Publications

measuring antibiotic levels in otitis media.	antibiotic concentrations in serum and middle ear effusion (mee) are important in determining treatment success in acute otitis media, but studies to measure concentration levels are often performed in chronically infected patients where there is little inflammation. in this open, single-center study, 26 patients with acute otitis media were enrolled to assess antibiotic penetration in inflamed ears. of the 26 patients, 4 were non-evaluable, 6 formed a control group and the others were randomize ...	1998	9674329
sparfloxacin vs ofloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, comparative study. sparfloxacin multicenter abecb study group.	comparison of efficacy and safety of sparfloxacin vs ofloxacin for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (abecb).	1998	9674458
antibiotic resistance in respiratory pathogens.	antibiotic resistance in respiratory pathogens has dramatically increased during recent years. resistance to penicillin and multiple antimicrobial agents in pneumococci and resistance to ampicillin in moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae, as a result of betalactamase production, have become highly prevalent worldwide. the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis in different countries is of concern, and has become a therapeutic challenge.	1998	9675520
the regulated outer membrane protein omp21 from comamonas acidovorans is identified as a member of a new family of eight-stranded beta-sheet proteins by its sequence and properties.	omp21, a minor outer membrane protein of the soil bacterium comamonas acidovorans, was purified from a spontaneous mutant lacking a surface layer and long-chain lipopolysaccharide. omp21 synthesis is enhanced by oxygen depletion, and the protein has a variable electrophoretic mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis due to its heat-modifiable behavior. the structural gene omp21 encodes a precursor of 204 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 21 amino acids. m ...	1998	9683466
serum interleukin-6 in bacterial and nonbacterial acute otitis media.	increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a serious clinical problem that calls for reduction of unnecessary use of antibiotics. acute otitis media (aom) is the most common reason for antibiotic therapy in the united states. approximately 30% of aom cases do not have a bacterial etiology. rapid identification of these cases could help withhold unnecessary antibiotic treatment.	1998	9685429
peri-orbital cellulitis and sepsis by branhamella catarrhalis.		1998	9686832
site-specific mutations in the 23s rrna gene of helicobacter pylori confer two types of resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b antibiotics.	clarithromycin resistance in helicobacter pylori is mainly due to a-to-g mutations within the peptidyltransferase region of the 23s rrna. in the present study, cross-resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin b (mls) antibiotics (mls phenotypes) has been investigated for several clinical isolates of h. pylori. two major types of mls resistance were identified and correlated with specific point mutations in the 23s rrna gene. the a2142g mutation was linked with high-level cross-resis ...	1998	9687389
structure of carb-4 and aer-1 carbenicillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases.	we determined the nucleotide sequences of blacarb-4 encoding carb-4 and deduced a polypeptide of 288 amino acids. the gene was characterized as a variant of group 2c carbenicillin-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases such as pse-4, pse-1, and carb-3. the level of dna homology between the bla genes for these beta-lactamases varied from 98.7 to 99.9%, while that between these genes and blacarb-4 encoding carb-4 was 86.3%. the blacarb-4 gene was acquired from some other source because it has a g+c content o ...	1998	9687391
in vitro activities of oral beta-lactams at concentrations achieved in humans against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci and potential to select resistance.	the beta-lactam susceptibilities of 65 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae for which penicillin mics covered a broad range were assessed. the order of potency was amoxicillin (amx) = amoxicillin-clavulanate (amc) > penicillin g > cefpodoxime (cpo) > cefuroxime (cxm) > cefprozil > cefaclor > loracarbef > cefixime. no decrease in susceptibility was seen following repeated subculture of two penicillin-susceptible strains of s. pneumoniae in amx, amc, cefaclor, or loracarbef, whereas repeated exposu ...	1998	9687392
prevalence of a putative efflux mechanism among fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae.	twenty-three norfloxacin-selected first-step mutants of streptococcus pneumoniae showed low-level fluoroquinolone resistance. their susceptibility to norfloxacin in the presence or absence of reserpine and known efflux pump substrates was determined by an agar dilution method. five mutants showed four- to eightfold increases in their susceptibility to norfloxacin in the presence of reserpine and four- to eightfold decreases in their susceptibility to acriflavine and ethidium bromide. this phenot ...	1998	9687402
in vitro and in vivo activities of moxifloxacin and clinafloxacin against mycobacterium tuberculosis.	on 10% oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase-enriched 7h11 agar medium, the mic at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited for 20 strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis was 0.5 microg of sparfloxacin (spfx) or moxifloxacin (mxfx) per ml and 1.0 microg of clinafloxacin (cnfx) per ml, indicating that the in vitro activities of spfx and mxfx were virtually identical and were slightly greater than that of cnfx. however, the in vivo activities of these drugs in a murine tuberculosis model differed cons ...	1998	9687408
cocaine and lidocaine with phenylephrine as topical anesthetics: antimicrobial activity against common nasal pathogens.	topical anesthetics are commonly used in the evaluation of nasal pathology. the anesthetics routinely used, 4% lidocaine with phenylephrine, or 4% cocaine, have been demonstrated to have varying inhibitory effects on bacterial cultures. the present study examined the antimicrobial activity of these topical anesthetics used in nasal procedures. the pathogens used were branhamella catarrhalis, enterobacter sp., haemophilus influenzae, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus a ...	1998	9693473
[pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluation of tazobactam/piperacillin in pediatrics].	pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies were performed in pediatrics on tazobactam/piperacillin (taz/pipc), a combined drug of a new beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam and piperacillin at a ratio of 1:4. 1. serum levels and urinary excretions of taz, pipc and desethyl piperacillin (det-pipc), a metabolite of pipc, after one shot intravenous administration of 50 mg/kg of taz/pipc to two children (6-7 years old) were investigated. the serum taz level at 0.08 hour was 50.8-51.0 micro ...	1998	9693967
increased spontaneous apoptosis in t lymphocytes in digeorge anomaly.	the aim of this study was to determine whether increased apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes plays a role in t cell deficiency associated with digeorge anomaly. t cell subsets from a patient with digeorge anomaly were examined for the expression of fas, fasl, bcl-2 and bcl-xl at the protein level with monoclonal antibodies, using dual-colour flow cytometry, and at the mrna level in mononuclear cells by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. in vitro spontaneous apopt ...	1998	9697985
beta-lactam resistance and beta-lactamase isoforms of moraxella catarrhalis isolates in taiwan.	moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen in both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. more than 90% of isolates worldwide produce beta-lactamase. the beta-lactamases produced by m. catarrhalis can be differentiated by isoelectric focusing (ief) into bro-1 and bro-2 patterns. in this study, we investigated the prevalence of various beta-lactamase isoforms in clinical isolates of m. catarrhalis in taiwan, as well as the relationships of these isoforms with antibiotic resistance. a t ...	1998	9700241
[features of humoral antibacterial immunity in patients with hiv infections and aids].	the level of antibodies to some bacterial antigens, their affinity and relationship to the level of cd4+ t-lymphocytes in persons at different stages of hiv infection was studied. the study revealed that at early stages of the development of hiv infection a decrease in the levels of antibodies to streptococcus pneumoniae protein somatic antigen in comparison with those in hiv-negative donors occurred. in the process of the development of hiv infection an increase in the level of staphylococcus a ...	1998	9700879
moraxella catarrhalis: clinical significance, antimicrobial susceptibility and bro beta-lactamases.	moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen of humans. it is a common cause of respiratory infections, particularly otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in the elderly. colonisation of the upper respiratory tract appears to be associated with infection in many cases, although this association is not well understood. nosocomial transmission is being increasingly documented and the emergence of this organism as a cause of bacteremia is of concern. the widespread produ ...	1998	9707304
in vitro activity of grepafloxacin against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.		1998	9707317
azithromycin. a review of its use in paediatric infectious diseases.	azithromycin is an azalide antimicrobial agent active in vitro against major pathogens responsible for infections of the respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues in children. pathogens that are generally susceptible to azithromycin include haemophilus influenzae (including ampicillin-resistant strains), moraxella catarrhalis, chlamydia pneumoniae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella spp., streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus agalactiae. azithromycin is also generally act ...	1998	9711451
the transferrin binding protein b of moraxella catarrhalis elicits bactericidal antibodies and is a potential vaccine antigen.	the transferrin binding protein genes (tbpa and tbpb) from two strains of moraxella catarrhalis have been cloned and sequenced. the genomic organization of the m. catarrhalis transferrin binding protein genes is unique among known bacteria in that tbpa precedes tbpb and there is a third gene located between them. the deduced sequences of the m. catarrhalis tbpa proteins from two strains were 98% identical, while those of the tbpb proteins from the same strains were 63% identical and 70% similar. ...	1998	9712766
the phosphorylcholine epitope undergoes phase variation on a 43-kilodalton protein in pseudomonas aeruginosa and on pili of neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae.	phosphorylcholine (chop) is a component of the teichoic acids of streptococcus pneumoniae and has been recently identified on the lipopolysaccharide of haemophilus influenzae, also a major pathogen of the human respiratory tract. other gram-negative pathogens that frequently infect the human respiratory tract were surveyed for the presence of the chop epitope as indicated by binding to monoclonal antibodies (mabs) recognizing this structure. the chop epitope was found on a 43-kda protein on all ...	1998	9712776
isolation and characterization of two proteins from moraxella catarrhalis that bear a common epitope.	the uspa1 and uspa2 proteins of moraxella catarrhalis are potential vaccine candidates for preventing disease caused by this organism. we have characterized both proteins and evaluated their vaccine potential using both in vitro and in vivo assays. both proteins were purified from the o35e isolate by triton x-100 extraction, followed by ion-exchange and hydroxyapatite chromatography. analysis of the sequences of internal peptides, prepared by enzymatic and chemical cleavage of the proteins, reve ...	1998	9712790
the nearchus project: antibiotic susceptibility of respiratory pathogens and clinical outcome in lower respiratory tract infections at 27 centres in the uk.	community-acquired respiratory infections are usually treated empirically by the primary care physician. increasing antibiotic resistance, for example, in pneumococci, prompted a uk survey of antibiotic susceptibility of three major lower respiratory tract pathogens, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. each of 27 centres was asked to collect up to 100 isolates of the three species and submit them for confirmation of identity and for susceptibility testing ...	1998	9716289
a comparison of the activity of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin with other agents against respiratory tract pathogens.	in a study involving 15 uk hospitals, sequential respiratory tract isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis were studied. the susceptibility of these strains to two fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were compared to those of currently used macrolides and beta-lactams. the activity of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against s. pneumoniae was not statistically significantly different (geometric mean mic 0.978 and 0.95 mg/l respectively). ...	1998	9720464
microbiology of acute otitis media in costa rican children.	because of the increasing number of resistant middle ear pathogens reported from different centers worldwide, an active surveillance of the microbiology and susceptibility pattern of middle ear pathogens is required for proper antimicrobial recommendations among different regions of the world.	1998	9726340
cefprozil and respiratory tract infections in children.	respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of children's visits to physicians. antibiotic resistance is increasing among the three most common bacterial respiratory pathogens, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, which cause acute otitis media and sinusitis. therefore clinicians may need to reexamine their treatment strategies because these infections may cause complications. antibiotic selection in such infections should take into account local bac ...	1998	9727650
microbiology of bacterial respiratory infections.	the upper respiratory tract may become susceptible to bacterial infection as a result of health conditions such as allergies and viral infections, as well as the effects of smoking and airborne environmental pollutants. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are the most common bacterial pathogens in upper and lower respiratory tract infections. streptococcus pyogenes is the predominant bacterial pathogen in pharyngitis and tonsillitis. bacterial pathogens adh ...	1998	9727651
clinical perspectives on sinusitis and otitis media.	as the leading cause of physician office visits and loss of time from school as well as the cause of significant morbidity among young children, respiratory infections impose a major burden on the health care system. the most common causative pathogens are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. in young children acute otitis media and sinusitis may present with relatively nonspecific symptoms such as irritability. older children may complain of more specific ...	1998	9727653
upper respiratory tract infections in family practice.	the causative pathogens in the majority of mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections are streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. bacterial infections of the respiratory tract are often treated empirically; however, the recent increase in serious infections caused by s. pneumoniae and rising antimicrobial resistance rates have prompted experts to reevaluate the therapeutic approaches to treatment of these infections. although amoxicillin continues to ...	1998	9727654
treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections: clinical trials with cefprozil.	the oral second generation cephalosporin cefprozil has a broad spectrum microbiologic profile, with good in vitro activity against respiratory pathogens; 90% or more of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis isolates are susceptible to cefprozil. clinical trials of cefprozil have consistently demonstrated good clinical success rates in upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis/ tonsillitis and acute bacterial ...	1998	9727656
moraxella catarrhalis bacteraemia. a report on 3 cases and a review of the literature.	over the last decade, an increase in invasive infections due to moraxella catarrhalis has been reported. we have analysed 58 cases of bacteraemia due to m. catarrhalis reported in the literature and 3 cases found in iceland, a total of 61 cases. patients with bacteraemia could be divided into 3 groups on the basis of host factors. they were either immunocompromised, had underlying respiratory disorders. or were normal hosts. the clinical manifestation of m. catarrhalis bacteraemic infection rang ...	1998	9730292
molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered in italy from 1993 to 1996.	thirty-nine penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered among the approximately 700 pneumococcal strains collected from 1993 to 1996 in central and northern italy were analyzed for several characteristics, including serotype, antibiotic susceptibility profile, chromosomal relatedness (by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [pfge]), restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the penicillin-binding protein (pbp) genes 1a, 2x, and 2b, and the presence of a variety of ...	1998	9738048
[the penicillin susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus in persons suffering from upper respiratory tract infections].	the susceptibility to penicillin was tested in 293 strains of s. aureus, 162 strains of h. influenzae, 60 strains of m. catarrhalis and 77 strains of s. pneumoniae, isolated from persons suffering from upper respiratory tract infections. penicillin susceptibility testing has been performed by the disc diffusion technique. beta-lactamase production in the penicillin-resistant strains of h. influenzae, m. catarrhalis and s. aureus was detected with nitrocefin impregnated disc. in beta-lactamase po ...	1998	9738431
interactions of plaunotol with bacterial membranes.	plaunotol, a cytoprotective antiulcer agent, has a bactericidal effect against helicobacter pylori, which may result from interaction of this compound with the bacterial cell membrane. the purpose of the present study was to confirm that plaunotol interacts with the h. pylori membrane. membrane fluidities were measured using two stearic acid spin labels, namely 5-doxyl-stearic acid (in which the nitroxide group is located in the upper portion of the bacterial cell membrane) and 16-doxyl-stearic ...	1998	9738829
[susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (1996)].	the bacteria isolated from the patients with lower respiratory tract infections were collected by institutions located throughout japan, since 1981. ikemoto et al. have been investigating susceptibilities of these isolates to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics, and characteristics of the patients and isolates from them each year. results obtained from these investigations are discussed. in 16 institutions around the entire japan, 557 strains of presumably etiological bacteria were isol ...	1998	9755430
interaction of streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis: investigation of the indirect pathogenic role of beta-lactamase-producing moraxellae by use of a continuous-culture biofilm system.	the majority of clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis produce beta-lactamase. the role of this enzyme in the phenomenon of indirect pathogenicity, in which a true pathogen such as streptococcus pneumoniae is protected from the action of certain beta-lactam antibiotics, is well recognized. by using a simple continuous-culture biofilm system, it has been shown that the pneumococcus attains high titers in excess of 10(12) cfu/biofilm; furthermore, the penicillin-sensitive pneumococcus used rem ...	1998	9756750
antimicrobial susceptibility of community-acquired lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens isolated in the uk during the 1995-1996 cold season.	the antimicrobial susceptibility of 1078 isolates of haemophilus influenzae, 348 streptococcus pneumoniae and 258 moraxella catarrhalis was determined. overall 15.1% of h. influenzae produced beta-lactamase; 98.8% were susceptible to co-amoxiclav, 85.8% to cefaclor, 96% to clarithromycin and 100% to ciprofloxacin. the majority (94.2%) of m. catarrhalis produced beta-lactamase. the overall prevalence of low-level penicillin resistance (mic = 0.12-1 mg/l) amongst isolates of s. pneumoniae was 3.4% ...	1998	9578171
comparison of roxithromycin with cefixime in the treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia.	this study compared the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily dosing with either roxithromycin or cefixime in previously healthy adult patients aged between 18 and 60 with markers of uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in three outpatient clinics in an open, randomized study. sixty patients were enrolled: 17 males and 13 females received roxithromycin 300 mg once daily for 8-10 days and 22 males and eight females received 400 mg cefixime once daily for the same period. all patient ...	1998	9579717
aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of otorrhea associated with tympanostomy tubes in children.	the microbiology of in 55 ear aspirates obtained from 34 children with chronic otorrhea was studied. aspiration of the middle ear exudate was done immediately following removal of tympanostomy tube (tt). the middle ear aspirates and swab specimens of the external auditory canals were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. sixty-five isolates were recovered only from the middle ears, 73 only from the external ear canals, and 73 were present at both sites. analysis of the 138 middle ear isol ...	1998	9583788
activities of hmr 3004 (ru 64004) and hmr 3647 (ru 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and eight other antimicrobial agents against unusual aerobic and anaerobic human and animal bite pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections in humans.	the activities of hmr 3004 and hmr 3647 and comparator agents, especially macrolides, were determined by the agar dilution method against 262 aerobic and 120 anaerobic strains isolated from skin and soft tissue infections associated with human and animal bite wounds. hmr 3004 and hmr 3647 were active against almost all aerobic and fastidious facultative isolates (mic at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited [mic90], < or = 0.5 and 1 microg/ml, respectively) and against all anaerobes [bacteroid ...	1998	9593139
in vitro evaluation of sparfloxacin activity and spectrum against 24,940 pathogens isolated in the united states and canada, the final analysis.	sparfloxacin, a recently marketed oral fluoroquinolone, was tested against 24,940 recent clinical strains isolated from blood stream and respiratory tract cultures at 187 hospitals in the usa and canada. sparfloxacin activity was compared with 5 to 13 antimicrobial agents using either etest (ab biodisk, solna, sweden) and a reference broth microdilution or a standardized disk diffusion method. when applying recommended mic breakpoint criteria of sparfloxacin susceptibility (< or = 0.5 microgram/ ...	1998	9597392
bacterial interference in the nasopharynx following antimicrobial therapy of acute otitis media.	the effect on the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora of therapy for 10 days with co-amoxiclav or cefprozil was studied in 50 children with acute otitis media. before therapy, potential pathogens (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis) were isolated in 14 (56%) of those treated with co-amoxiclav and 15 (60%) of those treated with cefprozil. following therapy, the reduction in the number of these pathogens was the same in the two groups. however, differences betwee ...	1998	9598781
monoclonal antibodies to the epitope alpha-gal-(1-4)-beta-gal-(1- of moraxella catarrhalis lps react with a similar epitope in type iv pili of neisseria meningitidis.	murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the a, b and c lps serotypes of m. catarrhalis were generated and their binding specificity was examined in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). two broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mca1 and mcc2) against the outer core region of lps were further characterized. a panel of synthetic glycoproteins and glycolipids was used to determine the binding specificity of the mabs. mca1 and mcc2 bound specifically to alpha-gal-(1-4)-beta-gal o ...	1998	9600862
bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) requiring mechanical ventilation.	we carried out a comprehensive microbiological study of the upper and lower airways in patients with severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) requiring mechanical ventilation in order to describe microbial patterns and analyze their clinical significance. quantitative cultures of tracheobronchial aspirates (tbas), bronchoscopically retrieved protected specimen brush (psb) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) at admission to the icu and after 72 h, as well as serolo ...	1998	9603129
the prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria in nasopharyngeal samples from healthy children and adults.	to elucidate the prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria in nasopharyngeal samples from healthy individuals, and the influence on the carrier rate of age, season of the year, and type of child day care.	1998	9612873
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae: pathogenesis and prevention.	in this paper, we describe the ability of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) to coexist with the human host and the devastating results associated with disruption of the delicate state of balanced pathogenesis, resulting in both acute and chronic respiratory tract infections. it has been seen that the strains of nthi causing disease show a marked genetic and phenotypic diversity but that changes in the lipooligosaccharide (los) and protein size and antigenicity in chronically infected ind ...	1998	9618443
preparation and characterization of neisseria meningitidis mutants deficient in production of the human lactoferrin-binding proteins lbpa and lbpb.	pathogenic members of the family neisseriaceae produce specific receptors facilitating iron acquisition from transferrin (tf) and lactoferrin (lf) of their mammalian host. tf receptors are composed of two outer membrane proteins, tf-binding proteins a and b (tbpa and tbpb; formerly designated tbp1 and tbp2, respectively). although only a single lf-binding protein, lbpa (formerly designated lbp1), had previously been recognized, we recently identified additional bacterial lf-binding proteins in t ...	1998	9620956
lung infections. 2. branhamella catarrhalis: epidemiological and clinical aspects of a human respiratory tract pathogen.		1998	9624298
preoperative bacterial colonization of the upper airways does not predict postoperative airway infection in children.	the aim of this prospective non-interventional investigation was to study whether preoperative colonization of nasopharynx with potentially pathogenic airway bacteria carried an increased risk for the development of early postoperative bacterial airway infections after heart surgery in preschool children. of the 91 patients studied, 62 (68%) were colonized preoperatively in the nasopharynx with moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and/or staphylococcus aureus. ...	1998	9628289
men 10700, a new penem antibiotic: in-vitro activity and its correlation with beta-lactamase stability, pbp affinity and diffusion through the bacterial cell wall.	the in-vitro activity of men 10700, a novel penem, was compared with that of imipenem, ritipenem, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and amikacin against 1088 strains taken from 21 genera, including gram-negative, gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria. mic data showed that men 10700 was very active against staphylococci and streptococci (mic90 < or = 0.5 mg/l) and against most members of the enterobacteriaceae (mic90 < or = 2 mg/l), with reduced activity only against providencia stua ...	1998	9630405
antiadhesive effects of xylitol on otopathogenic bacteria.	the exposure of either epithelial cells or pneumococci or both to 5% xylitol reduced the adherence of pneumococci. exposure of epithelial cells or bacteria alone to xylitol did not reduce the adherence of haemophilus influenzae, although the exposure of both cells and bacteria to xylitol reduced the adherence significantly. the adherence of moraxella catarrhalis remained low irrespective of the exposure.	1998	9630410
infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function.	in patients with severe copd, acute infective exacerbations are frequent. streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae are the most commonly isolated bacteria in sputum cultures from these patients. we hypothesized that in patients with advanced disease, gram-negative bacteria other than h influenzae play at least an equally important role.	1998	9631791
phenotypic effect of isogenic uspa1 and uspa2 mutations on moraxella catarrhalis 035e.	the uspa surface antigen of moraxella catarrhalis was recently shown to be comprised of two different proteins (uspa1 and uspa2) which share an internal region containing 140 amino acids with 93% identity (c. aebi, i. maciver, j. l. latimer, l. d. cope, m. k. stevens, s. e. thomas, g. h. mccracken, jr., and e. j. hansen, infect. immun. 65:4367-4377, 1997). isogenic uspa1, uspa2, and uspa1 uspa2 mutants were tested in a number of in vitro systems to determine what effect these mutations, either i ...	1998	9632574
low genetic diversity of haemophilus influenzae type b compared to nonencapsulated h. influenzae in a population in which h. influenzae is highly endemic.	immunization with haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate polysaccharide vaccines has dramatically reduced hib disease worldwide. as in other populations, nasopharyngeal carriage of hib declined markedly in aboriginal infants following vaccination, although carriage has not been entirely eliminated. in this study, we describe the genetic characteristics and the carriage dynamics of longitudinal isolates of hib, characterized by using several typing methods. in addition, carriage rates of n ...	1998	9632612
timed kill kinetic studies of levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against moraxella catarrhalis.	levofloxacin bactericidal activity was compared to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin against 10 strains of moraxella catarrhalis. the cidal action (by kill-curve analysis) was slightly more rapid for levofloxacin, but all tested fluoroquinolones were considered bactericidal for all strains tested, including those producing bro-1 and 2 beta-lactamases.	1998	9554182
[antimicrobial activities of cefcapene against clinical isolates from respiratory tract infections of outpatients].	in order to evaluate antimicrobial activity of cefcapene (cfpn), minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of cfpn and reference drugs were determined against clinical isolates from respiratory tract infection of out patients that were obtained in our laboratory from january to june of 1997. the results are summarized as follows; 1. the mic90 of cfpn against penicillin (pc)-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae (pssp) was equal to those of benzylpenicillin (pcg), ampicillin (abpc) and cefditoren ( ...	1998	9557272
effect of dirithromycin on haemophilus influenzae infection of the respiratory mucosa.	macrolides have properties other than their antibiotic action which may benefit patients with airway infections. we have investigated the effect of dirithromycin (0.125 to 8.0 microg/ml) on the interaction of haemophilus influenzae with respiratory mucosa in vitro using human nasal epithelium, adenoid tissue, and bovine trachea. dirithromycin did not affect the ciliary beat frequency of the nasal epithelium or the transport of mucus on bovine trachea, but dirithromycin (1 microg/ml) did reduce t ...	1998	9559781
activity of amoxicillin-clavulanate against penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in an experimental respiratory infection model in rats.	high doses of amoxicillin, equivalent to those produced by 500- and 750-mg oral doses in humans (area under the plasma concentration-time curve), were effective against a penicillin-resistant strain of streptococcus pneumoniae in an experimental respiratory tract infection in immunocompromised rats; this superior activity confirms the results of previous studies. an unexpected enhancement of amoxicillin's antibacterial activity in vivo against penicillin-resistant and -susceptible s. pneumoniae ...	1998	9559788
in vitro activity of a new 8-methoxyquinolone, bay 12-8039, against chlamydia pneumoniae.	the in vitro susceptibilities of 10 strains of chlamydia pneumoniae to a new 8-methoxyquinolone, bay 12-8039, and to ofloxacin, doxycycline, and erythromycin were determined. the activity of bay 12-8039 was similar to that of ofloxacin, with a mic at which 90% of the isolates had no inclusions and a minimal chlamydicidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates had no inclusions after passage of 1.0 microg/ml, but this activity was less than those of doxycycline and erythromycin.	1998	9559818
[correlation between pulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics support the hypothesis of the usefulness of ceftazidime at a single 1g daily dose in the treatment of bacterial exacerbation of chronic obstructive bronchopneumonia with moderate functional damage].	experimental studies have shown that cephalosporins have an antibacterial effect in vivo even when their levels are above mic for only 40-50% of dosing intervals, whereas maximum killing is obtained when concentrations are above mic for 60-70% of the time. since most patients treated with antibiotics have neutrophils and other natural defence mechanisms, it is likely that a bacteriostatic effect should be sufficient to induce an effective therapeutic response.	1998	9561021
open-label assessment of levofloxacin for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in adults.	to evaluate the efficacy and safety of levofloxacin (500 mg orally once daily for 10 to 14 days) in treating adult outpatients with acute bacterial sinusitis.	1998	9564988
nasopharyngeal bacteria found on blood agar plates from healthy children in greenland.	we have systematically studied the aerobic nasopharyngeal bacteria isolated from swabs by unselective subculturing on 5% horse blood agar and chocolate agar in 70 healthy children aged 0-1, 3-5 and 8 years in nuuk and sisimiut, greenland. the purpose was to provide a basis for a better understanding of the infectious pathology and blind antibiotic treatment against potential pathogens thereby improving standard antimicrobial treatment of upper respiratory tract infections (urti) and otitis media ...	1998	9567574
levofloxacin and sparfloxacin: new quinolone antibiotics.	to discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, clinical trials, and adverse effects of levofloxacin and sparfloxacin, two new fluoroquinolone antibiotics.	1998	9533064
pharmacodynamic properties of hmr 3647, a novel ketolide, on respiratory pathogens, enterococci and bacteroides fragilis demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect.	the pharmacodynamic properties of a novel ketolide (a new class of macrolide), hmr 3647, were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect (pae). the time-kill kinetics were studied at two inocula against three strains each of staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium and bacteroides fragilis. the paes of hmr 3647 were also investigated on these organ ...	1998	9533455
sensitivity to sparfloxacin and other antibiotics, of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis strains isolated from adult patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections: a european multicentre study. spar study group. surveillance programme of antibiotic resistance.	a survey of resistance to sparfloxacin was carried out in ten european countries, namely slovakia, france, germany, great britain, hungary, the republic of ireland, italy, the netherlands, portugal and spain. respiratory samples were collected from 4297 patients with lower respiratory tract infections and cultured for the presence of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. altogether 2101 strains were isolated and tested for their susceptibility to sparfloxaci ...	1998	9533462
randomized comparison of once-daily ceftibuten and twice-daily clarithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.	in an evaluator-blind, parallel-group, multicenter study, the efficacy and tolerability of ceftibuten 400 mg capsules once daily were compared with clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 7-14 days in the treatment of 309 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (aecb). clinical (n = 262) and microbiological (n = 71) assessments were conducted before treatment, during days 4-6 of treatment, and at 0-6 and 7-21 days after treatment. clinical efficacy success rates (cure/improvement) a ...	1998	9505188
species-specific and ubiquitous-dna-based assays for rapid identification of staphylococcus aureus.	staphylococcus aureus is the cause of serious infections in humans, including endocarditis, deep-seated abscesses, and bacteremia, which lead to toxic and septic shock syndromes. rapid and direct identification of this bacterium specifically and ubiquitously directly from clinical specimens would be useful in improving the diagnosis of s. aureus infections in the clinical microbiology laboratory. a wide variety of kits based on biochemical characteristics efficiently identify s. aureus, but the ...	1998	9508283
prospective study to determine clinical relevance of detection of pneumococcal dna in sera of children by pcr.	we undertook a prospective study to evaluate the accuracy of pcr of serum (aimed at the pneumococcal pneumolysin gene) at detecting pneumococcal infections in infants and children. the assay was positive for all blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture-positive samples and for 38 and 44% of patients with lobar pneumonia and acute otitis media, respectively. it was positive for 17% of healthy controls. there was a marked effect of age on the rate of positivity among healthy controls, with the highes ...	1998	9508293
evaluation of pcr for diagnosis of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis infections.	pcr, using primers plp1 and plp2, was evaluated for the detection of dna from bordetella pertussis in bacterial strains and in nasopharyngeal samples from patients with a cough lasting at least 7 days. the assay could detect dna from 6 cfu of b. pertussis/10 microl of sample. results of the pcr assay were compared with those of cultures, a determination of serum antibodies against pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin, and a clinical evaluation of 2,442 coughing episodes. the overall sen ...	1998	9508295
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of s-4661, a new carbapenem.	the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of s-4661, a new 1beta-methylcarbapenem, were compared with those of imipenem, meropenem, biapenem, cefpirome, and ceftazidime. the activity of s-4661 against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and streptococci was comparable to that of imipenem, with an mic at which 90% of the strains tested were inhibited (mic90) equal to 0.5 microg/ml or less. s-4661 was highly active against members of the family enterobacteriaceae, haemophilus influenzae, ...	1998	9449267
efficacy and safety of a 10-day course of 400 or 600 milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison with a 10-day course of 500 milligrams of ciprofloxacin twice daily.	a randomized, prospective, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter study investigated the efficacy and safety of 10 days of oral therapy with grepafloxacin at 400 mg once daily, grepafloxacin at 600 mg once daily, or ciprofloxacin at 500 mg twice daily in 624 patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. at the end of treatment, clinical success (cure or improvement) was achieved for 93% (140 of 151), 88% (137 of 156), and 91% (145 of 160) of patients in the groups receiving ...	1998	9449270
brain abscess caused by infection with moraxella catarrhalis following a penetrating injury.		1998	9515687
how do we achieve cost-effective options in lower respiratory tract infection therapy?	acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, common illnesses encountered by general and family physicians, account for approximately 14 million physician visits per year. the pattern of antibiotic prescribing for these infections varies from country to country, but there is no clear rationale for these antimicrobial choices. a recent meta-analysis of all randomized, placebo-controlled trials of patients treated with antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis co ...	1998	9515894
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cs-834, a new oral carbapenem.	cs-834 is a prodrug of the carbapenem r-95867, developed by sankyo co., ltd., tokyo, japan. to investigate the possibility that cs-834 may be the first carbapenem usable in an oral dosage form, its in vitro antibacterial activity (as r-95867) and in vivo antibacterial activity were compared with those of cefpodoxime proxetil, cefditoren pivoxil, cefdinir, ofloxacin, imipenem, and amoxicillin. r-95867 had high levels of activity against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and streptococci, incl ...	1998	9517932
prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in middle ear fluid: multinational study of 917 children with acute otitis media.	the management of acute otitis media is complicated by the emergence of resistance to beta-lactam and other antibiotics among common pathogens. we conducted a large, international study of infants and children with acute otitis media to identify pathogens and susceptibility patterns. during the winter of 1994 to 1995, middle ear fluid samples were collected from 917 patients with acute otitis media in bulgaria, the czech republic, hungary, romania, slovakia, israel, and the united states. a sing ...	1998	9517937
in vitro activities of quinupristin-dalfopristin and the streptogramin rpr 106972 against mycoplasma pneumoniae.	the in vitro activities of quinupristin-dalfopristin and streptogramin rpr 106972 were determined with 44 strains of mycoplasma pneumoniae and compared to those of macrolides, minocycline, and quinolones. all isolates tested were highly susceptible to macrolides and to quinupristin-dalfopristin (mic at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited [mic90], 0.0625 microg/ml), followed by rpr 106972 (mic90, 0.5 microg/ml), quinolones, and minocycline.	1998	9517955
antimicrobial activity of novel furanonaphthoquinone analogs.	analogs of furanonaphthoquinone (fnq) from tecoma ipe mart had mics ranging from 1.56 to 25 microg/ml against gram-positive bacteria. fnq showed significantly lower mics against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus than against methicillin-sensitive s. aureus. fnq inhibited helicobacter pylori with an mic of 0.1 microg/ml. fungi, including pathogenic species, were sensitive to fnq with mics similar to those of amphotericin b.	1998	9517956
comparative in vitro activities and postantibiotic effects of the oxazolidinone compounds eperezolid (pnu-100592) and linezolid (pnu-100766) versus vancomycin against staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococcus faecalis, and enterococcus faecium.	the activities of the oxazolidinone antibacterial agents eperezolid (pnu-100592) and linezolid (pnu-100766) were compared with that of vancomycin against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus (n = 200), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 100), and vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium (n = 50). eperezolid and linezolid demonstrated good in vitro inhibitory activity, regardless of methicillin susceptibil ...	1998	9517963
immunoreactivity of five monoclonal antibodies against the 37-kilodalton common cell wall protein (psaa) of streptococcus pneumoniae.	five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against the streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal surface adhesin a (psaa) 37-kda common cell wall protein. these antibodies were used in a dot immunoblot and western blot study of clinical isolates of s. pneumoniae to detect the presence of the protein. by both assays, the mabs reacted with clinical isolates representing the 23 type-specific serotypes present in the licensed pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. western blot analysis confirmed the ...	1998	9521144
blinded multiplex pcr analyses of middle ear and nasopharyngeal fluids from chinchilla models of single- and mixed-pathogen-induced otitis media.	multiplex pcr analyses for both bacterial and viral pathogens were conducted in a blinded manner on 33 archival specimens, of known culture status, procured from chinchilla models of both single- and mixed-pathogen-induced otitis media and from a pediatric patient. these specimens had been maintained at -70 degrees c for up to 6 years. experimental specimens evaluated included middle-ear effusions, nasopharyngeal lavage fluids and middle-ear lavage fluids from animals which were immunologically ...	1998	9521146
acute otitis media in children with bronchiolitis.	we investigated the prevalence and the etiology of acute otitis media (aom) in children with bronchiolitis to determine whether aom in such children is due entirely or mainly to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), in which case routine antimicrobial treatment would not be appropriate.	1998	9521943
efficacy and tolerability of twice-daily ciprofloxacin 750 mg in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and pneumonia.	in a review of the us bayer ciprofloxacin (cip) database, an analysis was undertaken to summarize the effectiveness and tolerability of cip 750 mg bid in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb) and pneumonia. in five controlled studies, comparator (comp) agents included ampicillin, intravenous cefuroxime/cefaclor, and other unspecified agents. primary efficacy end points were clinical success (resolution plus improvement) and bacteriologic eradication at t ...	1998	9522111
mapping of a protective epitope of the copb outer membrane protein of moraxella catarrhalis.	a monoclonal antibody (mab) (mab 10f3) directed against the copb outer membrane protein of moraxella catarrhalis previously was found to enhance pulmonary clearance of m. catarrhalis in an animal model (m. helminen, i. maciver, j. l. latimer, l. d. cope, g. h. mccracken, jr., and e. j. hansen, infect. immun. 61:2003-2010, 1993). in the present study, this same mab was shown to exert complement-dependent bactericidal activity against this pathogen in vitro. nucleotide sequence analysis of the cop ...	1998	9453607
analysis of adult otitis media: polymerase chain reaction versus culture for bacteria and viruses.	recent studies using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) have identified bacterial and viral genomic sequences in culture-negative pediatric middle ear effusions. to evaluate this technique in adults, 19 effusions were analyzed to compare bacterial and viral culture and pcr detection of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and adenovirus. effusions from 4 subjects positive for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were analyzed by pcr for hiv virus. three of 19 e ...	1998	9439382
rapid detection of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid by a seminested-pcr strategy.	a seminested-pcr assay, based on the amplification of the pneumococcal penicillin-binding protein 2b gene (pbp2b), was developed for the detection of penicillin-resistant and -susceptible pneumococci in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens. species-specific primers (p5 and p6) which amplified a 682-bp conserved region of the transpeptidase-encoding region of the pbp2b gene were used. four "resistance" primers were designed to bind to altered areas of the pbp2b gene identified in penicillin-resist ...	1998	9466757
viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold.	two hundred young adults with common colds were studied during a 10-month period. virus culture, antigen detection, pcr, and serology with paired samples were used to identify the infection. viral etiology was established for 138 of the 200 patients (69%). rhinoviruses were detected in 105 patients, coronavirus oc43 or 229e infection was detected in 17, influenza a or b virus was detected in 12, and single infections with parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and enterovi ...	1998	9466772
molecular approaches to diagnosis of pulmonary diseases due to mycoplasma pneumoniae.	in this prospective study, the use of a culture-enhanced pcr assay for the detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae, followed by hybridization with a specific probe (mp-hpcr) or without hybridization (mp-pcr), and the use of a nested pcr (mp-npcr) were evaluated. clinical samples (190 specimens) from 190 patients with respiratory complaints were incubated in culture broth overnight and then subjected to pcr. the results of the pcr were compared to those obtained by culture, the direct antigen test, an ...	1998	9466774
novel cost-effective approaches to the treatment of community-acquired infections.	to review approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with community-acquired infections.	1998	9475837
biochemical and immunological properties of lactoferrin binding proteins from moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis.	the neisseriaceae can acquire iron (fe) from lactoferrin (lf) using host-lf receptors on the bacterial surface. the binding proteins that are proposed to constitute the receptor have been identified by isolation with immobilized lf. using copb-specific monoclonal antibodies and isogenic copb mutants, we demonstrate that the 84 kda protein isolated with immobilized human lf from moraxella catarrhalis using low stringency conditions is copb, an 84 kda membrane-spanning protein with similarities to ...	1998	9480791
[virus bacteria interactions in acute viral pneumonia in infancy: clinical and therapeutic consequences].	although signs and symptoms may become severe, most viral respiratory infections of infancy are self-limited and improvement usually occurs within several days. patients hospitalized with viral pneumonia usually require supportive therapy, including oxygen and fluids, and eventually mechanical ventilation. bacterial superinfection can occur, accompanied by purulent sputum production and isolation of pathogenic bacteria from sputum. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella cata ...	1998	10223157
antibodies specific to outer membrane antigens of moraxella catarrhalis in sera and middle ear effusions from children with otitis media with effusion.	recent studies have shown that bacterial dna is present in a significant percentage of middle ear effusions, suggesting that persistent bacterial infection may be more important in pathogenesis and recurrence of otitis media with effusion (ome) than previously considered. although moraxella (m.) catarrhalis is one of the most common pathogens of otitis media, relatively little is known about immune response to the organism. the objective of the present study is to investigate how systemic and lo ...	1998	10190589
topical ofloxacin versus systemic amoxicillin/clavulanate in purulent otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes.	acute otitis media (aom) in children with tympanostomy tubes in place typically presents with otorrhea (draining ear). because therapy is not standardized, various topical and systemic antibiotics of unproven efficacy and safety have been used in this indication. this study compared the safety and efficacy of ofloxacin otic solution, 0.3% (oflx) with that of augmentin oral suspension (aug) in pediatric subjects 1-12 years of age with tympanostomy tubes and acute purulent otorrhea. subjects were ...	1998	10190709
[the postantibiotic effect of azithromycin on respiratory pathogens].	we assessed the post-antibiotic effect (pae) of azithromycin against 3 strains of streptococcus pneumoniae 2 strains of haemophilus influenzae and 2 strains of moraxella catarrhalis. the strains were exposed for 2 hours to a concentration of 0.5 mg/l. a stationary phase inoculum of 1 x 10(6)-5 x 10(6) cfu/ml in isosensitest broth with 5% lysed horse blood and 20 mg/l nad was used and shaken for the duration of the experiment. antibiotic was neutralised by dilution 1:1000 into pre-warmed medium. ...	1998	10756861
bronchopulmonary infection due to moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis at a specialist hospital in saudi arabia.	moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis is now considered as one of the most important causative organisms responsible for respiratory tract infection. specimens of tracheal aspirates from inpatients at king fahd specialist hospital, buraidah, saudi arabia were collected over a period of 18 months to determine prospectively the frequency of moraxella catarrhalis and its antimicrobial susceptibility. moraxella catarrhalis was isolated in pure culture from 3.8% of the tracheal aspirates collected from ...	1998	10810561
evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of sparfloxacin, relative to other oral antibiotics against 1,125 bacterial isolates from 10 medical centers in brazil.	a multicenter study was carried out in order to compare the in vitro activity of sparfloxacin to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalexin, cefuroxine and azithromycin, against 1,125 microorganisms recently isolated from clinical specimens, most of them representative of respiratory tract infections. sparfloxacin demonstrated potent action and was more active than the beta-lactam agents and azithromycin against most of the bacterial strains tested. sparfloxacin was more potent (96% ...	1998	11101907
16s ribosomal dna typing for identification of pathogens in patients with bacterial keratitis.	the identification of pathogens in patients with bacterial keratitis remains problematic because standard diagnostic tests are negative for 40 to 60% of patients. a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine if pcr and sequence analysis of 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) could be used to detect bacterial pathogens in patients with keratitis. corneal specimens were collected for culture and rdna typing. variable segments of each rdna specimen were amplified by pcr, sequenced, and aligned with the ...	1998	9817860
imipenem and meropenem: comparison of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials and adverse effects.	to compare and contrast imipenem and meropenem in terms of in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and adverse effects.	1998	22346545
in vitro activities of clinafloxacin against contemporary clinical bacterial isolates from 10 north american centers.	clinafloxacin was more active than ciprofloxacin against 4,213 aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacterial isolates from 10 medical centers, as tested by broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods. the percentage of 201 anaerobes susceptible to clinafloxacin by broth microdilution was comparable to cefoxitin. our data support the proposed disk diffusion interpretive criteria for aerobic bacteria with 5-microg clinafloxacin disks.	1998	9593166
double-blind evaluation of the safety and pharmacokinetics of multiple oral once-daily 750-milligram and 1-gram doses of levofloxacin in healthy volunteers.	the safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily oral levofloxacin in 16 healthy male volunteers were investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. subjects were randomly assigned to the treatment (n = 10) or placebo group (n = 6). in study period 1, 750 mg of levofloxacin or a placebo was administered orally as a single dose on day 1, followed by a washout period on days 2 and 3; dosing resumed for days 4 to 10. following a 3-day washout period, 1 g of levofloxacin or a pla ...	1998	9559801
comparison of strategies using cefpirome and ceftazidime for empiric treatment of pneumonia in intensive care patients. the cefpirome pneumonia study group.	in an international, multicenter, open-label, randomized comparative study, adult patients in intensive care units were enrolled to receive cefpirome intravenously at 2 g twice daily or ceftazidime intravenously at 2 g three times daily for the empiric treatment of pneumonia. randomization was performed after a double stratification according to the investigator's initial choice of monotherapy or combination therapy and then on the basis of the severity of disease. the primary endpoint was the c ...	1998	9449256