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divergent responses to peptidoglycans derived from different e. coli serotypes influence inflammatory outcome in trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, macrophages.pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) are structural components of pathogens such as lipopolysaccharide (lps) and peptidoglycan (pgn) from bacterial cell walls. pamp-recognition by the host results in an induction of defence-related genes and often the generation of an inflammatory response. we evaluated both the transcriptomic and inflammatory response in trout (o. mykiss) macrophages in primary cell culture stimulated with dap-pgn (dap; meso-diaminopimelic acid, pgn; peptidoglycan) fr ...201121235753
identification of the sex chromosomes of brown trout (salmo trutta) and their comparison with the corresponding chromosomes in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).males are the heterogametic sex in salmonid fishes. in brown trout (salmo trutta) the sex-determining locus, sex, has been mapped to the end of linkage group bt-28, which corresponds to linkage group as-8 and chromosome ssa15 in atlantic salmon (salmo salar). we set out to identify the sex chromosomes in brown trout. we isolated atlantic salmon bac clones containing microsatellite markers that are on bt-28 and also on as-8, and used these bacs as probes for fluorescent in situ hybridization (fis ...201121252487
development of immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) to aeromonas hydrophila after the dietary application of garlic.the development and duration of immune protection against aeromonas hydrophila infections with garlic as an immunostimulant in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was studied. rainbow trout fingerlings of 14 g average weight were fed with 0 g (=control), 0.5 g and 1.0 g of garlic 100 g(-1) of feed for 14 days. physiological factors, biochemical, immunological, haematological parameters and electrolyte indices were evaluated after a further 14, 21 and 28 days before challenge with aeromonas hydroph ...201121255652
cellular and humoral factors involved in the response of rainbow trout gills to ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections: molecular and immunohistochemical studies.the parasitic ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis infecting skin, fins and gills of fish induces a protective immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) surviving the infection and a similar protection can be conferred by i.p. injection of live theronts. a combined molecular and immunohistochemical approach has been used in this work for pinpointing cellular and humoral immune factors in gill tissue involved in the response and indicating interactions between the systemic and local ...201121272651
dietary administration of beta-mercapto-ethanol treated saccharomyces cerevisiae enhanced the growth, innate immune response and disease resistance of the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.the effects of dietary whole cell yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae), n-3 hufa-enriched yeast and treated yeast cells with beta-mercapto-ethanol (2me) on immunity, growth performance and disease resistance to yersinia ruckeri were investigated in oncorhynchus mykiss. during 30 days, juvenile rainbow trout were fed diets supplemented with different forms of yeast at 5 × 10(7) cfu g(-1) or a control diet. after the feeding trial, remaining fish of each treatment were challenged by pathogenic yersini ...201121296672
biomarker responses and disease susceptibility in juvenile rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss fed a high molecular weight pah mixture.juvenile rainbow trout were fed a diet containing an environmentally relevant mixture of 10 high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) at a dose of 0.66 or 7.82 µg pah · g fish(-1) · d(-1). at 3, 7, 14, and 28 d, biomarkers of aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation (ahr), hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (erod) activity, and cytochrome p4501a (cyp1a)-associated staining increased 14- to 26-fold and 6- to 14-fold, respectively, in fish fed 7.82 µg pah · g fish (-1) ...201121298713
ibuprofen metabolism in the liver and gill of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment has become an important topic of discussion with respect to pharmaceutical absorption, metabolism and elimination in fish. this study investigates the metabolism of ibuprofen by rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). in vitro metabolic loss of parent compound was measured in gill and liver s9 and microsomal fractions. metabolite analysis found 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen as the major metabolite in uninduced s9 fractions. supplementing s9 fractions with ud ...201121301807
immunization of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), with flavobacterium psychrophilum proteins elongation factor-tu, sufb fe-s assembly protein and atp synthaseß. 201121306591
specific regulation of the chemokine response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus at the entry site.the fin bases constitute the main portal of rhabdovirus entry into rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and replication in this first site strongly conditions the outcome of the infection. in this context, we studied the chemokine response elicited in this area in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), a rhabdovirus. among all the rainbow trout chemokine genes studied, only the transcription levels of ck10 and ck12 were significantly upregulated in response to vhsv. as the virus ...201121325404
general and family-specific gene expression responses to viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the ability of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to respond successfully to infection by viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) is expected to involve a large number of biochemical processes. we hypothesized that this would be reflected at the gene expression level in infected fish, and we tested it by examining gene expression levels in the head kidney of trout at a genome-wide scale with a 16k cdna microarray for salmonids. expression levels were recorded during 16 days following bath ch ...201121345492
crf and urotensin i effects on aggression and anxiety-like behavior in rainbow trout.corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) is central in the stress response but also modulates several behaviors including anxiety-related behaviors and aggression. in this study, juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were tested for competitive ability, determined during dyadic fights for dominance, after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of crf, urotensin i (ui), the non-specific crf antagonist a-helical rf(9-41) (ahcrf) or the crf receptor subtype 1-specific antagonist antalar ...201121346117
viral load of various tissues of rainbow trout challenged with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus at various stages of disease.market-sized rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were challenged by waterborne exposure to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv isolate of genogroup ia). fish were sampled at 4 stages of infection (before onset of clinical signs, clinically affected fish, mortalities and survivors) and the viral load determined in (1) internal organs, (2) muscle tissue and (3) brain and gill tissue. virus levels were determined by virus titration and real-time rt-pcr. vhsv was detected by either method in th ...201121381515
in vivo and in vitro liver and gill erod activity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to the beta-blocker propranolol.the conservation of common physiological systems across vertebrate classes suggests the potential for certain pharmaceuticals, which have been detected in surface waters, to produce biological effects in nontarget vertebrates such as fish. however, previous studies assessing the effects of such compounds in fish have not taken into account the potential for metabolism and elimination. this study aimed to assess if propranolol, a +¦-adrenergic receptor antagonist or +¦-blocker, could modulate ero ...201121384489
multiple biomarkers responses in juvenile rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, after acute exposure to a fungicide propiconazole.in this study, the toxic effects of propiconazole (pcz), a triazole fungicide present in aquatic environment, were studied in juvenile rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, by acute toxicity test with the concentration of 5.04 mg/l (96 h lc50). morphological indices, hematological parameters, liver xenobiotic-metabolizing response, and tissue antioxidant status were evaluated. compared with the control group, fish exposed to pcz showed significantly higher leuko, pcv, mchc, and hepatic erod, and s ...201121384499
specificity of dna vaccines against the u and m genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is a fish rhabdovirus that causes significant mortality in salmonid species. in north america ihnv has three major genogroups designated u, m, and l. host-specificity of the m and u genogroups of ihnv has been established both in the field and in experimental challenges, with m isolates being more prevalent and more virulent in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and u isolates being more prevalent and highly virulent in sockeye salmon (oncorhynchu ...201121385613
effects of dispersed aggregates of carbon and titanium dioxide engineered nanoparticles on rainbow trout hepatocytes.the purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses of selected engineered carbon and titanium dioxide (tio2) nanomaterials to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) primary hepatocytes. the engineered nanomaterials tested were c(60) fullerenes, multiwall nanotubes (mwnt), single-wall nanotubes (swnt) (functionalized and nonfunctionalized), and tio2 of 5 and 200 nm in size. characterization of these materials showed that they were typically present in soluti ...201121391092
fish (oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa cryoprotectant-free vitrification: stability of mitochondrion as criterion of effectiveness.the aim of the present investigations was to test a novel technology comprising cryoprotectant-free vitrification of the spermatozoa of rainbow trout and to study the ability of sucrose and components of seminal plasma to protect these cells from cryoinjuries. spermatozoa were isolated and vitrified using five different mediums: group 1: standard buffer for fish spermatozoa, cortland(-«)-medium (cm, control); group 2: cm+1% bovine serum albumin (bsa); group 3: cm+1% bsa+0.125 m sucrose; group 4: ...201121392903
systemic flavobacterium psychrophilum infection in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farmed in fresh and brackish water in norway. 201121401645
protein and lipid binding parameters in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) blood and liver fractions to extrapolate from an in-vitro metabolic degradation assay to in-vivo bioaccumulation potential of hydrophobic organic chemicals.binding of hydrophobic chemicals to colloids such as proteins or lipids is difficult to measure using classical microdialysis methods due to low aqueous concentrations, adsorption to dialysis membranes and test vessels, and slow kinetics of equilibration. here we employed a three-phase partitioning system where silicone (polydimethylsiloxane, pdms) serves as a third phase to determine partitioning between water and colloids and acts at the same time as a dosing device for hydrophobic chemicals. ...201121604782
expression of immune-related genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) induced by probiotic bacteria during lactococcus garvieae infection.the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (lab) on the control of lactococcosis as well as to assess the impact of probiotics on the expression of immune-related genes in the head kidney and intestine of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). lactobacillus plantarum, lactococcus lactis and leuconostoc mesenteroides, were administered orally at 10(6) cfu g(-1) feed to fish for 36 days. twenty-one days after the start of the feeding period, fish were challeng ...201121620974
epidemiological aspects of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype ii isolated from baltic herring, clupea harengus membras l.this study was carried out to clarify the role of wild fish, especially baltic herring, clupea harengus membras l., in the epidemiology of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) in brackish water in finland. baltic herring with no visible signs of disease were collected from the archipelago sea, the gulf of bothnia and the eastern gulf of finland. in total, 7580 herring were examined by virus isolation as 758 pooled samples and 3029 wild salmonid broodfish as pooled samples during 2004-2006 ...201121623835
a monoclonal antibody distinguishes between two igm heavy chain isotypes in atlantic salmon and brown trout: protein characterization, 3d modeling and epitope mapping.atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and brown trout (salmo trutta) possess two distinct subpopulations of igm which can be separated by anion exchange chromatography. accordingly, there are two isotypic μ genes in these species, related to ancestral tetraploidy. in the present work it was verified by mass spectrometry that igm of peak 1 (subpopulation 1) have heavy chains previously designated as μb type whereas igm of peak 2 (subpopulation 2) have heavy chains of μa type. two adjacent cysteine residu ...201121628072
erratum: purification of a toxic cysteine protease produced by pathogenic aeromonas hydrophila isolated from rainbow trout.an extracellular lethal toxin produced by aeromonas hydrophila strain rt860715k originally isolated from diseased rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was purified by using fast protein liquid chromatography system with hydrophobic interaction chromatography and anion exchange columns. the toxin was a cysteine protease, inhibited by l-cysteine, iodoacetic acid, n-ethylamleimide, p-chloromercuibenzene-sulfonic acid and n-α-p-tosyl-1-lysine-chloromethyl ketone (tlck), and showed maximal activity at ...201121630504
a holistic view of the dynamisms of teleost igm: a case study of streptococcus iniae vaccinated rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).to date, little is known about how trout igm, the primary antibody of fish, varies in titer, specificity, disulfide cross-linking, and affinity following immunization with a pathogen. work using defined antigens has demonstrated that the disulfide cross-linking structure of igm becomes increasingly more polymerized during an immune response, coinciding with an increase in affinity, but it is unknown if this has relevance to aquatic pathogens. understanding how igm varies following vaccination wi ...201121641928
round goby neogobius melanostomus attraction to conspecific and heterospecific egg odours.in this study, cannibalistic and predatory responses of juvenile neogobius melanostomus (either fed or deprived of food and caught during the reproductive summer or non-reproductive winter season) to water washings of fertilized eggs from conspecifics (n. melanostomus), heterospecifics (rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss) and control lake water were tested. fed juveniles (summer season) spent significantly more time on the side of the flume containing stimuli from conspecific eggs over control wa ...201121651542
detection of vhsv ivb within the gonads of great lakes fish using in situ hybridization.viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) genotype ivb was recently detected as the cause of numerous mortality events in great lakes fish. in situ hybridization was used to examine the gonads from 13 fish, including freshwater drum aplodinotus grunniens and muskellunge esox masquinongy that were infected naturally, as well as rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and fathead minnows pimphales promelas, which were experimentally infected. although the ovaries and testes of fish infected by vhsv iv ...201121797039
toxicity, dioxin-like activities, and endocrine effects of ddt metabolites-dda, ddmu, ddms, and ddcn.background, aim, and scope: 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (ddt) metabolites, other than those routinely measured [i.e., 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (dde) and 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (ddd)], have recently been detected in elevated concentrations not only in the surface water of teltow canal, berlin, but also in sediment samples from elbe tributaries (e.g., mulde and havel/spree). this was paralleled by recent reports that multiple other metabolites co ...201121792584
comparative molecular characterization of the regucalcin (rgn) gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and maraena whitefish (coregonus marena).the ca(2+)-binding protein regucalcin (rgn) is crucial for the regulation of ca(2+) ion homeostasis and signal transduction of cells. it is involved in the regulation of ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases and ca(2+) pump enzymes in cell membranes. comparative transcriptome analysis in healthy fish of two aquacultured rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) lines (born, tco) varying in susceptibility to environmental stress identified significant differences in the expression of the rgn gene. therefore ...201121779798
characterization of p53 expression in rainbow trout.the tumour suppressor protein p53 is a critical component of cell cycle checkpoint responses. it upregulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in response to dna damage and other cellular perturbations, and promotes apoptosis when dna repair pathways are overwhelmed. given the high incidence of p53 mutations in human cancers, it has been extensively studied, though only a small fraction of these investigations have been in non-mammalian systems. for the present study, an anti- ...201121767662
effect of dietary supplements on cytokine gene expression in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). 201121762174
flavobacterium chilense sp. nov., and flavobacterium araucananum sp. nov., two novel species isolated from farmed salmonid in chile.three gram-negative non endospore-forming filamentous, lm-09-fpt and lm-19-fpt, lm-20-fp, were isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and atlantic salmon (salmo salar), respectively, and were studied in detail for their taxonomic position. 16s rrna gene sequence analysis showed that the three isolates clearly belong to the genus flavobacterium. isolate lm-09-fpt was most closely related to flavobacterium chungangense, showing 98.5% gene sequence similarity to the type strain of this s ...201121828008
the rainbow trout liver cancer model: response to environmental chemicals and studies on promotion and chemoprevention.rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) are an outstanding model of liver cancer induction by environmental chemicals and development of strategies for chemoprevention. trout have critical and unique advantages allowing for cancer studies with 40,000 animals to determine dose-response at levels orders of magnitude lower than possible in rodents. examples of two promoters in this model, the dietary supplement dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) and industrial chemical perfluorooctanoic acid (pfoa), are pre ...201121704190
expression and functional characterization of the rig-i-like receptors mda5 and lgp2 in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-like receptors (rlr) comprise three homologues: rig-i, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5), and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (lgp2). they activate the host interferon (ifn) system upon recognition of viral rna pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) in the cytoplasm. bioinformatic analysis of the sequenced vertebrate genomes suggests that the cytosolic surveillance system is conserved in lower vertebrates, and recent func ...201121680521
the molecular identification of factor h and factor i molecules in rainbow trout provides insights into complement c3 regulation.the complement system in vertebrates plays a crucial role in the elimination of pathogens. to regulate complement on self-tissue and to prevent spontaneous activation and systemic depletion, complement is controlled by both fluid-phase and membrane-bound inhibitors. one such inhibitor, complement factor i (cfi) regulates complement by proteolytic cleavage of components c3b and c4b in the presence of specific cofactors. complement factor h (cfh), the main cofactor for cfi, regulates the alternati ...201121703349
survival of listeria innocua in rainbow trout protein recovered by isoelectric solubilization and precipitation with acetic and citric acids.during mechanical fish processing, a substantial amount of protein is discarded as by-products. isoelectric solubilization and precipitation (isp) is a process that uses extreme ph shifts to solubilize and precipitate protein from by-products to recover previously discarded protein. typically, strong acids are used for ph reduction, but these acids do not have a pasteurization effect (6 log reduction) on bacterial load; therefore, organic acids were used during isp processing to test the impact ...201121819665
efficacy of quinine against ichthyophthiriasis in common carp cyprinus carpio.ichthyophthiriasis, caused by ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is an economically important worldwide parasitic disease that infects all freshwater fish. since the banning of malachite green for use in food fish, there has been a great need for alternative therapeutants. the goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of quinine against i. multifiliis. parasite developmental stages from our laboratory-established life cycle in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to quinine in vitr ...201121932533
the impact of heavy metals on the activity of carbonic anhydrase from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) kidney.many environmental and health problems have become a consequence of contamination of soil and water by toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants in the present age of technology. heavy metals play vital roles in enzyme activities and other metabolic events with their bioaccumulative and nonbiodegradable properties among aquatic pollutants. metal toxicity causes irregular metallothioneins protein synthesis, renal damage, and disruption of bone structure in humans and wildlife. in this study, we i ...201121949088
experimental evidence for direct in situ binding of igm and igt to early trophonts of ichthyophthirius multifiliis (fouquet) in the gills of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).freshwater fish are able to mount a protective immune response against the parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis (ich) following a non-lethal exposure. factors involved in immunity comprise cellular and humoral factors, but antibodies have been suggested to play a prominent role in protection. however, host antibodies have not yet been demonstrated to bind to the parasite in situ. by the use of immunohistochemical techniques, this study demonstrated that igt and igm bind to surface structures, i ...201121916900
quantification of flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), tissues by qpcr.a qpcr assay was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of flavobacterium psychrophilum, the aetiological agent of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome in salmonid fish worldwide. a set of f. psychrophilum-specific primers based on 16s rrna gene sequences was designed and validated for specific detection and quantification of dna isolated from representative strains of f. psychrophilum. the qpcr assay exhibited a high specificity for the 16s rrna gene of f. psychrophi ...201121988353
genotyping of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolates from mexico state.the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv; genus aquabirnavirus) affects salmon and trout, causing high mortality in first-feeding fry. the classification of this virus includes nine serotypes and seven genogroups. in mexico, two different isolates were identified in 2000 and 2008, respectively. both isolates were classified into genogroup i according to the rna genome of this virus. as mexico is importing rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss eggs from different countries, the aim of this stud ...201122372248
the effects of myxobolus cerebralis on the physiological performance of whirling disease resistant and susceptible strains of rainbow trout.the development of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss strains that are resistant to whirling disease has shown promise as a management tool for populations in areas where myxobolus cerebralis is present. however, the physiological effects of the disease on characteristics necessary for fish survival in natural river conditions have not been tested in many of these strains. five rainbow trout strains were evaluated for their swimming ability and growth characteristics in relation to m. cerebralis ...201122372244
diagnostic capacity for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) infection in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) is greatly increased by combining viral isolation with specific antibody detection.detection of disease specific antibodies in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) has been proposed as an alternative or supplement to the currently approved procedures for diagnosis and surveillance in this species. in samples from natural outbreaks of the disease viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) at two freshwater farms in southern denmark serologic testing was used to broaden the diagnostic window from outbreak to diagnosis in the laboratory as compared to traditional procedures of is ...201122233687
comparative protection of two different commercial vaccines against yersinia ruckeri serotype o1 and biotype 2 in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).differentially extended specific protection by two commercial vaccines against yersinia ruckeri serotype o1 biotype 2 was studied following 30s immersion exposure. rainbow trout were challenged intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with y. ruckeri serotype o1, biotype 2 (≈10(6) to 10(7)cfu/fish) at 4, 6 and 8 months after vaccination with vaccines containing either biotype 1 (aquavac(®) erm) or both biotypes 1 and 2 (aquavac(®) relera™). the specific pattern of vaccine-mediated protection was evaluated by r ...201122227075
differential gene expression in male and female rainbow trout embryos prior to the onset of gross morphological differentiation of the gonads.there are large differences between the sexes at the genetic level; these differences include heterogametic sex chromosomes and/or differences in expression of genes between the sexes. in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) qrt-pcr studies have found significant differences in expression of several candidate sex determining genes. however, these genes represent a very small fraction of the genome and research in other species suggests there are large portions of the transcriptome that are differ ...201121824436
lipopolysaccharide o-antigen prevents phagocytosis of vibrio anguillarum by rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) skin epithelial cells.colonization of host tissues is a first step taken by many pathogens during the initial stages of infection. despite the impact of bacterial disease on wild and farmed fish, only a few direct studies have characterized bacterial factors required for colonization of fish tissues. in this study, using live-cell and confocal microscopy, rainbow trout skin epithelial cells, the main structural component of the skin epidermis, were demonstrated to phagocytize bacteria. mutant analyses showed that the ...201222662189
genetic basis of differences in myxospore count between whirling disease-resistant and susceptible strains of rainbow trout.we used a quantitative genetics approach and estimated broad sense heritability (h2b) of myxospore count and the number of genes involved in myxospore formation to gain a better understanding of how resistance to myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for whirling disease, is inherited in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. an m. cerebralis-resistant strain of rainbow trout, the german rainbow (gr), and a wild, susceptible strain of rainbow trout, the colorado river rainbow (crr), were sp ...201223269384
the sexually dimorphic on the y-chromosome gene (sdy) is a conserved male-specific y-chromosome sequence in many salmonids.all salmonid species investigated to date have been characterized with a male heterogametic sex-determination system. however, as these species do not share any y-chromosome conserved synteny, there remains a debate on whether they share a common master sex-determining gene. in this study, we investigated the extent of conservation and evolution of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) master sex-determining gene, sdy (sexually dimorphic on the y-chromosome), in 15 different species of salmoni ...201223745140
recovery of aeromonas hydrophila associated with bacteraemia in captive snakes.captive snakes, that is, a jamaican boa (epicrates subflavus) a yellow anaconda (eunectes notaeus) and a corn snake (pantherophis guttatus guttatus), died with signs of bacteraemia including the presence of petechial haemorrhages in the mouth and gums and haemorrhages in the lung, spleen and intestines. the abdomen and anus were swollen with bloody-tinged mucus in the colon. aeromonas hydrophila was recovered in dense virtually pure culture growth from the internal organs. characterization of th ...201222680932
effectiveness of bivalent vaccines against aeromonas hydrophila and lactococcus garvieae infections in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).lactococcus garvieae and aeromonas hydrophila are bacterial pathogens affecting salmonids and other fish species and cause of heavy losses in aquaculture. diseases caused by these bacteria can be controlled satisfactory by immunization using monovalent vaccines. in this study, the protective efficacy of two bivalent vaccines against l. garvieae and a. hydrophila was evaluated in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). bivalent formulations, containing formalin-inactivated bacteria, were prepared as ...201222326941
Isolation and molecular characterization of Rem2 isoforms in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Tissue and central nervous system expression.REM2 is a member of the REM, RAD, and GEM/KIR (RGK) subfamily of RAS superfamily proteins and plays an important role in brain development and function. In this study, two Rem2 isoforms were isolated from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The two genes, designated O. mykiss rem2a and rem2b, both encode 304 amino acid proteins with 61% and 62% identities to zebrafish (Danio rerio) Rem2, respectively, and each with 43% identity to mammalian (human) REM2. To our knowledge, this is the first ...201221983188
chryseobacterium oncorhynchi sp. nov., isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).genotypic and phenotypic analyses were performed on five gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the gill and liver of four rainbow trout. studies based on comparative 16s rrna gene sequence analysis showed that the five new isolates shared 99.8-100% sequence similarity and that they belong to the genus chryseobacterium. the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the strain 701b-08(t) were chryseobacterium ureilyticum f-fue-04iiiaaaa(t) (99.1% 16s rrna gene se ...201222115847
immune responses elicited in rainbow trout through the administration of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus-like particles.virus like particles (vlps) against viral pathogens not only constitute a novel approach for the development of antiviral vaccines for an specific virus, but also for the creation of multivalent vaccines in which antigens from other pathogens may be expressed on the surface of these vlps. despite positive results on protection for many of these vlps in both fish and mammals, not many studies have focused on the immune response triggered by these particles; studies that may provide hints for the ...201221893091
differential immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) at early developmental stages (larvae and fry) against the bacterial pathogen yersinia ruckeri.innate immune factors play a crucial role in survival of young fish especially during early stages of life when adaptive immunity is not fully developed. in the present study, we investigated the immune response of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae and fry at an early stage of development. we exposed 17 and 87° days post hatch larvae and fry (152 and 1118 degree days post hatch; avg. wt. 70 and 770 mg, respectively) to the bacterial pathogen, yersinia ruckeri for 4h by bath challenge. s ...201221945730
assessment of metabolic stability using the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) liver s9 fraction.standard protocols are given for assessing metabolic stability in rainbow trout using the liver s9 fraction. these protocols describe the isolation of s9 fractions from trout livers, evaluation of metabolic stability using a substrate depletion approach, and expression of the result as in vivo intrinsic clearance. additional guidance is provided on the care and handling of test animals, design and interpretation of preliminary studies, and development of analytical methods. although initially de ...201222896006
characteristics of disease spectrum in relation to species, serogroups, and adhesion ability of motile aeromonads in fish.an attempt was made to delineate the relationship between of aeromonas species and/or serogroups and specific disease symptoms in common carp cyprinus carpio l. and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum. the adhesion of aeromonas strains to various tissues in relation to disease spectrum was also tested. all strains of a. hydrophila caused skin ulcers as well as septicaemia in both carp and trout while the other strains were able to cause only skin ulcers or some specific internal lesions wi ...201222550470
influence of cyanobacteria on water activity and dry matter of muscles in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss w.).cyanobacteria are studied from the viewpoint of the issue of risks to water supply, agriculture and recreational activities for a long time. cyanobacteria produce a wide range of substances which can be toxic and can influence the safety and quality of fish products. the aim of this study was to determine whether the diet with the content of cyanobacteria can affect the water activity and the dry matter of fish muscle and whether this diet can contribute significantly to the shelf life of fish m ...201223353854
mercury and selenium concentrations in muscle tissue of different species of predatory freshwater fish and correlation between these elements.concentrations of total mercury and selenium were determined in 49 and 42 muscle tissue samples, respectively, of six species of predatory freshwater fish, dace (leuciscus leuciscus), pike perch (sander lucioperca), pike (esox lucius), european catfish (silurus glanis), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and asp (aspius aspius). muscle selenium concentration did not correlate with the corresponding total mercury concentration (r² < 0.198) in all examined predatory fish species. there was an inv ...201224779785
epidemiological description of the sea lice (caligus rogercresseyi) situation in southern chile in august 2007.salmon sea lice represent one of the most important threats to salmon farming throughout the world. results of private monitoring efforts have shown an increase in the number of positive cages and cage-level abundance of sea lice in southern chile since 2004. as a consequence, the chilean fisheries service implemented an official surveillance program in the main salmon production area of southern chile to assess the situation of sea lice in fish farms. results showed that the prevalence of sea l ...201222209492
subcellular differences in handling cu excess in three freshwater fish species contributes greatly to their differences in sensitivity to cu.since changes in metal distribution among tissues and subcellular fractions can provide insights in metal toxicity and tolerance, we investigated this partitioning of cu in gill and liver tissue of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio). these fish species are known to differ in their sensitivity to cu exposure with gibel carp being the most tolerant and rainbow trout the most sensitive. after an exposure to 50 μg/l (0.79 μm) ...201222542735
comparative proteomics of copper exposure and toxicity in rainbow trout, common carp and gibel carp.species specific differences in transporters, chaperones, metal binding proteins and other targets are important in metal toxicity. therefore, we have studied the effects of copper exposure on the proteome of gill tissue from oncorhynchus mykiss, cyprinus carpio and carassius auratus gibelio, which have different sensitivities toward copper. fish were exposed to the flemish water quality standard for surface waters, being 50μg/l, for 3 days. sampled gill tissue was subjected to a 2d-dige and an ...201222480594
comparative acute freshwater hazard assessment and preliminary pnec development for eight fluorinated acids.short-term 48, 72 and 96-h aquatic toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of eight fluorinated acids to the cladoceran, daphnia magna, the green alga, pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and the rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss or the fathead minnow, pimephales promelas. the eight fluorinated acids studied were tridecafluorohexyl ethanoic acid (6:2 ftca), heptadecafluorooctyl ethanoic acid (8:2 ftca), 2h-dodecafluoro-2-octenoic acid (6:2 ftuca), 2h-hexadecafluoro-2-decenoic ...201222280982
studies and evaluation of the potential toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane to five aquatic and sediment organisms.the potential toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdp-ethane) was explored in 5 types of organisms residing in the water column and/or sediment, e.g. oncorhynchus mykiss, pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, daphnia magna, chironmus riparius, and lumbriculus variegates. fish, algae or daphnia were unaffected by acute exposures to water accommodated fractions of 110mg dbdp-ethane/l. chronic exposure to dbdp-ethane at the highest dose tested, 5000mg/kg dry sediment, did not affect midge mean develo ...201221862128
characteristics of fads2 gene expression and putative promoter in european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax): comparison with salmonid species and analysis of cpg methylation.marine fish species exhibit low capacity to biosynthesise highly unsaturated fatty acid (hufa) in comparison to strict freshwater and anadromous species. it is admitted that the delta(6) desaturase (fads2) is a key enzyme in the hufa biosynthetic pathway. we investigated by quantitative pcr the relative amounts of fads2 mrna in european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) in comparison with a salmonid species, the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss l.). the analysis of the expression data was perfor ...201222325717
effects of dietary administration of echinacea purpurea on growth indices and biochemical and hematological indices in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings.this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of echinacea purpurea (ep) on growth and some hematological and blood biochemical indices of rainbow trout fingerlings. a basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g ep kg⁻¹ to formulate five experimental diets. each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with an initial average weight of approximately 8 g. after 8 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed diets with 0.25 and 0.5 g ep kg⁻¹ showed highest final weig ...201222198162
comparison of oogenesis and sex steroid profiles between twice and once annually spawning of rainbow trout females (oncorhynchus mykiss).this study compares the gonadosomatic index (gsi), oocyte growth (og), gonadal histology, and plasma level concentrations of sex hormones (estradiol-17β (e2) and vitellogenin (v)) of twice-spawning (t-sp) and once-spawning (o-sp) females of rainbow trout throughout the additional and the normal reproductive cycle, respectively. in t-sp, the gsi values rapidly increase from may to november, in contrast to o-sp, which showed low and constant gsi values (1.19 to 14.5 and 1.19 to 0.63, resp.). t-sp ...201223213308
the spinal cord supports of vertebrae in the crown-group salamanders (caudata, urodela).the development of spinal cord supports (bony thickenings which extend into the vertebral canal of vertebrae) in primitive (salamandrella keyserlingii) and derived (lissotriton vulgaris) salamanders were described. the spinal cord supports develop as the protuberances of periostal bone of the neural arches in the anteroproximal part of the septal collagenous fibers which connect a transverse myoseptum with the notochord and spinal cord, in the septal bundle inside the vertebral canal. spinal cor ...201222707352
acute toxicity of cadmium, lead, zinc, and their mixtures to stream-resident fish and invertebrates.the authors conducted 150 tests of the acute toxicity of resident fish and invertebrates to cd, pb, and zn, separately and in mixtures, in waters from the south fork coeur d'alene river watershed, idaho, usa. field-collected shorthead sculpin (cottus confusus), westslope cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), two mayflies (baetis tricaudatus and rhithrogena sp.), a stonefly (sweltsa sp.), a caddisfly (arctopsyche sp.), a snail (gyraulus sp.), and hatchery rainbow trout (oncorhynchus myki ...201222488500
flavobacterium oncorhynchi sp. nov., a new species isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).eighteen isolates of a gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, recovered from diseased rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), were characterized, using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. studies based on comparative 16s rrna gene sequence analysis showed that that the eighteen new isolates shared 99.2-100% sequence similarities. phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates from trout belonged to the genus flavobacterium, showing the highest sequence similarities to f. chu ...201222227311
genomic arrangement of salinity tolerance qtls in salmonids: a comparative analysis of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) with arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).quantitative trait locus (qtl) studies show that variation in salinity tolerance in arctic charr and rainbow trout has a genetic basis, even though both these species have low to moderate salinity tolerance capacities. qtl were observed to localize to homologous linkage group segments within putative chromosomal regions possessing multiple candidate genes. we compared salinity tolerance qtl in rainbow trout and arctic charr to those detected in a higher salinity tolerant species, atlantic salmon ...201222916800
characterisation and expression analysis of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) homologue of the human dendritic cell marker cd208/lysosomal associated membrane protein 3.lamp3/cd208 is a member of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein family and is used as a putative marker for mature dendritic cells (dcs) in humans since it is upregulated upon dc activation and maturation. this paper reports the cloning and sequencing of lamp3 in rainbow trout. the predicted trout lamp3 shares the characteristic features of lamp family members such as a c-terminal lysosomal sorting motif (g-y-d-r-i) in the short c-terminal cytoplasmic tail, typical for lysosomal targeting, ...201222402276
potential role of specific antibodies as important vaccine induced protective mechanism against aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout.furunculosis caused by infection with aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida has been a known threat to aquaculture for more than a century. efficient prophylactic approaches against this disease are essential for continued growth of salmonid aquaculture. since the introduction of successful oil-adjuvanted vaccines in the early 1990's, a number of studies have been published on the protective as well as adverse effects of these vaccines. most studies focus on vaccination of salmon (salmo salar ...201223056427
duplicated nell2 genes show different expression patterns in two rainbow trout strains after temperature and pathogen challenge.mammalian neural epidermal growth factor-like-like 1 and 2 genes (nell1 and nell2) encode multifunctional glycoproteins involved in cell growth regulation and differentiation. we isolated two closely related nell2 transcript sequences from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). these conceptually translated nell2a and -b sequences share 83% identical residues and the nell-typical structure. phylogenetic analyses suggest that bony fish possess two nell genes, though these are either present as nell ...201222580270
isolation and characterization of a lytic myoviridae bacteriophage pas-1 with broad infectivity in aeromonas salmonicida.to search for candidate control agents against aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infections in aquaculture, one bacteriophage (phage), designated as pas-1, was isolated from the sediment samples of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) culture farm in korea. the pas-1 was morphologically classified as myoviridae and possessed approximately 48 kb of double-strand genomic dna. the phage showed broad host ranges to other subspecies of a. salmonicida as well as a. salmonicida subsp. salmoni ...201222314935
characterization of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from an estuarine environment for application in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) farming.bacterial attachment to fish surfaces and the capacity to compete with pathogens for adhesion sites are essential characteristics in order to select a candidate probiotic for aquaculture. twelve lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from fish and sediments from bahía blanca estuary, argentina, were examined for in vitro adhesion to rainbow trout mucus, cell surface properties and competitive exclusion against two salmonid pathogens, yersinia ruckeri and aeromonas salmonicida. in order to assess th ...201222287063
microhabitat preference of anisakis simplex in three salmonid species: immunological implications.three salmonid fish species, oncorhynchus mykiss, salmo salar and salmo trutta, were infected experimentally with the parasitic nematode anisakis simplex (a. simplex) and the difference between in vivo behaviour of the nematode in the three fish species was investigated. infection success rate differed between species. s. salar (baltic salmon) showed the highest number of successfully established nematodes, whereas s. trutta (brown trout) and o. mykiss (rainbow trout) had a higher natural resist ...201222858638
chryseobacterium tructae sp. nov., isolated from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).three pale-orange bacteria (strains 1083-08, 1084-08(t) and 1095b-08) were isolated from diseased rainbow trout. the isolates were gram-staining-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped cells. analyses of their 16s rrna gene sequences confirmed their adscription to the genus chryseobacterium. the three isolates shared 100% 16s rrna gene sequence similarity and 98.5% similarity with chryseobacterium indologenes ccug 14556(t), being the closest phylogenetically related species. genomic ...201222795568
prevalence, intensity, and abundance of infection and pathogenesis caused by diphyllobothriosis in vulnerable, native fish and introduced trout in lake panguipulli, chile.diphyllobothriosis in fish from freshwater ecosystems in southern chile was first reported in 1949. infection by plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium latum and diphyllobothrium dendriticum occurs in introduced trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and native fish. we determined the prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of seasonal infection and tissue damage produced by diphyllobothrium spp. in native fish (percichthys trucha, odontesthes mauleanum, and basilichthys australis) and introduced trout ( ...201223060495
first molecular identification of diphyllobothrium dendriticum plerocercoids from feral rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in chile.between april and june 2009, 1,075 feral rainbow trout from 10 different lakes involved with aquaculture activities in los lagos region, chile, were inspected for diphyllobothrium species. all viscera and muscles of the fish were examined using stereomicroscopy; pyloric cecae and stomachs infected with plerocercoids were checked by histology and scanning electron microscopy. plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium dendriticum were confirmed by pcr and sequencing of coi and 18s rrna + its1 + 5.8s rrna ...201222715967
reproducible challenge model to investigate the virulence of flavobacterium columnare genomovars in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.flavobacterium columnare is a gram-negative bacterium that causes columnaris disease and has significant economic impacts on aquaculture production worldwide. molecular analyses have demonstrated that there is genetic diversity among f. columnare isolates. a review of the published literature that used restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16s rrna gene revealed that all isolates typed from salmonids were genomovar i. our objective was to develop a laboratory challenge model f ...201223135138
detection of neoparamoeba perurans by duplex quantitative taqman real-time pcr in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded atlantic salmonid gill tissues.the development and the application of a quantitative duplex real-time pcr for the detection of neoparamoeba perurans and the elongation factor α 1 gene (elf) of atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), are described. a set of primers and probe was designed to amplify a 139-bp fragment specific to the n. perurans 18s rrna gene. the test was shown to be very sensitive, being able to detect as little as 13.4 dna copies per μl corresponding to 0.15 fg of te ...201222804799
trout oral vp2 dna vaccination mimics transcriptional responses occurring after infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv).time-course and organ transcriptional response profiles in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss were studied after oral dna-vaccination with the vp2 gene of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) encapsulated in alginates. the profiles were also compared with those obtained after infection with ipnv. a group of immune-related genes (stat1, ifn1, ifng, mx1, mx3, il8, il10, il11, il12b, tnf2, mhc1uda, igm and igt) previously selected from microarray analysis of successful oral vaccination of ...201223041507
oral immunization of rainbow trout to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) induces different immune gene expression profiles in head kidney and pyloric ceca.induction of neutralizing antibodies and protection by oral vaccination with dna-alginates of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) was recently reported. because orally induced immune response transcript gene profiles had not been described yet neither in fish, nor after ipnv vaccination, we studied them in head kidney (an immune response internal organ) and a vaccine entry tissue (pyloric ceca). by using an oligo microarray enriched in immune-rel ...201222521628
use of reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (real time rt-pcr) assays with universal probe library (upl) probes for the detection and genotyping of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains isolated in chile.reverse transcription-real time polymerase chain reaction (real time rt-pcr) assay with universal probe library (upl) probes has been developed for the detection and genotyping of chilean infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) isolates from infected cell culture. partial nucleotide sequences (1175 bp) of the vp2 coding region from a selection of 7 chilean ipnv isolates showed that they clustered into two main groups strongly correlated with genogroups 1 and 5 proposed by blake et al. (2001) ...201222484616
multiple passage of infectious salmon anaemia virus in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), did not induce increased virus load.the infectious salmon anaemia virus (isav) has not been observed to cause natural disease in farmed rainbow trout, onchorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), but may cause high mortality in farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l. in this study, isav was passaged 10 times in succession by intraperitoneal injections of serum from previous passage into naïve rainbow trout. the serum viraemia was monitored by real-time qpcr. the rainbow trout in this study became infected but did not develop isa. no clinical si ...201222804963
in vitro opsonin-independent interactions between cells of smooth and rough phenotypes of flavobacterium psychrophilum and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney macrophages.the cytotoxic activity of smooth and rough phenotypic cells of the fish pathogenic gram-negative bacterium flavobacterium psychrophilum to rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney macrophages was investigated in vitro. the cytotoxicity to macrophages was significantly higher for rough cells compared with the smooth cells. the cytotoxic activity increased for both cell types with increasing temperature and the cells retained their cytotoxic nature after metabolical inactivation by heat, su ...201223010225
isolation of bacterial probiotic candidates from the gastrointestinal tract of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), and screening for inhibitory activity against flavobacterium psychrophilum.in this study, 318 bacterial strains were isolated from the gastrointestinal (gi) tracts of 29 rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). these bacteria were screened in vitro for their ability to inhibit growth of flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of coldwater disease. bacteria observed to inhibit f. psychrophilum growth were further screened against rainbow trout bile, as an indicator of their ability to survive in the gi tract. this screening resulted in narrowing the pool ...201222913277
comparative proteomic analysis of virulent and rifampicin-attenuated flavobacterium psychrophilum.flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiologic agent of bacterial coldwater disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome. in this study, we compared a wild-type strain (csf 259-93) with a rifampicin-resistant strain and virulence-attenuated strain of f. psychrophilum (csf 259-93b.17). the attenuated strain harboured a mutation in the rpob gene consistent with resistance to rifampicin. two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2d-page) and mass spectrometry demonstrated an altered proteome wi ...201222607560
pseudomonas m162 confers protection against rainbow trout fry syndrome by stimulating immunity.to evaluate the antagonistic effect of pseudomonas m162 against flavobacterium psychrophilum.201222548608
modulation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal immune gene expression following bacterial challenge.the mucosal immune systems of fishes are still poorly understood, and defined models for studying natural host-pathogen interactions are lacking. the objective of this study was to evaluate different challenge models and pathogens to examine the magnitude of change in intestinal immune gene expression. rainbow trout were exposed by immersion to yersinia ruckeri or by intraperitoneal injection with flavobacterium psychrophilum. at 3, 9, or 10 days post-challenge, pathogen load was quantified by p ...201222341800
evaluation of the antifungal activity of zataria multiflora, geranium herbarium, and eucalyptus camaldolensis essential oils on saprolegnia parasitica-infected rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs.the purpose of the present study was to evaluate and assess the capability of zataria multiflora, geranium herbarium, and eucalyptus camaldolensis essential oils in treating saprolegnia parasitica-infected rainbow (oncorhynchus mykiss) trout eggs. a total of 150 infected eggs were collected and plated on glucose-pepton agar at 24°c for 2 weeks. the antifungal assay of essential oils against s. parasitica was determined by a macrodilution broth technique. the eggs were treated with essential oils ...201222690761
development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical taqman real-time pcr-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture.the use of taqman real-time pcr-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. this interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. the development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. this study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (e ...201222524565
toxicity of copper to early-life stage kootenai river white sturgeon, columbia river white sturgeon, and rainbow trout.white sturgeon (acipenser transmontanus) populations throughout western north america are in decline, likely as a result of overharvest, operation of dams, and agricultural and mineral extraction activities in their watersheds. recruitment failure may reflect the loss of early-life stage fish in spawning areas of the upper columbia river, which are contaminated with metals from effluents associated with mineral-extraction activities. early-life stage white sturgeon (a. transmontanus) from the co ...201222890615
tissue specificity of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) mediated responses and relative sensitivity of white sturgeon (acipenser transmontanus) to an ahr agonist.sturgeons are endangered in some parts of the world. due to their benthic nature and longevity sturgeon are at greater risk of exposure to bioaccumulative contaminants such as dioxin-like compounds that are associated with sediments. despite their endangered status, little research has been conducted to characterize the relative responsiveness of sturgeon to dioxin-like compounds. in an attempt to study the biological effects and possible associated risks of exposure to dioxin-like compounds in ...201222446824
elemental composition of four farmed fish produced in portugal.farmed gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata), european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and turbot (psetta maxima) produced in portugal were analysed in order to characterize their elemental composition. atomic absorption (flame and cold vapour) and molecular absorption spectrometry techniques were used to determine all the studied elements. similar patterns of macro, trace and ultra trace elements were observed for all fish species. the main elements were potass ...201222574998
cloning and expression analysis of two ror-γ homologues (ror-γa1 and ror-γa2) in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.this paper describes the cloning and characterisation of two retinoid-related orphan receptor (ror)-γ homologues (ror-γa1 and -γa2) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the coding region predicted for both homologues consists of 1410 base pairs (bp), which translate into two 469 amino acid (aa) proteins. the trout ror-γs revealed a high conservation of both dna- and ligand-binding domains (functional regions of the nuclear receptor family), and shared a high homology to mammalian ror-γt. a ph ...201222634748
immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-1,3-glucan from euglena gracilis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) immersion vaccinated against yersinia ruckeri.potential immunostimulatory effects of orally administered β-glucan were investigated in combination with immersion vaccination against enteric redmouth disease caused by yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). a linear, unbranched and pure (purity ≥98%) β-1,3-glucan (syn. paramylon) from the alga euglena gracilis was applied at an inclusion level of 1% β-glucan in feed administered at a rate of 1% biomass day(-1) for 84 consecutive days. fish were vaccinated after two weeks of ...201222548789
toxicity of atrazine and nonylphenol in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on general health, disease susceptibility and gene expression.atrazine (atz) and nonylphenol (np) are commonly identified contaminants in aquatic habitats; however, few studies have considered the impact of these endocrine disrupters on immune function and resistance to disease. this study examined the immunotoxicological effects of atz and np at multiple levels of biological organization. juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a solvent control (0.00625%, v/v anhydrous ethanol), or sub-lethal concentrations of atz (59 μg/l and 555 μg ...201222982499
comparison between intestinal and non-mucosal immune functions of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.since mucosal surfaces represent major portals of entry for pathogens, its associated immune system is important to protect the organism. in this paper, we compared at the cellular and molecular levels intestinal leukocyte suspensions with their head kidney (hk) or peripheral blood (pbl) counterparts to highlight characteristics of intestinal immune functions in healthy rainbow trout. these studies show that intestinal phagocytes are less activated by yeast cells but when they are activated they ...201223026718
hilyses®, fermented saccharomyces cerevisiae, enhances the growth performance and skin non-specific immune parameters in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).effects of hilyses(®), fermented saccharomyces cerevisiae (s. cerevisiae), on growth, body composition and skin mucus immune components in rainbow trout were quantified. ninety rainbow trout (105 ± 5 g) were randomly assigned to 2 groups in triplicates and fed dietary hilyses(®) (5 g kg(-1)) or control diet without hilyses(®) for 50 days. results of this study demonstrated that growth performance increased significantly by the dietary yeast supplement; however body composition was not affected i ...201222440584
approaches towards dna vaccination against a skin ciliate parasite in fish.rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were immunized with plasmid dna vaccine constructs encoding selected antigens from the parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis. two immobilization antigens (i-ags) and one cysteine protease were tested as genetic vaccine antigen candidates. antigenicity was evaluated by immunostaining of transfected fish cells using i-ag specific mono- and polyclonal antibodies. i. multifiliis specific antibody production, regulation of immune-relevant genes and/or protection in ...201223144852
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