Publications

comparative toxicity of certain mosquitocidal compounds to larvivorous fish, poecilia reticulata.	toxicity of certain mosquitocidal compounds (both larvicides and adulticides) to the larvivorous fish poecilia reticulata was determined in the laboratory. among the various chemical insecticides tested, the synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin was most toxic to fish (lc50 = 0.016 ppm), while the organophosphorus insecticide abate was least toxic (lc50 = 34 ppm). the bioinsecticides spherix (bacillus sphaericus) and bactoculicide (bacillus thuringiensis h-14) showed highest safety for the fish (lc5 ...	1994	7713258
specificity domain localization of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins is highly dependent on the bioassay system.	the bacillus thuringiensis cryla(a) and cryla(c) gene specificity regions were probed by creating and testing hybrid toxins both in vivo and in vitro against cultured insect cells or dissociated midgut epithelial cells. toxin threshold dose determinations revealed that cryla(c) is highly active against cultured choristoneura fumiferana cells (cf-1) whereas cryla(a) is nontoxic. in live insect bioassays, a reversed order of toxicity was observed. hybrid analysis revealed that the cryla(c) toxicit ...	1994	7715447
tn5401, a new class ii transposable element from bacillus thuringiensis.	a new class ii (tn3-like) transposable element, designated tn5401, was recovered from a sporulation-deficient variant of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni eg2158 following its insertion into a recombinant plasmid. sequence analysis of the insert revealed a 4,837-bp transposon with two large open reading frames, in the same orientation, encoding proteins of 36 kda (306 residues) and 116 kda (1,005 residues) and 53-bp terminal inverted repeats. the deduced amino acid sequence for the 36-kda ...	1994	7514590
control of aedes albopictus larvae using time-release larvicide formulations in louisiana.	the ability of time-release formulations of larvicides and insect growth regulators (igrs) to provide long-term control of aedes albopictus was investigated in the field. larvicides used in the study were bactimos pellets (bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, active ingredient) and abate pellets (temephos, active ingredient). the igr altosid (methoprene, active ingredient) was used in pellet and sand formulations. application rates were higher than label recommendations. in a preliminary tes ...	1994	7516963
enhanced cytotoxicity caused by increased dna strand breakage resulting from synergistic potentiation of bleomycin with bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis delta-endotoxin.	we previously reported that a 25 kda bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) delta-endotoxin potentiates the cytotoxicity of bleomycin (blm) in cultured cells. in order to clarify the mechanism involved, we examined the induction of dna strand breakage by blm in the presence of bti toxin. results showed that the increase in strand breakage resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity through the synergistic potentiation of blm with bti toxin.	1994	7521154
membrane-permeabilizing activities of bacillus thuringiensis coleopteran-active toxin cryiiib2 and cryiiib2 domain i peptide.	bacillus thuringiensis toxin cryiiib2 exhibits activity against two agriculturally important pests, the colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata, and the southern corn rootworm, diabrotica undecimpunctata. cryiiib2 shows significant structural similarity to colorado potato beetle-active toxin cryiiia, whose crystal structure has been determined elsewhere [j. li, j. carrol, and d. j. ellar, nature (london) 353:815-821, 1991]. a clone limited to the putative 7-alpha-helical bundle domain ...	1994	7527203
the alpha-5 segment of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin: in vitro activity, ion channel formation and molecular modelling.	a peptide with a sequence corresponding to the highly conserved alpha-5 segment of the cry delta-endotoxin family (amino acids 193-215 of bacillus thuringiensis cryiiia [gazit and shai (1993) biochemistry 32, 3429-3436]), was investigated with respect to its interaction with insect membranes, cytotoxicity in vitro towards spodoptera frugiperda (sf-9) cells, and its propensity to form ion channels in planar lipid membranes (plms). selectively labelled analogues of alpha-5 at either the n-terminal ...	1994	7529493
effects of the spore-endotoxin complex of a strain of bacillus thuringiensis serovar morrisoni upon triatoma vitticeps (hemiptera: reduviidae) under laboratory conditions.		1994	7476224
flexibility in the protoxin composition of bacillus thuringiensis.	in at least three bacillus thuringiensis subspecies, multiple protoxin genes are confined to just a few of the many plasmids with two or more on one of > 100 mda and a particular gene, cryia(b), on a 40-50 mda plasmid. the latter is unstable but can be maintained in the population by cell mating. cells which had lost this plasmid compensated by increasing transcription of the remaining protoxin genes resulting in the formation of inclusions which differed from those in the parental strains in th ...	1994	8181708
reversal of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis in plutella xylostella.	continued success of the most widely used biopesticide, bacillus thuringiensis, is threatened by development of resistance in pests. experiments with plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), the first insect with field populations resistant to b. thuringiensis, revealed factors that promote reversal of resistance. in strains of p. xylostella with 25- to 2800-fold resistance to b. thuringiensis compared with unselected strains, reversal of resistance occurred when exposure to b. thuringiensis was ...	1994	8183881
[the effect of culex family mosquito larva on the sensitivity of anopheles mosquitos with various karyotypes to the entomopathogenic bacteria bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis].	culex (c. modestus) and anopheles (a. beklemishevi and a. messeae) larvae mosquito were treated with bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) bacterium together and separately. it was determined that the presence of c. modestus reduced the mortality of anopheles larvae and altered the results of the selection of genotypes resistant to bti of the polymorphic species of a. messeae, c. modestus larvae consumed the pathogen more rapidly and protected the sensitive individuals of a. messeae wi ...	1994	8188058
characterization of larvicidal toxin protein from bacillus thuringiensis serovar japonensis strain buibui specific for scarabaeid beetles.	the delta-endo toxin proteins from bacillus thuringiensis which kill the larvae of various scarabaeid beetles such as anomala cuprea, a. rufocuprea and popillia japonica were purified by deae ion exchange chromatography. a protein with a molecular size of 130 kda was purified. during the purification a minor peak was also detected which was estimated to be 67 kda by sds-page. both 130 and 67 kda proteins showed larvicidal activity against a. cuprea. the lethal concentration of the 130 kda protei ...	1994	8200856
pcr analysis of the cryi insecticidal crystal family genes from bacillus thuringiensis.	a method allowing rapid and accurate identification of different subgroups within the insecticidal crystal cryi protein-producing family of bacillus thuringiensis strains was established by using pcr technology. thirteen highly homologous primers specific to regions within genes encoding seven different subgroups of b. thuringiensis cryi proteins were described. differentiation among these strains was determined on the basis of the electrophoretic patterns of pcr products. b. thuringiensis strai ...	1994	8117089
altered protoxin activation by midgut enzymes from a bacillus thuringiensis resistant strain of plodia interpunctella.	processing of bacillus thuringiensis protoxins to toxins by midgut proteinases from a strain of the indianmeal moth, plodia interpunctella (hubner), resistant to b. thuringiensis subspecies entomocidus (hd-198) was slower than that by midgut proteinases from the susceptible parent strain or a strain resistant to b. thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (hd-1, dipel). midgut extracts from entomocidus-resistant insects exhibited five-fold lower activity toward the synthetic substrate alpha-n-benzoyl-d ...	1994	8117300
membrane interactions and surface hydrophobicity of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin cryic.	the interaction between bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal delta-endotoxin cryic and phospholipid vesicles was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. the toxin dissipates the diffusion potential across vesicular membranes, presumably by creating ion permeable channels or pores. this effect is ph-dependent and strongly increases under acidic conditions. the enhanced membrane-perturbing activity of cryic at low ph correlates with the increased surface hydrophobicity of the toxin molecule. the memb ...	1994	8119414
dna relatedness among bacillus thuringiensis serovars.	the genetic relationships of bacillus cereus and of the bacillus thuringiensis serovars were assessed from measurements of dna reassociation. a study of 8 to 10 strains each of 13 of the most commonly encountered serovars revealed that the levels of intragroup dna relatedness for most serovars ranged from 90 to 100%. in contrast, b. thuringiensis serovars canadensis and kenyae consisted of two dna relatedness groups, each of which exhibited levels of intragroup relatedness of 80% or higher and l ...	1994	8123555
differentiation of bacillus anthracis from other bacillus cereus group bacteria with the pcr.	variation among isolates of bacillus anthracis was examined by using restriction fragmentation patterns and the pcr performed with arbitrary and sequence-specific oligonucleotide primers. the patterns were compared with the patterns generated from strains of closely related species belonging to the "bacillus cereus group" of bacteria, including b. cereus, bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus mycoides. all b. anthracis profiles were identical for each of 18 restriction enzymes, each of 10 arbitra ...	1994	8123566
structure and expression of a gene coding for thermostable alpha-glucosidase with a broad substrate specificity from bacillus sp. sam1606.	we cloned an alpha-glucosidase gene from thermophilic bacillus sp. sam1606 to overexpress it in escherichia coli transformants. deletion of the 5'-noncoding region as well as expression of the alpha-glucosidase gene under the control of the icp promotor of the insecticidal crystal protein gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. sotto enhanced the enzyme productivity to 23.5 u/ml, which was 12,000-fold higher than that obtained by the strain sam1606. the open reading frame corresponding to the al ...	1994	8125087
microheterogeneity in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor structures of bovine liver 5'-nucleotidase.	in our study, 5'-nucleotidase was released from bovine liver by the treatment with bacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c and purified to a homogeneous state by concanavalin a-sepharose and (diethylaminoethyl)-toyopearl column chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. purified 5'-nucleotidase were then cleaved by cyanogen bromide (cnbr), and then inositol phosphoglycan-containing c-terminal peptides (ipg peptides) were separated b ...	1994	8305428
identification of the lipid moiety and further characterization of the novel lipophosphoglycan-like glycoconjugates of trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas foetus.	the lipid moiety of the lipophosphoglycan (lpg)-like glycoconjugates of trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas foetus, parasites of the urogenital tract of human and cattle, respectively, has been isolated and characterized by a combination of enzymatic and chemical degradation, chromatography, and mass spectrometry. the carbohydrate composition of the glycan inositol lipid core is also reported. the glycan inositol core of trichomonad glycoconjugates is unique in having more than one glcn and is ...	1994	8135538
cytodifferentiation in tetrahymena vorax is linked to glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein assembly.	the role of glycosyl-ptdins (gpi)-anchored proteins in the cytodifferentiation of tetrahymena vorax was examined. labelling of cells with [3h]myristate or [3h]palmitate followed by electrophoresis showed an array of proteins carrying covalently bound lipids. electrophoresis of protein from cells labelled with the gpi-anchor components [3h]ins and [14c]ethanolamine revealed three polypeptides on fluorograms which have apparent molecular masses of approx. 28, 50 and 82 kda. labelled lipid associat ...	1994	8141785
a mixture of manduca sexta aminopeptidase and phosphatase enhances bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal cryia(c) toxin binding and 86rb(+)-k+ efflux in vitro.	cryia(c) delta-endotoxin, a member of the cryi family of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, specifically recognizes and binds with high affinity to target proteins in the midgut of susceptible insects. protein blots of manduca sexta brush-border membranes probed with 125i-cryia(c) identify a major binding protein of 120 kda and a minor binding protein of 65 kda. monoclonal antibodies were raised against the 120-kda toxin binding protein. using isoelectric focusing and monoclonal antib ...	1994	8144508
detection of choristoneura fumiferana brush border membrane-binding molecules specific to bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin by crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis.	brush border membrane vesicles (bbmvs) prepared from midguts of choristoneura fumiferana larvae were pretreated separately with the three cryia delta-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1. crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis of the solubilized toxin-bbmv complexes, using antibodies raised against the toxins, revealed at least two peaks for each toxin. all complexes (bbmv bound toxin) migrated in the opposite direction to that of the free toxins. it is concluded that the ...	1994	8147860
haemolytic activity associated with parasporal inclusion proteins of mosquito-specific bacillus thuringiensis soil isolates: a comparative neutralization study.	solubilized parasporal inclusions of the three mosquito-specific bacillus thuringiensis isolates belonging to three different h serovars, co-isolated from a single soil microhabitat, showed haemolytic activity towards mammalian erythrocytes. neutralization tests with antibodies against whole inclusion proteins resulted in crossed neutralization of haemolytic activity among the isolates and the type strain of b. thuringiensis serovar kyushuensis, indicating that the three soil isolates produce to ...	1994	8150264
insecticidal activity of the cryiia protein from the nrd-12 isolate of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki expressed in escherichia coli and bacillus thuringiensis and in a leaf-colonizing strain of bacillus cereus.	a 4.0-kb bamhi-hindiii fragment encoding the cryiia operon from the nrd-12 isolate of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was cloned into escherichia coli. the nucleotide sequence of the 2.2-kb acci-hindiii fragment containing the nrd-12 cryiia gene was identical to the hd-1 and hd-263 cryiia gene sequences. expression of cryiia and subsequent purification of cryiia inclusion bodies resulted in a protein with insecticidal activity against heliothis virescens, trichoplusia ni, and culex quinqu ...	1994	8161182
hemolysin ii is more characteristic of bacillus thuringiensis than bacillus cereus.	to investigate the distribution of the hemolysin ii determinant among strains of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis, thirteen strains of b. cereus and fourteen strains of b. thuringiensis strains were tested for hybridization of their chromosomal dnas with a dna probe containing the b. cereus hemolysin ii gene. in addition, the production of hemolysin ii, whose activity is not inhibited by cholesterol, was tested. the presence (absence) of the hydridization response in the microorganisms ...	1994	8161285
a specific binding protein from tenebrio molitor for the insecticidal toxin of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis.	biopesticides based on the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis have attracted wide attention as safe alternatives to chemical insecticides. in this paper, we report, for the first time, the identification of a single binding protein from a coleopteran insect, tenebrio molitor, that is specific for the cryiii toxin of b. thuringiensis. the protein appeared as a single band of 144 kda on radioligand and immunoblots of total proteins extracted from brush border membrane vesicles of the midgut of t. mo ...	1994	8166706
influence of transcriptional and translational control sequences on the expression of foreign genes in caulobacter crescentus.	the influence of expression control sequences (ecss; promoters and ribosome-binding sites [rbss]), transcriptional terminators, and gene orientation on the expression of the escherichia coli lacz gene in the gram-negative microorganisms caulobacter crescentus and e. coli was investigated. a series of broad-host-range expression vectors, based on the rk2 plasmid derivative prk248, were constructed. the ecss included the tac promoter, the promoter for the surface layer protein of c. crescentus, an ...	1994	8169208
complete nucleotide sequence of the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis plasmid ptx14-3 and its correlation with biological properties.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the plasmid ptx14-3 from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis has been determined. the circular dna molecule was 7649 bp and had a g + c content of 35.1%. twenty-two open reading frames larger than 50 codons were identified. ten of these open reading frames are suggested to be protein coding regions. the existence of the polypeptides encoded by the mob14-3 and rep14-3 genes were verified by maxi-cells analysis in escherichia coli. even though the rep14-3 ...	1994	8171127
alkaline phosphodiesterase i release from eucaryotic plasma membranes by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c--iv. the release from cacia porcellus organs.	1. alkaline phosphodiesterase i release from organs of cacia porcellus by the action of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (piplc) of bacillus thuringiensis was studied. 2. a significant amount of alkaline phosphodiesterase i was released from both slices and homogenate of the kidney and small intestine but not from the liver or pancreas. 3. the release of the enzyme from kidney brush border membranes was dependent on, or proportional to, the reaction time and the piplc concentration. ...	1994	8174751
cellular toxicities and membrane binding characteristics of insecticidal crystal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis toward cultured insect cells.	the pattern of in vitro toxicity of activated toxins from several classes of entomocidal inclusion genes from bacillus thuringiensis was measured using eight established cell lines from lepidopteran insects. protoxins representing cryia(b), cryia(c), and a mixture of all three cryia toxins (subtypes a, b, and c; from b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1) were compared with the protoxin representing cryic in a bioassay which measured the viability of cultured insect cells upon exposure to entomo ...	1994	8176242
new serovars of bacillus thuringiensis: b. thuringiensis ser. coreanensis (serotype h25), b. thuringiensis ser. leesis (serotype h33), and b. thuringiensis ser. konkukian (serotype h34).		1994	8176244
spores of bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis as tracers for ingestion rates by tetrahymena pyriformis.		1994	8176245
identification of amino acid residues of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin cryiaa associated with membrane binding and toxicity to bombyx mori.	alanine substitution (a3) or deletion (d3) of residues 365 to 371 of bacillus thuringiensis cryiaa insect toxin removed nearly all toxicity for bombyx mori (> 1,000-fold less active than the wild type). the loss of larvicidal activity in the mutants was not caused by increased sensitivity to larval gut enzymes but could be attributed to significantly reduced binding to b. mori brush border membrane vesicles. some or all of the affected amino acid residues may interact directly or indirectly with ...	1994	8071239
stable immobilization of lipid vesicles for kinetic studies using surface plasmon resonance.	in order to study the kinetics of binding between membrane vesicle surface receptors to the lepidopteran insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis using surface plasmon resonance, we have developed a technique to immobilize membrane vesicles purified from the brush border of dissected guts from the lepidopteran insect pest choristoneura fumiferana. two methods using immobilized immunoglobulins against either avidin or biotin were successful in achieving stable immobilization of the vesicle ...	1994	8074300
expression of the crystal protein gene under the control of the alpha-amylase promoter in bacillus thuringiensis strains.	the expression of an insecticidal crystal protein gene of bacillus thuringiensis under the control of the alpha-amylase gene promoter was investigated. the cryic gene, which encodes a protein known to have a unique activity against spodoptera (armyworm) species, was used in this investigation. the cryic gene was placed, along with the alpha-amylase promoter from b. subtilis, in a b. thuringiensis-derived cloning vector, generating a pair of recombinant plasmids, psb744 and psb745. the cloning ve ...	1994	8074511
studies on the gpi-anchored enzyme, hepatic 5'-nucleotidase. microheterogeneity of the anchor, processing and localization.	hepatic 5'-nucleotidases of vertebrates were investigated for localization in the lysosomes and the plasma membrane, microheterogeneity of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchor moiety and minimal requirement of the c-terminal signal peptide for gpi attachment. using piplc of bacillus thuringiensis and subcellular fractionation by percoll gradient centrifugation, we found that chicken liver 5'-nucleotidase can be transferred from plasma membrane to lysosomes in the gpi-anchored or soluble ...	1994	8081255
osseous plate alkaline phosphatase is anchored by gpi.	alkaline phosphatase activity was released up to 100% from the membrane by using 0.1 u of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c from b. thuringiensis. the m(r) of solubilized enzyme was 145,000 by sephacryl s-300 gel filtration and 66,000 by sds-page, suggesting a dimeric structure. solubilization of the membrane-bound enzyme with phospholipase c did not destroy its ability to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pnpp) (264.3 mumol min-1 mg-1),atp (42.0 mumol min-1 mg-1) and pyrophosphate ...	1994	8081265
mutagenesis of two surface-exposed loops of the bacillus thuringiensis cryic delta-endotoxin affects insecticidal specificity.	site-directed mutagenesis was used to determine the role of two surface-exposed loops (gly-317-phe-320 and gln-374-pro-377) in the insecticidal specificity of the bacillus thuringiensis cryic delta-endotoxin. mutant toxins were generated by pcr using degenerate oligonucleotide primers, and expressed in escherichia coli. more than 50 mutant toxins were screened for toxicity to the lepidopteran spodoptera frugiperda sf9 cell line using an in vitro lawn assay. a panel of these mutant toxins, which ...	1994	8093015
expression in bacillus subtilis of the bacillus thuringiensis cryiiia toxin gene is not dependent on a sporulation-specific sigma factor and is increased in a spo0a mutant.	expression of the bacillus thuringiensis cryiiia gene encoding a coleoptera-specific toxin is weak during vegetative growth and is activated at the onset of the stationary phase. cryiiia'-'lacz fusions and primer extension analysis show that the regulation of cryiiia expression is similar in bacillus subtilis and in b. thuringiensis. activation of cryiiia expression was not altered in b. subtilis mutant strains deficient for the sigma h and sigma e sporulation-specific sigma factors or for minor ...	1994	8045904
overexpression of bacillus thuringiensis hkna, a histidine protein kinase homology, bypasses early spo mutations that result in cryiiia overproduction.	the bacillus thuringiensis cryiiia insecticidal crystal protein (icp) is a vegetatively expressed protein that is toxic to coleopteran insect larvae. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the asporogenous b. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni strain eg1351, which harbors the native cryiiia-encoding 88-mda plasmid, showed a 2.5-fold overproduction of the cryiiia protein compared with that of an isogenic wild-type strain. further studies showed that neither cryiiia prot ...	1994	8045905
tn5401 disruption of the spo0f gene, identified by direct chromosomal sequencing, results in cryiiia overproduction in bacillus thuringiensis.	the bacillus thuringiensis spo0f gene was identified by chromosomal dna sequencing of sporulation mutants derived from a b. thuringiensis transposon insertion library. a spo0f defect in b. thuringiensis, which was suppressed by multicopy hkna or kina, resulted in the overproduction of the cryiiia insecticidal crystal protein.	1994	8045906
[multiple genes of delta-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies galleriae].	cloning and expression in e. coli delta-endotoxin genes cryiab7, cryig and, cryix from bacillus thuringiensis ssp galleriae has been performed. restriction mapping and partial sequencing have shown the identity of the 3'-terminal parts of cryig and cryix, although their 5'-terminal halves corresponding to the toxin are unique. sequencing 5'-flanking region of cryix revealed no translation initiation site, which indicates a nonfunctional state of the gene. the clusterized locating of the cryig an ...	1994	8052249
production of antibodies against bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin by injecting its plasmids.	bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystalline delta-endotoxin proteins are plasmid encoded. specific antibodies against the delta-endotoxin were obtained in mice and rabbits by injecting isolated b. thuringiensis dna plasmids into their muscles. antibodies could be detected by elisa as early as two weeks after the first injection. they formed immunoprecipitin lines with the toxin in the ouchterlony agarose plate and neutralized the toxicity of the toxin. because no special equipment, delivery ...	1994	8060297
are d- and l-chiro-phosphoinositides substrates of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c?	derivatives of chiro-inositol have been recently shown to mediate many important biological processes. this work addresses the question of whether phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) could be involved in the generation of these chiro-inositol derivatives. two diastereomers of the analog of phosphatidylinositol containing 1d- and 1l-chiro-inositol have been synthesized. 1d-2-o-(1,2-o-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-chiro-inositol (1d-chiro-pi) was synthesized in 12 steps star ...	1994	8031771
ph-induced conformational transitions of cry ia(a), cry ia(c), and cry iiia delta-endotoxins in bacillus thuringiensis.	three protoxins and corresponding delta-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) were studied by means of circular dichroism spectroscopy and size-exclusion hplc. at neutral ph, the cry iiia toxin exists only as a 65-kda monomer. the toxins of cry ia(a) and cry ia(c) exist both as 66-kda monomers and as oligomers with apparent molecular masses greater than 220 kda. at neutral ph, interconversion between monomer and oligomer is slow, and the two, separate forms exist for several days. equilibr ...	1994	8031786
protozoan-enhanced toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis delta-endotoxin against aedes aegypti larvae.	the toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) in mosquito larvae was enhanced by encapsulation in the protozoan tetrahymena pyriformis. aedes aegypti larvae which fed on t. pyriformis loaded with bti died about three times faster than when fed on the same concentrations of bti alone due to ingestion of higher toxin concentrations, reflected by shorter death times of exposed populations. the best larvicidal activities were achieved at ratios of cell/spore numbers in the range of 1 ...	1994	8021522
[control of fly larvae in a pig farm by oral administration of thuridan to pigs].	the studies were carried out in an experimental pig farm on 402 animals with thuridan (spore of delta-endotoxin complex of bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki). it was applied orally, as feed additive in a concentration of 0.1 and 0.5% for three current days. the efficacy of thuridan was established with the use of fly-catchers which were hung in the same places--once before and three times after thuridan had been used. after 3 application of thuridan the number of flies decreased by 88%.	1994	8023511
new bacillus bacteriophage species.	nine new species of tailed bacillus phages, based on morphological and physicochemical properties, are defined. phage p10 is one of the largest viruses known. the total number of tailed bacillus phage species is presently 33.	1994	7979971
activation of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane dipeptidase upon release from pig kidney membranes by phospholipase c.	incubation of pig kidney microvillar membranes with bacillus thuringiensis or staphylococcus aureus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) resulted in the release of a number of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored hydrolases, including alkaline phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.1), amino-peptidase p (ec 3.4.11.9), membrane dipeptidase (ec 3.4.13.19), 5'-nucleotidase (ec 3.1.3.5) and trehalase (ec 3.2.1.28). of these five ectoenzymes only for membrane dipeptidase was there a signific ...	1994	7980426
hydrolysis of cell surface inositol phospholipid leads to the delayed stimulation of phosphatidylinositol synthesis in bovine aortic endothelial cells.	in order to address the issue of how inositol phospholipid synthesis is controlled in a resting cell we looked for enhanced [3h]phosphatidylinositol (ptdins) labelling in response to the hydrolysis of cell surface ptdins. bacillus thuringiensis ptdins-plc when added to intact bovine aortic endothelial (bae) cells rapidly hydrolysed 9.1 +/- 1% of the total cellular ptdins. this result suggests that bae cells have a cell surface pool of ptdins. hydrolysis of cell surface ptdins, in contrast to the ...	1994	7981239
a small (2.4 mb) bacillus cereus chromosome corresponds to a conserved region of a larger (5.3 mb) bacillus cereus chromosome.	we have determined the sizes of the chromosomes of six bacillus cereus strains (range 2.4-4.3 mb) and constructed a physical map of the smallest b. cereus chromosome (2.4 mb). this map was compared to those of the chromosomes of four b. cereus strains and one b. thuringiensis strain previously determined to be 5.4-6.3 mb. of more than 50 probes, 30 were localized to the same half of the larger b. cereus and b. thuringiensis chromosomes. all 30 were also present on the small chromosome. twenty of ...	1994	7984090
structural and functional analysis of the promoter region involved in full expression of the cryiiia toxin gene of bacillus thuringiensis.	the promoter region of the cryiiia toxin gene of bacillus thuringiensis is composed of at least three domains: an upstream region extending from nucleotide positions -635 to -553 (with reference to the translational start codon of cryiiia), an internal region extending from nucleotide positions -553 to -367, and a downstream region extending from nucleotide position -367 to +18. deletion analysis and transcriptional fusions to the lacz gene indicate that full expression of cryiiia requires the a ...	1994	7984098
the relationship between phospholipid content and ca2+-atpase activity in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.	the relationship between the phospholipid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum and the activity of the ca2+, mg2+-stimulated atpase was analyzed by digestion of membrane phospholipids with phospholipase c and a2 enzymes of diverse specificity and by detergent extraction. phospholipase c of clostridium perfringens and clostridium welchii, that hydrolyze preferentially phosphatidylcholine (pc), inhibited the ca2+-atpase activity parallel with the depletion of phosphatidylcholine from the membrane ...	1994	7986804
laboratory and field evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis and b. sphaericus against mosquito larvae.	laboratory and field trials were carried out with two formulations of bacillus thuringiensis and four strains of bacillus sphaericus (b 42, b 64, b 87 and b 33) against mosquito larvae in different breeding habitats of tezpur, assam. lc90 of b. thuringiensis var israelensis (formulation teknar) against ae. albopictus, cx. quinquefasciatus and cx. gelidus were recorded as 0.443, 0.453 and 2.15 ppm respectively and lc90 of b. thuringiensis (deltox: vcrc b-17) against ae. albopictus, cx. quinquefas ...	1994	7989680
[expression of a partially modified delta-endotoxin gene from bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis in transgenic potato plants].	a modified gene (bt77) of delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis was constructed and cloned into pmon505. this binary transformation vector was introduced into agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing different helper disarmed ti-plasmids, lba4404, a281, and cbe21. these agrobacterium strains were used to transform potato stem segments (s. tuberosum, cv desiree, resy, temp, granat). regenerants were selected on kanamycin-containing media. the presence of the bt77 sequen ...	1994	7990839
nucleotide sequence and analysis of an insertion sequence from bacillus thuringiensis related to is150.	a 5.8-kb dna fragment encoding the cryic gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) subsp. aizawai hd229 was subcloned into the pmex7 vector for expression in escherichia coli. in addition to the 135-kda cryic delta-endotoxin, this dna fragment also encoded a 30-kda polypeptide whose open reading frame (orfx) was located less than 200 bp upstream of cryic. nucleotide sequencing showed that orfx was truncated at the 5' end, and full sequence was obtained from a second overlapping clone. sequence analy ...	1994	7991668
expression of mosquitocidal toxin genes in a gas-vacuolated strain of ancylobacter aquaticus.	a series of plasmids bearing the binary toxin genes of bacillus sphaericus 2297 or 2317.3, the 100-kda toxin gene of b. sphaericus ssii-1, or the 130-kda (cryivb) toxin gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis were constructed and introduced into ancylobacter aquaticus by electroporation. the transformed a. aquaticus cells exhibited significant toxicity towards mosquito larvae, demonstrating a potential use of recombinant a. aquaticus for biological control of mosquitoes.	1994	7993101
transfer of shuttle vectors containing bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene into wild-type b. cereus, b. brevis and b. subtilis by electroporation.	gram positive and negative bacterial shuttle vectors carrying bacillus thuringiensis (b.t.) toxin gene were introduced by electroporation into wild-type bacillus cereus, b. brevis and b. subtilis. the transformation efficiencies for these bacteria were around 10(1)-10(4) transformants per micrograms dna based on the numbers of neomycin- and ampicillin-resistant colonies produced. the structure of the transferred plasmids proved identical with the original ones both in size and restriction patter ...	1994	7993966
location of a lepidopteran specificity region in insecticidal crystal protein cryiia from bacillus thuringiensis.	the bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein cryiia has both high mosquito activity and gypsy moth activity; in contrast cryiib, which is 87% homologous, displays no mosquito activity and has a three-fold lower gypsy moth activity. the regions responsible for specificity against gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) and mosquito (aedes aegypti) larvae were located by introducing mlui and xhoi sites into homologous positions within the putative domain ii of both cryiia and cryiib genes, which ...	1994	7997170
ligand blot identification of a manduca sexta midgut binding protein specific to three bacillus thuringiensis cryia-type icps.	the cryia(a), cryia(b) and cryia(c) bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) were used in ligand-blot experiments to detect specific binding proteins in brush-border membrane vesicles (bbmv) of manduca sexta. we identified a protein which binds these three cryia-type icps. the apparent molecular mass of the protein, estimated on sds-page, was 210 kda as was the cryia(b) binding protein previously described by vadlamudi and col. we have also demonstrated, in ligand blot experim ...	1994	8003015
intracellular proteolysis and limited diversity of the bacillus thuringiensis cryia family of the insecticidal crystal proteins.	the current concept of how the highly homologous bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein genes (cry genes) evolved is through recombination among themselves. the cryia gene family, which is more than 80% identical, consists of only three known genes, even through they are often found together in the same bacterium. to examine the lack of diversity among these genes, recombinatorial chimeric protein toxin genes were constructed and transformed into e. coli, b. subtilis, and b. thuring ...	1994	8003016
effect of bacillus thuringiensis beta exotoxin on ultrastructures of midgut cells of culex sitiens.	in midgut cells of culex sitiens intoxicated with beta exotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis, the microvilli are greatly reduced. in the cytoplasm there is progressive disarrangement of the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, first to spherules, and later to a granular mass. minute vacuoles appearing in the cytoplasm are parts of the distorted labyrinth and remains of the golgi membranes. there is no disintegration of the outer cell membrane, and no hypertrophy of goblet cells. nuclei rem ...	1994	8005002
high-density cultivation of sporeformers.	sporeformers are sources of a large number of industrially important biological products including enzymes, antibiotics, and bioinsecticides. cultivation of these microorganisms to high cell densities offers potential for enhancing the rates of formation as well as the concentration of the desired products in the fermentation broths in bioreactors. with this objective, investigations have been carried out involving fed-batch cultivation of bacillus thuringiensis, which is known to produce an ins ...	1994	8010682
analysis of non-active engineered bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins.	crystal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis are known for their insecticidal specificity. this specificity is, to a large extent, determined by the interaction of the proteins with high-affinity binding sites on the epithelial membrane of the midgut of sensitive insects. in particular, domain ii of the three domains of the toxic moiety has been implicated in specificity. to determine which sequences of the protein are involved in binding, loops of domain ii which terminate in the molecular apex o ...	1994	8013868
fixed-wing, aerial application of liquid bacillus thuringiensis h-14 (acrobe) for control of spring aedes mosquitoes in michigan.	liquid bacillus thuringiensis h-14 (acrobe) was applied from fixed-wing aircraft at a rate of 4.68 liters of water-insecticide mixture (1.17 liter concentrate) per hectare to woodland pools in michigan. a post-treatment larval survey indicated an 88.5% reduction in aedes species larvae. a volume median diameter of 208 microns was determined.	1994	8014627
determinants for the activity of the neutral amino acid/k+ symport in lepidopteran larval midgut	the columnar cells of lepidopteran larvae express, in their apical brush-border membrane, a class of symporters which in vivo couple the intracellularly directed amino acid and k+ fluxes. an analysis of the functional properties of the symporter for neutral amino acids along the anterior, middle and posterior regions of the larval midgut of bombyx mori demonstrated the ability of a k+ gradient to drive leucine accumulation into brush-border membrane vesicles (bbmv) in all three preparations. how ...	1994	9317520
[screening and rapid identification of bacillus thuringiensis mutants].	mutants of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki ntu 9 and bt 158, which were isolated previously for using the diamondback moth as a target insect in taiwan, were screening by either protein electrophoresis of intracellular proteins or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the optimal conditions of effective protein electrophoresis were (1) 24-hour cells harvested from nutrient broth were crashed by petite glass beads followed by centrifugation. and (2) the supernatant pretreated by heati ...	1994	9747349
a prototype neural network supervised control system for bacillus thuringiensis fermentations.	this article discusses the development of a prototype neural network-based supervisory control system for bacillus thuringiensis fermentations. the input pattern to the neural network included the type of inoculum, operation temperature, ph value, accumulated process time, optical density in fermentation medium, and change in optical density. the output from the neural network was the predicted optical density for the next sampling time. the control system has been implemented in both a computer ...	1994	18615745
insecticidal effects of organotin(iv) compounds on plutella xylostella (l.) larvae. ii. inhibitory potencies against acetylcholinesterase and evidence for synergism in tests with bacillus thuringiensis(ber.) and malathion.	features of pesticide synergism and acetylcholinesterase (ache) inhibition (in vitro) were studied using a selected range of organotin compounds against the early 4th instar larvae of a highly resistant strain of the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella, a major universal pest of cruciferous vegetables.fourteen triorganotin compounds were evaluated for their ability to enhance the toxicity of the microbial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and of the commercial insecticide, malathi ...	1994	18476213
isolation of bacillus thuringiensis from stored tobacco and lasioderma serricorne (f.).	bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from dried tobacco residues and dead tobacco beetles (lasioderma serricorne (f.); coleoptera: anobiidae) collected in a large number of locations worldwide. eighty-eight samples of stored tobacco were analyzed and yielded 78 b. thuringiensis strains which were characterized on the basis of parasporal crystal morphology, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles, and the results of an immunoblot analysis of the insecticidal crystal prot ...	1994	16349149
introduction of a lepidopteran-specific insecticidal crystal protein gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki by conjugal transfer into a bacillus megaterium strain that persists in the cotton phyllosphere.	a lepidopteran toxin gene of the entomopathogen bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 was introduced into a cotton leaf-colonizing bacillus megaterium strain, rs1, by conjugal transfer. rifampin- and nalidixic acid-resistant colonies obtained after cell mating were screened for crystal production by microscopy. a transcipient, b. megaterium rs1-43, was selected by this procedure. southern blot hybridization with both total dna and hindiii-digested dna of the transcipient showed positive si ...	1994	16349152
integrative cloning, expression, and stability of the cryia(c) gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in a recombinant strain of clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis.	a bacterial endophyte was engineered for insecticidal activity against the european corn borer. the cryia(c) gene from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was introduced into the chromosome of clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis by using an integrative plasmid vector. the integration vectors pcg740 and pcg741 included the replicon pgem5zf(+), which is maintained in escherichia coli but not in c. xyli subsp. cynodontis; tetm as a marker for selection in c. xyli subsp. cynodontis; and a chromoso ...	1994	16349179
construction of a bioinsecticidal strain of pseudomonas fluorescens active against the sugarcane borer, eldana saccharina.	a cryia(c) gene was cloned from a native bacillus thuringiensis strain showing activity against the sugarcane borer, eldana saccharina. the sequence of the cloned gene was very similar to that of the b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-73 cryia(c) gene. the gene was introduced into an isolate of pseudomonas fluorescens, capable of colonizing sugarcane, on two broad-host-range plasmids, pder405 and pkt240, having copy numbers of 13 and 28, respectively. by using the omegon-km vector, the cry gene ...	1994	16349194
biotinylation of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins.	[this corrects the article on p. 1821 in vol. 59.].	1994	16349206
genotypic diversity among bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis strains.	twenty-four strains of bacillus cereus were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and compared with 12 bacillus thuringiensis strains. in addition, the 36 strains were examined for variation in 15 chromosomal genes encoding enzymes (by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis [mee]). the genome of each strain had a distinct noti restriction enzyme digestion profile by pfge, and the 36 strains could be assigned to 27 multilocus genotypes by mee. however, neither pfge nor mee analysis could ...	1994	16349267
determination and distribution of cry-type genes of bacillus thuringiensis isolates from taiwan.	using pcr with a set of specific oligonucleotide primers to detect cryi-type genes, we were able to screen the cry-type genes of 225 bacillus thuringiensis soil isolates from taiwan without much cost in time or labor. some combinations of cry genes (the cry-type profile) in a single isolate were unique. we identified five distinct profiles of crystal genes from the b. thuringiensis soil isolates from taiwan. the cry genes included cryia(a), cryia(b), cryia(c), cryic, cryid, and cryiv. interestin ...	1994	16349324
removal of adsorbed toxin fragments that modify bacillus thuringiensis cryic delta-endotoxin iodination and binding by sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment and renaturation.	we report that 10- and 25-kda toxin fragments adhere to cryic prepared from bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystals, block iodination, and alter membrane binding. there is no apparent affect on cryic toxicity against spodoptera exigua. associated peptides remained bound to cryic in the presence of 50 mm dithiothreitol or 6 m urea. a novel detergent-renaturation procedure was developed for the purification of b. thuringiensis cryic toxin. sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) treatment followed by ge ...	1994	16349357
binding of insecticidal crystal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis to the midgut brush border of the cabbage looper, trichoplusia ni (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), and selection for resistance to one of the crystal proteins.	the susceptibility of trichoplusia ni larvae to several bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) was tested. neonatal larvae proved to be susceptible to solubilized trypsin-treated cryia(a), cryia(b), and cryia(c) (50% lethal concentrations [lc(50)s], 570, 480, and 320 ng/cm, respectively) but showed little susceptibility to cryib and cryid (lc(50)s, 5,640 and 2,530 ng/cm, respectively). the toxicity of icps was correlated to binding to the epithelial brush border of the midgu ...	1994	16349420
comparison of disulfide contents and solubility at alkaline ph of insecticidal and noninsecticidal bacillus thuringiensis protein crystals.	we compared two insecticidal and eight noninsecticidal soil isolates of bacillus thuringiensis with regard to the solubility of their proteinaceous crystals at alkaline ph values. the protein disulfide contents of the insecticidal and noninsecticidal crystals were equivalent. however, six of the noninsecticidal crystals were soluble only at ph values of >/=12. this lack of solubility contributed to their lack of toxicity. one crystal type which was soluble only at ph >/=12 (strain shp 1-12) did ...	1994	16349421
cross-resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cryif in the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella).	selection with bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, which contains cryia and cryii toxins, caused a >200-fold cross-resistance to cryif toxin from b. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. cryie was not toxic, but cryib was highly toxic to both selected and unselected larvae. the results show that extremely high levels of cross-resistance can be conferred across classes of cryi toxins of b. thuringiensis.	1994	16349471
dot blot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring the fate of insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis in soil.	the release of transgenic plants and microorganisms expressing truncated genes from bacillus thuringiensis that code for active insecticidal toxins rather than for the inactive protoxins could result in the accumulation of these active proteins in soil, especially when bound on clay minerals and other soil particles. to monitor the fate of these toxins in soil, a dot blot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that detects free and particle-bound toxins from b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki a ...	1995	16534931
insecticidal activity of the toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and tenebrionis adsorbed and bound on pure and soil clays.	the release of transgenic plants and microorganisms expressing truncated genes from various subspecies of bacillus thuringiensis that encode active insecticidal toxins rather than inactive protoxins could result in the accumulation of these active proteins in soil, especially when bound on clays and other soil particles. toxins from b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and b. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, either free or adsorbed at equilibrium or bound on pure clay minerals (montmorillonite or k ...	1995	16535020
development of bacillus thuringiensis cryic resistance by spodoptera exigua (hubner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	selection of resistance in spodoptera exigua (hubner) to an hd-1 spore-crystal mixture, cryic (hd-133) inclusion bodies, and trypsinized toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and b. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus was attempted by using laboratory bioassays. no resistance to the hd-1 spore-crystal mixture could be achieved after 20 generations of selection. significant levels of resistance (11-fold) to cryic inclusion bodies expressed in escherichia coli were observed after seven gen ...	1995	16535038
binding of the cryivd toxin of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to larval dipteran midgut proteins.	ligand-blotting experiments on dipteran brush border membrane vesicles (bbmvs) showed binding of cryivd toxin of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis to proteins of 148 kda in anopheles stephensi and of 78 kda in tipula oleracea, both species being susceptible to cryivd. binding of cryivd with bbmvs of a. stephensi resulted in a stronger signal than with bbmvs of t. oleracea. likewise, larvae of a. stephensi are 10,000-fold more susceptible to the cryivd toxin than are larvae of t. oleracea ...	1995	16535074
comparative analysis of the 16s to 23s ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences of bacillus thuringiensis strains and subspecies and of closely related species.	volume 61, no. 4, p. 1624, column 2, lines 38-41: the sentence should read "for example, at position 21, the g nucleotide (fig. 1) was present in all the isr b. thuringiensis subspecies except for b. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (te4), which contained an a." page 1624, column 2, line 45: "position 62" should read "position 11." page 1624, column 2, line 47: "position 90" should read "position 39." page 1624, column 2, line 49: "position 83" should read "position 32." page 1625, column 1, lin ...	1995	16535088
isolation of multiple subspecies of bacillus thuringiensis from a population of the european sunflower moth, homoeosoma nebulella.	five subspecies of bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from dead and diseased larvae obtained from a laboratory colony of the european sunflower moth, homoeosoma nebulella. the subspecies isolated were b. thuringiensis subspp. thuringiensis (h 1a), kurstaki (h 3a3b3c), aizawai (h 7), morrisoni (h 8a8b), and thompsoni (h 12). most isolates produced typical bipyramidal crystals, but the b. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis isolate produced spherical crystals and the b. thuringiensis subsp. thomp ...	1995	16535187
fed-batch culture of bacillus thuringiensis for thuringiensin production in a tower type bioreactor.	fed-batch culture of bacillus thuringiensis in a modified airlift reactor has been developed by using adaptive control of glucose concentration in the reactor. the glucose concentration was estimated via a correlation equation between carbon dioxide production rate and glucose consumption rate. the estimated glucose concentration as the output variable was fed back to computer for calculation of substrate addition. the modified reactor was an airlift reactor with a net draft tube. the airlift re ...	1995	18623480
managing the evolution of insect resistance to transgenic plants.	the evolution of resistance in pests such as the european corn borer will imperil transgenic maize varieties that express insecticidal crystal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis. patchworks of treated and untreated fields can delay the evolution of pesticide resistance, but the untreated refuge fields are likely to sustain heavy damage. a strategy that exploits corn borer preferences and movements can eliminate this problem. computer simulation indicates that this approach can delay the evolutio ...	1995	17797533
effects of industrial formulations of bacillus thuringiensis on the biology of musca domestica l. (diptera : muscidae).	the effects of two industrial formulations of bacillus thuringiensis (bactimos and vectobac) on larval and adult stages of musca domestica l. were assessed in the laboratory. biocides concentrations of 0.4% to 2% were tested on larvae, while the concentrations of 1% and 2% were tested on adults and were given to the flies in their diet. larval mortality ranged between 38% and 53% and between 55% and 71% for bactimos and vectobac respectively. pupation rates decreased from 91% in the control grou ...	1995	17214205
overproduction of encapsulated insecticidal crystal proteins in a bacillus thuringiensis spo0a mutant.	the spo0a gene of bacillus subtilis encodes the key factor involved in the initiation of sporulation. it was previously shown that the b. thuringiensis (bt) cryiiia gene, encoding a toxin active against coleopteran larvae, is overexpressed in an spo0a mutant of b. subtilis. in this paper we describe the construction of a bt spo0a mutant strain and its use to produce insecticidal crystal proteins. the spo0a gene of bt was cloned and identified by its ability to transform a b. subtilis spo0a mutan ...	1995	9634751
amplification of a chimeric bacillus gene in chloroplasts leads to an extraordinary level of an insecticidal protein in tobacco.	the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal toxins are safe biological insecticides, but have short persistance and are poorly effective against pests that feed inside plant tissues. production of effective levels of these proteins in plants has required resynthesis of the genes encoding them. we report that amplification of an unmodified cryla(c) coding sequence in chloroplasts up to approximately 10,000 copies per cell resulted in the accumulation of an unprecedented 3-5% of the soluble protein in ...	1995	9634777
bacillus thuringiensis growth and toxicity. basic and applied considerations.	despite the known importance of the composition of culture media and culture conditions on bacillus thuringiensis growth and toxicity, very few reviews are concerned with this subject. this article reviews some aspects of the microbiology of bacillus thuringiensis, and how toxicity is affected by the composition of growth media and bioreactor operation.	1995	8521040
[examination of toxin production from environmental bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis].	emetic toxin- and entero toxin-producing activities were examined for 524 strains of bacillus cereus and 90 strains of bacillus thuringiensis to determine the distribution and contamination in natural environment, including foods, vegetable, soil and etc. emetic toxin was assayed by the production of acid from hep-2 cells induced by the culture supernatants of bacillus, which was developed as an improved method for the detection of b. cereus heat-stable emetic-toxin by us. in the 524 strains of ...	1995	8523268
some environmental and biological factors influencing the activity of entomopathogenic bacillus on mosquito larvae in brazil.	the influence of environmental and biological factors on the efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis and b. sphaericus as mosquito larvicides are reviewed. the importance of strain dependence, cultivating media/methods, mosquito species/specificity, formulations and their relation to mosquito feeding habits, as well as temperature, solar exposure, larval density and concomitant presence of other aquatic organisms are addressed with reference to the present status of knowledge in b ...	1995	8524073
biological control program against simuliids in the state of são paulo, brazil.	in brazil, the use of biological vector-control methods has been largely confined to experimental research, with little or no application of such techniques by public institutions responsible for implementing control programs. the notable exceptions have been the black fly control program carried out by the health secretariat in the state of são paulo. since the 1980s, são paulo's "superintendência de controle de endemias" has been conducting studies on the viability of using bacillus thuringien ...	1995	8524076
bacillus thuringiensis: fermentation process and risk assessment. a short review.	several factors make the local production of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) highly appropriate for pest control in developing nations. bt can be cheaply produced on a wide variety of low cost, organic substrates. local production results in considerable savings in hard currency which otherwise would be spent on importation of chemical and biological insecticides. the use of bt in brazil has been limited in comparison with chemical insecticides. although bt is imported, some brazilian researchers ha ...	1995	8524077
cloning of a fragment of the gene cryivb from bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis coding for the aminoterminal segment of a 130 kda larvicidal endotoxin.		1995	8524078
bacillus thuringiensis subsp. oswaldocruzi and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. brasiliensis, two novel brazilian strains which determine new serotype h38 and h39, respectively.		1995	8524081
mechanism of action of bacillus thuringiensis toxins.	the selectivity of bacillus thuringiensis toxins is determined both by the toxin structure and by factors inherent to the insect. these toxins contain distinct domains that appear to be functionally important in toxin binding to protein receptors in the midgut of susceptible insects, and the subsequent formation of a pore in the insect midgut epithelium. in this article features necessary for the insecticidal activity of these toxins are discussed. these include toxin structure, toxin processing ...	1995	8524088