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evaluation of stem aqueous extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles using cissus quadrangularis against hippobosca maculata and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the present study was to determine the efficacies of anti-parasitic activities of synthesized silver nanoparticles (ag nps) using stem aqueous extract of cissus quadrangularis against the adult of hematophagous fly, hippobosca maculata (diptera: hippoboscidae), and the larvae of cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae). contact toxicity method was followed to determine the potential of parasitic activity. twelve milliliters of stem aqueous extract of c. quadrangularis w ...201222750410
sequence polymorphism in acetylcholinesterase transcripts and genotyping survey of bmache1 in laboratory and mexican strains of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.abstract acetylcholinesterase cdnas, bmache1, bmache2, and bmache3 of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) were sequenced and found to exhibit significant polymorphism. a portion of the predicted amino acid substitutions in bmache1, bmache2, and bmache3 were found predominantly in organophosphate-resistant strains, but most did not correlate with resistant status. multiple transcripts were observed from individual ticks, suggesting possible gene duplication or alternative splicing to ...201222679862
survey of pyrethroid and organophosphate resistance in brazilian field populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: detection of c190a mutation in domain ii of the para-type sodium channel gene.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus causes expressive damage to livestock in brazil and other countries. its control is becoming more difficult due to the development of resistance in populations. early detection of resistance can help in developing effective control strategies. this study evaluated the susceptibility of r. microplus to cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos and was the first attempt to identify the mechanism of resistance (target site insensitivity) in cattle tick popul ...201222647463
effect of calea serrata less. n-hexane extract on acetylcholinesterase of larvae ticks and brain wistar rats.acetylcholinesterase (ache), an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (ach) at cholinergic synapses, is a target for pesticides and its inhibition by organophosphates leads to paralysis and death of arthropods. it has been demonstrated that the n-hexane extract of calea serrata had acaricidal activity against larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus. the aim of the present study was to understand the mechanism of the acaricidal action of c. serrata n-hexane extra ...201222608349
a rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus cathepsin with dual peptidase and antimicrobial activity.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, is a haematophagous arthropod responsible for considerable losses in the livestock industry. immunological control with vaccines is a promising alternative to replace chemical acaricides. due to their importance in parasite physiology, cysteine endopeptidases are potential targets. in a previous study, native vitellin degrading cysteine endopeptidase (vtdce) was successfully tested as a vaccine antigen for bovines against r. microplus. in thi ...201222584130
cattle tick vaccines: many candidate antigens, but will a commercially viable product emerge?the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, is arguably the world's most economically important external parasite of cattle. sustainable cattle tick control strategies are required to maximise the productivity of cattle in both large production operations and small family farms. commercially available synthetic acaricides are commonly used in control and eradication programs, but indiscriminate practices in their application have resulted in the rapid evolution of resistance among populations in t ...201222549026
biological parameters of cattle ticks fed on rabbits.with the objective of encouraging the use of rabbits as alternative hosts for the cattle tick, four rabbits were infested on the ears and back. from the second day of infestation the developmental stages were observed. e duration of larval engorgement and changes were estimated between six and eight days in the region of the back and between 've and seven days in the pinna. e nymphal engorgement and changes occurred at approximately 10.80 ± 2.65 days in the dorsal and 11.00 ± 2.52 days in the ea ...201222534940
acaricide resistance mechanisms in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.acaricide resistance has become widespread in countries where cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, are a problem. resistance arises through genetic changes in a cattle tick population that causes modifications to the target site, increased metabolism or sequestration of the acaricide, or reduced ability of the acaricide to penetrate through the outer protective layers of the tick's body. we review the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of acaricide resistance that have been shown ...201222534937
a systematic, functional genomics, and reverse vaccinology approach to the identification of vaccine candidates in the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus.in the post-genomic era, reverse vaccinology is proving promising in the development of vaccines against bacterial and viral diseases, with limited application in ectoparasite vaccine design. in this study, we present a systematic approach using a combination of functional genomics (dna microarrays) techniques and a pipeline incorporating in silico prediction of subcellular localization and protective antigenicity using vaxijen for the identification of novel anti-tick vaccine candidates. a tota ...201222521592
syringe test (modified larval immersion test): a new bioassay for testing acaricidal activity of plant extracts against rhipicephalus microplus.we report a new bioassay "syringe test" (modified larval immersion test) for in vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity of crude plant extracts. prepared syringes, containing eggs of tick, were incubated until 14 d after hatching of eggs, when the bioassay was performed on the larvae. lethal concentrations for 50% of larvae (lc(50)), lc(90) and lc(99) values were calculated for each tested product. 95% confidence intervals for lc(50) were very narrow, indicating a high degree of repeatability fo ...201222516644
facilitative ecological interactions between invasive species: arundo donax stands as favorable habitat for cattle ticks (acari: ixodidae) along the u.s.-mexico border.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) spp. is a key vector of protozoa that cause bovine babesiosis. largely eradicated from most of the united states, the cattle tick continues to infest south texas, and recent outbreaks in this area may signal a resurgence of cattle tick populations despite current management efforts. an improved understanding of the dynamic ecology of cattle fever ticks along the u.s.-mexico border is required to devise strategies for sustainable eradication efforts. man ...201222493861
tick prevention at a crossroad: new and renewed solutions.ticks have major economic impact through diseases they transmit, direct losses due to their detrimental effect and the efforts invested in prevention measures directed against them. chemical acaricides represent the main line of anti-tick defense in both humans and domestic animals, but increasing concerns regarding development of acaricide resistance, especially in the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus, and environmental safety issues indicate the need for other, less aggressive but equally e ...201222424918
anti-tick monoclonal antibody applied by artificial capillary feeding in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus females.the tick rhipicephalus microplus is an ectoparasite harmful to livestock, a vector of disease agents that affects meat and milk production. however, resistance to acaricides reflects the need for alternative tick control methods, among which vaccines have gained increasing relevance. in this scenario, monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify and characterize antigens that can be used as vaccine immunogens. capillary tube artificial feeding of partially engorged r. microplus females with mon ...201222366320
detection of genetic variability in various isolates of cattle tick, boophilus microplus from tamil nadu, india using pcr-rapd analysis.the genomic dna from ten isolates of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus collected in and around chennai, india, was analyzed by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) using pcr. selected five random primers were used for the study of genetic variability among different isolates of b. microplus. a high degree of genetic polymorphism with a different pattern of rapd profiles for each tick isolate was detected with all these random primers. this variability was also confirmed by similarity coeff ...201222349940
perturbation of tyraminergic/octopaminergic function inhibits oviposition in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus, is one of the most damaging livestock ectoparasites. tropical tick infestation limits the introduction of high-yield bovine varieties because they do not have immunity to the diseases transmitted by these ectoparasites. this tick is usually controlled with chemical acaricides but their indiscriminate use has created resistant populations. the discovery of new molecules that can be used for tick control is urgent. based on the knowledge that octopamine, a ...201222343017
reinstatement of rhipicephalus (boophilus) australis (acari: ixodidae) with redescription of the adult and larval stages.rhipicephalus australis fuller, the australian cattle tick, is reinstated and the adults and larvae redescribed from material collected in australia. this long ignored boophilid was previously known as r. microplus canestrini for specimens reported in australia and new caledonia. the adults of r. australis are easily recognized by a combination of characters, such as the ventro-medial spurs in the palpal segments of the male, and the abundant, plumose, pale white setae on the dorsum of the femal ...201222897039
rickettsia sp. strain colombianensi (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae): a new proposed rickettsia detected in amblyomma dissimile (acari: ixodidae) from iguanas and free-living larvae ticks from vegetation.from january to december 2009, 55 amblyomma dissimile (koch) ticks removed from iguanas in the municipality of monteria and 3,114 ticks [458 amblyomma sp. larvae, 2,636 rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini) larvae and 20 amblyomma sp. nymphs] collected over vegetation in los cordobas were included in the study. the ticks were pooled into groups from which dna was extracted. for initial screening of rickettsia sp., each pool was analyzed by glta real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). positive ...201222897060
protective immunity against tick infestation in cattle vaccinated with recombinant trypsin inhibitor of rhipicephalus microplus.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, is regarded as the most economically important ectoparasite of livestock globally. control is achieved primarily through the use of acaricides. this approach is hampered by the development of resistance to commercial acaricides among cattle tick populations. vaccination against r. microplus infestation is another technology that can be integrated for effective cattle tick control. proteins belonging to the kunitz-bpti family are abundant in cattle tick s ...201222959980
immunization of cattle with ra86 impedes rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal-to-adult molting.commercial vaccines based on the tick gut protein bm86 have been successful in controlling the one-host tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and provide heterologous protection against certain other non-target ixodid tick species. this cross protection, however, does not extend to the three-host tick r. appendiculatus, the vector of the protozoan parasite theileria parva. when transmitted to cattle, t. parva causes the often fatal disease east coast fever. here, we used insect cell-expressed ...201222658857
[cloning and expression of triosephosphate isomerase gene of boophilus microplus].total rna was extracted from adult boophilus microplus. rt-pcr was used to amplify the gene and the fragment was subcloned into the expression vector pet-28a. the cloned gene was expressed in e. coli rosseta (de3), induced by iptg, and identified by sds-page. the results showed that the triosephosphate isomerase (tim) gene of b. microplus has 750bp and encodes 249 amino acids (genbank no. jx112888). the cloned tim gene shares 99% homology with that in tick embryos. the relative molecular weight ...201223072171
virulence of isaria sp. and purpureocillium lilacinum to rhipicephalus microplus tick under laboratory conditions.rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini) is an ectoparasite accountable for great economic losses. the use of entomopathogenic fungi to control arthropods has shown promising responses. the present study evaluated the virulence of isaria farinosa (holmsk.) fr., isaria fumosorosea (wize) brown and smith, and purpureocillium lilacinum (=paecilomyces lilacinus) (thom.) samson to engorged females, eggs, and larvae of r. microplus. there were four treatment groups (10(5), 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) conidia ...201222710525
virulence potential of metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolates on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus larvae.the use of entomopathogenic fungi to control arthropods has been reported worldwide for decades. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the virulence of 30 metarhizium anisopliae s.l. brazilian isolates from different geographical regions, hosts or substrates on the larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks under in vitro conditions to the selection of virulent isolates in order to be further used in biological control programs. the current study confirmed the lethal action of m. ...201222840642
resistant ticks inhibit metarhizium infection prior to haemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface.we studied disease progression of, and host responses to, four species in the metarhizium anisopliae complex expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp). we compared development and determined their relative levels of virulence against two susceptible arthropods, the cattle tick rhipicephalus annulatus and the lepidopteran galleria mellonella, and two resistant ticks, hyalomma excavatum and rhipicephalus sanguineus. metarhizium brunneum ma7 caused the greatest mortality of r. annulatus, metarhizi ...201222507442
the identification of a vdac-like protein involved in the interaction of babesia bigemina sexual stages with rhipicephalus microplus midgut cells.we investigated the interaction of rhipicephalus microplus midgut cells with babesia bigemina sexual stages using a proteomic approach. a polypeptide from the r. microplus midgut that binds to proteins from b. bigemina sexual stages was identified and sequenced. combining 2d overlay and tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) techniques, we determined that this polypeptide corresponds to a mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (vdac). the vdac gene encoding the sequenced polypeptide w ...201222336772
effect of oil-based formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control rhipicephalus microplus ticks under laboratory conditions.the formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control ticks have been widely studied. the present study evaluated the efficacy of oil-based formulations of metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.), isolate ma 959, and beauveria bassiana, isolate bb 986, on different rhipicephalus microplus stages, comparing the efficacy between aqueous suspensions and 10, 15 and 20% mineral oil formulations. twelve groups were formed: one aqueous control group; three mineral oil control groups, at 10, 15 or 20%; ...201222480883
detection of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) in the state of pará, brazil.this study aimed to investigate the frequency of homologous antibodies of igg class against borrelia burgdorferi in buffaloes in the state of pará, brazil. blood serum samples from 491 buffaloes were analyzed by means of the indirect elisa test, using crude antigen produced from a cultivar of the north american strain g39/40 of b. burgdorferi. there were 412 positive samples (83.91%), and there was no statistically significant difference in the proportions of positive animals between the 81.69% ...201223070455
primary embryonic cells of rhipicephalus microplus and amblyomma cajennense ticks as a substrate for the development of borrelia burgdorferi (strain g39/40).borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, is a spirochetes transmitted by ticks to humans and animals. its cultivation in vitro in tick cells allows studies of its biology and provides methodology for future research in brazil, and for the isolation of borrelia spp. we examined in vitro the characteristics of embryonic cells of rhipicephalus microplus and amblyomma cajennense in cell culture and investigated the suitability of embryonic cells as a substrate for cultivation of b. burgd ...201222990829
purification and characterization of hb 98-114: a novel hemoglobin-derived antimicrobial peptide from the midgut of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the antimicrobial activity of hemoglobin fragments (hemocidins) has been reported in a variety of models. the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is a blood sucking arthropod from where the first in vivo-generated hemocidin was characterized (hb 33-61). in the present work we identified a novel antimicrobial peptide from the midgut of fully engorged r. (b.) microplus females, which comprises the amino acids 98-114 of the alpha subunit of bovine hemoglobin, and was designated hb 98-11 ...201222749988
chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from hyptis crenata growing in the brazilian cerrado.essential oils from species of the genus hyptis are well-known for their significant biological properties, including antimicrobial and acaricidal activities. the essential oil from the aerial parts of h. crenata was obtained by hydrodistillation; bomeol (17.8%), 1,8-cineol (15.6%) and p-cimene (7.9%) were characterized by gc-ms as its major constituents. the essential oil was evaluated in vitro for its antimicrobial activities against six fungal and five bacterial strains, by measuring the resp ...201223157018
efficacy of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus bm86 against hyalomma dromedarii and amblyomma cajennense tick infestations in camels and cattle.the recombinant bm86-based tick vaccines have shown their efficacy for the control of cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and r. annulatus infestations. however, cattle ticks often co-exist with multi-host ticks such as hyalomma and amblyomma species, thus requiring the control of multiple tick infestations for cattle and other hosts. vaccination trials using a r. microplus recombinant bm86-based vaccine were conducted in cattle and camels against hyalomma dromedarii and in cattle ...201222446633
ectoparasites of livestock, dogs, and wild rodents in the chittagong hill tracts in southeastern bangladesh.a large variety of ectoparasites parasitizing on livestock, dogs, and rodents are documented throughout the world, of which several are proven vectors for major (including zoonotic) diseases affecting humans and/or livestock. however, there remains a significant lack of knowledge in regard to the ectoparasite fauna in remote regions of the developing world, such as southeastern bangladesh, and an urgent need to investigate this fauna to improve diagnostic options. in the course of the present st ...201222576854
molecular characterization of dsc1 orthologs in invertebrate species.dsc1 and bsc1 are two founding members of a novel family of invertebrate voltage-gated cation channels with close structural and evolutionary relationships to voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. in this study, we searched the published genome sequences for dsc1 orthologs. dsc1 orthologs were found in all 48 insect species, and in other invertebrate species belonging to phyla mollusca, cnidaria, hemichordata and echinodermata. however, dsc1 orthologs were not found in four arachnid species ...201222321571
evaluation of different extracts and synthesised silver nanoparticles from leaves of euphorbia prostrata against haemaphysalis bispinosa and hippobosca maculata.the present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activity to determine the efficacies of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of euphorbia prostrata ait. (euphorbiaceae) and synthesised ag nanoparticles (nps) using aqueous leaf extract against the adult cattle tick haemaphysalis bispinosa neumann (acarina: ixodidae) and the haematophagous fly hippobosca maculata leach (diptera: hippoboscidae). synthesised ag nps were characterised with ult ...201222429701
efficacy of rbm86 against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (ivri-i line) and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (ivri-ii line) infestations on bovine calves.with an aim to evaluate the protective potentiality of rbm86 against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus indian veterinary research institute (ivri)-i line and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ivri-ii line infestations on crossbred (bos indicus × bos taurus) calves, 20 animals of 3 months of age were randomly divided in to four equal groups and maintained in tick-proof conditions. animals of groups 1 and 2 were immunized with 2 ml of rbm86 (100 μg)-based vaccine (procured from revetmex s.a. de c.v ...201222422293
generation of full-length cdnas for eight putative gpcnr from the cattle tick, r. microplus using a targeted degenerate pcr and sequencing strategy.we describe here a rapid and efficient method for the targeted isolation of specific members of gene families without the need for cloning. using this strategy we isolated full length cdnas for eight putative g-protein coupled neurotransmitter receptors (gpcnr) from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. gene specific degenerate primers were designed using aligned amino acid sequences of similar receptor types from several insect and arachnid species. these primers were used to amp ...201222403662
an exploratory study to assess the activity of the acarine growth inhibitor, fluazuron, against sarcoptes scabei infestation in pigs.the most common treatments for scabies in human and veterinary settings are topical 5% permethrin or systemic treatment with ivermectin. however, these treatments have very little activity against arthropod eggs, and therefore repeated treatment is frequently required. in-vitro, biochemical and molecular studies have demonstrated that human mites are becoming increasingly resistant to both acaricides. to identify alternate acaricides, we undertook a pilot study of the in vivo activity of the ben ...201222336283
exploiting gene families for phylogenomic analysis of myzostomid transcriptome data.in trying to understand the evolutionary relationships of organisms, the current flood of sequence data offers great opportunities, but also reveals new challenges with regard to data quality, the selection of data for subsequent analysis, and the automation of steps that were once done manually for single-gene analyses. even though genome or transcriptome data is available for representatives of most bilaterian phyla, some enigmatic taxa still have an uncertain position in the animal tree of li ...201222276131
integrated strategy for sustainable cattle fever tick eradication in usa is required to mitigate the impact of global change.the ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus and r. (b.) microplus, commonly known as cattle and southern cattle tick, respectively, impede the development and sustainability of livestock industries throughout tropical and other world regions. they affect animal productivity and wellbeing directly through their obligate blood-feeding habit and indirectly by serving as vectors of the infectious agents causing bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. the monumental scientific discovery of certain arth ...201222712018
tri-domain bifunctional inhibitor of metallocarboxypeptidases a and serine proteases isolated from marine annelid sabellastarte magnifica.this study describes a novel bifunctional metallocarboxypeptidase and serine protease inhibitor (smci) isolated from the tentacle crown of the annelid sabellastarte magnifica. smci is a 165-residue glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 19.69 kda (mass spectrometry) and 18 cysteine residues forming nine disulfide bonds. its cdna was cloned and sequenced by rt-pcr and nested pcr using degenerated oligonucleotides. employing this information along with data derived from automatic edman degradation ...201222411994
direct tests of enzymatic heme degradation by the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum.malaria parasites generate vast quantities of heme during blood stage infection via hemoglobin digestion and limited de novo biosynthesis, but it remains unclear if parasites metabolize heme for utilization or disposal. recent in vitro experiments with a heme oxygenase (ho)-like protein from plasmodium falciparum suggested that parasites may enzymatically degrade some heme to the canonical ho product, biliverdin (bv), or its downstream metabolite, bilirubin (br). to directly test for bv and br p ...201222992734
distribution patterns of three sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus populations from north and south america, south africa and australia.resistance to synthetic pyrethroids (sp) in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is widespread throughout its distribution area. three single nucleotide substitutions identified in domains ii and iii of the sodium channel gene of r. (b.) microplus are known to be associated with target site pyrethroid resistance. we developed a multiplex pcr using allele-specific primers to amplify wild type or mutated genotypes of the three mutations simultaneously. this assay was used to screen ...201224533283
phylogenomic resolution of paleozoic divergences in harvestmen (arachnida, opiliones) via analysis of next-generation transcriptome data.next-generation sequencing technologies are rapidly transforming molecular systematic studies of non-model animal taxa. the arachnid order opiliones (commonly known as "harvestmen") includes more than 6,400 described species placed into four well-supported lineages (suborders). fossil plus molecular clock evidence indicates that these lineages were diverging in the late silurian to mid-carboniferous, with some fossil harvestmen representing the earliest known land animals. perhaps because of thi ...201222936998
genetic parameters of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and its relationship with weight and parasite infestations in australian tropical bos taurus cattle.infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) or 'pinkeye' is an economically important ocular disease that significantly impacts animal performance. genetic parameters for ibk infection and its genetic and phenotypic correlations with cattle tick counts, number of helminth (unspecified species) eggs per gram of faeces and growth traits in australian tropically adapted bos taurus cattle were estimated.201222839739
moxidectin and the avermectins: consanguinity but not identity.the avermectins and milbemycins contain a common macrocyclic lactone (ml) ring, but are fermentation products of different organisms. the principal structural difference is that avermectins have sugar groups at c13 of the macrocyclic ring, whereas the milbemycins are protonated at c13. moxidectin (mox), belonging to the milbemycin family, has other differences, including a methoxime at c23. the avermectins and mox have broad-spectrum activity against nematodes and arthropods. they have similar b ...201224533275
a nuclear single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) potentially useful for the separation of rhodnius prolixus from members of the rhodnius robustus cryptic species complex (hemiptera: reduviidae).the design and application of rational strategies that rely on accurate species identification are pivotal for effective vector control. when morphological identification of the target vector species is impractical, the use of molecular markers is required. here we describe a non-coding, single-copy nuclear dna fragment that contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) with the potential to distinguish the important domestic chagas disease vector, rhodnius prolixus, from members of the four s ...201223219914
cloning and characterization of a p2x receptor expressed in the central nervous system of lymnaea stagnalis.p2x receptors are membrane ion channels gated by extracellular atp. mammals possess seven distinct p2x subtypes (p2x1-7) that have important functions in a wide array of physiological processes including roles in the central nervous system (cns) where they have been linked to modulation of neurotransmitter release. we report here the cloning and functional characterization of a p2x receptor from the mollusc lymnaea stagnalis. this model organism has a relatively simple cns consisting of large re ...201223209755
subclinical anaplasmosis in camel (camelus dromedarius) and its successful therapeutic management.on the indian sub continent, dromedarian camel -'the ship of the desert' is an important constituent of the socio economic life style of nomadic owners in the semi arid to arid ecosystems. the animal suffers from a few parasitic diseases viz. surra, coccidiosis, sarcocystis, gastro intestinal concurrent metazoan infections, mange, nasal bots and ticks infestations. however, anaplasmosis in camel has not been reported so far from the indian subcontinent. systematic investigations of a 7 year male ...201224808644
molecular and pharmacological characterization of serotonin 5-ht2α and 5-ht7 receptors in the salivary glands of the blowfly calliphora vicina.secretion in blowfly (calliphora vicina) salivary glands is stimulated by the biogenic amine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-ht), which activates both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (insp(3))/ca(2+) and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (camp) signalling pathways in the secretory cells. in order to characterize the signal-inducing 5-ht receptors, we cloned two cdnas (cv5-ht2α, cv5-ht7) that share high similarity with mammalian 5-ht(2) and 5-ht(7) receptor genes, respectively. rt-pcr demonstra ...201223145175
inhibition of enzyme activity of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus triosephosphate isomerase and bme26 cell growth by monoclonal antibodies.in the present work, we produced two monoclonal antibodies (brbm37 and brbm38) and tested their action against the triosephosphate isomerase of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (rmtim). these antibodies recognize epitopes on both the native and recombinant forms of the protein. rrmtim inhibition  by brbm37 was up to 85% whereas that of brbrm38 was 98%, depending on the antibody-enzyme ratio. rmtim activity was lower in ovarian, gut, and fat body tissue extracts treated with brbm37 or brb ...201223202941
detection and identification of putative bacterial endosymbionts and endogenous viruses in tick cell lines.as well as being vectors of many viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, ticks harbour a variety of microorganisms which are not known to be pathogenic for vertebrate hosts. continuous cell lines established from ixodid and argasid ticks could be infected with such endosymbiotic bacteria and endogenous viruses, but to date very few cell lines have been examined for their presence. dna and rna extracted from over 50 tick cell lines deposited in the roslin w ...201222743047
molecular and functional properties of p2x receptors--recent progress and persisting challenges.atp-gated p2x receptors are trimeric ion channels that assemble as homo- or heteromers from seven cloned subunits. transcripts and/or proteins of p2x subunits have been found in most, if not all, mammalian tissues and are being discovered in an increasing number of non-vertebrates. both the first crystal structure of a p2x receptor and the generation of knockout (ko) mice for five of the seven cloned subtypes greatly advanced our understanding of their molecular and physiological function and th ...201222547202
tick-box for 3'-end formation of mitochondrial transcripts in ixodida, basal chelicerates and drosophila.according to the trna punctuation model, the mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of mammals and arthropods is transcribed as large polycistronic precursors that are maturated by endonucleolytic cleavage at trna borders and rna polyadenylation. starting from the newly sequenced mtdna of ixodes ricinus and using a combination of mitogenomics and transcriptional analyses, we found that in all currently-sequenced tick lineages (prostriata, metastriata and argasidae) the 3'-end of the polyadenylated nad1 an ...201223077630
the sialotranscriptome of antricola delacruzi female ticks is compatible with non-hematophagous behavior and an alternative source of food.the hosts for antricola delacruzi ticks are insectivorous, cave-dwelling bats on which only larvae are found. the mouthparts of nymphal and adult a. delacruzi are compatible with scavenging feeding because the hypostome is small and toothless. how a single blood meal of a larva provides energy for several molts as well as for oviposition by females is not known. adults of a. delacruzi possibly feed upon an unknown food source in bat guano, a substrate on which nymphal and adult stages are always ...201222306723
determination of lc50 and lc95 values of fipronil against haemaphysalis bispinosa based on adult immersion test.the pattern of mortality of haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks against fipronil was studied based on adult immersion test. mortality occurred during 10-19 days post-treatment. the lc50 and lc95 values were calculated as 0.53 and 7.045 ppm, respectively.201224505192
effect of attractant sex pheromone on immature larval stages of ixodid tick species.attractant sex pheromone (asp) 2,6-dichloro phenol was used in the current study to evaluate the percentage attraction and the behavioural responses of the five ixodid tick species namely rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus microplus (boophilus microplus), haemaphysalis bispinosa, rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and hyalomma marginatum using petridish bioassay. two concentrations of 2,6-dcp (0.1 m and 0.05 m) was used for the larval stages of all five ixodid tick species of which 0.1 m concen ...201224082519
Control of tick infestations in cattle vaccinated with bacterial membranes containing surface-exposed tick protective antigens.Vaccines containing the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus BM86 and BM95 antigens protect cattle against tick infestations. Tick subolesin (SUB), elongation factor 1a (EF1a) and ubiquitin (UBQ) are new candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Previous studies showed that R. microplus BM95 immunogenic peptides fused to the Anaplasma marginale major surface protein (MSP) 1a N-terminal region (BM95-MSP1a) for presentation on the Escherichia coli membrane were prot ...201222085549
pyrosequencing-based analysis of the microbiome associated with the horn fly, haematobia irritans.the horn fly, haematobia irritans, is one of the most economically important pests of cattle. insecticides have been a major element of horn fly management programs. growing concerns with insecticide resistance, insecticide residues on farm products, and non-availability of new generation insecticides, are serious issues for the livestock industry. alternative horn fly control methods offer the promise to decrease the use of insecticides and reduce the amount of insecticide residues on livestock ...201223028533
evolution and diversification of the organellar release factor family.translation termination is accomplished by proteins of the class i release factor family (rf) that recognize stop codons and catalyze the ribosomal release of the newly synthesized peptide. bacteria have two canonical rfs: rf1 recognizes uaa and uag, rf2 recognizes uaa and uga. despite that these two release factor proteins are sufficient for de facto translation termination, the eukaryotic organellar rf protein family, which has evolved from bacterial release factors, has expanded considerably, ...201222688947
one ring to rule them all: trafficking of heme and heme synthesis intermediates in the metazoans.the appearance of heme, an organic ring surrounding an iron atom, in evolution forever changed the efficiency with which organisms were able to generate energy, utilize gasses and catalyze numerous reactions. because of this, heme has become a near ubiquitous compound among living organisms. in this review we have attempted to assess the current state of heme synthesis and trafficking with a goal of identifying crucial missing information, and propose hypotheses related to trafficking that may g ...201222575458
cellular function and molecular structure of ecto-nucleotidases.ecto-nucleotidases play a pivotal role in purinergic signal transmission. they hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and thus can control their availability at purinergic p2 receptors. they generate extracellular nucleosides for cellular reuptake and salvage via nucleoside transporters of the plasma membrane. the extracellular adenosine formed acts as an agonist of purinergic p1 receptors. they also can produce and hydrolyze extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate that is of major relevance in the c ...201222555564
the role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases--a review.nuclear and nuclear-related technologies have played an important role in animal health, particularly in relation to disease diagnosis and characterization of pathogenic organisms. this review focuses primarily on how and where nuclear technologies, both non-isotopic and isotopic methods, have made their impact in the past and where it might be expected they could have an impact in the future. the review outlines the extensive use of radiation attenuation in attempts to create vaccines for a mul ...201222286376
in vitro ovicidal and cestocidal effects of toxins from bacillus thuringiensis on the canine and human parasite dipylidium caninum.bacillus thuringiensis is a gram-positive soil-dwelling bacterium that is commonly used as a biological pesticide. this bacterium may also be used for biological control of helminth parasites in domestic animals. in this study, we evaluated the possible ovicidal and cestocidal effects of a total protein extract of b. thuringiensis native strains on the zoonotic cestode parasite of dogs, dipylidium caninum (d. caninum). dose and time response curves were determined by coincubating b. thuringiensi ...201223484087
evolutionary and molecular analysis of the emergent severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.in 2009, a novel bunyavirus, called severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv) was identified in the vicinity of huaiyangshan, china. clinical symptoms of this zoonotic virus included severe fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytopenia, with a mortality rate of ~10%. by the end of 2011 the disease associated with this pathogen had been reported from eleven chinese provinces and human-to-human transmission suspected. however, current understanding of the evolution and molecular epid ...201223438426
epidemiological perspectives of ticks and tick-borne diseases in south sudan: cross-sectional survey results.a cross-sectional study was conducted between september and october 2010 in five states of south sudan that were selected on the basis of the perceived risk of tick-borne diseases. the purpose was to investigate epidemiological parameters of tick-borne diseases in south sudan and their uses in future control strategies. a total of 805 calves were assessed by clinical, microscopic and serological examination and tick counts. the indirect enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (elisa) was used to dete ...201223327317
molecular detection of acinetobacter species in lice and keds of domestic animals in oromia regional state, ethiopia.this study was conducted to determine the presence of acinetobacter and rickettsia species dna in lice and melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) of animals from oromia regional state in ethiopia. from september through november 2011, a total of 207 cattle, 85 sheep, 47 dogs and 16 cats were examined for ectoparasites. results of morphological identification revealed several species of ectoparasites: linognathus vituli (l. vituli), bovicola bovis (b. bovis) and solenopotes capillatus (s. capillatus) on c ...201223285015
functional genomics studies of rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus ticks in response to infection with the cattle protozoan parasite, babesia bigemina.ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals as well as humans, considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases, but the most important vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. babesia spp. are tick-borne pathogens that cause a disease called babesiosis in a wide range of animals and in humans. in particular, babesia bovis and babesia bigemina are transmitted by cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatu ...201222265898
evolution, expansion and expression of the kunitz/bpti gene family associated with long-term blood feeding in ixodes scapularis.abstract: background: recent studies of the tick saliva transcriptome have revealed the profound role of salivary proteins in blood feeding. kunitz/bpti proteins are abundant in the salivary glands of ticks and perform multiple functions in blood feeding, such as inhibiting blood coagulation, regulating host blood supply and disrupting host angiogenesis. however, kunitz/bpti proteins in soft and hard ticks have different functions and molecular mechanisms. how these differences emerged and whet ...201222244187
protective effects of passively transferred merozoite-specific antibodies against theileria equi in horses with severe combined immunodeficiency.theileria equi immune plasma was infused into young horses (foals) with severe combined immunodeficiency. although all foals became infected following intravenous challenge with homologous t. equi merozoite stabilate, delayed time to peak parasitemia occurred. protective effects were associated with a predominance of passively transferred merozoite-specific igg3.201222038847
new species of ehrlichia isolated from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus shows an ortholog of the e. canis major immunogenic glycoprotein gp36 with a new sequence of tandem repeats.ehrlichia species are the etiological agents of emerging and life-threatening tick-borne human zoonoses that inflict serious and fatal infections in companion animals and livestock. the aim of this paper was to phylogeneticaly characterise a new species of ehrlichia isolated from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from minas gerais, brazil.201223231731
transcriptional profiling of the murine cutaneous response during initial and subsequent infestations with ixodes scapularis nymphs.ixodes scapularis ticks are hematophagous arthropods capable of transmitting many infectious agents to humans. the process of blood feeding is an extended and continuous interplay between tick and host responses. while this process has been studied extensively in vitro, no global understanding of the host response to ticks has emerged.201222309607
expression patterns of anaplasma marginale msp2 variants change in response to growth in cattle, and tick cells versus mammalian cells.antigenic variation of major surface proteins is considered an immune-evasive maneuver used by pathogens as divergent as bacteria and protozoa. likewise, major surface protein 2 (msp2) of the tick-borne pathogen, anaplasma marginale, is thought to be involved in antigenic variation to evade the mammalian host immune response. however, this dynamic process also works in the tick vector in the absence of immune selection pressure. we examined msp2 variants expressed during infection of four tick a ...201222558307
analysis of immunogenic relevant proteins in rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus tick.considering the importance of ticks as a main group transmitting pathogen organisms, this study designed to recognize immunogenic proteins in different tissues of rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus tick and to find out if there are common proteins in these tissues.201223293777
tick infestations in extensively grazed cattle and efficacy trial of high-cis cypermethrin pour-on preparation for control of ticks in mvomero district in tanzania.this study aimed at determining the extent of tick infestations in extensively grazed cattle and assess the efficacy of ecotix® acaricide (2.5% high cis cypermethrin) in mvomero district in tanzania. a total of 1200 tanzanian short horn zebu (tshz) from two farms in two villages were qualitatively assessed for tick infestations and 40 animals (grouped in 10s from each farm) were separated in their herds and quantitatively examined to establish the tick load. the animals were grouped in treatment ...201223164198
probing neuropeptide signaling at the organ and cellular domains via imaging mass spectrometry.imaging mass spectrometry (ims) has evolved to be a promising technology due to its ability to detect a broad mass range of molecular species and create density maps for selected compounds. it is currently one of the most useful techniques to determine the spatial distribution of neuropeptides in cells and tissues. although ims is conceptually simple, sample preparation steps, mass analyzers, and software suites are just a few of the factors that contribute to the successful design of a neuropep ...201222465716
characterization and evaluation of a sarcoptes scabiei allergen as a candidate vaccine.sarcoptic mange caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei is a worldwide disease affecting both humans and animals. here we report the molecular characterization and evaluation of a recombinant s. scabiei tropomyosin (sstm) protein in a vaccination trial in rabbits.201222897929
efficacy of slow-release collar formulations of imidacloprid/flumethrin and deltamethrin and of spot-on formulations of fipronil/(s)-- methoprene, dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin and (s) -methoprene/amitraz/fipronil against rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs.two studies evaluating the efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (seresto®, bayer animal health, ivp), a deltamethrin collar (scalibor®, msd, cp1), a fipronil/(s)-methoprene spot-on (frontline combo®, merial, cp2), a dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin spot-on (vectra 3d®, ceva, cp3) and an amitraz/fipronil/(s)-methoprene spot-on (certifect®, merial, cp4/cp5) against repeated infestations with rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs were conducted over periods of ...201222520338
acaricidal activity of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of tagetes patula l. (asteraceae) against larvae and engorged adult females of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806).the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is the species with the largest worldwide distribution and is proven to be involved in the transmission of pathogens such as babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, coxiella burnetii, rickettsia ricketsii, rickettsia conorii, among others. studies have demonstrated acquisition of resistance to some of the active principles used in commercial formulations of acaricides. tagetes patula (asteraceae) is a plant with highlighted economic and commercial importance due to the ...201223244493
immune response of bos indicus cattle against the anti-tick antigen bm91 derived from local rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks and its effect on tick reproduction under natural infestation.antigens of anti-tick vaccines are more efficacious for homologous challenge with local tick strains. cdna clones encoding for bm91 from local rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus strains were developed to immunize bos indicus cattle under field conditions. three groups of six animals each were injected with the antigen bm91, saline, and adjuvant, respectively. animals were immunized three times at 3-week intervals and a fourth time after six months. the anti-bm91 antibody level, measured by elis ...201223213489
prevalence and seasonal variation in ixodid ticks on cattle of mathura district, uttar pradesh.considering the economic impact of various ticks species on livestock, the present study was conducted for epidemiological characterize of common ticks infesting indian zebu cattle between july 2010 and june 2011 period at various locations of mathura region of india. a total of 2,515 zebu cattle were examined on random basis throughout the year. the overall prevalence of ticks infestation in cattle was 60.07 %. the highest prevalence was reported in september (75 %) while the lowest was in janu ...201224431564
immunoregulation of bovine macrophages by factors in the salivary glands of rhipicephalus microplus.alternative strategies are required to control the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, due to evolving resistance to commercially available acaricides. this invasive ectoparasite is a vector of economically important diseases of cattle such as bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. an understanding of the biological intricacies underlying vector-host-pathogen interactions is required to innovate sustainable tick management strategies that can ultimately mitigate the impact of animal and ...201222333193
comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of theileria equi.transmission of arthropod-borne apicomplexan parasites that cause disease and result in death or persistent infection represents a major challenge to global human and animal health. first described in 1901 as piroplasma equi, this re-emergent apicomplexan parasite was renamed babesia equi and subsequently theileria equi, reflecting an uncertain taxonomy. understanding mechanisms by which apicomplexan parasites evade immune or chemotherapeutic elimination is required for development of effective ...201223137308
simukunin from the salivary glands of the black fly simulium vittatum inhibits enzymes that regulate clotting and inflammatory responses.black flies (diptera: simuliidae) feed on blood, and are important vectors of onchocerca volvulus, the etiolytic agent of river blindness. blood feeding depends on pharmacological properties of saliva, including anticoagulation, but the molecules responsible for this activity have not been well characterized.201222383955
new data regarding distribution of cattle ticks in the south-western indian ocean islands.recent studies have produced new insight into the origin and distribution of some cattle ticks in the south-western indian ocean islands. rhipicephalus appendiculatus, introduced from tanzania in 2002, is now well established on grande comore but has not yet reached the other islands of the archipelago (mohéli, anjouan and mayotte). only one of the two clades identified in africa has settled so far. amblyomma variegatum, which was not supposed to be able to persist in the antananarivo region (13 ...201324016261
molecular epidemiology of theileria equi in horses and their association with possible tick vectors in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.the aim of this study was to detect theileria equi (laveran 1901) dna in horses and ticks using real-time pcr and to list the factors associated with infection in animals located in the seropedica and petropolis municipalities of the state of rio de janeiro. we tested blood samples from 314 horses and samples from 300 ticks, including 191 amblyomma cajennense, 104 dermacentor nitens, and 5 ixodida larvae. factors inherent to the horse, the ownership, and animal management were obtained from an e ...201323474658
detection of rickettsia parkeri from within piura, peru, and the first reported presence of candidatus rickettsia andeanae in the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus.domestic farm animals (n=145) were sampled for the presence of ectoparasites in northwestern peru during march, 2008. ninety domestic animals (62%) were positive for the presence of an ectoparasite(s) and produced a total collection of the following: 728 ticks [amblyomma maculatum, anocentor nitens, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, and otobius megnini], 12 lice (haematopinus suis), and 3 fleas (ctenocephalides felis). a rickettsia genus-specific qpcr assay was perfo ...201323488453
functional characterisation of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α subunit from the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.ticks and tick-borne diseases have a major impact on human and animal health worldwide. current control strategies rely heavily on the use of chemical acaricides, most of which target the cns and with increasing resistance, new drugs are urgently needed. nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) are targets of highly successful insecticides. we isolated a full-length nachr α subunit from a normalised cdna library from the synganglion (brain) of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. phyl ...201324291321
ixodid ticks of traditionally managed cattle in central nigeria: where rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus does not dare (yet?).ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) undermine cattle fitness and productivity in the whole of sub-saharan africa, including nigeria. the aim of this study was to document the composition of tick species, assessing the burden of infestation, in traditionally managed cattle in an area of central nigeria where acaricides have not been used historically.201323758913
overexpression of multiple detoxification genes in deltamethrin resistant laodelphax striatellus (hemiptera: delphacidae) in china.the small brown planthopper (sbph), laodelphax striatellus (fallén), is one of the major rice pests in asia and has developed resistance to multiple classes of insecticides. understanding resistance mechanisms is essential to the management of this pest. biochemical and molecular assays were performed in this study to systematically characterize deltamethrin resistance mechanisms with laboratory-selected resistant and susceptible strains of sbph.201324324548
de novo ixodes ricinus salivary gland transcriptome analysis using two next-generation sequencing methodologies.tick salivary gland (sg) proteins possess powerful pharmacologic properties that facilitate tick feeding and pathogen transmission. for the first time, sg transcriptomes of ixodes ricinus, an important disease vector for humans and animals, were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. sgs were collected from different tick life stages fed on various animal species, including cofeeding of nymphs and adults on the same host. four cdna samples were sequenced, discriminating tick sg transcriptome ...201323964076
characterization of the uukuniemi virus group (phlebovirus: bunyaviridae): evidence for seven distinct species.evolutionary insights into the phleboviruses are limited because of an imprecise classification scheme based on partial nucleotide sequences and scattered antigenic relationships. in this report, the serologic and phylogenetic relationships of the uukuniemi group viruses and their relationships with other recently characterized tick-borne phleboviruses are described using full-length genome sequences. we propose that the viruses currently included in the uukuniemi virus group be assigned to five ...201323283959
tryptogalinin is a tick kunitz serine protease inhibitor with a unique intrinsic disorder.a salivary proteome-transcriptome project on the hard tick ixodes scapularis revealed that kunitz peptides are the most abundant salivary proteins. ticks use kunitz peptides (among other salivary proteins) to combat host defense mechanisms and to obtain a blood meal. most of these kunitz peptides, however, remain functionally uncharacterized, thus limiting our knowledge about their biochemical interactions.201323658744
genetic analysis and epidemiology of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever viruses in baluchistan province of pakistan.pakistan is considered as an endemic country for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever with numerous outbreaks and sporadic cases reported during the past two decades. majority of cases are reported from baluchistan province with subsequent transmissions to non-endemic regions mainly through infected animals directly or via infested ticks. we hereby describe the molecular investigations of cchf cases reported during 2008 in quetta city of baluchistan province.201323641865
an aspartic protease of the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei is involved in the digestion of host skin and blood macromolecules.scabies is a disease of worldwide significance, causing considerable morbidity in both humans and other animals. the scabies mite sarcoptes scabiei burrows into the skin of its host, obtaining nutrition from host skin and blood. aspartic proteases mediate a range of diverse and essential physiological functions such as tissue invasion and migration, digestion, moulting and reproduction in a number of parasitic organisms. we investigated whether aspartic proteases may play role in scabies mite di ...201324244770
why so many unknown genes? partitioning orphans from a representative transcriptome of the lone star tick amblyomma americanum.genomic resources within the phylum arthropoda are largely limited to the true insects but are beginning to include unexplored subphyla, such as the crustacea and chelicerata. investigations of these understudied taxa uncover high frequencies of orphan genes, which lack detectable sequence homology to genes in pre-existing databases. the ticks (acari: chelicerata) are one such understudied taxon for which genomic resources are urgently needed. ticks are obligate blood-feeders that vector major d ...201323445305
first detection of heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) from field collected arthropods.heartland virus (hrtv), the first pathogenic phlebovirus (family: bunyaviridae) discovered in the united states, was recently described from two missouri farmers. in 2012, we collected 56,428 ticks representing three species at 12 sites including both patients' farms. amblyomma americanum and dermacentor variabilis accounted for nearly all ticks collected. ten pools composed of deplete nymphs of a. americanum collected at a patient farm and a nearby conservation area were reverse transcription-p ...201323878186
novel immunomodulators from hard ticks selectively reprogramme human dendritic cell responses.hard ticks subvert the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts in order to feed for much longer periods than other blood-feeding ectoparasites; this may be one reason why they transmit perhaps the greatest diversity of pathogens of any arthropod vector. tick-induced immunomodulation is mediated by salivary components, some of which neutralise elements of innate immunity or inhibit the development of adaptive immunity. as dendritic cells (dc) trigger and help to regulate adaptive immunity, the ...201323825947
identification of tropomyosin and its immunological properties from larvae of cattle tick, boophilus annulatus.boophilus annulatus is an obligate blood feeder tick that can cause great losses in animals due to anemia and its ability to injure its host skin directly. the aim of this study was identification of cattle humoral immune response to some tick proteins during experimental infestation.201323914237
effect of stemona spp. against rhipicephalus microplus.stemona plants have been traditionally used against various insects in thailand and southeast asian countries. the acaricidal efficacy of 9 species of stemona grown in thailand was evaluated against dairy cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus using adult immersion test and in vivo evaluation on infested calves. from the ten stemona root extracts used in this study, s. collinsiae of a concentration 250 mg/ml possessed the highest activity. in vivo study revealed that s. collinsiae extract could si ...201323912630
function of a glutamine synthetase-like protein in bacterial aniline oxidation via γ-glutamylanilide.acinetobacter sp. strain yaa has five genes (atda1 to atda5) involved in aniline oxidation as a part of the aniline degradation gene cluster. from sequence analysis, the five genes were expected to encode a glutamine synthetase (gs)-like protein (atda1), a glutamine amidotransferase-like protein (atda2), and an aromatic compound dioxygenase (atda3, atda4, and atda5) (m. takeo, t. fujii, and y. maeda, j. ferment. bioeng. 85:17-24, 1998). a recombinant pseudomonas strain harboring these five genes ...201323893114
partial venom gland transcriptome of a drosophila parasitoid wasp, leptopilina heterotoma, reveals novel and shared bioactive profiles with stinging hymenoptera.analysis of natural host-parasite relationships reveals the evolutionary forces that shape the delicate and unique specificity characteristic of such interactions. the accessory long gland-reservoir complex of the wasp leptopilina heterotoma (figitidae) produces venom with virus-like particles. upon delivery, venom components delay host larval development and completely block host immune responses. the host range of this drosophila endoparasitoid notably includes the highly-studied model organis ...201323688557
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