Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| fine needle aspiration cytology of the spleen in visceral leishmaniasis. | we describe the fine needle aspiration cytologic study of 210 splenic aspirates from patients clinically diagnosed as having visceral leishmaniasis. of these, 147 aspirates were found to be positive for leishmania donovani bodies. we highlighted the cytomorphology of these positive smears. a majority of the cases showed an increase in the number and size of reticuloendothelial cells, with altered shapes, variations in the cytoplasm and decreased white pulp elements. in some of these cases (10%), ... | 1993 | 8434499 |
| pure protein from leishmania donovani protects mice against both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. | a protein purified from leishmania donovani promastigotes, dp72, was shown to partially protect balb/c mice against a challenge by this parasite. immunized mice infected i.v. with 10(7) l. donovani promastigotes showed a 0, 60, and 78% reduction in liver parasite burden compared with the control mice at each time point examined after challenge, 1, 20, and 108 days, respectively. western blotting demonstrated that the sera from the immune mice, which reacted specifically with dp72 in lysates of l ... | 1993 | 8450215 |
| [prevalence of anti-leishmania antibodies in parenteral drug addicts. yield value of 2 study techniques]. | the prevalence of antibodies anti-leishmania in intravenous drug addict (ivda) patients suspect of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and the diagnostic profitability of two tests for detecting anti-leishmania antibodies were studied. | 1993 | 8450694 |
| effector role of blood monocytes in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | in balb/c mice, liver granulomas provoked by visceral infection with intracellular leishmania donovani are rapidly populated by influxing blood monocytes. to determine the host defense effector role of these mononuclear phagocytes, we treated three populations of infected animals with 5c6, an anti-type 3 complement receptor monoclonal antibody (mab), which inhibits monocyte recruitment into inflamed tissues. in naive balb/c mice, injections of 5c6 impaired the initial acquisition of antileishman ... | 1993 | 8454335 |
| endemic visceral leishmaniasis in a dog from texas. | visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed by cytology and positive indirect immunofluorescent antibody titers to leishmania donovani in a 7-month-old female basenji dog from texas. clinical and laboratory findings included weight loss, hematochezia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, anemia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis. evidence of response to treatment with diminazene aceturate and ketoconazole included improvement in the abnormal clinical, hematologic, and biochemical findings, decreased serum g ... | 1993 | 8455178 |
| comparative susceptibility of african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) to experimental infection with leishmania leishmania donovani and leishmania leishmania infantum. | the leishmaniases are global health problems that affect both humans and animals. the availability of nonhuman primate models is desirable for such important areas as testing candidate vaccines and newly developed chemo- and immunotherapeutic agents. visceral leishmaniasis was experimentally induced in african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) by intravenously inoculating 10(7) amastigotes/kg of body weight of either leishmania leishmania donovani of human origin (group 1) or l. l. infantum ... | 1993 | 8459677 |
| expression of lipophosphoglycan, high-molecular weight phosphoglycan and glycoprotein 63 in promastigotes and amastigotes of leishmania mexicana. | the abundant surface glycoconjugate of leishmania promastigotes, lipophosphoglycan (lpg), forms a blue-colored complex (lambda max = 649 nm) with the cationic dye stains-all, which can be quantitated densitometrically on polyacrylamide gels of cell lysates. promastigotes of leishmania mexicana, leishmania major and leishmania donovani yield values of 1-3 x 10(6) lpg molecules cell-1. in amastigotes the lpg content is down-regulated below the detection limit (< 10(3) molecules cell-1) in l. mexic ... | 1993 | 8459823 |
| diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in hiv-infected individuals using peripheral blood smears. | to compare the clinical and laboratory features of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in hiv-infected and non-infected subjects, and to determine the presence of leishmania amastigotes in circulating leukocytes using peripheral blood smears. | 1993 | 8466685 |
| cyclophosphamide blocks both antigen-specific and polyclonal immunoglobulin responses in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | cyclophosphamide (cy) has been shown to modulate antibody responses in a wide range of diseases both in humans and experimental animals. our results in syrian hamsters infected with leishmania donovani have shown that cy blocks specific and polyclonal antibody production both in vivo and in vitro. this effect was achieved by weekly 100 mg/kg doses and also by a 300 mg/kg single dose. although cy provokes a significant decrease in b-cell numbers in infected animals, this cannot explain the suppre ... | 1993 | 8468122 |
| ity influences the production of ifn-gamma by murine splenocytes stimulated in vitro with salmonella typhimurium. | the ity-lsh-bcg genetic locus in the mouse has been documented to confer innate resistance to at least three intracellular pathogens: salmonella typhimurium, leishmania donovani, and mycobacterium. expression of the resistance gene(s) results in a slower net growth of these pathogens in the reticuloendothelial system early postinfection. although it is clear that the resident macrophages in resistant mice are functionally superior with regard to antimicrobial activity, the exact mechanism(s) und ... | 1993 | 8473743 |
| amphotericin b in resistant kala-azar in bihar. | during the recent epidemic of kala-azar in bihar, we identified a group of patients who were unresponsive to the two commonly used drugs--sodium stibogluconate and pentamidine. we evaluated the use of amphotericin b in these patients because it has been shown to be active in experimental animals against amastigotes and promastigotes, it has been found to be useful in south american patients and is now recommended by the world health organization as a second line drug. | 1993 | 8477209 |
| cloning and characterization of differentially expressed genes from in vitro-grown 'amastigotes' of leishmania donovani. | leishmanial parasites routinely undergo cyclic differentiation from promastigotes to amastigotes during their life cycle. this process involves both morphological and macromolecular changes. to study such changes, we used a axenic culture system which permits the continuous generation and cycling of leishmania donovani from promastigotes to 'amastigotes' in vitro. cdna libraries were constructed from poly(a)+ rna isolated from both the pro- and amastigote forms. using differential cdna hybridiza ... | 1993 | 8479459 |
| leishmania donovani parasites in the nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosa, and urine centrifugates of visceral leishmaniasis patients in kenya. | in the early 1930s, investigators of visceral leishmaniasis stated that leishman-donovan bodies are found in body fluids of kala-azar patients, for example, in urine, feces, semen, and nasal and pharyngeal secretions. based on this finding, we investigated the diagnostic potential of nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosal swabs, and urine centrifugates inoculated into schneider's drosophila medium (containing antibiotics and antifungal agents) as well as with giemsa-stained smears. consequ ... | 1993 | 8480861 |
| alteration of leishmania donovani infection levels by selective impairment of macrophage signal transduction. | leishmania donovani is an obligate intracellular protozoan which residues and multiples in macrophages. the molecular basis for this host-parasite interaction is poorly understood. targeting a signal transduction pathway in the macrophage would allow this parasite to manipulate cellular gene expression, and this may aid in ensuring its survival. we demonstrate that in macrophages infected with l. donovani for 18 h, c-fos gene expression mediated through protein kinase a was unaffected under cond ... | 1993 | 8482844 |
| effect of new diamidines against leishmania donovani infection. | the impact of interamidine distance on antileishmanial activity of new aryldiamidines have been evaluated against amastigotes of l. donovani in hamster. of the 20 compounds tested, only four (2,8-diamidino-9,10-dihydrodibenzoxepin; 2,7-diamidinoxanthone; 2,7-diamidinothioxanthone and 2,7-diamidinoxanthene) showed significant inhibition (more than 80%) of multiplication of amastigotes in spleen. the interamidine distance in the structure appears to have bearing on antileishmanial activity. the ob ... | 1993 | 8500833 |
| lipophosphoglycan antigen shedding by leishmania donovani. | the biochemical characterizations of lipophosphoglycans from various leishmania species reported by other workers may or may not contain several types of lipophosphoglycan molecules. this is the first report in which a specific lipophosphoglycan has been defined by both its antigenic and electrophoretic properties. furthermore, a purification procedure for this specific lipophosphoglycan is described and some biochemical characterizations are presented. phospholipase c and the so-called phosphat ... | 1993 | 8508171 |
| herbicides to curb human parasitic infections: in vitro and in vivo effects of trifluralin on the trypanosomatid protozoans. | leishmaniasis is a major tropical disease for which current chemotherapies, pentavalent antimonials, are inadequate and cause severe side effects. it has been reported that trifluralin, a microtubule-disrupting herbicide, is inhibitory to leishmania amazonensis. in this study, the in vitro effect of trifluralin on different species of trypanosomatid protozoans was determined. in addition to l. amazonensis, trifluralin is effective against leishmania major and leishmania tropica, which cause cuta ... | 1993 | 8516314 |
| serological diagnosis of leishmaniasis: on detecting infection as well as disease. | serological tests are very frequently used in epidemiological surveys of leishmaniasis and other parasitoses. their sensitivity and specificity are generally defined with respect to parasitism and disease, rather than infection. the reason is that known positives are those individuals most likely to yield parasites, or who have distinctive clinical signs, and concomitantly high antibody titres. this paper investigates the performance of one serological method, the indirect fluorescent antibody t ... | 1993 | 8519330 |
| comment: current treatment recommendations for leishmaniasis. | 1993 | 8251704 | |
| leishmania: immunochemical comparison of the secretory (extracellular) acid phosphatases from various species. | promastigotes of all leishmania species, except most leishmania major stocks, synthesize and secrete extracellular soluble acid phosphatases [sacp(s)] which are capable of dephosphorylating a wide range of substrates and, consequently, of modifying the parasite environment. to assess their antigenic/structural relatedness, the sacp(s) from various species were compared immunochemically using both a monospecific rabbit antiserum and several monoclonal antibodies made against the purified promasti ... | 1993 | 8253156 |
| leishmaniasis. | leishmanial infections include three major clinical syndromes: visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis. visceral leishmaniasis, usually due to leishmania donovani, has received increasing attention in the united states because of the growing number of cases seen in aids patients and the occurrence of viscerotropic l. tropica disease among persian gulf war participants. cutaneous leishmaniasis is a relatively benign disease caused by l. mexicana and l. (viannia) species in the new world, a ... | 1993 | 8254158 |
| piperine: a potent inhibitor of leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro. | 1993 | 8255940 | |
| immunostimulant activity of a novel lipopeptide and its protective action against leishmania donovani. | novel lipopeptides 84/201 and 86/450 synthesized in this laboratory stimulated antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) response to ovalbumin in guinea pigs. lipopeptide 86/450 also stimulated antibody and dth responses in albino mice and enhanced nonspecifically macrophage migration index (mmi), phagocytic activity and incorporation of [14c] glucosamine in peritoneal macrophages of the treated animals. proliferative response of splenocytes from lipopeptide 86/450 treated animals was sig ... | 1993 | 8301018 |
| regulation of l-proline transport in leishmania donovani by extracellular ph. | we have previously shown that leishmania donovani promastigotes adapted to long-term culture at acidic ph can serve as a model to study parasite development in a lysosomal-like environment. in this study we investigated the effect of growth ph on l. donovani l-proline transport systems. reducing the ph of the growth medium causes an up to 7-fold decrease in the extent of l-proline transport. transport resumes after switching the culture from ph 4.5 to ph 7 for 48 h by a protein synthesis-depende ... | 1993 | 8264724 |
| human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani s.l. in kenya. | our laboratory is characterizing leishmania stabilates and isolates from active leishmaniasis cases. smears and cultures from aspirates made on different dates from a single lesion on the bridge of the nose of an 18 years old kenyan male from nyandarua district contained leishmania. the isolates, nlb-271 and nlb-271-ia, were characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (cae) using 20 enzyme systems and by southern analysis using 2 deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) probes (pdk10 and pdk20) from a ... | 1993 | 8266420 |
| leishmania donovani infection enhances macrophage viability in the absence of exogenous growth factor. | bone marrow-derived macrophages rapidly die in the absence of macrophage growth factor (m-csf). however, as demonstrated here, bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with leishmania donovani exhibit increased viability in the absence of exogenous growth factor. forty-eight hours after inoculation with promastigotes or amastigotes, infected cell cultures contained 180 and 95% more cells, respectively, than control cultures. this effect was specific to leishmania infection, as uptake of latex be ... | 1994 | 8283144 |
| studies on the prevalence of leishmanin skin test positivity in the baringo district, rift valley, kenya. | the leishmanin skin test (lst) was applied in 26 clusters of an average of 97 individuals in baringo district, kenya. these clusters were centered around recent cases of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). of 2,411 individuals tested, 254 (10.5%, 155 males and 99 females) had a positive reaction. among cured vl patients, the frequency was approximately 30% and no sex difference was observed. in the population as a whole, lst positivity increased with age to a stable level from approximately 15 years of ... | 1994 | 8304576 |
| antileishmanial activity and modification of hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in golden hamster by 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole following infection with leishmania donovani. | butylated hydroxyanisole (bha) inhibited the growth of leishmania donovani promastigotes (strain ag83) in vitro. the inhibition was dose dependent: the concentration of bha required for 50% inhibition of the rate of growth was 1 microgram/ml. bha also prevented growth of l. donovani in vivo in golden hamsters infected with l. donovani. in addition, the effect of bha on several enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics both in uninfected animals and animals infected with l. donovani is re ... | 1994 | 8304969 |
| the significance of blood levels of igm, iga, igg and igg subclasses in sudanese visceral leishmaniasis patients. | we developed an elisa test using leishmania antigenic extracts to detect antigen-specific antibody responses, including subclass and isotype analysis, in visceral leishmaniasis (vl) patients from the sudan. a total of 92 parasitologically proven patients were compared with cutaneous leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, malaria, onchocerciasis and tuberculosis patients, as well as with healthy endemic and non-endemic controls. some vl patients were examined before and after chemotherapy. vl patients s ... | 1994 | 8306504 |
| construction of a series of congenic mice with recombinant chromosome 1 regions surrounding the genetic loci for resistance to intracellular parasites (ity, lsh, and bcg), dna repair responses (rep-1), and the cytoskeletal protein villin (vil). | the interval of mouse chromosome 1 extending from idh-1 to pep-3 harbors the natural resistance gene ity/lsh/bcg; it controls the outcome of infection with salmonella typhimurium, leishmania donovani, and several mycobacterium species. this region also contains a dna repair gene, rep-1, which determines the rapidity with which double-strand breaks in chromatin are repaired. balb/canpt and dba/2n mice differ in their phenotypic expression of these genes. to generate appropriate strains of mice fo ... | 1994 | 8262646 |
| molecular cloning, characterization, and expression in escherichia coli of iron superoxide dismutase cdna from leishmania donovani chagasi. | a cdna corresponding to superoxide dismutase (sod; ec 1.15.1.1.) was isolated from a leishmania donovani chagasi (l. d. chagasi) promastigote cdna library, using pcr with a set of primers derived from conserved amino acids of manganese sods (mnsods) and iron sods (fesods). comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with previously reported sod amino acid sequences revealed that the l. d. chagasi 585-bp open reading frame had considerable homology with fesods and mnsods. the highest homology ... | 1994 | 8300222 |
| phosphatidylinositol-anchored molecules and inducible lipopolysaccharide binding sites of human and mouse bone marrow cells. | we have previously established that lipopolysaccharide (lps) induces the expression of new specific lps-binding sites (lpsr) in mouse bone marrow cells (bmc). we now show that exposure of human bmc to lps elicits the production of both cd14 molecules (detectable with monoclonal antibody my4) and lpsr (detectable with fluorescein isothiocyanate-lps). pretreatment of stimulated human bmc with my4 inhibited the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-lps. the stimulation of human bmc, but not mouse b ... | 1994 | 8300569 |
| membrane-related processes and overall energy metabolism in trypanosoma brucei and other kinetoplastid species. | an electrochemical proton gradient exists across the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial membrane of the bloodstream form of trypanosoma brucei. the membrane potential across the plasma membrane and the regulation of the internal ph depend on the temperature. leishmania donovani regulates its internal ph and maintains a constant electrochemical proton gradient across its plasma membrane under all conditions examined. the mitochondrion of the t. brucei bloodstream form is energized, even though ... | 1994 | 8056783 |
| identification of leishmania isolates from a lebanese population. | we report the results of enzymatic patterns of isolates of leishmania cultured from patients referred to department of dermatology of the american university of beirut medical center in lebanon. the results reveal that these lebanese isolates are all very similar despite variable clinical presentations of the patients and differences in geographic origin. leishmania donovani sensu lato is the dominant species present in the skin lesions observed; thus, clinical manifestations and/or geographic d ... | 1994 | 8059921 |
| anti-66 kda antileishmanial antibodies as specific immunodiagnostic probe for visceral leishmaniasis. | a 66 kda plasma membrane associated molecule of promastigotes of leishmania donovani (mhom/in/1978/ur6) was affinity purified under acidic conditions. employing purified 66 kda antigen in micro elisa, 36 (97.3%) of the 37 patients of visceral leishmaniasis (bone marrow aspirates positive for leishman donovan bodies) had detectable levels of anti 66 kda anti leishmanial antibodies. the sera of the patients confirmed to have visceral leishmaniasis had significantly (p < 0.001) higher optical densi ... | 1994 | 8063345 |
| purification and partial characterization of a heparin-binding lectin from the marine clam anadara granosa. | the heparin-binding lectin, anadarin ms, from the plasma of the marine clam anadara granosa is purified through affinity chromatography on heparin-sepharose 4b followed by gel filtration on a sepharose 6b column. the purified lectin is a pentameric protein of native m(r) 300 kda and is composed of identical subunits of 60 kda. the pi value of this ca(2+)-dependent lectin is 6.2. anadarin ms agglutinates normal rabbit erythrocytes but not that of human. aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine and ... | 1994 | 8074679 |
| thiols of intracellular pathogens. identification of ovothiol a in leishmania donovani and structural analysis of a novel thiol from mycobacterium bovis. | leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniases, is an intracellular pathogen which proliferates within the host macrophages. analysis of the thiol composition of l. donovani by means of the thiol-specific reagent, 7-diethylamino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin, indicated that this organism produces substantial amounts of ovothiol a. this observation was further substantiated by hplc of extracts of l. donovani after derivatization with bromobimane. l. donovani extract ... | 1994 | 8076641 |
| expression and characterization of a parasite-specific antigen on macrophages after infection with leishmania donovani. | a rabbit polyclonal antibody to crude soluble antigen of leishmania donovani promastigotes recognized a determinant expressed on the surface membrane of mouse peritoneal macrophages and human monocyte derived macrophages infected in vitro. the determinant was recognized on infected macrophage surface only when f(ab')2 fragments of anti-leishmanial antiserum was employed in immunofluorescence. f(ab')2 fragments of human patient sera also could recognize the determinant. the expression of this ant ... | 1994 | 8078503 |
| prevalence of gastrointestinal leishmaniasis in spanish hiv-positive patients with digestive symptoms. | 1994 | 8079964 | |
| experimental murine leishmania donovani infection: immunoprotection by the fucose-mannose ligand (fml). | the fucose-mannose ligand (fml) of leishmania donovani is a complex glycoprotein fraction present in pro- and amastigotes, that interferes with parasite-macrophage interactions in vitro. in the present study, we have tested the potential immunoprotective effect of fml on l. donovani infection in inbred female balb/c mice. the protection schemes included three weekly intraperitoneal administrations of fml, supplemented or not with saponin. mice were challenged by intravenous injections of 2 x 10( ... | 1994 | 8081280 |
| does lipophosphoglycan enhance the t cell-stimulatory activity of lipophosphoglycan-associated proteins? | peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from 13 american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) patients and two healthy controls were tested in in vitro proliferative response assays with crude lipophosphoglycan (lpg), purified lpg, lpg-associated proteins (lpgap) and synthetic lpgap from l. donovani. cells from another group of six atl patients were similarly tested with lpgap obtained from l. major. l. major lpgap was more stimulatory than l. donovani lpgap. crude lpg from l. donovani was signific ... | 1994 | 8081281 |
| neoglycosylated liposomes as efficient ligands for the evaluation of specific sugar receptors on macrophages in health and in experimental leishmaniasis. | receptors interacting with terminal sugars as ligands are involved in the binding of leishmania donovani promastigotes to the macrophage surface and their subsequent internalization. mannose and glucose are specifically involved in the binding process. decreased binding occurs to macrophages already infected with l. donovani either in vivo or in vitro. when mannose- or glucose-bearing liposomes are used as ligands the binding shows similar trends and the percentage inhibition of binding with man ... | 1994 | 8084660 |
| testicular leishmaniasis in a boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | 1994 | 8091919 | |
| antileishmanial activity of licochalcone a in mice infected with leishmania major and in hamsters infected with leishmania donovani. | this study was designed to examine the antileishmanial activity of the oxygenated chalcone licochalcone a in mice and hamsters infected with leishmania parasites. intraperitoneal administration of licochalcone a at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of body weight per day completely prevented lesion development in balb/c mice infected with leishmania major. treatment of hamsters infected with l. donovani with intraperitoneal administration of licochalcone a at a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight per day for ... | 1994 | 8092835 |
| macrophage resistance genes: bcg/ity/lsh. | 1994 | 8251571 | |
| intracellular infection by leishmania donovani inhibits macrophage apoptosis. | the phagocytic macrophage plays a critical role in host immune responses to microbial infection, and represents a major source of inflammatory and growth cytokines. intramacrophage infection by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani results in increased viability of the host cell in the absence of exogenous growth factor. we demonstrate that infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmms) by l. donovani promastigotes or treatment of bmms with lipophosphoglycan lpg, the major surface mole ... | 1994 | 8144893 |
| hiv-1 inhibits leishmania-induced cell proliferation but not production of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha. | the immune response of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) after stimulation with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv-1) antigens plus leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro was investigated. hiv-1-antigen stimulation of pbmc did not induce the intracellular accumulation of interleukin-6 (il-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), or interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma). however, cells stimulated with l. donovani antigens exhibited the production of il-6 and tnf-alpha, but n ... | 1994 | 8146597 |
| impairment of the human phagocyte oxidative responses caused by leishmania lipophosphoglycan (lpg): in vitro studies. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg), a surface glycoconjugate of leishmania promastigotes, has been reported as playing an active role in protecting the parasite within phagolysosomes, by an impairment of monocyte oxidative responses. in this study the effect of lpg on the oxidative burst of human peripheral monocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils was evaluated. our results demonstrated that either superoxide anion (o2-) or hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) release by lpg-pretreated cells was diminished, emphasizing ... | 1994 | 8156051 |
| mononuclear cell subpopulations in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive versus hiv-negative patients with visceral leishmaniasis. | 1994 | 8158062 | |
| leishmania donovani: hemolytic activity of promastigotes. | a hemolytically active component was found to be present in leishmania donovani promastigotes for the first time. it lysed human and rabbit erythrocytes to varying degrees. the optimal ph for the activity was found to be 5.8. the rate of hemolysis was dependent on both erythrocyte and parasite concentrations. parasites in the log phase were more effective in lysing erythrocytes than those in the stationary phase. centrifugation at 10,000g showed major activity in the pellet fraction of the autol ... | 1994 | 8162958 |
| neoglycoprotein conjugated liposomes as macrophage specific drug carrier in the therapy of leishmaniasis. | the potential utility of neoglycoprotein conjugated multilamellar liposomes as macrophage specific drug delivery system was studied using hamycin as the model drug and visceral leishmaniasis as the model macrophage disease. hamycin, a polyene antibiotic, was found to have a growth inhibitory effect on cultured leishmania donovani promastigotes at a concentration of 0.05 microgram/ml. hamycin entrapped in neoglycoprotein conjugated liposome (neohamysome) eliminated intracellular amastigotes of l. ... | 1994 | 8166705 |
| antibodies to leishmania donovani infantum heat-shock protein 70 in human visceral leishmaniasis. | 1994 | 8169424 | |
| [acute pancreatitis during treatment with meglumine antimoniate (glucantime)]. | 1994 | 8187998 | |
| immunoblotting identifies an antigen recognized by anti gp63 in the immune complexes of indian kala-azar patient sera. | in sds-page the immune complexes (ic) of kala-azar patient sera showed intense bands at 55 kda and 20 kda corresponding to heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins. in immunoblot experiment, kala-azar and normal ic after treatment with patient sera showed multiple bands of which the band at 55 kda was most prominent in kala-azar ic. it is known that in kala-azar sera antihuman igg is present, so the heavy band at 55 kda region may be due to higher amount of igg and/or other antigen(s) present a ... | 1994 | 8190117 |
| interaction of small ribosomal and transfer rnas with a protein from leishmania donovani. | using synthetic antisense rna from the 5'-untranslated region of the beta-tubulin gene as probe in gel retardation assays, a heat stable rna-binding factor was identified in promastigotes of the kinetoplastid protozoan leishmania donovani. the same or similar factors interact with several small ribosomal rna (srrna) species and, more weakly, with trna, as shown by binding and competition experiments. deletion analysis indicated involvement of repeated purine-rich motifs on the antisense rna, in ... | 1994 | 8202369 |
| an antileishmanial chalcone from chinese licorice roots. | a bioassay guided fractionation of an extract of chinese licorice roots led to the isolation of (e)-1-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl]-3-[4- hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl]phenyl-2-propen-1-one, which in vitro showed potent antileishmanial activity. in addition, the novel chalcone (e)-1-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2- butenyl)phenyl]-3-(2,2-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-2h-benzopyran-6-yl)-2-prope n-1-one was isolated from the roots. the latter compound only showed antileishmanial activity at high ... | 1994 | 8202561 |
| leishmanicidal activity of 2-benzoxazolinone from acanthus illicifolius in vitro. | 1994 | 8202571 | |
| binding of c-reactive protein to leishmania. | 1994 | 8206251 | |
| th1 and th2 cell-associated cytokines in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | in experimental leishmania donovani infection in balb/c mice, initial susceptibility gives way to t-cell-dependent acquired resistance and eventual control over visceral infection. since various cytokines appear to underlie the host response to leishmania infection, we examined infected liver tissue for gene expression of cytokines associated with th1 (gamma interferon [ifn-gamma] and interleukin-2 [il-2]) and th2 cells (il-4 and il-10). by northern (rna) blot analysis, only ifn-gamma mrna expre ... | 1994 | 8112840 |
| effect of antioxidants on the growth and polyamine levels of leishmania donovani. | butylated hydroxyanisole (bha), retinoic acid (ra), retinol acetate (rac) and sodium selenite (na2seo3) inhibited the growth of leishmania donovani promastigotes (strains ur6 and ag83). there is a dose dependent inhibition of promastigote growth in both the strains. the concentrations of bha, ra/rac and na2seo3 required for 50% inhibition of the rate of growth were 0.5 microgram/ml, 0.5 microm and 0.125 mm, respectively, for ur6. in the case of ag83, ld50 for bha was 1 microgram/ml whereas ld50 ... | 1994 | 8129739 |
| induction of early-response genes kc and je by mycobacterial lipoarabinomannans: regulation of kc expression in murine macrophages by lsh/ity/bcg (candidate nramp). | the murine chromosome 1 gene lsh/ity/bcg (candidate nramp) regulates macrophage activation for antimicrobial activity against salmonella typhimurium, leishmania donovani, and mycobacterium spp. to determine early events in the activation pathway, the ability of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (lam) to induce early gene (kc and je) expression in macrophages from susceptible (s) c57bl/10scsn (lshs) and congenic resistant (r) b10.l-lshr mice was investigated. stimulation with 1.8 microgram of arabi ... | 1994 | 8132324 |
| probing the function(s) of active-site arginine residue in leishmania donovani adenosine kinase. | the presence of arginine at the active site of leishmania donovani adenosine kinase was studied by chemical modification, followed by the characterization of the modified enzyme. the arginine-specific reagents phenylglyoxal (pgo), butane-2,3-dione and cyclohexane-1,2-dione all irreversibly inactivated the enzyme. in contrast, adenosine kinase from hamster liver was insensitive to these reagents. the inactivation of the enzyme by pgo followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a second-order rate ... | 1994 | 8135734 |
| plasma membrane k+/h(+)-atpase from leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani has an active k+/h+ exchange system on the surface membrane. modulation of external k+ concentration resulted in a corresponding change in internal ph (phi) suggesting a link between proton and potassium transport. although a na+/h+ antiporter is present on the plasma membrane, its sensitivity to amiloride suggests that it operates independent of k+/h+ exchange. reduction of cellular atp with nan3 and kcn inhibits k+/h+ exchange showing thereby that the process is energy depe ... | 1994 | 8138591 |
| oral leishmaniasis and kaposi's sarcoma in an aids patient. | in the mediterranean basin area, visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic disease caused by leishmania donovani infantum. this study describes the clinical and pathological features of one patient with aids who had oral (tonsillar) leishmaniasis, caused by a viscerotropic zymodeme, concurrent with a kaposi's sarcoma and with a cmv infection. | 1994 | 8138981 |
| cloning, sequencing, and structural analysis of the dna encoding inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.205) from tritrichomonas foetus. | the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (impdh) of the parasitic protozoan tritrichomonas foetus is a purine salvage enzyme with a subunit molecular weight of 58,000. the enzyme has been purified to homogeneity by verham et al. (molecular and biochemical parasitology 24, 1-12, 1987) and characterized in more detail by hedstrom and wang (biochemistry 29, 849-854, 1990). we used a polyclonal antibody directed against the purified enzyme to identify three cdna clones from t. foetus. these clones we ... | 1994 | 7905423 |
| the major surface glycoprotein (gp63) from leishmania major and leishmania donovani cleaves cd4 molecules on human t cells. | the effect of leishmania major and l. donovani surface protease gp63 on surface markers on human t cells was studied using fluorescence-activated flow cytometry. purified gp63 (63,000 m.w. glycoprotein) at concentrations above 10 micrograms/ml completely inhibited binding of six different anti-cd4 abs to human t cells, whereas the binding of one ab, okt4, was not inhibited. heat inactivation of the protease before the incubation with cells abolished the effect on binding of anti-cd4 abs. cells i ... | 1994 | 7908919 |
| biochemical and immunochemical characterization of a p-type atpase from leishmania donovani promastigote plasma membrane. | an atpase on the plasma membrane of leishmania donovani has been characterized. an antiserum, generated against atpase active bands from native gels, was specific for a 105 kda protein in promastigotes. however, in plasma membrane preparations a 70 kda protein is also recognized, suggesting proteolysis of the intact 105 kda protein or the presence of a second similar atpase. [gamma-32p]atp phosphorylates two proteins (105 kda and 70 kda) in promastigotes and plasma membranes. both proteins form ... | 1994 | 7918568 |
| the beta-aspartyl phosphate intermediate in a leishmania donovani promastigote plasma membrane p-type atpase. | the phosphorylated intermediate of a plasma membrane p-type atpase in leishmania donovani has been further characterized. the formation of the phosphorylated intermediate is sensitive to several atpase inhibitors including vanadate, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (dccd), n-ethylmaleimide (nem), and fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc). these inhibitors affect purified immunoprecipitated protein as well as total plasma membrane fractions. oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial atpases, and ouabain, an ... | 1994 | 7918569 |
| a simple medium without blood modified for successful isolation & cultivation of ld bodies. | a simple growth medium for primary isolation and subsequent cultivation of leishmania donovani promastigotes without using whole blood is described. this medium is modified from aljeboori's biphasic medium (used originally only for cultivation), containing only beef extract, peptone, sodium chloride, bactoagar and foetal calf serum (fcs). we have modified the medium by adding glucose and ascertaining the ph in the solid phase and by drastically reducing (91%) fcs in the liquid phase. the medium ... | 1994 | 7927570 |
| the kinetoplastid membrane protein 11 of leishmania donovani and african trypanosomes is a potent stimulator of t-lymphocyte proliferation. | kinetoplastid membrane protein 11 (kmp-11) from leishmania donovani is an abundant 11-kda surface membrane glycoprotein. lymph node cells from mice of six different h-2 haplotypes immunized with kmp-11 or with l. donovani promastigotes were stimulated to proliferate in vitro kmp-11. primed purified t cells required antigen presentation since they were not stimulated unless kmp-11-pulsed or l. donovani-infected macrophages were added. promastigotes of a wide variety of leishmania species and proc ... | 1994 | 7927770 |
| time course and intensity of infection in vitro in the resident peritoneal macrophages of resistant and susceptible mice exposed to different doses of leishmania donovani promastigotes. | a study was made of the proliferation dynamics in vitro of leishmania donovani amastigotes in the resting peritoneal macrophages of c57bl/6 (lshs) and c57l/j (lshr) mice. monolayers were inoculated with 5, 50 or 500 promastigotes per macrophage and the number of infected cells and the number of parasites per cell were determined 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days following inoculation. results indicate that, irrespective of the phenotype of the donor mouse and of the inoculum, only 50-65% of the cells becam ... | 1994 | 7928078 |
| isolation of bis-indole alkaloids with antileishmanial and antibacterial activities from peschiera van heurkii (syn. tabernaemontana van heurkii). | extracts from leaves and stem bark of peschiera van heurkii (muell. arg.) l. allorge (syn. tabernaemontana van heurkii muell. arg., apocynaceae) have been assayed for antileishmanial and antibacterial activities. the activities were concentrated in the alkaloid fractions which yielded 20 indole and bisindole alkaloids. the strongest leishmanicidal and antibacterial activities were observed with the dimeric alkaloids conodurine (1), n-demethylconodurine (= gabunine) (2), and conoduramine (3). wea ... | 1994 | 7997477 |
| dichotomy of the human t cell response to leishmania antigens. ii. absent or th2-like response to gp63 and th1-like response to lipophosphoglycan-associated protein in cells from cured visceral leishmaniasis patients. | the t cell response to different leishmania donovani antigens was investigated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from kenyans cured of visceral leishmaniasis and non-exposed danes. crude promastigote and amastigote antigens both induced proliferation and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) production in pbmc from cured patients, while cells from non-exposed donors gave weak responses. a similar pattern was induced by lipophosphoglycan-associated protein (lpgap). by contrast, the major sur ... | 1994 | 8004810 |
| [the generation of active forms of oxygen by mouse macrophages: the effect of the genotype, immunocytokines and infection]. | in this work the effect of the natural complex of cytokines on the generation of active forms of oxygen (afo) by mouse peritoneal macrophage in different in vivo and in vitro systems were studied. intact mice of various strains were found to have differences in the afo production of their macrophages: balb/c (h-2d) > cba (h-2k) > c57bl/6 (h-2b), as well as in the degree of the prestimulation of the macrophage oxygen metabolism with the complex of cytokines balb/c > cba. the in vivo and in vitro ... | 1994 | 8017135 |
| role and effect of tnf-alpha in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | tnf-alpha has been implicated in cytokine-induced macrophage activation and tissue granuloma formation, two activities linked to control of intracellular visceral infection caused by leishmania donovani. to determine the role of tnf-alpha in l. donovani-infected balb/c mice, we measured tnf-alpha levels and treated mice with either anti-tnf-alpha antiserum or tnf-alpha. tnf-alpha activity in infected livers was increased by 2.7-fold 2 wk after challenge and by 5.5-fold at wk 8. in parallel, alth ... | 1994 | 8021511 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in angola due to leishmania (leishmania) infantum. | a 26-year-old man from angola with no history of travel outside the country presented with typical symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis. the parasite was isolated and biochemically characterized using both kinetoplast dna and nuclear dna probes and showed a strong homology with leishmania (leishmania) donovani sensu lato (s.l.). when the nuclear dna of the isolate was hybridized with a specific leishmania (l.) infantum probe, the pattern obtained showed a clear signal with this species. to establi ... | 1994 | 8024060 |
| expression of the major surface glycoprotein of leishmania, gp63, in wild-type and sinefungin-resistant promastigotes. | in this study, we have surveyed gp63 expression in sinefungin-(sf)-resistant and wild-type leishmania promastigotes. documentation of gp63 expression in leishmania promastigotes was carried out by western blotting, purification of the protein and assessment of gp63 protease activity. we demonstrated a 3-4-fold and 1.5-2-fold increase of gp63 protein in sf-resistant leishmania donovani and leishmania tropica promastigotes compared to wild-type, respectively. northern blot analysis showed that the ... | 1994 | 8033909 |
| the activity of 2-substituted quinoline alkaloids in balb/c mice infected with leishmania donovani. | potent antileishmanial activity has recently been described in vivo when certain 2-substituted quinoline alkaloids are administered to mice with cutaneous leishmaniasis. we now report the antileishmanial activity of four 2-substituted quinoline alkaloids, namely chimanine d or 2-(1',2'-trans-epoxypropyl) quinoline (i), 2-n-propylquinoline (ii), 2-styrylquinoline (iii) and 2-(2'-hydroxypropyl) quinoline (iv), for experimental treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in infected balb/c mice. subcutaneo ... | 1994 | 8040117 |
| leishmanial glycosomes contain superoxide dismutase. | in this work we report that superoxide dismutase is entrapped in a microbody-like organelle, the glycosome, present in leishmania spp. studies on the sensitivity of the enzyme to various inhibitors indicated that glycosomal superoxide dismutase is predominantly of the cu/zu type. localization of superoxide dismutase in glycosomes points to the major importance of this organelle in the survival of this pathogen, suggesting a new approach towards chemotherapy for leishmaniasis. | 1994 | 8042972 |
| [construction of leishmania donovani genomic library]. | in this report, we described the extraction of l. donovani genomic dna and construction of l. donovani genomic library in order to isolate individual gene and its products that can be the candidate to develop serum diagnostic and protective products for this disease. we prepared l. donovani promastigote genomic dna using the protocols of extracting genomic dna of cultivated cells by centrifugation (15,000 g, 60 min) to get rid of kinetoplast dna. genomic dna was then partially digested with rest ... | 1994 | 8044910 |
| secretion of sucrase by leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani promastigotes were collected, washed, resuspended in buffer, and assayed for sucrase activity. no activity was observed in the intact washed cells, but activity was measurable when the cells were permeabilized with triton x-100. intracellular sucrase activity was highest in promastigotes grown at ph 7.4, somewhat lower in promastigotes grown at ph 5.5, and significantly lower in "amastigotes" grown at ph 5.5. no trehalase, lactase, or maltase activities were observed. assay o ... | 1994 | 8049686 |
| the structure, organization, and expression of the leishmania donovani gene encoding trypanothione reductase. | trypanothione reductase (tr) is an nadph-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductase central to thiol metabolism in the trypanosomatids. we report here the cloning by expression of the leishmania donovani gene. it is single copy, expresses a 2.6-kb transcript and a 52-kda protein and is located on a 1.1-mbp chromosome. the 491 amino acid sequence has 76% similarity to crithidia fasciculata and 67% similarity to trypanosoma cruzi, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei tr. residues recognising t ... | 1994 | 7935607 |
| an approach to functional complementation by introduction of large dna fragments into trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania donovani using a cosmid shuttle vector. | to extend the range of genetic tools available for the functional analysis of trypanosomatid genes we have constructed a cosmid shuttle vector (pcostl) which facilitates the introduction of large dna fragments into trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania donovani. the vector contains several features to simplify library construction and insert mapping and transformed cells can be selected on the basis of g418 resistance. to evaluate the vector and to determine the fidelity of replication we first const ... | 1994 | 7935628 |
| epidemiology and clinical manifestations of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in baringo district, rift valley, kenya. a literature review. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by leishmania donovani, is endemic in baringo district, kenya. the disease has a focal distribution in the dry, hot areas below 1500 metres. infections may be characterized as follows: 1) asymptomatic, 2) subclinical and self-limiting (not medically identifiable), and 3) clinically manifest disease (that is medically identifiable). half of the reported vl patients are between 5 and 14 years of age and 66% of them are males. the reasons for the focal distributi ... | 1994 | 7940999 |
| infection of human monocytes by leishmania results in a defective oxidative burst. | the effect of infection by prototypes from the three major species of leishmania on the oxidative burst of human mononuclear phagocytes in culture was examined. the presence of intracellular parasites of the three species, l.major, l.donovani and l.mexicana decreased hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and superoxide anion (o2-) production. this was particularly apparent when infected cells were compared to control monocytes following treatment with ifn-gamma. nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) reduction by monoc ... | 1994 | 7947230 |
| formation of functional cross-species heterodimers of ornithine decarboxylase. | the two active sites in ornithine decarboxylase (odc) are formed at the dimer interface with lys-69 and cys-360 contributing to each active site from opposite monomers [tobias, k. e., & kahana, c. (1993) biochemistry 32, 5842-5847]. to gain insight into the organization of the substrate binding site and the nature of the dimer interface, analysis of ornithine decarboxylase from two parasitic protozoa, trypanosoma brucei and leishmania donovani, and from mouse was undertaken. though t. brucei and ... | 1994 | 7947774 |
| [preliminary study on expression of leishmania donovani antigen gene in e. coli]. | we constructed previously the expressing library of leishmania donovani genomic dna with lambda gt11 as vector. in this paper, 2 x 10(4) phages were plated on e. coli y1090r-, and screened with a rabbit antiserum prepared by immunization with leishmania donovani promastigotes. bound antibodies were detected using alkaline phosphatase labeled anti-rabbit antibodies. a positive expressing clone was detected and transferred into e. coli y1098r- to prepare lysate, a 39 kda polypeptide in e. coli y10 ... | 1994 | 7955157 |
| two cases of laryngeal leishmaniasis in patients infected with hiv. | a high incidence of visceral leishmaniasis has been documented in hiv-infected patients in endemic areas. in these patients, atypical locations and a chronic course of the disease are more frequent. two aids patients with laryngeal leishmaniasis are reported. these cases are believed to be the first of this type documented in the literature. the possible pathogenic mechanisms of the disease are discussed. infection with leishmania donovani may eventually be described for every organ containing p ... | 1994 | 7957275 |
| a frequently amplified region in leishmania contains a gene conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | a 27.5-kb sequence that is present in an approx. 2-mb chromosome in leishmania also occurs as an inverted dimer in a multicopy, 55-kb circular molecule (ld1) in leishmania infantum itmap263. sequence analysis of a 7100-bp cloned segment from the circular molecule revealed three open reading frames (orfs). the orfs are likely to have protein coding function by a number of criteria, including northern blot analyses. the amino acid (aa) sequences deduced from two orfs showed no similarity to other ... | 1994 | 7958944 |
| status of glutathione in lymphoid tissues of golden hamster during leishmania donovani infection. | during leishmania donovani infection of golden hamsters, changes in the glutathione levels of lymphoid tissues were observed. while in liver and thymus there was significant decrease in the levels of reduced and oxidised glutathione, that in spleen, bone marrow cells, peritoneal exudate cells and lymph nodes increased, indicating a role for host glutathione in establishing the infection. | 1994 | 7959849 |
| amplification of the inosinate dehydrogenase gene in trypanosoma brucei gambiense due to an increase in chromosome copy number. | drug resistance is a significant impediment to the therapy of african sleeping sickness in humans. to evaluate molecular mechanisms that contribute to drug resistance in african trypanosomes, a clonal strain of trypanosoma brucei gambiense, mpa10, was selected in medium containing mycophenolic acid (mpa), an inhibitor of imp dehydrogenase (impdh) activity. impdh activity in mpa10 cells was approximately 6-fold higher than that of wild type parental cells, although the enzymes in both strains wer ... | 1994 | 7961861 |
| comparative evaluation of serological tests in indian kala-azar. | data on 41 kala-azar patients were collected and the series of serological tests employed to diagnose the disease were compared depending upon their sensitivity and specificity indices. the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) was found to be 100% sensitive and specific. the direct agglutination test (dat) involving detection of agglutinating antibodies against leishmania donovani was 97.2% efficient. the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) had a specificity of 75% while other tests s ... | 1994 | 7966534 |
| a further study of ldt and ifat tests in evaluating the control of kala-azar in china. | kala-azar (ka) used to be highly prevalent in shandong province in china and, according to the survey made in 1950, the average prevalence rate was 350 per million. through mass treatment and sandfly control, the prevalence rate was brought down to 3 per 100,000 in 1958 and the disease was basically eliminated. since 1972, only 18 residual patients have been detected and no newly infected cases have appeared. in the meantime, the vector density had been reduced to such a low level that sandflies ... | 1994 | 7966538 |
| evolution of codon usage and base contents in kinetoplastid protozoans. | in this study we analyze and compare the trends in codon usage in five representative species of kinetoplastid protozoans (crithidia fasciculata, leishmania donovani, l. major, trypanosoma cruzi and t. brucei), with the purpose of investigating the processes underlying these trends. a principal component analysis shows that the g+c content at the third codon position represents the main source of codon-usage variation, both within species (among genes) and among species. the non-trypanosoma spec ... | 1994 | 7968492 |
| detection of ubiquinone in parasitic and free-living protozoa, including species devoid of mitochondria. | ubiquinone (coenzyme q, coq) was analyzed and individual homologues quantified in 11 species of parasitic and free-living protozoa by a combination of thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. fast atom bombardment ionization-mass spectrometry was used for the first time to confirm the identity of the fractionated coq homologues and proved to be a fast, gentle and convenient method for ubiquinone identification. ubiquinone was detected in all organisms including those ... | 1994 | 7969263 |
| structural organisation of microsatellite families in the leishmania genome and polymorphisms at two (ca)n loci. | in the present study, we have analysed the frequency and distribution of several microsatellite dnas [(ca)n, (ggt)n and (gca)n] in the genome of leishmania. hybridisation analysis on the molecular karyotypes of different leishmania strains showed the presence of these three microsatellites on all chromosomes of the parasite. the number of microsatellite clusters appeared grossly similar among strains from different old world complexes. however, these three microsatellite families showed an uneve ... | 1994 | 7969268 |
| saliva of lutzomyia longipalpis sibling species differs in its composition and capacity to enhance leishmaniasis. | leishmania donovani chagasi parasites, transmitted by sandflies of the lutzomyia longipalpis species complex, normally cause visceral leishmaniasis. however, in central america infections frequently result in cutaneous disease. we undertook experiments to investigate the possible influence of sandfly saliva on the course of infection. erythemas caused by feeding sandflies correlated well with the levels of the erythema-inducing peptide, maxadilan, in their saliva. saliva of brazilian flies was t ... | 1994 | 7972360 |
| development of a rapid latex agglutination test for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis. | 1994 | 7974667 | |
| differential expression of stress proteins in virulent and attenuated promastigotes of leishmania donovani. | induction of stress proteins in response to heat shock and/or ph shock was compared in virulent and attenuated promastigotes of leishmania donovani. the virulent strain showed increased expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) of 110, 83, 70, 65, 40 and 12 kda on heat shock (37 degrees c), while the attenuated form showed increased expression of hsps 83, 70 and 65 only. in response to a low ph (4.5), the virulent promastigotes showed a significantly greater increase in the relative synthesis of ... | 1994 | 7981656 |
| leishmania donovani-infected macrophages: characterization of the parasitophorous vacuole and potential role of this organelle in antigen presentation. | leishmania donovani amastigotes, the etiological agents of visceral leishmaniasis, are obligate intracellular parasites residing in membrane-bound compartments of macrophages called parasitophorous vacuoles (pv). the study of these organelles is of paramount importance to understanding how these parasites resist the microbicidal mechanisms of macrophages and how they escape the immune response of their hosts. confocal microscopy of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with l. donovani ... | 1994 | 7983173 |