Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| diagnostic tests for clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis: past, present and future. | 1993 | 8374085 | |
| quantitative cultures of the mucosal-associated bacteria in the mechanically prepared colon and rectum. | little is known about the mucosal microflora of the colon and rectum at the time of elective surgery. our objective was to determine the concentrations of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria associated with the mucosa of the mechanically prepared large bowel. ten patients were studied after a standard polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage preparation. no patient had taken antibiotics in the preceding four weeks. sterile wire brushes passed through the colonoscope during advancement were used to cult ... | 1993 | 8375226 |
| comparison of enterotoxin production, cytotoxin production, serogrouping, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of clostridium difficile strains isolated from aids and human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. | we analyzed and compared clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheic stools of 49 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative and 50 aids patients. our results suggest that distribution patterns of serogroups are different in these two populations. serogroup c (which has been previously reported to be very resistant to antimicrobial agents) represents 66.0 and 18.4% of the isolates from aids and hiv-negative patients, respectively (p < 0.001); the selection of serogroup c could be expl ... | 1993 | 8458977 |
| identification and characterization of adhesive factors of clostridium difficile involved in adhesion to human colonic enterocyte-like caco-2 and mucus-secreting ht29 cells in culture. | experiments reported in this communication showed that the highly toxinogenic cd 79685, cd 4784, and wilkins clostridium difficile strains and the moderately toxinogenic fd strain grown in the presence of blood adhere to polarized monolayers of two cultured human intestinal cell lines: the human colonic epithelial caco-2 cells and the human mucus-secreting ht29-mtx cells. scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bacteria interacted with well-defined apical microvilli of differentiated caco ... | 1993 | 8459765 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of t-3761, a new quinolone derivative. | t-3761, a new quinolone derivative, showed broad and potent antibacterial activity. its mics for 90% of the strains tested were 0.20 to 100 micrograms/ml against gram-positive bacteria, including members of the genera staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterococcus; 0.025 to 3.13 micrograms/ml against gram-negative bacteria, including members of the family enterobacteriaceae and the genus haemophilus; 0.05 to 50 micrograms/ml against glucose nonfermenters, including members of the genera pseudom ... | 1993 | 8460909 |
| pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is an inflammatory disease of the colon and rectum characterized by the development of elevated mucosal plaques. it usually is associated with antibiotic therapy and is caused by elaboration of toxin from the anaerobic bacterium, clostridium difficile. the hallmark of treatment is orally administered vancomycin or metronidazole. the mortality rate is high in patients whose condition is not diagnosed and appropriately treated. emergency surgery occasionally is needed for ... | 1993 | 8378829 |
| ischemic colitis in a patient with crohn's disease taking an oral contraceptive and an ergotamine alkaloid. | a 22-year-old woman developed transient left-sided ischemic colitis with submucosal oedema and bleeding, six weeks after an uneventful right hemicolectomy for crohn's disease. the thrombogenic properties of the contraceptive pill and the concomitant use of an ergotamine alkaloid were thought to be the cause of this complication in a patient at risk. an increase of procoagulant activity and underlying vascular injury has been described in crohn's disease. | 1993 | 8388603 |
| development of a rapid and efficient restriction endonuclease analysis typing system for clostridium difficile and correlation with other typing systems. | a hindiii restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) typing system for total genomic clostridium difficile dna including a rapid and efficient method of dna extraction and a scheme for organizing unique electrophoretic dna band patterns was developed. rea typing was performed by two extraction methods for 1,965 c. difficile isolates obtained from patients with symptomatic c. difficile disease, asymptomatic patients who were c. difficile culture positive, and environmental surfaces. this isolate col ... | 1993 | 8394378 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis. a cause of intramural gas. | 1993 | 8404420 | |
| clostridium difficile associated with typhlocolitis in an adult horse. | 1993 | 8466991 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis: causes, cures. | 1993 | 8468757 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis: causes, cures. | 1993 | 8468759 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis: causes, cures. | 1993 | 8468760 | |
| the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1993 | 8468761 | |
| heterogeneity of clostridium difficile isolates from infants. | in order to improve our understanding of the role of clostridium difficile in infants we characterised the strains isolated from this population. the production of toxin a and toxin b was studied. the toxin a, playing a major role in the disease, was searched for in faecal samples. the serogroup of the isolates was determined because some serogroups have been shown to be more pathogenic than others. over a 9-month period, 102 faecal samples from 102 hospitalised infants (0-12 months) were analys ... | 1993 | 8482281 |
| improvement of clostridium difficile isolation by heat-shock and typing of the isolated strains by sds-page. | clostridium difficile plays an essential role in causing pseudomembranous colitis. we looked for the presence of these bacteria in the stools of 169 hospitalized patients and 38 nurses from wards with cases of diarrhea (207 subjects). the study was divided into three parts. in the first part, we compared three methods for isolating clostridium difficile from stool samples: pre-selection with heat-shock, direct plating on cycloserine-cefotaxime-fructose agar (ccfa) and culturing in a selective br ... | 1993 | 8405320 |
| detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin gene in clinical specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid assay was developed for detection of the clostridium difficile enterotoxin gene in stool specimens by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr primers amplified a 63-bp repetitive sequence of the enterotoxin gene, thereby generating a distinctive ladder pattern of dna bands following electrophoresis. crude dna extracts from stools containing c. difficile produced one (63-bp) or more bands of the characteristic ladder. of 172 stool specimens from 58 patients, 37 gave positive ... | 1993 | 8487296 |
| the use of a commercially available enzyme immunoassay for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a. | a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (eia) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a (premier toxin a eia, meridian diagnostics, cincinnati, ohio) was compared with tissue culture cytotoxicity assay, enterotoxigenic culture, and latex agglutination test for the laboratory diagnosis of c difficile-associated disease. when evaluated for detection of c difficile-associated disease using clinical specimens, eia was the most sensitive (83.1%) and tissue culture cytotoxicity assay was ... | 1993 | 8489340 |
| clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is now regarded as the most prevalent nosocomial pathogen, infecting as many as a quarter of hospitalized patients. the pathophysiology of infection with this unusual enteric pathogen involves alteration of the normal enteric flora by antibiotics, ingestion of spores, and colonization by c. difficile. the organism then releases potent exotoxins that produce an inflammatory colitis and diarrhea. a spectrum of host responses occurs, ranging from the asymptomatic carrier state ... | 1993 | 8406734 |
| diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy is almost always due to an overgrowth of clostridium difficile. if untreated, pseudomembranous colitis can lead to severe diarrhea, hypovolemic shock, toxic dilatation of the colon, cecal perforation, hemorrhage, and death. however, c difficile-associated colitis can mimic the more common "benign" antibiotic-associated diarrhea that is not caused by c difficile. an algorithm for diagnosis management of hospitalized patients with antibio ... | 1993 | 8416409 |
| postoperative clostridium difficile gastroenteritis. | clostridium difficile gastroenteritis can be the cause of an enigmatic postoperative syndrome of high temperature and marked leukocytosis, out of proportion to the initially mild constitutional symptoms. patients may suffer delayed onset of diarrhea, which will test positive for the c. difficile enterotoxin by latex agglutination. we report 5 cases of c. difficile gastroenteritis that occurred within a 2-year period. we believe that the combination of preoperative bowel preparation, and intraope ... | 1993 | 8417199 |
| [clostridium difficile enteritis complicated by symphysitis. good effect of fecal streptococci]. | 1993 | 8502035 | |
| purification and characterisation of intracellular toxin a of clostridium difficile. | after sonic disintegration of clostridium difficile cells, intracellular toxin a was purified to homogeneity by thyroglobulin affinity chromatography (tgac) followed by anion-exchange (mono q) by fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc). high haemagglutinating (ha) activity was detected in tgac-unbound fractions (2(9)/50 microliters), but not in tgac thermal eluates (2(0)/50 microliters). the low ha titre of the thermal eluates was markedly increased to 2(5)/50 microliters after dialysis agains ... | 1993 | 8418298 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of a segment of the toxin a gene was used to detect toxigenic clostridium difficile directly from stool specimens of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. although pcr-inhibitory substances were recognized in dna prepared from stool specimens, the inhibitory substances were eliminated by using an ion-exchange column after phenol-chloroform extraction. eventually, 39 stool specimens were evaluated by pcr. pcr results for detection of toxigenic ... | 1993 | 8421180 |
| comment to knoop et al. (1990) febs letters 267, 9-12, toxin b of clostridium difficile does not have enolase activity. | 1993 | 8422931 | |
| purification and characterization of clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase. | recombinant clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (l-glutamate:nad oxidoreductase, ec 1.4.1.2) was purified 177-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity with a 62% recovery through a four-step procedure involving gel filtration and ion-exchange and dye affinity chromatography. the approximate molecular weights of the native enzyme by gel filtration and subunits by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were consistent with a hexameric structure for the purified enzyme. the ... | 1993 | 8424683 |
| in-vitro and in-vivo characterisation of resistance to colonisation with clostridium difficile. | in hamsters, resistance to colonisation by clostridium difficile appears to be mediated by micro-organisms that are present in the gut in relatively low concentrations. small amounts of normal caecal contents inhibited the growth of c. difficile when added to cultures in vitro or given to animals which had been treated with clindamycin. filtrates of caecal contents, frozen and thawed contents and contents diluted to 0.1% wet weight lost their inhibitory properties. however, caecal contents retai ... | 1993 | 8429534 |
| the effect of fce 22891, a new oral penem, on faecal flora anaerobes and their fermentation end products in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | the influence of fce 22891 on the faecal flora was investigated in 11 patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). colony counts of faecal (an)aerobes and concentrations of their short-chain fatty acids and organic acids were determined simultaneously in fresh faeces before, during and after administration of the drug, and compared to those of healthy human volunteers. the mic of fce 22891 for the 142 isolated anaerobes was determined, and compared to the ... | 1993 | 8300248 |
| postoperative clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis in idiopathic scoliosis. a brief clinical report. | the authors report two healthy young patients with progressive idiopathic scoliosis, both without allergies or histories of gastrointestinal disorders, who received perioperative preventive cephalosporin antibiotics, and developed explosive diarrhea postoperatively, confirmed as clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis by stool toxin assay. both patients had initially recovered uneventfully after posterior fusion and cotrel-dubousset instrumentation. their youth, health, diagnosis, and lac ... | 1993 | 8303465 |
| characterisation of clostridium difficile strains by polymerase chain reaction with toxin a- and b-specific primers. | a total of 218 clostridium difficile strains was examined for production of toxin a by elisa, production of toxin b by a cytotoxin assay and the presence of toxin a and b gene-associated sequences by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). after saturation amplification with toxin b-specific primers, the characteristic amplification product (591 bp) was detected in all 184 toxigenic strains examined. pcr with toxin a-specific primers gave positive results with all but one of the toxigenic strains. ... | 1993 | 8429535 |
| surgical management and radiological characteristics of bronchogenic cysts. | forty-two patients with bronchogenic cysts were treated over a 30-year period (1962 to 1991). the location was mediastinal in 37 and intrapulmonary in 5. cysts were symptomatic in 21 patients (50%) and complications occurred in 11 (26%). the complications included infection in 5 patients, hemorrhage into the cyst in 2 patients, dysphagia due to esophageal compression in 2, adenocarcinoma arising from a bronchogenic cyst in an 8 1/2-year-old girl, and an esophagobronchopleurocutaneous fistula as ... | 1993 | 8431062 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on human monocytes and macrophages: possible relationship with cytoskeletal rearrangement. | toxin b from clostridium difficile is cytopathic in vitro for various types of cells, including polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. since intestine lamina propria is rich in macrophages, we studied the effect of toxin b on human monocytes and on human macrophages generated in vitro by long-term culture of purified circulating blood monocytes. upon addition of toxin b, human monocytes exhibited few modifications whereas macrophages adopted a stellate morphology, with rounding up ... | 1993 | 8432590 |
| enzymatic reactions of clostridium difficile in aerobic and anaerobic environments with the rapid-ana ii identification system. | the rapid-ana ii anaerobic identification system (innovative diagnostic systems, inc., atlanta, ga.) was used to determine whether the incubation environment affects enzyme detection. twenty strains of clostridium difficile were tested in aerobic, anaerobic, and low-co2 anaerobic incubation environments. the percentages of enzymes detected in reactions with the following substrates were noted in the three incubation environments: phenylalanine-beta-naphthylamide, aerobic, 0%; anaerobic, 35%; low ... | 1993 | 8432813 |
| typing of clostridium difficile by western immunoblotting with 10 different antisera. | western blotting (immunoblotting) with antisera against each of 10 reference serogroups was evaluated as a means of typing clostridium difficile. a total of 164 clinical isolates of c. difficile were tested. variations in band profiles in each serogroup were used to type isolates into subserogroups. this technique was useful for an epidemiological investigation. | 1993 | 8432828 |
| the prevalence and nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile in elderly hospitalized patients. | rectal swabs obtained from 10 of 49 chronic-care geriatric patients were positive for clostridium difficile, for a prevalence rate of 20.4%. simultaneous sampling of 29 patients in an acute geriatric ward revealed four colonized patients, for a prevalence rate of 13.7%. a prospective study of c. difficile colonization in 100 consecutive patients admitted to an acute geriatric ward was carried out. all patients were sampled upon admission and biweekly during hospitalization. two patients (2%) wer ... | 1993 | 8446550 |
| trés difficile. | 1993 | 8454879 | |
| production of monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile cytotoxin using immunosorbent binding bioassay procedure. | in the following study, a novel screening approach was used to develop monoclonal antibodies specific for toxin b of clostridium difficile. the approach, which consisted of an immunosorbent binding bioassay (isbba), is based on antigen immunocapture by monoclonal antibodies and detection of biological activity. our results showed isbba, which uses unpurified antigen, to be more sensitive than the neutralization assay and elisa for the detection of toxin b antibody. | 1993 | 8456445 |
| demonstration of toxin a and b by polymerase chain reaction and mccoy cell assay in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from denmark. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for demonstration of gene fragments of clostridium difficile was established. one hundred and sixty-eight clinical isolates of c. difficile from three population groups were tested for production of cytotoxins by mccoy cell line assay (mca) and for fragments of toxin a and b genes by pcr. the fragments for pcr amplification were at the 5' end of the toxin genes, which was found to be specific for c. difficile. full agreement between the pcr and mca results was f ... | 1993 | 8457321 |
| comparison of cefoxitin and ceftizoxime in a hospital therapeutic interchange program. | to determine whether (a) ceftizoxime can replace cefoxitin in the prevention and treatment of various infections in a major teaching hospital, (b) a previously applied two-stage intervention program is an effective method of instituting a therapeutic interchange of ceftizoxime for cefoxitin and (c) the replacement of cefoxitin with ceftizoxime results in a more cost-effective therapy. | 1993 | 8457957 |
| specific detection of toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | clostridium difficile is the infectious agent responsible for antibiotic-associated colitis. we report the use of the polymerase chain reaction technique to identify toxigenic strains of c. difficile in human stool specimens. a set of primers based on the nucleotide sequence of the toxin b gene, which amplified a 399-bp fragment from isolates producing toxin b, was designed. we examined 28 known toxigenic strains, which were all positive by this assay. dnas from the nontoxigenic strains examined ... | 1993 | 8458943 |
| oral enoxacin for infection prevention in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. the enoxacin prophylaxis study group. | a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in eight hematologic units to determine the efficacy and safety of oral enoxacin for infection prevention in adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. one hundred nineteen patients undergoing remission induction or consolidation chemotherapy were enrolled; 62 of them received enoxacin (400 mg orally every 12 h). patients received antifungal prophylaxis with oral mycostatin (1,000,000 u four times daily) or clotrimazole ( ... | 1993 | 8460916 |
| saccharomyces boulardii inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum. | saccharomyces boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast used for the prevention and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. however, the mechanism by which s. boulardii exerts its protective effects remains unclear. | 1993 | 8462799 |
| comparison of three enzyme immunoassays, a cytotoxicity assay, and toxigenic culture for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | enzyme immunoassays (eias) based on monoclonal antibodies for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins have recently been developed for clinical use. the aim of this study was to compare three commercially available eias, two for toxin a (premier c. difficile toxin a; meridian, osi, elancourt, france; and vidas c. difficile toxin a; biomérieux, marcy l'etoile, france) and one for toxins a and b (cytoclone a + b eia; cambridge biotech corp., codiapharm, evian, france), with a cytotoxicity as ... | 1993 | 8463404 |
| [intestinal side effects of antibiotics]. | 1993 | 8464389 | |
| be alert to an avoidable problem. management and prevention of antibiotic-acquired diarrhoea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhoea is an unpleasant and distressing problem for patients and health professionals alike. although this condition can be treated with drugs, patient relapses are common. implementation of rigorous infection control policies are therefore required. | 1993 | 8483957 |
| three-year prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in an urban patient population in germany. | the prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria over a three-year period was 3.1% in an urban population in germany. nontyphoidal salmonella spp. (1.8% prevalence) represented 59.3% of all positive isolates, followed by campylobacter spp., which constituted 22.1% of such isolates. clostridium difficile toxin was detected in 5.6% of samples submitted specifically for detection of cytotoxigenic c. difficile. the seasonal distribution showed an increase of salmonella, shigella and aeromonas/plesiomonas ... | 1993 | 8491518 |
| medical technologists using molecular epidemiology as part of the infection control team. | two medical technologists were appointed as permanent members of a new epidemiology section in the diagnostic microbiology laboratory of a large veterans administration medical center in the fall of 1989. these positions accounted for 9% of the total microbiology staff and were created on a temporary basis 2 years earlier from a need to have dedicated technical expertise for use in the culture, isolation, and typing of nosocomial organisms. the technologists have evaluated outbreaks due to clost ... | 1993 | 8495585 |
| fecal leukocytes in stool specimens submitted for clostridium difficile toxin assay. | to determine their diagnostic utility, fecal leukocytes were sought by methylene blue stain in 502 consecutive stool specimens submitted for clostridium difficile toxin assay. in addition, the stability of fecal leukocytes was assessed by daily examination of 23 stool specimens stored at 4 degrees c and room temperature. the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of fecal leukocytes in predicting c. difficile toxin assay results were 28%, 92%, 27%, and 93%, respect ... | 1993 | 8495586 |
| clostridium difficile infection is a treatable cause of diarrhea in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: a study of seven consecutive patients admitted from 1986 to 1992 to a university teaching hospital. | of 427 human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients admitted to the robert wood johnson university hospital from january 1986 through august 1992, seven had clostridium difficile enteric infection documented by the presence of cytotoxin b in the stool, without other enteric infection. all seven patients had aids, and all had recently received antibiotics. these patients had a severe clinical presentation of c. difficile infection. all patients had profound watery diarrhea, with a mean of 2 ... | 1993 | 8503386 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea in patients with aids versus non-aids controls. methods of treatment and clinical response to treatment. | we reviewed the hospital charts of 17 patients with aids and clostridium difficile diarrhea to determine antibiotic use before c. difficile infection, methods of treatment for c. difficile diarrhea, and response of diarrhea to treatment. left shift and total white blood cell count before and after treatment for c. difficile were also determined. non-hiv-infected patients with c. difficile diarrhea served as controls. in the patients with aids, resolution of diarrhea was noted in 15 (88%) patient ... | 1993 | 8505488 |
| serogroup f strains of clostridium difficile produce toxin b but not toxin a. | most toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile produce two toxins: an enterotoxin (toxin a) and a cytotoxin (toxin b). only one strain (strain 8864) has been reported to produce toxin b but no toxin a. serogroup f strains (44) of c. difficile, often isolated from asymptomatic infants, have been examined for toxin production. these strains, which were from distinct geographical and clinical sources, did not produce any detectable toxin a in vitro when examined in three distinct immunoassays. nev ... | 1993 | 8510136 |
| prevalence and toxigenicity of clostridium difficile isolates in fecal microflora of preterm infants in the intensive care nursery. | fecal isolates of clostridium difficile and its toxin b were followed prospectively in 50 preterm intensive care nursery (icn) patients. the first stool specimen was obtained after 1 week of enteral feeding, at 15 +/- 1 days of life, and 2 more specimens were collected at 2-week intervals, 24 +/- 1 and 32 +/- 2 days of life. the stools were cultured for c. difficile, and tested for c. difficile toxin b. in the first specimen 15% of stools grew c. difficile. in the second specimen c. difficile is ... | 1993 | 8513027 |
| [toxic megacolon in pseudomembranous colitis. complicated course of antibiotic-induced clostridium difficile colitis]. | we report on a patient with antibiotic-induced pseudomembranous colitis aggravated by toxic megacolon. colonoscopy not only rapidly permits the diagnosis to be established, but the relief of pressure achieved simultaneously also has a therapeutic effect. if treatment comprising parenteral fluid and electrolyte replacement in combination with oral vancomycin fails to effect an improvement, surgery becomes necessary. current recommendations for treatment are discussed on the basis of a review of t ... | 1993 | 8514224 |
| radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for early invasive cancer of the cervix - 14-year experience. | during a 14-year period, 397 radical hysterectomies and pelvic lymphadenectomies were performed for early invasive carcinoma of the cervix. twenty-one patients were in stage ia2 with lymphatic/vascular channel permeation (5.2%), 340 in stage ib (85.6%) and 34 in early stage 2a disease (8.5%). eighteen patients (4.5%) were pregnant. adenocarcinoma comprised 26.9% of cases. the mean operative time was 4.14 h; the intraoperative blood loss was less than 1.51 in 77.3% patients. there was no operativ ... | 1993 | 11578351 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis: pathogenesis and therapy. | 1993 | 18611542 | |
| diarrhea in intensive care: diagnosis and treatment. | diarrhea is a common complication in critically ill patients. the use of ready-to-use sterile formulas, disposable feeding lines, and flow regulated pumps should decrease the frequency of diarrhea due to enteral nutrition. antimicrobial agents are an important cause of diarrhea, because they modify the digestive flora and may induce clostridium difficile colitis. occurrence of diarrhea is also correlated with several factors reflecting the severity of the underlying disease, such as shock and se ... | 1993 | 18611543 |
| case-control analysis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea on a gynecologic oncology service. | the incidence, morbidity, and risk factors associated with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) were studied in a group of gynecologic oncology patients. | 1994 | 18475384 |
| [epidemiologic study of infectious diarrhea in infants]. | the authors considered the epidemiological and microbiological aspects of the infectious diarrhea caused by bacteria, protozoan and viruses observed at the infantile hospital, alessandria, and at the malpighi diagnostic center, chivasso, turin, over a period of 14 months. furthermore, a greater interest has been given to the role of clostridium difficile diarrhea, since hospitalized patients are often predisposed to the development of this disease due to the antimicrobial prophylaxis or therapy. | 1994 | 8706978 |
| periprosthetic clostridium difficile hip abscess imaged with in-111 wbcs. | during a prolonged hospital stay, left hip pain developed in a woman with sickle cell disease and bilateral hip prostheses. in-111 labeled wbc scintigraphy supplemented by tc-99m sc bone marrow imaging demonstrated abnormal wbc accumulation surrounding the left greater trochanter. results of surgical exploration showed an abscess involving the pseudocapsule, trochanteric bursa, and periprosthetic cement column. cultures grew clostridium difficile, an unusual pathogen in this site. | 1994 | 7805316 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1994 | 8304370 | |
| putting back the bugs: bacterial treatment relieves chronic diarrhoea. | 1994 | 8309401 | |
| human antibody response to clostridium difficile toxin a in relation to clinical course of infection. | this study investigated whether differences in fecal and serum antitoxin a antibody levels may account for the duration of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and the occurrence of relapses. by an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay, we tested 40 patients with cdad including 25 patients without immunodeficiency and 15 patients receiving antineoplastic drugs. two hundred eighty serum samples and 80 normal stool samples were investigated as controls. in nonimmunocompromised patients, se ... | 1994 | 8300199 |
| ventricular arrhythmias associated with flosequinan. | 1994 | 8193436 | |
| lessons from diarrheal diseases: demography to molecular pharmacology. | from diarrheal diseases come profound lessons about health and population growth, microbial pathogenesis, and the molecular pharmacology of signal transduction. epidemics such as cholera, hemorrhagic colitis, salmonellosis, and cryptosporidiosis remind us of how interdependent we are, sharing enteric microbial flora on a global scale. diarrhea morbidity and mortality teach us that disease and poverty do not control but are associated with population overgrowth. great advances are being made in u ... | 1994 | 8195598 |
| [nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile infections]. | clostridium difficile (cd) is associated with diarrhea in hospital patients receiving antibiotic therapy and may be nosocomially acquired. an outbreak of cd diarrhea was observed among elderly patients in acute hospital and geriatric rehabilitation wards. all but 1 patient presenting with diarrhea had a toxin-positive stool culture. of patients with cd toxin-positive cultures, 4 died, 5 recovered completely and 1 became a chronic carrier. effective preventive measures are needed to reduce nosoco ... | 1994 | 8168741 |
| diarrhoea associated with clostridium difficile in aids patients receiving rifabutin. | 1994 | 7905569 | |
| neutrophil recruitment in clostridium difficile toxin a enteritis in the rabbit. | neutrophil infiltration is a prominent feature of clostridium difficile-associated enteritis and colitis. the aim of this study was to examine the importance of neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil-mediated tissue damage in c. difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. competitive binding experiments using purified 3h-toxin a demonstrated the presence of a single class of medium affinity receptors on rabbit neutrophils (kd 7 x 10(-8) m). pertussis toxin and the nonhydrolyzable gtp analog gtpgamma s b ... | 1994 | 7907603 |
| genotyping of clostridium difficile isolates. | arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) was used to genotype clostridium difficile isolates from various sources. four major molecular types were identified among strains from the american type culture collection previously typed by serogroup and from isolates from patients at the university of california, davis medical center, from a patient at a utah institution, and from the environment. these groups contained subgroups that displayed, in addition to the common group bands, at l ... | 1994 | 8158046 |
| soy fiber delays disease onset and prolongs survival in experimental clostridium difficile ileocecitis. | clostridium difficile colitis is a disabling complication in critically ill patients who commonly receive broad-spectrum antibiotics and liquid diets. to date, there is no experimental model specifically designed to investigate the effects of liquid diets on this type of colitis. the addition of fiber to liquid diets normalizes gut structure and improves absorptive function in selected conditions of intestinal dysfunction. the purposes of this study were the following: (1) to develop a reproduci ... | 1994 | 8164305 |
| recurrent pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile in aids. | 1994 | 8300102 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin b acts on the gtp-binding protein rho. | clostridium difficile toxin b exhibits cytotoxic activity that is characterized by the disruption of the microfilamental cytoskeleton. here we studied whether the gtp-binding rho protein, which reportedly participates in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, is involved in the toxin action. toxin b treatment of chinese hamster ovary cells reveals a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in the adp-ribosylation of rho by clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme in the cell lysate. disruption of ... | 1994 | 8144660 |
| epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile gastrointestinal disease is an important nosocomial infection and is associated with recent antibiotic use. this study evaluated c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) over a 2-yr period. | 1994 | 8147353 |
| a particle counting immunoassay for the direct detection of clostridium difficile serogroup specific antigen in faecal specimens. | the potential of a particle counting immunoassay (pacia) for the direct detection of clostridium difficile serogroup g specific antigen in faecal specimens was evaluated. f(ab')2 fragments from a rabbit anti-serogroup g antiserum were covalently coupled to carboxylated latex beads. this reagent was mixed with acid extracts of faecal specimens and the reaction was assayed with an optical counter which discriminated unagglutinated from agglutinated latex particles. culture for c. difficile, faecal ... | 1994 | 8151678 |
| practical considerations in the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial enteric infections. | diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are important causes of morbidity in the united states, and considerable laboratory resources are spent to detect these enteric pathogens. this article reviews recent developments in the detection and identification of campylobacter spp, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli, and clostridium difficile, and outlines cost-effective strategies for use of stool cultures. | 1994 | 8154450 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 6-1993. a 31-month-old girl with fever, diarrhea, abdominal distention, and edema. | 1994 | 8284009 | |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea: specificity of abdominal ct for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | to evaluate the specificity of abdominal computed tomography (ct) in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | 1994 | 8134552 |
| [nosocomial epidemic outbreak of diarrhea from clostridium difficile. comparative study of diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics]. | clostridium difficile is considered as one of the principal enteropathogens of nosocomial origin in developed countries in the last decade. no nosocomial outbreaks have been described in spain. | 1994 | 8127164 |
| images in clinical medicine. clostridium difficile. | 1994 | 8272087 | |
| epidemiology of community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the epidemiology of clinically recognized community-acquired clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea was assessed in a retrospective cohort study of members of a health maintenance organization (hmo). potential cases were identified through positive toxin assay results and confirmed by review of automated full-text medical records. of 51 cases identified (7.7 per 100,000 person-years), 42 (82%) were diagnosed and treated exclusively in the ambulatory care setting; 33 cases occurred within 42 d ... | 1994 | 8277174 |
| kinetics of appearance of intestinal lesions in mice mono-associated with a lethal or non-lethal strain of clostridium difficile. | the kinetics of the appearance of intestinal lesions induced by orogastric inoculation of gnotobiotic mice with a lethal strain of clostridium difficile (vpi) that produced toxins a and b in vivo and in vitro was studied and compared with the lesions induced by non-lethal c. difficile strain 786 that produced toxins a and b in vitro but only toxin b in measurable amounts in vivo. different portions of the intestine were removed 12, 20, 26 and 30 h after inoculation and studied by scanning electr ... | 1994 | 8107057 |
| island flap anoplasty for anal canal stenosis and mucosal ectropion. | anoplasty is a technique used to treat patients with mucosal ectropion and anal canal stenosis. the island flap design has been demonstrated to have distinct advantages over the older forms of anoplasty. few reports have addressed the long-term results of this procedure. a review of all patients undergoing island flap anoplasty between 1987 and 1992 was performed. twenty-eight patients were identified. indications for anoplasty included anal stenosis in 20 patients and mucosal ectropion in eight ... | 1994 | 8116980 |
| clostridium difficile: history of its role as an enteric pathogen and the current state of knowledge about the organism. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. it accounts for 10%-25% of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and virtually all cases of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. clinical features that distinguish infection with c. difficile from that due to many other enteric pathogens are hyperpyrexia, leukemoid reactions, toxic megacolon, pseudomembranous colitis, hypoalbuminemia, and chronic ... | 1994 | 8086574 |
| genetic basis for antibiotic resistance in anaerobes. | this review focuses on genetic and molecular data regarding antibiotic resistance in anaerobes, particularly clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides species, and prevotella species. the determinants of resistance are frequently transferable through a conjugation-like process; plasmid self-transfer, plasmid mobilization, or (in bacteroides species) chromosomal conjugative elements can be involved. the determinants can be localized on transposons. at the genetic level, resistan ... | 1994 | 8086579 |
| evaluation of an automated system for identification of anaerobic bacteria. | a fully automated computer-assisted system (atb system, biomérieux, france) which uses disposable microenzymatic panels was evaluated for its ability to identify 215 strains of anaerobic bacteria (clinical isolates and reference strains). all strains were examined using conventional identification protocols and by gas chromatographic analysis of short-chain fatty acids. automated reading of rapid id32a test kits (biomérieux, france) by the atb system gave correct identification for 195 strains ( ... | 1994 | 8013485 |
| fecal clostridium difficile carriage among medical housestaff. | housestaff, physician assistants, and hospitalized patients at a teaching hospital were tested for fecal carriage of clostridium difficile. the test results showed that fecal carriage of c. difficile may not be important in the epidemiology of hospital-acquired diarrhea. | 1994 | 8028813 |
| characterization of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in clostridium difficile. | by using dot blot hybridization, 69 of 102 clostridium difficile isolates (68%) from the united states and other countries hybridized with at least one of nine dna probes for erythromycin (erm), tetracycline (tet) or chloramphenicol (cat) resistance determinants. the distribution of individual determinants in descending order of frequency was: tet m, 32%; erm q, 25%; erm fs, 18%; tet p, 15%; tet k, 15%; cat p, 15%; cat q, 12%; erm bp, 11%; tet l, 7%. this is the first report of tet p being carri ... | 1994 | 8040108 |
| [imaging diagnosis in pseudomembranous colitis]. | pseudomembranous colitis (pc) is a dangerous inflammatory disease which arises as a complication of systemic antibiotic therapy. the colon is the preferred localization of pc, which is caused by the alteration in the bacterial population of the bowel which favors the growth and activation of several germ types--e.g., the clostridium difficile, whose toxins can damage the colonic mucosa deeply. later, the condition may affect extramucosal structures thus causing an actual parietal alteration. cli ... | 1994 | 8041931 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190139 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190140 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1994 | 8190141 | |
| clostridium difficile nosocomial infections--still lethal and persistent. | 1994 | 8083502 | |
| investigation of an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection in a general hospital by numerical analysis of protein patterns by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | one hundred forty-five cultures of clostridium difficile, including strains from an apparent nosocomial outbreak of infection, were characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins. each protein pattern was characterized by the presence of one to three dense bands which were highly reproducible. the first 100 strains (in chronological order) were used as the basis for a numerical analysis which divided the strains into 17 phenons ( ... | 1994 | 8195391 |
| a sustained outbreak of clostridium difficile in a general hospital: persistence of a toxigenic clone in four units. | to evaluate the endemicity and epidemiology of toxigenic clostridium difficile in a sustained outbreak of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8083503 |
| oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (synsorb) as potential therapy for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. | toxin a produced by clostridium difficile, the causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, was shown to bind to synthetic oligosaccharide sequences attached to an inert support (synsorb). the oligosaccharide sequences that bind to toxin a were related to sequences previously identified as potential receptors for the toxin. various synsorbs containing a variety of oligosaccharides were examined for their potential to neutralize toxin a activity from toxin-conta ... | 1994 | 8195606 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: role of second- and third-generation cephalosporins. | to better define the role of multiple risk factors for cytotoxic clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1994 | 8201240 |
| a randomized placebo-controlled trial of saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for clostridium difficile disease. | objective--to determine the safety and efficacy of a new combination treatment for patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdd). the treatment combines the yeast saccharomyces boulardii with an antibiotic (vancomycin hydrochloride or metronidazole). design--a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group intervention study in patients with active cdd. patients received standard antibiotics and s boulardii or placebo for 4 weeks, and were followed up for an addition ... | 1994 | 8201735 |
| [mechanism on the production of clostridium difficile toxins]. | 1994 | 8201770 | |
| antibiotic-induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is commonly associated with the use of antibiotics but may follow administration of other drugs and has occurred in patients who have not received any medication. cases related to antibiotic administration are thought to be due to changes in normal intestinal flora that allow overgrowth of clostridium difficile and elaboration of toxin. clusters of cases in hospitals suggest nosocomial transmission of the bacteria. the stool cytotoxin assay is the most specific test for ... | 1994 | 8202415 |
| antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous enteritis due to clostridium difficile. | although pseudomembranous colitis is relatively common following antibiotic exposure, there have been few reported cases of pseudomembrane formation involving the small intestine. herein we report a case of pseudomembranous enteritis of the small and large intestine that occurred after antibiotic exposure. the etiologic organism appears to be clostridium difficile, as evidenced by the characteristic pseudomembranous lesions and a positive elisa for toxin a in an ileal tissue specimen. | 1994 | 8086563 |
| utility of newer techniques for classification and identification of pathogenic anaerobic bacteria. | results of genetic and biochemical analyses have broadened our understanding of taxonomic relationships among groups of anaerobic bacteria and have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infection. conventional bacteriologic methods are still of prime importance for the detection and identification of anaerobic pathogens. the use of nucleic acid probes has so far been restricted to research laboratories. a polymerase chain reaction-generated probe would be most useful for the rapid ... | 1994 | 8086572 |