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laboratory studies on weight control and prevention of metabolic syndrome by green tea.green tea (camellia sinensis, theaceace) is the second most popular beverage in the world and has been extensively studied for its putative disease preventive effects. green tea is characterized by the presence of a high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds known as catechins, with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) being the most abundant and most well-studied. metabolic syndrome (mets) is a complex condition that is defined by the presence of elevated waist circumference, dysglycemia, e ...201021193040
effects of ocimum sanctum and camellia sinensis on stress-induced anxiety and depression in male albino rattus norvegicus.the aim of this study was to study the ameliorative effects of ocimum sanctum and camellia sinensis on stress-induced anxiety and depression.201021206619
iranian black tea and cowslip extracts induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion from mouse macrophage cell culture.many species of tea (camellia sinensis) and cowslip (echium amoenum) are used in iranian traditional medicine. the aim of this study was to conduct the survey on the ability of iranian black tea and cowslip extracts on secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) by non-infected and infected mouse macrophages. a macrophage infection model with legionella pneumophila and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique was used in this study. research showed that the concentrations of ...201024363711
oxidative stress and antioxidant status in intensely exercising horses administered nutraceutical extracts.many nutraceuticals are used as equine supplements without their efficacy having been scientifically tested. black tea, cranberries, orange peel and ginger are a few of those nutraceuticals that warrant further study.201021059024
comparative healing property of kombucha tea and black tea against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in mice: possible mechanism of action.the healing activity of black tea (bt) and bt fermented with candida parapsilosis and kombucha culture, designated as ct and kt respectively against the indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration has been studied in a mouse model. the kt sample (kt4) produced by fermenting bt for four days, showed the best dpph radical scavenging capacity and phenolics contents. hence the ulcer-healing activity of kt4 was compared with those of ct4 and bt. all the tea extracts (15 mg kg(-1)) could effectively heal ...201021776478
ancient genome duplications during the evolution of kiwifruit (actinidia) and related ericales.to assess the number and phylogenetic distribution of large-scale genome duplications in the ancestry of actinidia, publicly available expressed sequenced tags (ests) for members of the actinidiaceae and related ericales, including tea (camellia sinensis), were analysed.201020576738
the antimicrobial activities of processed nigerian and south african black tea.the antibacterial activity of processed nigerian lipton tea and south african 5 roses tea, extracted using distilled water, chloroform and 70% ethanol were determined against nine (9) enteropathogenic bacteria which includes; bacillus subtilis, proteus sp, enterobacter sp., klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi a, salmonella arizona and staphylococcus aureus. the 2 tea bags, nigerian lipton tea bag and the south african 5 roses tea bag were extracted thr ...201022416657
a modified ms2 bacteriophage plaque reduction assay for the rapid screening of antiviral plant extracts.traditional methods of screening plant extracts and purified components for antiviral activity require up to a week to perform, prompting the need to develop more rapid quantitative methods to measure the ability of plant based preparations to block viral replication. we describe an adaption of an ms2 plaque reduction assay for use in s. aureus.201021808571
clinical efficacy comparison of anti-wrinkle cosmetics containing herbal flavonoids.herbal anti-wrinkle cosmetics were formulated from ginkgo (ginkgo biloba), a mixture of tea and rooibos (camellia sinensis and aspalathus linearis) and soybean (glycine soja). these extracts were incorporated into the preliminary developed stable gel base with good preference. the gingko formulation was found to be more stable than the formula containing a mixture of tea and rooibos and the soybean formula. clinical efficacies of the ginkgo formula and the formula containing a mixture of tea and ...201020412217
the in vitro effects of rooibos and black tea on immune pathways.the in vitro effects of aspalathus linearis (rooibos tea) and camellia sinensis (black tea) on biomarkers of specific immune pathways were determined using whole blood culture assays. stimulated and unstimulated whole blood cultures were incubated with tea extracts. enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen spent culture medium for interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and interferon gamma as biomarkers for inflammation, humoral immunity, and cell mediated immunity, respectively. rooibos an ...201020391028
characterization of armillaria isolates from tea (camellia sinensis) in kenya.armillaria is a primary root rot pathogen of tea (camellia sinensis) in kenya. the main species presently described in this country are a. mellea and a. heimii. a survey covering fourteen districts of kenya was carried out and forty-seven isolates of armillaria collected. cultural morphology, rhizomorph characteristics, somatic incompatibility and features of basidiomata were used to characterize the isolates, together with molecular analysis based on randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd), i ...201021156603
amp-activated protein kinase: 'a cup of tea' against cholesterol-induced neurotoxicity.disturbances in brain cholesterol metabolism have been linked to alzheimer's disease (ad) pathology. a high-cholesterol diet increases fibrillar amyloid β peptide (aβ) deposition, inflammation, and apoptosis that eventually results in neurodegeneration and learning and memory impairments. in the october 2010 issue of the journal of pathology, lu and colleagues provided a novel and interesting mechanism that explains how quercetin, a flavonoid found at high concentrations in green and black teas, ...201020922714
simultaneous determination of pyrethrins residues in teas by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.a sensitive and effective method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of pyrethrin residues in teas was developed and validated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (uplc-ms/ms). the six major constituents of the pyrethrins (pyrethrin i and ii, jasmolin i and ii, and cinerin i and ii) were successfully separated and independently confirmed in a single run within approximately 5 min. the multi-residue analysis of pyrethrins in teas involve ...201020869505
tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health.the two main types of tea are green and black. both green and black teas are rich dietary sources of flavonoids. available evidence suggests that regular tea consumption may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. the cardiovascular health benefits of drinking tea are thought to be largely due to flavonoids. tea intake and intake of flavonoids found in tea have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in cross-sectional and prospective population studies. isolated flavonoid ...201020837049
detection of total phenol in green and black teas by flow injection system and unmodified screen printed electrode.a flow injection system using an unmodified gold screen-printed electrode was employed for total phenol determination in black and green teas. in order to avoid passivation of the electrode surface due to the redox reaction, preoxidation of the sample was realized by hexacyanoferrate(iii) followed by addition of an edta solution. the complex formed in the presence of edta minimizes or avoids polymerization of the oxidized phenols. the previously filtered tea sample and hexacyanoferrate(iii) reag ...201021461407
assessment of sample cleanup and matrix effects in the pesticide residue analysis of foods using postcolumn infusion in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.matrix effect profiles can be used to visualize the effect of the sample matrix to the data signals occurring in a chromatogram. in the present study these profiles were generated by postcolumn infusion of a standard pesticide mix with extracts of different food matrices prepared by the quechers method. complete raw extracts as well as individual clean-up steps were analyzed. this allowed for a detailed comparison of the interferences caused by the matrix effects from various food samples. it al ...201121999915
determination and comparison of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) content in pu-erh and other types of chinese tea.two previous studies have reported that pu-erh tea contains a high level of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), which is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and has several physiological functions. however, two other researchers have demonstrated that the gaba content of several pu-erh teas was low. due to the high value and health benefits of gaba, analysis of mass-produced pu-erh tea is necessary to determine whether it is actually enriched with gaba. a high-performance ...201121395338
prevention of carcinogenesis by tea polyphenols.tea, an extract of the leaves of the plant camellia sinensis, has been considered a medicine and healthful beverage for ages. the beneficial effects of tea are thought to be due to its polyphenolic components. herein, we discuss the present status of tea as a possible cancer chemopreventive agent, covering basic chemistry and biochemical activity of tea, pharmacokinetics of major tea components, studies in animal and cell lines, epidemiological investigations, and future challenges. tea is one o ...201111768768
identification of phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolic rooibos extracts (aspalathus linearis) by hplc-esi-ms (tof/it).rooibos (aspalathus linearis) is a rich source of polyphenols and used to make a mild-tasting tea containing no caffeine, is low in tannins compared to green or black teas, and has antioxidant and antimutagenic/antitumoral properties. in vivo results show that rooibos has beneficial effects upon the lipid profile by decreasing serum triglycerides and cholesterol. in this sense, we have developed a simple and rapid method to separate and characterize simultaneously the polyphenolic compounds in a ...201121509483
xerophilic aflatoxigenic black tea fungi and their inhibition by elettaria cardamomum and syzygium aromaticum extracts.black tea is consumed worldwide and is believed to play a role in cancer prevention. xerophilic aflatoxigenic fungi are highly hazardous contaminants of tea since they are associated with tea quality impairment and human health risk. the present study reports isolation of such xerophilic and aflatoxigenic fungi associated with marketed tea. twenty different tea samples collected from the local markets of tamilnadu, india were investigated for fungal contamination. the results indicated contamina ...201123961151
comparing streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus colony count changes following green tea mouth rinse or sodium fluoride mouth rinse use in children (randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial).green tea contains phenolic compounds which could be considered as an anticariogenic agent. in addition, there has not been any significant side effect reported compared to sodium fluoride. so it seems that any comparison between the effects of green tea extract on the level of cariogenic bacteria with sodium fluoride is beneficial. the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of sodium fluoride and green tea mouth rinses on the level of salivary streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus of ...201123372597
green tea (camellia sinesis) ameliorates female schistosoma mansoni-induced changes in the liver of balb/c mice.this study was designed to assess the effect of green tea, an aqueous extract of camellia sinensis, on the oxidative stress, antioxidant defense system and liver pathology of schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. green tea at concentration of 3% (w/v) was given orally to treated mice as sole source of drinking water from the end of the 4th week to the end of 10th week post-infection; untreated mice were allowed to drink normal water. the data of the studied s. mansoni-infected mice exhibited a supp ...201123961148
nigerian foodstuffs with prostate cancer chemopreventive polyphenols.dietary polyphenols are antioxidants that can scavenge biological free radicals, and chemoprevent diseases with biological oxidation as their main etiological factor. in this paper, we review our laboratory data vis-ὰ-vis available literature on prostate cancer chemopreventive substances in nigerian foodstuffs. dacryodes edulis fruit, moringa oleifera and syzygium aromaticum contained prostate active polyphenols like ellagic acid, gallate, methylgallate, catechol, kaempferol quercetin and their ...201121992488
black tea theaflavins inhibit formation of toxic amyloid-β and α-synuclein fibrils.causal therapeutic approaches for amyloid diseases such as alzheimer's and parkinson's disease targeting toxic amyloid oligomers or fibrils are still emerging. here, we show that theaflavins (tf1, tf2a, tf2b, and tf3), the main polyphenolic components found in fermented black tea, are potent inhibitors of amyloid-β (aβ) and α-synuclein (αs) fibrillogenesis. their mechanism of action was compared to that of two established inhibitors of amyloid formation, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and c ...201122054421
structural identification of mouse fecal metabolites of theaflavin 3,3'-digallate using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.black tea consumption has been associated with many health benefits including the prevention of cancer and heart disease. theaflavins are the major bioactive polyphenols present in black tea. unfortunately, limited information is available on their biotransformation. in the present study, we investigated the metabolic fate of theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (tfdg), one of the most abundant and bioactive theaflavins, in mouse fecal samples using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass ...201121906744
comparative studies on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of different tea extracts.tea is one of the most popular drinks next to water. tea polyphenol is one of the main bioactive constituents of tea with health functions. in order to find the most bioactive tea polyphynols, polyphenol extracts from green tea, black tea and chemical oxidation products of green tea extracts were comparatively studied on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties. results showed physicochemical and antioxidant properties of polyphenol extracts changed greatly after the chemical oxidation. hy ...201123729856
Theaflavin Inhibits LPS-Induced IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 Expression in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Through the Blockade of NF-?B and MAPK Signaling Pathways.Theaflavin, the main polyphenol in black tea, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of theaflavin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced innate signaling and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from ICR mice. The effects of theaflavin on the expression of proinflammatory mediators, LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B), and mitogen-activated prote ...201122111069
tea polyphenols inhibit rat osteoclast formation and differentiation.matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) play an important role in degeneration of the matrix associated with bone and cartilage. regulation of osteoclast activity is essential in the treatment of bone disease, including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. polyphenols in green tea, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), inhibit mmps expression and activity. however, the effects of the black tea polyphenol, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tfdg), on osteoclast and mmp activity are unknown. therefor ...201122186621
computer aided screening and evaluation of herbal therapeutics against mrsa infections.methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), a pathogenic bacterium that causes life threatening outbreaks such as community-onset and nosocomial infections has emerged as 'superbug'. the organism developed resistance to all classes of antibiotics including the best known vancomycin (vrsa). hence, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. this study mainly evaluates the potential use of botanicals against mrsa infections. computer aided design is an initial platform to screen nov ...201122125390
Effects of various cooking methods and food components on bioaccessibility of mercury from fish.Fish consumption is the main source of human exposure to mercury. Studies from specific human populations have reported Hg levels lower than those modeled from consumption data. These discrepancies between expected and measured Hg levels may be explained by differences in dietary habits such as cooking methods and food components on fish Hg bioavailability. We assessed the effects of three cooking methods (no cooking, frying and boiling) and of the co-ingestion of selected food items (tea, coffe ...201122014585
Updated bioavailability and 48 h excretion profile of flavan-3-ols from green tea in humans.Green tea is a popular beverage, prepared with infusion of unfermented dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, and is one of the most relevant sources of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet. This study reports green tea flavan-3-ol absorption, metabolism and complete urinary excretion up to 48 h in 20 healthy volunteers. Urinary and tea samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Green tea contained monomeric flavan-3-ols and proanthocya ...201122133145
Effect of light units on tooth bleaching with visible-light activating titanium dioxide photocatalyst.This study evaluated the influence of different light sources on the efficiency of an office bleaching agent containing visible-light activating titanium dioxide photocatalyst (VL-TiO(2)) using an artificial discoloration tooth model. Extracted bovine teeth were stained by black tea. The CIE L*a*b* values were measured before and after nine consecutive treatments by the VL-TiO(2)-containing bleaching agent (TiON in Office, GC, Tokyo, Japan). A halogen light unit (CB; CoBee, GC) or an LED unit (G ...201121946494
effect of green tea (camellia sinensis l.) extract on morphological and functional changes in adult male gonads of albino rats.green tea, prepared from the steamed and dried leaves of the shrub camellia sinensis, is known for its antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects. however, its effects on male gonadal functions have not been explored adequately and the present investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of green tea extract on gonads of adult male albino rats. results of in vivo studies showed that green tea extract (gte) at mild (1.25 g%, identical to 5 cups of tea/day), moderate (2.5 g%, identical ...201121941943
Anti-obesity effects of the methanolic extract and chakasaponins from the flower buds of Camellia sinensis in mice.The methanolic extract from the flower buds of Camellia sinensis cultivated in Fujian Province showed inhibitory effects on body weight gain and the weight of visceral fats in high-fat diet-fed mice and/or Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetic (TSOD) mice. A suppressive effect of the extract on food intake was suggested to contribute to the anti-obesity effect. The n-butanol (BuOH)-soluble fraction also reduced food intake in normal diet-fed mice. A principal constituent, chakasaponin II, inhibited gast ...201121925888
antiobesity effects of chinese black tea (pu-erh tea) extract and gallic acid.the antiobesity effects of chinese black tea (pu-erh tea) and of gallic acid (ga) were investigated using in vitro and in vivo assays. chinese black tea extract (bte) and ga inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner in vitro; the ic(inhibitory concentration)(50) values were 101.6 and 9.2 µg/ml, respectively. black tea extract (50, 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) and ga (15, 45 mg/kg b.w.) significantly suppressed the elevation of blood triglyceride after oral administration o ...201122508359
pilot study on which foods should be avoided by patients with psoriasis.fundament: psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory systemic disease mediated by immune factors. we will explore the foods that act on these factors contributing to psoriasis. as a systemic disease, which shares the same pathophysiological substrate with other comorbidities, diet also leads to worsening of comorbidities.201122281896
antioxidant and antibacterial properties of green, black, and herbal teas of camellia sinensis.the role of non-polymeric phenolic (np) and polymeric tannin (pt) constituents in the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of six brands of green, black, and herbal teas of camellia sinensis were investigated.201122224051
isolation and identification of salmonella from curry samples and its sensitivity to commercial antibiotics and aqueous extracts of camelia sinensis (l.) and trachyspermum ammi (l.).to isolate salmonella from curry samples and to evaluate the drug sensitivity of the food-borne salmonella and its susceptibility to specific plant extracts.201123569772
determination and estimation of pharmacokinetic profile of caffeine in form of extract of green tea leaves and its analogy with synthetic form.the aim of the study was to formulate and investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters for the tablets of herbal extract of caffeine with comparison to synthetic formulation. the tablets of the aqueous herbal extract of leaves of camellia sinensis and synthetic caffeine were formulated by wet granulation technique. the hplc and hptlc were applied as analytical tools for estimation of caffeine. the batches of formulation (b1 to b7) were subjected for various pre and post-formulation studies. the ph ...201123112399
antimicrobial activities of tocklai vegetative tea clones.thirty-one tocklai vegetative (tv) tea clones contained caffeine and total catechin 44.39 and 227.55 mg/g dry weight of leaves, respectively. the (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) was the most abundant (109.60 mg/g) followed by -(-)-epigallocatechin (egc, 44.54 mg/g), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ecg, 41.74 mg/g), (-)-epicatechin (ec, 27.42 mg/g) and +catechin (4.25 mg/g). total catechins were highest in tv 20 (509.7 mg/g) and lowest in tv 6 (71.7 mg/g). the tea clones that contain high level of t ...201123024406
rooibos (aspalathus linearis) offers cardiac protection against ischaemia/reperfusion in the isolated perfused rat heart.rooibos, a unique south african herbal tea, is known to be an important source of unique polyphenolic compounds. in the present study we have quantified the main polyphenolic compounds in both fermented/traditional and unfermented/"green" rooibos (aspalathus linearis) and evaluated its cardioprotective effects against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. male wistar rats consumed aqueous rooibos and green tea (camellia sinensis) extracts (2%, w/v) for 7 weeks before their hearts were rapidly excised an ...201121982437
effect of supplementation of soft drinks with green tea extract on their erosive potential against dentine.matrix metalloproteinase (mmp) inhibitors reduce dentine erosion. this in vitro study evaluated the effect of the supplementation of soft drinks with green tea extract, a natural inhibitor of mmps, on their erosive potential against dentine.201121884149
pu-erh black tea extract supplementation attenuates the oxidative dna damage and oxidative stress in sprague-dawley rats with renal dysfunction induced by subchronic 3-methyl-2-quinoxalin benzenevinylketo-1,4-dioxide exposure.3-methyl-2-quinoxalin benzenevinylketo-1,4-dioxide (quinocetone, qct), has been used to treat dysentery and promote growth in animal feeding. however, available data show that qct has potential nephrotoxicity. the present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of pu-erh black tea extract (pbte) which is a traditional remedy in china with antioxidant properties against oxidative dna damage and oxidative stress in a rat model of qct-induced renal dysfunction. increased serum crea ...201122079314
Protective effect of black tea on integral membrane proteins in rat liver.Ethanol intoxication is accompanied by oxidative stress formation. Consequently, it leads to disturbances in cellular metabolism that can alter the structure and function of cell membrane components. Black tea displays antioxidant properties, protects membrane phospholipids and may protect integral membrane proteins. In the present study, we examined whether black tea induces changes in the liver integral membrane proteins of 12-months old rats chronically intoxicated with ethanol. To estimate q ...201121920720
Preparation, preliminary characterization, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from the flower of tea plant (Camellia sinensis).In the present study, the crude polysaccharides from the flowers of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) (TFPS) were prepared with hot water and further fractionated on a DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography to afford three purified fractions of TFPS-1, TFPS-2 and TFPS-3. Then, their preliminary structures, antioxidant and antitumor activities in vitro and hepatoprotective activity in vivo were investigated. Compared with TFPS-2 and TFPS-3, TFPS-1 had relative higher content of sulfate and relative complic ...201122033094
Dielectrophoresis enhances the whitening effect of carbamide peroxide on enamel.To compare the enamel whitening effect of a 20-minute dielectrophoresis enhanced electrochemical delivery to a 20-minute diffusion treatment.201122165451
A crude extract from immature green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves promotes Toll-like receptor 7-mediated interferon-a production in human macrophage-like cells.Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) senses viral single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), induces the production of type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-a and -ß, in macrophages such as dendritic cells (DCs), and its immune system protects the host from virus infection. Here, we found that a crude extract from immature green tea leaves (iTPS) containing a macromolecule with ssRNA fragments, induces IFN-a production in human macrophage-like cells. In addition IFN-a production was inhibited by treatment with TLR7 inhibitor ...201122124541
Immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).In order to study the immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea extract on rainbow trout, a study with a 30-day feeding trial was conducted. Commercial diets with graded levels of decaffeinated green tea extract, 20 mg (T1), 100 mg (T2), 500 mg (T3) per kg feed were prepared. 120 rainbow trout (35 ± 3 g) were randomly assigned to 4 groups in triplicates and fed one of the 3 experimental diets formulated or control diet. After feeding trial, 12 fish from each group were sampled for anal ...201121985858
antibacterial effects of theaflavin and synergy with epicatechin against clinical isolates of acinetobacter baumannii and stenotrophomonas maltophilia.stenotrophomonas maltophilia and acinetobacter baumannii are recognised as important nosocomial pathogens; however, due to their intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics, treatment options are limited. polyphenols from black tea have been shown to possess antibacterial action. in this study, the antibacterial effects of various concentrations of theaflavin as well as combinations of theaflavin and epicatechin were determined using the disk diffusion assay. the results showed strong antibacte ...201121885260
Dietary agents in the prevention of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicty: preclinical observations.Long term alcohol consumption is one of the important causes for liver failure and death. To complicate the existing problem there are no dependable hepatoprotective drugs and a large number of patients prefer using complementary and alternative medicines for treating and managing hepatic complications. Almost 25 centuries ago, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, proclaimed "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food." Exploring the association between diet and health continues even toda ...201122119904
black tea extract prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced nf-κb signaling and attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis.black tea has been shown to elicit anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic properties. in this study, we investigated the impact of black tea extract (bte) on lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced nf-κb signaling in bone marrow derived-macrophages (bmm) and determined the therapeutic efficacy of this extract on colon inflammation.201121989142
a natural theaflavins preparation inhibits hiv-1 infection by targeting the entry step: potential applications for preventing hiv-1 infection.theaflavins are the major components of tea polyphenols in brewed black tea. we previously reported that theaflavin derivatives, such as tf3, inhibited hiv-1 entry by targeting gp41. however, it is difficult to purify the individual theaflavins and the purified compounds are highly unstable. to develop theaflavins as affordable anti-hiv-1 microbide for preventing hiv sexual transmission, we intended to use an economic natural preparation containing 90% of theaflavins (tfmix). its antiviral activ ...201122155187
a tea/vanadate decoction delivered orally over 14 months to diabetic rats induces long-term glycemic stability without organ toxicity.vanadium can induce potent hypoglycemic effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus animals, but toxic adverse effects have inhibited the translation of these findings. administration of vanadate in a black tea decoction has shown impressive hypoglycemic effects without evidence of toxicity in short-term studies. the purpose of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic action and the toxic adverse effects of a tea/vanadate (t/v) decoction in diabetic rats over a 14-month treatment period ...201122146096
fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of tea (camellia sinensis l.) seed oil extracted by optimized supercritical carbon dioxide.seeds are another product in addition to leaves (raw materials for teas) of tea (camellia sinensis l.) plant. the great increase of tea consumption in recent years raises the challenge of finding commercial applications for tea seeds. in the present study, supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-co(2)) extraction edible oil from tea seed was carried out, response surface methodology (rsm) was used to optimize processing parameters including time (20-90 min), temperature (35-45 °c) and pressure (50-90 m ...201122174626
diversity analysis of diazotrophic bacteria associated with the roots of tea (camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze).the diversity elucidation by amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis and 16s rdna sequencing of 96 associative diazotrophs, isolated from the feeder roots of tea on enriched nitrogen-free semisolid media, revealed the predominance of gram-positive over gram-negative bacteria within the kangra valley in himachal pradesh, india. the gram-positive bacteria observed belong to two taxonomic groupings; firmicutes, including the genera bacillus and paenibacillus; and actinobacteria, represented by ...201121715960
green tea polyphenols in drug discovery - a success or failure?green tea is made from unfermented dried leaves from camellia sinensis and has been consumed by humans for thousands of years. for nearly as long, it has been used as a folk remedy for a wide array of diseases. more recently, a large number of in-vitro and in-vivo scientific studies have supported this ancient contention that the polyphenols from green tea can provide a number of health benefits. since these compounds are clearly safe for human consumption and ubiquitous in the food supply, they ...201121731575
green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications.an expanding body of preclinical evidence suggests egcg, the major catechin found in green tea (camellia sinensis), has the potential to impact a variety of human diseases. apparently, egcg functions as a powerful antioxidant, preventing oxidative damage in healthy cells, but also as an antiangiogenic and antitumor agent and as a modulator of tumor cell response to chemotherapy. much of the cancer chemopreventive properties of green tea are mediated by egcg that induces apoptosis and promotes ce ...201121827739
plant polyphenols attenuate hepatic injury after hemorrhage/resuscitation by inhibition of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation via nf-kappab in rats.purpose: oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to hepatic injury after hemorrhage/resuscitation (h/r). natural plant polyphenols, i.e., green tea extract (gte) possess high anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in various models of acute inflammation. however, possible protective effects and feasible mechanisms by which plant polyphenols modulate pro-inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidant signaling after h/r in the liver remain unknown. therefore, we investigated the effects of gte ...201121698494
genotoxic effects of green tea extract on human laryngeal carcinoma cells in vitro.green tea (camellia sinensis) contains several bioactive compounds which protect the cell and prevent tumour development. phytochemicals in green tea extract (mostly flavonoids) scavenge free radicals, but also induce pro-oxidative reactions in the cell. in this study, we evaluated the potential cytotoxic and prooxidative effects of green tea extract and its two main flavonoid constituents epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and epicatechin gallate (ecg) on human laryngeal carcinoma cell line (hep2) ...201121705301
effect of milk and brewing method on black tea catechin bioaccessibility.the aim of this study was to investigate whether milk reduces the bioaccessibility of tea catechins, which would compromise tea beneficial effects ascribed to polyphenols. adding milk to black tea has been shown to lead to polyphenol-protein complexes. so far, data on the intestinal stability of polyphenol-protein complexes are scarce. english black tea (0.93 -¦ 0.06 mol/l total catechins) and indian black tea (1.83 -¦ 0.08 mol/l catechins) were prepared with skimmed or full-fat milk and subject ...201121692489
antimicrobial traits of tea- and cranberry-derived polyphenols against streptococcus mutans.there are over 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the human oral cavity, but only a small fraction of those are attributed to causing plaque-related diseases such as caries. streptococcus mutans is accepted as the main cariogenic agent and there is substantial knowledge regarding the specific virulence factors that render the organism a pathogen. there has been rising interest in alternative, target-specific treatment options as opposed to nonspecific mechanical plaque removal or application o ...201121720161
polyphenolics profile and antioxidant properties of raphanus sativus l.raphanus sativus, a common cruciferous vegetable has been attributed to possess a number of pharmacological properties. antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of r. sativus root extracted with solvents of varying polarity were evaluated using different model systems. polyphenolic content was estimated to be in the range 13.18-63.54ôçëmgôçëg(-1) dry weight, with a considerable amount being obtained with polar solvents. high-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated the presence of ...201121714734
pu-erh tea, green tea, and black tea suppresses hyperlipidemia, hyperleptinemia and fatty acid synthase through activating ampk in rats fed a high-fructose diet.although green tea extract has been reported to suppress hyperlipidemia, it is unclear how tea extracts prepared from green, oolong, black and pu-erh teas modulate fatty acid synthase expression in rats fed on a high-fructose diet. in this animal study, we evaluated the hypolipidemic and hypoleptinemia effect of these four different tea leaves fed to male wistar rats for 12 weeks. the results showed that a fructose-rich diet significantly elevated serum triacylglycerols, cholesterol, insulin, an ...201122127373
antimicrobial activity of calendula officinalis, camellia sinensis and chlorhexidine against the adherence of microorganisms to sutures after extraction of unerupted third molars.the objective of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effect of mouthwashes containing calendula officinalis l., camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze and 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate on the adherence of microorganisms to suture materials after extraction of unerupted third molars.201121986652
theaflavin attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse fatty liver model.the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) has been increasing, and there is a shortage of liver donors, which has led to the acceptance of steatotic livers for transplantation. however, steatotic livers are known to experience more severe acute ischemia-reperfusion (i/r) injury than normal livers upon transplantation. in the present study, we investigated the role of theaflavin, a polyphenol substance extracted from black tea, in attenuating acute i/r injury in a fatty liver mod ...201122155236
antagonistic role of tea against sodium arsenite-induced oxidative dna damage and inhibition of dna repair in swiss albino mice.arsenic (as) contamination in groundwater is of increasing health concern in west bengal, india. arsenic has been associated with various human cancers, but the precise mechanism of its co-carcinogenic action is not clearly elucidated. oxidative stress and defective repair mechanisms may promote accumulation of mutations and may be a stepping stone for carcinogenesis. prevention of arsenic-induced oxidative stress and repair inhibition may reduce the chances of initiation of cancer. tea polyphen ...201122181980
comparative antimutagenic and anticancer activity of three fractions of black tea polyphenols thearubigins.antimutagenic and anticancer effects of black tea polyphenols theaflavins (tf) and thearubigins (tr) have previously been reported. tr is a complex mixture of polyphenols. in this study, our interest was to fractionate tr and to study the antimutagenic and anticancer activities of the fractions. three fractions of tr, namely tr-1, tr-2, and tr-3, were isolated by chromatographic processes. antimutagenic activity of these 3 fractions was carried out on 4 salmonella strains by ames assay. anticanc ...201121919645
theaflavins inhibit the atp synthase and the respiratory chain without increasing superoxide production.four dietary polyphenols, theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tf3), have been isolated from black tea, and their effects on oxidative phosphorylation and superoxide production in a model system (escherichia coli) have been examined. the esterified theaflavins were all potent inhibitors of the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphate (atp) synthase, inhibiting at least 90% of the activity, with ic(50) values in the range of 10-20 μm. atp-driven prot ...201121924889
resveratrol and black tea polyphenol combination synergistically suppress mouse skin tumors growth by inhibition of activated mapks and p53.cancer chemoprevention by natural dietary agents has received considerable importance because of their cost-effectiveness and wide safety margin. however, single agent intervention has failed to bring the expected outcome in clinical trials; therefore, combinations of chemopreventive agents are gaining increasing popularity. the present study aims to evaluate the combinatorial chemopreventive effects of resveratrol and black tea polyphenol (btp) in suppressing two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis ...201121887248
antibacterial activity of iranian green and black tea on streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study.dental caries is a common infectious disease. streptococcus mutans is the pre-valent decay microorganism. the anti streptococcus mutans activity of non fermented and semi-fermented tea has been shown. the aim of this study was to determine the anti streptococcus mutans activity of iranian green and black tea (non fermented and fermented type).201121998809
effect of green tea powder (camellia sinensis l. cv. benifuuki) particle size on o-methylated egcg absorption in rats; the kakegawa study.tea polyphenols, e.g., (-)-epigallocatechin-3-o-(3-o-methyl gallate (egcg3"me), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate (egcg), (-)-epigallocatechin (egc), (-)-epicatechin-3-o-gallate (ecg), and (-)-epicatechin (ec), are believed to be responsible for the beneficial effects of tea. 'benifuuki', a tea (camellia sinensis l.) cultivar grown in japan, is rich in the anti-allergic molecule epigallocatechin-3-o-(3-o-methyl) gallate (egcg3"me). pulverized benifuuki green tea powder (bgp) is more widely distri ...201121207145
plasma pharmacokinetics of catechin metabolite 4'-o-me-egc in healthy humans.background: tea is an infusion of the leaves of the camellia sinensis plant and is the most widely consumed beverage in the world after water. green tea contains significant amounts of polyphenol catechins and represents a promising dietary component to maintain health and well-being. epidemiological studies indicate that polyphenol intake may have potential health benefits, such as, reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease, diabetes and cancer. while bioavailability of green tea bioacti ...201121212969
increased plasma concentration of epigallocatechin in mice after orally administering a green tea (camellia sinensis l.) extract supplemented by steamed rice.we attempted to improve the bioavailability of green tea catechins by using food ingredients. the catechin bioavailability of a green tea extract administered to mice was significantly (p<0.05) increased by supplementing with steamed rice. this enhanced bioavailability was due to the increased concentration of plasma non-gallated catechins, especially epigallocatechin (egc).201121228465
sterilization and protection of protein in combinations of camellia sinensis green tea extract and gamma irradiation.sterilization of milk protein without heating is of great interest. gamma irradiation is a very powerful method to decontaminated casein. gamma-irradiation of proteins in aqueous media at doses higher than 5kgy is known to induce their aggregation (without oxygen) or degradation (in presence of oxygen). camellia sinensis green tea extract addition before irradiation of caseins cow milk proteins was examined. it was found that the presence of c. sinensis green tea extract during irradiation in th ...201121238480
black tea polyphenol inhibits cxcl10 production in oncostatin m-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts.cxc chemokine ligand 10 (cxcl10) plays an important role in the infiltration of th1 cells and thus in the exacerbation of periodontal disease. theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (tfdg), polyphenol in black tea, has some beneficial effects but the effect of tfdg on cxcl10 production from human gingival fibroblasts (hgfs) is uncertain. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which tfdg may inhibit oncostatin m (osm)-induced cxcl10 production in human gingival fibroblasts. tfdg prevented osm-mediat ...201121255696
white tea (camellia sinensis kuntze) exerts neuroprotection against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity in pc12 cells.tea is a popular beverage whose consumption is associated with prevention of certain disorders. the objective of the study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of white tea extract (wte) on hydrogen peroxide induced toxicity in pc12 cells. cells were treated with various doses of wte (10-250 µg/ml) before exposition to 250 µm hydrogen peroxide and cell survival was determined through the mtt and ldh assays. oxidative stress was quantified in the cells after treatments as intra ...201121271291
interactions of green tea catechins with organic anion-transporting polypeptides.organic anion-transporting polypeptides (oatps) are multispecific transporters that mediate the uptake of numerous drugs and xenobiotics into cells. here, we examined the effect of green tea (camellia sinensis) catechins on the function of the four oatps expressed in human enterocytes and hepatocytes. uptake of the model substrate estrone-3-sulfate by cells expressing oatp1a2, oatp1b1, oatp1b3, or oatp2b1 was measured in the absence and presence of the four most abundant flavonols found in green ...201121278283
diverse inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by theaflavins of black tea.fruits, vegetables, spices and a variety of teas are suggested for the prevention of many diseases. they encompass active, non-nutritional ingredients called nutraceuticals which are defined as food products that provide health benefits. many nutraceuticals have been tested to identify inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor (pai-1). pai-1 is the major and fast acting physiological inhibitor of fibrinolysis. however, preclinical studies of pai-1 inhibitors have revealed an additional role ...201121308350
new phenolic compounds from camellia sinensis l. leaves fermented with aspergillus sp.two new phenolic compounds, teadenol a (1) and teadenol b (2), were isolated from tea (camellia sinensis l.) leaves fermented with aspergillus sp. (pk-1, farm ap-21280). the chemical structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated based on the analyses of their spectroscopic data. the absolute configurations of the structures of 1 and 2 were also certified by their biosynthetic preparation in the treatment of tea catechins with aspergillus sp.201121327519
age-dependent changes in the proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance after alcohol and black tea consumption.aging is accompanied by changes in the redox balance that is additionally modified by alcohol. ethanol metabolism is connected with generation of free radicals which can damage cell components especially when antioxidant mechanisms are not able to neutralize them. in connection with the necessity of prevention against oxidative consequences, natural antioxidants are looked for. a natural and commonly used component of the diets with antioxidant properties are teas, especially the black tea. this ...201121329467
a nonstaining and tasteless hydrophobic salt of chlorhexidine.chlorhexidine (chx) remains one of the most effective and widely used antiplaque agents around the world, although its side effects still limit a long-term usage as the patient compliance for oral treatment with chx. we hypothesize that a less water-soluble tetracation salt of chx might be able to interact weakly with tooth enamel and oral taste cells, reducing those undesirable side effects of chx. the chlorhexidine tetrapalmitate (chxtp) was obtained and the antimicrobial activity was evaluate ...201121344413
evaluation of the antioxidant properties of fruit and flavoured black teas.objective: antioxidant properties of the water extracts of the commercial bagged fruit and flavoured black teas were evaluated and compared with typical black teas of c. sinensis. methods: folin-ciocalteu (fc) assay, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (cuprac) and dpph radical method were used for these purposes. the content of selected flavonoids and phenolic acids was also determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in the negative electrospray ioni ...201121360165
understanding the broad-spectrum neuroprotective action profile of green tea polyphenols in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.during the last century, the world population has shown a staggering increase in its proportion of elderly members and thus, neurodegenerative diseases like alzheimer's and parkinson's diseases (ad and pd, respectively) are becoming an increasing burden. brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases of the elderly are characterized by oxidative damage, dysregulation of redox metals homeostasis and inflammation, supporting a therapeutic use of antioxidants. natural plant polyphenols (flavonoids and ...201121368374
tea contains potent inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatase ptp1b.tea is widely consumed all over the world. studies have demonstrated the role of tea in prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases including diabetes and obesity, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. ptp1b is a widely expressed tyrosine phosphatase which has been defined as a target for therapeutic drug development to treat diabetes and obesity. in screening for inhibitors of ptp1b, we found that aqueous extracts of teas exhibited potent ptp1b inhibitory effects with an ic50 value ...201121371422
egcg stimulates autophagy and reduces cytoplasmic hmgb1 levels in endotoxin-stimulated macrophages.historically, consumption of green tea (camellia sinensis) has been associated with health benefits against multiple diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders. emerging evidence has suggested a pathogenic role for hmgb1, a newly identified "late" mediator of lethal systemic inflammation, in the aforementioned diseases. here we demonstrated that a major ingredient of green tea, egcg, was internalized into hmgb1-containing lc3-positive cytoplasmic vesicles (likely aut ...201121371444
oral hypoglycaemic, antihyperglycaemic and antidiabetic activities of sri lankan broken orange pekoe fannings (bopf) grade black tea (camellia sinensis l.) in rats.ethnopharmcological relevance: sri lankan traditional practitioners recommend the consumption of black tea infusion (bti) made from camellia sinensis l. plant for regulation of glycaemia. however, they do not specify the grade of tea and their origin (i.e., agroclimatic elevation) and as such many prediabetics and milddiabetics use bopf grade tea.201121397000
[adsorption kinetic study of the interaction between human salivary alpha-amylase and the polyphenoles from the black/green tea].to explore the driving force of the oral astringency produced by the interaction of theaflavin (tf) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) to human salivary a-amylase(hsa).201121427890
the impact of packaging materials on the antioxidant phytochemical stability of aqueous infusions of green tea (camellia sinensis) and yaupon holly (ilex vomitoria) during cold storage.ready to drink (rtd) teas are a growing segment in the beverage category, brought about by improvements in the flavor of these products and healthy market trends driven by consumers. the presented results evaluated the antioxidant phytochemical stability of rtd teas from aqueous infusions of traditional green tea (camellia sinensis) and a botanical tea from yaupon holly (ilex vomitoria) as influenced by packaging materials during cold storage. two common packaging materials for rtd products are ...201121434687
black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial.there is a belief that caffeinated drinks, such as tea, may adversely affect hydration. this was investigated in a randomised controlled trial. healthy resting males (n 21) were recruited from the general population. following 24 h of abstention from caffeine, alcohol and vigorous physical activity, including a 10 h overnight fast, all men underwent four separate test days in a counter-balanced order with a 5 d washout in between. the test beverages, provided at regular intervals, were 4 × 240 m ...201121450118
black tea prevents high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.the chemoprotective actions of aqueous black tea extract (bte) against high-fat diet (hfd) (60%)-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (nash) were examined in wistar rats of both sexes. the results indicated that the hfd rats had higher concentrations of serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and bilirubin than the corresponding control rats. the enzymes serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransfera ...201121452373
theaflavins extracted from black tea inhibit airway mucous hypersecretion induced by cigarette smoke in rats.theaflavins isolated from black tea have been used in studies on the prevention of tumor growth. the aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with theaflavins influences the mucus hypersecretion induced by cigarette smoke in the lungs of experimental rats. firstly, cigarette smoke was aerosolized using a machine designed for inhalation by rats. the rats were divided into the negative control group, the cigarette smoke inhalation group, the theaflavins (tfs) treatment group, and the ...201121475988
iron(iii) reducing and antiradical activities of three sideritis from turkey.context: sideritis species (lamiaceae) are widely used as herbal tea and have been used in folk medicine for their anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, digestive, and antimicrobial activities in turkey. sideritis dichotoma huter., sideritis erythrantha boiss. var. cedrotorum, and sideritis vuralii h. duman et başer are available as commercial products in turkey. objective: the antiradical activities of the various solvent extracts of sideritis species are investigated here for the first time. mate ...201121500963
the inhibition of the mammalian dna methyltransferase 3a (dnmt3a) by dietary black tea and coffee polyphenols.abstract:201121510884
chemopreventive effects of tea in prostate cancer: green tea versus black tea.the polyphenol compositions of green tea (gt) and black tea (bt) are very different due to post-harvest processing. gt contains higher concentrations of monomeric polyphenols, which affect numerous intracellular signaling pathways involved in prostate cancer (cap) development. bt polymers, on the other hand, are poorly absorbed and are converted to phenolic acids by the colonic microflora. therefore, after consumption of gt, higher concentrations of polyphenols are found in the circulation, wher ...201121538852
mechanistic issues concerning cancer prevention by tea catechins.the cancer preventive activities of tea (camellia sinensis, theaceae) have been demonstrated in animal models for cancers at different organ sites and suggested by some epidemiological studies. many mechanisms for cancer prevention have been proposed based on studies in cell lines, which demonstrated the modulation of signal transduction and metabolic pathways by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg), the most abundant and active polyphenol in green tea. these molecular events may result in cell ...201121538856
modulating effects of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas on the development of esophageal papillomas in rats.widespread consumption of herbal teas has stimulated interest in their role as cancer preventive agents. the present investigation monitored the modulation of methylbenzylnitrosamine (mbn)-induced esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis by rooibos (aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (cyclopia intermedia) herbal and camellia sinensis teas in male f344 rats. the tumor multiplicity was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited by unfermented honeybush (45.5%), green (50%), and black (36%) teas, while the ...201121541901
black tea and theaflavins suppress various inflammatory modulators and i-nos mediated nitric oxide synthesis during gastric ulcer healing.abstract the modulation of the cyclooxygenase-independent pathway by black tea (bt) and its constituent theaflavins (tfs) during their healing action against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration in mice was investigated. on the 3(rd) day of its administration, indomethacin (18 mg/kg) induced maximum stomach ulceration, which was associated with increased myeloperoxidase (mpo) activity (93.3%, p < 0.001), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression (1.6-fold, p < 0.001), along with a ...201121545263
green tea extract ameliorates reperfusion injury to rat livers after warm ischemia in a dose-dependent manner.scope: polyphenolic constituents of green tea (camellia sinensis) have been shown to be potent scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ros). thus, this study was designed to assess its effects after liver ischemia-reperfusion. methods and results: fasted sprague-dawley rats were gavaged with different concentrations of green tea extract (gte) 2 h before 90 min of warm ischemia of the left lateral liver lobe (30% of liver). controls were given the same volume of ringer's solution. a preparation of ...201121595017
green and black tea in relation to gynecologic cancers.scope: observational studies have evaluated the relationship between green tea intake and cancers of the ovary and endometrium, but we are not aware of the published studies on green tea intake and risk of human papillomavirus (hpv)-related cancers of the cervix, vagina, or vulva. methods and results: a critical review of the published literature on tea intake and risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers was conducted. in meta-analyses, we report inverse associations for green tea intake and risk ...201121595018
genoprotective effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) in human subjects: results of a controlled supplementation trial.green tea is rich in polyphenolic antioxidants and has widely reported but largely unsubstantiated health benefits. in the present study, genoprotective effects of two types of green tea were studied both in an in vitro and in a human supplementation trial. for the in vitro study, human lymphocytes were pre-incubated in tea (0·005-0·1 %, w/v), washed and subjected to oxidant challenge induced by h2o2. in a placebo-controlled, cross-over supplementation study, eighteen healthy volunteers took 2 x ...201120807462
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