits (procyon lotor). the objectives of this study were to characterize the immunogenicity of v-rg in young kits and investigate the potential impact of maternal antibodies on response to vaccination of nursing raccoon kits. raccoon kits (n=30) were vaccinated at either 3 weeks of age, 7 weeks of age, or assigned as contact controls. nineteen kits (73%) that were whelped by unvaccinated mothers ...201323602534
oral rabies vaccination in raccoons: comparison of onrab® and raboral v-rg® vaccine-bait field performance in québec, canada and vermont, usa.the control of rabies in raccoons (procyon lotor) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) in north america has been conducted mainly through aerial distribution of oral vaccine-baits. the effectiveness of the vaccine-bait used is therefore of prime importance for disease eradication. in a previous field comparison between the onrab(®) bait in the province of new brunswick, canada, and raboral v-rg(®) bait in the state of maine, usa, the onrab bait produced a higher percentage of antibody-positive ...201323307388
molecular characterization of kgh, the first human isolate of rabies virus in korea.the complete genome sequence of the kgh strain of the first human rabies virus, which was isolated from a skin biopsy of a patient with rabies, whose symptoms developed due to bites from a raccoon dog in 2001. the size of the kgh strain genome was determined to be 11,928 nucleotides (nt) with a leader sequence of 58 nt, nucleoprotein gene of 1,353 nt, phosphoprotein gene of 894 nt, matrix protein gene of 609 nt, glycoprotein gene of 1,575 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase gene of 6,384 nt, and tr ...201323242520
the phylogeography and spatiotemporal spread of south-central skunk rabies virus.the south-central skunk rabies virus (scsk) is the most broadly distributed terrestrial viral lineage in north america. skunk rabies has not been efficiently targeted by oral vaccination campaigns and represents a natural system of pathogen invasion, yielding insights to rabies emergence. in the present study we reconstructed spatiotemporal spread of scsk in the whole territory of its circulation using a combination of bayesian methods. the analysis based on 241 glycoprotein gene sequences demon ...201324312657
tularaemia seroprevalence of captured and wild animals in germany: the fox (vulpes vulpes) as a biological indicator.a total of 2475 animals from germany, both captive and wild, were tested for antibodies against francisella tularensis to obtain more knowledge about the presence of this pathogen in germany. an indirect and a competitive elisa served as screening methods, positive and inconclusive samples were confirmed by western blot. of the zoo animals sampled between 1992 and 2007 (n = 1122), three (0·3%) were seropositive. the seroconversion of a hippopotamus in berlin zoo was documented. from 1353 serum s ...201322800496
complex evolutionary patterns of two rare human g3p[9] rotavirus strains possessing a feline/canine-like h6 genotype on an au-1-like genotype constellation.the group a rotavirus (rva) g3p[9] is a rare vp7-vp4 genotype combination, detected occasionally in humans and cats. other than the prototype g3p[9] strain, rva/human- tc/jpn/au-l/1982/g3p3[9], the whole genomes of only two human g3p[9] rva strains and two feline g3p[9] rva strains have been analyzed so far, revealing complex evolutionary patterns, distinct from that of au-1. we report here the whole genomic analyses of two human g3p[9] rva strains, rva/human-tc/chn/l621/2006/g3p[9] and rva/huma ...201323403096
detection of the pandemic h1n1/2009 influenza a virus by a highly sensitive quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.a quantitative real time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) assay with specific primers recommended by the world health organization (who) has been widely used successfully for detection and monitoring of the pandemic h1n1/2009 influenza a virus. in this study, we report the design and characterization of a novel set of primers to be used in a qrt-pcr assay for detecting the pandemic h1n1/2009 virus. the newly designed primers target three regions that are highly conserved ...201323385352
the procyonid social club: comparison of brain volumes in the coatimundi (nasua nasua, n. narica), kinkajou (potos flavus), and raccoon (procyon lotor).the present study investigated whether increased relative brain size, including regional brain volumes, is related to differing behavioral specializations exhibited by three member species of the family procyonidae. procyonid species exhibit continuums of behaviors related to social and physical environmental complexities: the mostly solitary, semiarboreal and highly dexterous raccoons (procyon lotor); the exclusively arboreal kinkajous (potos flavus), which live either alone or in small polyand ...201324107681
search: spatially explicit animal response to composition of habitat.complex decisions dramatically affect animal dispersal and space use. dispersing individuals respond to a combination of fine-scale environmental stimuli and internal attributes. individual-based modeling offers a valuable approach for the investigation of such interactions because it combines the heterogeneity of animal behaviors with spatial detail. most individual-based models (ibms), however, vastly oversimplify animal behavior and such behavioral minimalism diminishes the value of these mod ...201323717647
molecular detection of spotted fever group rickettsia in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in the western part of japan.rickettsial infection in feral raccoons (procyon lotor) in the western part of japan (shimane, fukuoka, saga and nagasaki prefectures) was surveyed by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay detecting the rickettsial citrate synthase (glta) gene. four of one hundred and ninety-four feral raccoon spleens (2.1%) were positive for rickettsia spp. one glta gene sequence was identical to r. helvetica, whereas the other 3 sequences were identical and had the highest similarity (98.4%) to r. amb ...201322986299
tracing the sars-coronavirus.four coronaviruses (hcov-229e, hcov-oc43, hcov-nl63, hcov-hku1) are endemic in humans and mainly associated with mild respiratory illnesses; whereas the other two coronaviruses [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)] present as emerging infections causing severe respiratory syndrome. coronaviruses evolve by accumulation of point mutations and recombination of genomes among different strains or species. mammalian coron ...201323977431
ultrastructural characterization of male and female physaloptera rara (spirurida: physalopteridae): feline stomach worms.physaloptera rara (spirurida: physalopteridae) has been found in dogs, coyotes, raccoons, wolves, foxes, cats, and bobcats in north america. the parasites' developmental cycles involve insects, including beetles, cockroaches, and crickets, as intermediate hosts. the nematodes firmly attach to the wall of the stomach and duodenum, where they feed on the mucosa and suck blood. frequent movement of these nematodes results in erosions and ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. the present study repor ...201323455940
baylisascariosis--infections of animals and humans with 'unusual' roundworms.the nematode genus baylisascaris (order ascaridida, superfamily ascaridoidea) contains nine relatively host-specific, parasite species of carnivores, omnivores, herbivores, carnivorous marsupials or rodents. they have a facultative heteroxenous life cycle, at least under experimental conditions. eggs passed in faeces embryonate in the environment and the second-stage larva infective for both definitive and intermediate hosts develops. in intermediate hosts larvae migrate extensively through tiss ...201323339846
comparison of techniques of detecting immunoglobulin-binding protein reactivity to immunoglobulin produced by different avian and mammalian species.the rationale of this study was to use several immunological assays to investigate the reactivity of immunoglobulin binding protein (ibp) to immunoglobulins from various avian and mammalian species. the ibp studied were staphylococcal protein a (spa), streptococcal protein g (spg), peptostreptococcal protein l (spl) and recombinant protein la (spla). the various immunological techniques used were double immunodiffusion (ouchterlony technique) that tested positive high protein reactivities, direc ...201324171322
epidemiology of sarcoptic mange in free-ranging raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in yokohama, japan.free-ranging raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) from nogeyama zoological gardens, kanazawa zoological gardens, and yokohama zoological gardens frequently rescued dogs having sarcoptes scabiei infestation. however, the epidemiology of s. scabiei infestation has not yet been elucidated. in the present study, we investigated the epidemiology of s. scabiei infestation in raccoon dogs and its influence on the population of masked palm civets in yokohama, japan. we examined records of raccoon dog ...201322902260
lessons from a non-domestic canid: joint disease in captive raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides).the purpose of this study was to describe pathological changes of the shoulder, elbow, hip and stifle joints of 16 museum skeletons of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides). the subjects had been held in long-term captivity and were probably used for fur farming or research, thus allowing sufficient longevity for joint disease to become recognisable. the prevalence of disorders that include osteochondrosis, osteoarthritis and changes compatible with hip dysplasia, was surprisingly high. oth ...201323277118
species-specific differences in the accumulation features of organohalogen contaminants and their metabolites in the blood of japanese terrestrial mammals.residue levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes), their hydroxylated metabolites (oh-pcbs, oh-pbdes), and methoxylated pbdes (meo-pbdes) in the blood of various terrestrial mammals in japan, including cats, raccoon dogs, dogs, masked palm civets, foxes, raccoons, badgers, and mongooses were determined. tri- through penta-chlorinated oh-pcbs were predominant in cat blood, whereas hexa- through octa-chlorinated oh-pcbs were found in other spec ...201323246744
evaluation of an elisa to detect rabies antibodies in orally vaccinated foxes and raccoon dogs sampled in the field.the assessment of the efficacy of oral vaccination in wildlife is based on detection in the teeth of a biomarker (tetracycline) which is incorporated in the vaccine bait, and the quantification of rabies antibodies. a blocking elisa was evaluated and compared with the favn test and a validated in-house elisa, using sera from foxes and raccoon dogs collected following oral vaccination campaigns in france and estonia. specificity reached 100% in sera from naïve animals. a high concordance (95%) wa ...201323201293
development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides).chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides) is one of the most important fur-bearing animal species. information about the genetic background of farmed chinese raccoon dogs is limited. in this study, 17 polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and identified from an (ac)n-microsatellite-enriched library of chinese raccoon dogs. the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 8 based on 48 individuals tested. the expected and observed heterozygosity and polymorphism infor ...201324390984
complex carcinoma of the mammary gland in a free-living japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus).a complex carcinoma of the mammary gland was diagnosed in a free-living old female japanese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). invasion into lymphatic vessels and metastasis in the inguinal lymph node were observed. this is the first report of complex carcinoma of the mammary gland in a raccoon dog.201324063106
population genetic study of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) in south korea using newly developed 12 microsatellite markers.the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) is distributed from southeastern siberia to northern vietnam, including korea and japan, as well as europe. in korea, most of its predators and competitors are extinct, which has resulted in rapid growth of the raccoon dog population. this population increase has raised concerns about its role in the ecosystem and the zoonotic transfer of various contagious diseases, and thus an effective method of raccoon dog population control in korea is required. to ...201323676711
three-dimensional positioning of b chromosomes in fibroblast nuclei of the red fox and the chinese raccoon dog.great progress has been achieved over the last years in studies on chromosome arrangement in mammalian cell nuclei. growing evidence indicates that the genome's spatial organization is of functional relevance. so far, no attention has been paid to the nuclear organization of b chromosomes (bs). in this study we have examined nuclear positioning of bs in 2 species from the canidae family--the red fox and the chinese raccoon dog. using 2d and 3d fluorescence in situ hybridization and 2 gene-specif ...201323485799
shape variation in the skull and lower carnassial in a wild population of raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).individual variations in skull and lower carnassial morphology within a wild population of raccoon dog were examined using geometric morphometric techniques. we compared individual morphological variations by using relative warp analysis, and then tested morphological integration between the skull and carnassial by using partial least square (pls) analysis. the most marked variation in skull shape was the dorsoventral flexion; i.e., deformation from klinorhynchy to airorhynchy. two remarkable va ...201323480380
large forest patches promote breeding success of a terrestrial mammal in urban landscapes.despite a marked increase in the focus toward biodiversity conservation in fragmented landscapes, studies that confirm species breeding success are scarce and limited. in this paper, we asked whether local (area of forest patches) and landscape (amount of suitable habitat surrounding of focal patches) factors affect the breeding success of raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in tokyo, central japan. the breeding success of raccoon dogs is easy to judge as adults travel with pups during the b ...201323300951
analysis of the reliability of clinical examination in predicting traumatic cerebral lesions and skull fractures in patients with mild and moderate head trauma.the aim of the study was to assess the reliability of neurological examination and other factors in predicting traumatic cerebral lesions and skull fractures in patients with mild and moderate head trauma (gcs 10-15).201324468590
raccoon social networks and the potential for disease transmission.raccoons are an important vector of rabies and other pathogens. the degree to which these pathogens can spread through a raccoon population should be closely linked to association rates between individual raccoons. most studies of raccoon sociality have found patterns consistent with low levels of social connectivity within populations, thus the likelihood of direct pathogen transmission between raccoons is theoretically low. we used proximity detecting collars and social network metrics to calc ...201324130746
medical image. raccoon eyes in amyloidosis. 201324045358
the role of remediation, natural alkalinity sources and physical stream parameters in stream recovery.acid mine drainage (amd) negatively impacts not only stream chemistry, but also aquatic biology. the ultimate goal of amd treatment is restoration of the biological community, but that goal is rarely explicit in treatment system design. hewett fork in raccoon creek watershed, ohio, has been impacted by historic coal mining and has been treated with a calcium oxide doser in the headwaters of the watershed since 2004. all of the acidic inputs are isolated to a 1.5 km stretch of stream in the headw ...201323895912
structuring targeted surveillance for monitoring disease emergence by mapping observational data onto ecological process.an efficient surveillance system is a crucial factor in identifying, monitoring and tackling outbreaks of infectious diseases. scarcity of data and limited amounts of economic resources require a targeted effort from public health authorities. in this paper, we propose a mathematical method to identify areas where surveillance is critical and low reporting rates might leave epidemics undetected. our approach combines the use of reference-based susceptible-exposed-infectious models and observed r ...201323864503
bartonella species in raccoons and feral cats, georgia, usa. 201323764013
raccoon eyes as presentation of lymphoblastic lymphoma in a child. 201323758067
a spatial mark--resight model augmented with telemetry data.abundance and population density are fundamental pieces of information for population ecology and species conservation, but they are difficult to estimate for rare and elusive species. mark--resight models are popular for estimating population abundance because they are less invasive and expensive than traditional mark-recapture. however, density estimation using mark-resight is difficult because the area sampled must be explicitly defined, historically using ad hoc approaches. we developed a sp ...201323687880
carbon export from the raccoon river, iowa: patterns, processes, and opportunities.farmed landscapes are engineered for productivity, and research suggests they contribute a disproportionate share of inorganic c to the mississippi river and gulf of mexico. here we use alkalinity and total organic c (toc) measurements collected from the raccoon river of iowa to (i) evaluate inorganic and organic c concentrations and export patterns, (ii) compare current trends to historical conditions, and (iii) link c transport processes to current land use management. export of inorganic c av ...201323673750
numerical simulation of a susceptible-exposed-infectious space-continuous model for the spread of rabies in raccoons across a realistic landscape.we introduce a numerical model for the spread of a lethal infectious disease in wildlife. the reference model is a susceptible-exposed-infectious system where the spatial component of the dynamics is modelled by a diffusion process. the goal is to develop a model to be used for real geographical scenarios, so we do not rely upon simplifying assumptions on the shape of the region of interest. for this reason, space discretization is carried out with the finite element method on an unstructured tr ...201323157180
timing of puberty and its relationship with body growth and season in male raccoons (procyon lotor) in hokkaido.the raccoon (procyon lotor), indigenous to north america, has naturalized in japan as an invasive alien species, having been introduced into the country in the 1970s. in hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan, feral raccoons have been increasing in number and spreading throughout the island. the age at the onset of puberty for raccoons is important for estimating individual lifetime reproductive success and population growth. the present study investigated the timing of and potential factors ...201323603783
sphingomyelin lipidosis (niemann-pick disease) in a juvenile raccoon (procyon lotor).a wild caught juvenile male raccoon with neurological disease was humanely destroyed due to poor prognosis. necropsy examination revealed hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and multicentric lymphadenomegaly with diffuse hepatic pallor and pulmonary consolidation with pinpoint pale subpleural foci. microscopically, there was marked pale cytoplasmic swelling of the central and peripheral neurons as well as the glial cells in the brain, accompanied by multiorgan infiltration by abundant foamy macrophages. ...201323582974
oral rabies vaccination variation in tetracycline biomarking among ohio raccoons.oral rabies vaccination (orv) programs have traditionally relied on tetracycline marking as an index to bait uptake. whether tetracycline serves well in this capacity depends on its deposition affinity and ability to be detected consistently among tissues selected for analysis from target species. we evaluated samples from 760 hunter-harvested raccoons (procyon lotor) from areas in ohio where orv had been conducted during 1998, 1999, and 2001. tetracycline marking was evaluated within and among ...201323568908
effects of culling on mesopredator population dynamics.anthropogenic changes in land use and the extirpation of apex predators have facilitated explosive growth of mesopredator populations. consequently, many species have been subjected to extensive control throughout portions of their range due to their integral role as generalist predators and reservoirs of zoonotic disease. yet, few studies have monitored the effects of landscape composition or configuration on the demographic or behavioral response of mesopredators to population manipulation. du ...201323527065
panda sign due to severe coughing.we present the case of a patient who developed periorbital ecchymosis (panda sign) following an exacerbation of asthma with severe coughing. there was no history of cranial trauma. investigations for a structural or haematological cause were negative. the panda sign is typically seen following a base of skull fracture, but rarely reported due to severe coughing.201323516688
uc-davis veterinarians identify new raccoon polyomavirus: discovery could help explain how viruses cause cancer in animals and humans. 201323447820
metal accumulation and health effects in raccoons (procyon lotor) associated with coal fly ash exposure.approximately 5.4 million cubic yards of coal fly ash and water spilled into the emory river embayment of watts bar reservoir in east tennessee on dec 22, 2008. raccoons were collected in 2009 and 2010 from the spill site (10/y) and unexposed areas (5/y) to determine whether metals and metalloids were accumulating in raccoons and if any negative health effects resulted from exposure to the spilled coal fly ash. tissues were analyzed from each animal to determine the concentrations of 26 metals/m ...201323292273
modeling enzootic raccoon rabies from land use patterns - georgia (usa) 2006-2010.we analyzed how land-use patterns and changes in urbanization influence reported rabid raccoons in georgia from 2006 - 2010.  using geographical information systems and rabies surveillance data, multivariate analysis was conducted on 15 land-use variables that included natural topography, agricultural development, and urbanization to model positive raccoon rabies cases while controlling for potential raccoon submission bias associated with higher human population densities.  low intensity reside ...201324715971
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