Publications

a novel type of conserved dna-binding domain in the transcriptional regulators of the algr/agra/lytr family.	sequence analysis of bacterial genomes revealed a novel dna-binding domain. this domain is found in several response regulators of the two-component signal transduction system, such as pseudomonas aeruginosa algr, involved in the regulation of alginate biosynthesis and in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis; clostridium perfringens virr, a regulator of virulence factors, and in several regulators of bacteriocin biosynthesis, previously unified in the agra/come family. most of the transcriptional ...	2002	12034833
arabidopsis sgt1b is required for defense signaling conferred by several downy mildew resistance genes.	we describe the identification of a mutant in the arabidopsis accession columbia (col-0) that exhibits enhanced downy mildew (edm1) susceptibility to several peronospora parasitica isolates, including the rpp7-diagnostic isolate hiks1. the mutation was mapped to chromosome iv and characterized physically as a 35-kb deletion spanning seven genes. one of these genes complemented the mutant to full wild-type resistance against all of the peronospora isolates tested. this gene (atsgt1b) encodes a pr ...	2002	12034892
protection of tomato seedlings against infection by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato by using the plant growth-promoting bacterium azospirillum brasilense.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, the causal agent of bacterial speck of tomato, and the plant growth-promoting bacterium azospirillum brasilense were inoculated onto tomato plants, either alone, as a mixed culture, or consecutively. the population dynamics in the rhizosphere and foliage, the development of bacterial speck disease, and their effects on plant growth were monitored. when inoculated onto separate plants, the a. brasilense population in the rhizosphere of tomato plants was 2 orders o ...	2002	12039714
siderophore typing, a powerful tool for the identification of fluorescent and nonfluorescent pseudomonads.	a total of 301 strains of fluorescent pseudomonads previously characterized by conventional phenotypic and/or genomic taxonomic methods were analyzed through siderotyping, i.e., by the isoelectrophoretic characterization of their main siderophores and pyoverdines and determination of the pyoverdine-mediated iron uptake specificity of the strains. as a general rule, strains within a well-circumscribed taxonomic group, namely the species pseudomonas brassicacearum, pseudomonas fuscovaginae, pseudo ...	2002	12039729
ppi1: a novel pathogen-induced basic region-leucine zipper (bzip) transcription factor from pepper.	we have isolated a full-length cdna, ppi1 (pepper-pmmv interaction 1), encoding a novel basic region-leucine zipper (bzip) dna-binding protein, from expressed sequence tags differentially expressed in capsicum chinense p1257284 infected with pepper mild mottle virus (pmmv). ppi1 encodes a predicted protein of 170 amino acids and contains a putative dna-binding domain that shares significant amino acid identity with acgt-binding domains of members of the bzip dna-binding protein family. ppi1 was ...	2002	12059102
characterization of a novel, defense-related arabidopsis mutant, cir1, isolated by luciferase imaging.	in order to identify components of the defense signaling network engaged following attempted pathogen invasion, we generated a novel pr-1::luciferase (luc) transgenic line that was deployed in an imaging-based screen to uncover defense-related mutants. the recessive mutant designated cir1 exhibited constitutive expression of salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja)/ethylene, and reactive oxygen intermediate-dependent genes. moreover, this mutation conferred resistance against the bacterial pathog ...	2002	12059104
nhl25 and nhl3, two ndr1/hin1-1ike genes in arabidopsis thaliana with potential role(s) in plant defense.	the arabidopsis genome contains 28 genes with sequence homology to the arabidopsis ndr1 gene and the tobacco hin1 gene. expression analysis of eight of these genes identified two (nhl25 and nhl3 for ndr1/hin1-like) that show pathogen-dependent mrna accumulation. transcripts did not accumulate during infection with virulent pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 but did accumulate specifically when the bacteria carried any of the four avirulence genes avrrpm1, avrrpt2, avrb, or avrrps4. furthermo ...	2002	12059109
structure of the o-polysaccharide of pseudomonas syringae pv. delphinii ncppb 1879(t) having side chains of 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose residues.	the o-polysaccharide (ops) was obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas syringae pv. delphinii ncppb 1879(t) and studied by sugar and methylation analyses, smith degradation, and (1)h- and (13)c-nmr spectroscopy. the ops was found to contain residues of l-rhamnose (l-rha) and 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose (d-fuc3nac), and the following structure of the major (n = 2) and minor (n = 3) heptasaccharide repeating units of the ops was established: [carbohydrate structure: see text]. ...	2002	12059776
characterization of arabidopsis enhanced disease susceptibility mutants that are affected in systemically induced resistance.	in arabidopsis, the rhizobacterial strain pseudomonas fluorescens wcs417r triggers jasmonate (ja)- and ethylene (et)-dependent induced systemic resistance (isr) that is effective against different pathogens. arabidopsis genotypes unable to express rhizobacteria-mediated isr against the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst dc3000) exhibit enhanced disease susceptibility towards this pathogen. to identify novel components controlling induced resistance, we tested 11 arabi ...	2002	12060223
constitutive expression of ethylene-response-factor1 in arabidopsis confers resistance to several necrotrophic fungi.	infection of a plant by a pathogen induces a variety of defense responses that imply the action of several signaling molecules, including salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja) and ethylene (e). here we describe the role of ethylene-response-factor1 (erf1) as a regulator of ethylene responses after pathogen attack in arabidopsis. the erf1 transcript is induced on infection by botrytis cinerea, and overexpression of erf1 in arabidopsis is sufficient to confer resistance to necrotrophic fungi suc ...	2002	12060224
cloning, sequencing, and expression of the cold-inducible hutu gene from the antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium pseudomonas syringae.	a promoter-fusion study with a tn 5-based promoter probe vector had earlier found that the hutu gene which encodes the enzyme urocanase for the histidine utilization pathway is upregulated at a lower temperature (4 degrees c) in the antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium pseudomonas syringae. to examine the characteristics of the urocanase gene and its promoter elements from the psychrotroph, the complete hutu and its upstream region from p. syringae were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed in the prese ...	2002	11772602
identification of the 2-methylcitrate pathway involved in the catabolism of propionate in the polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing strain burkholderia sacchari ipt101(t) and analysis of a mutant accumulating a copolyester with higher 3-hydroxyvalerate content.	burkholderia sacchari ipt101(t) induced the formation of 2-methylcitrate synthase and 2-methylisocitrate lyase when it was cultivated in the presence of propionic acid. the prp locus of b. sacchari ipt101(t) is required for utilization of propionic acid as a sole carbon source and is relevant for incorporation of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3hv) into copolyesters, and it was cloned and sequenced. five genes (prpr, prpb, prpc, acnm, and orf5) exhibited identity to genes located in the prp loci of other gr ...	2002	11772636
arabidopsis gp91phox homologues atrbohd and atrbohf are required for accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates in the plant defense response.	reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) are strongly associated with plant defense responses. the origin of these roi has been controversial. arabidopsis respiratory burst oxidase homologues (rboh genes) have been proposed to play a role in roi generation. we analyzed lines carrying dspm insertions in the highly expressed atrbohd and atrbohf genes. both are required for full roi production observed during incompatible interactions with the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000(av ...	2002	11756663
arabidopsis gp91phox homologues atrbohd and atrbohf are required for accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates in the plant defense response.	reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) are strongly associated with plant defense responses. the origin of these roi has been controversial. arabidopsis respiratory burst oxidase homologues (rboh genes) have been proposed to play a role in roi generation. we analyzed lines carrying dspm insertions in the highly expressed atrbohd and atrbohf genes. both are required for full roi production observed during incompatible interactions with the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000(av ...	2002	11756663
differential expression of a metallothionein gene during the presymbiotic versus the symbiotic phase of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.	a full-length cdna encoding a metallothionein (mt)-like polypeptide, designated gmarmt1, was identified in an expressed sequence tag collection from germinated spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus gigaspora margarita (beg34). the gmarmt1 gene is composed of two exons separated by an 81-bp intron. it codes for a 65-amino acid polypeptide comprising a plant type 1 mt-like n-terminal domain and a c-terminal domain that is most closely related to an as-yet-uncharacterized fungal mt. as reveal ...	2002	12226486
a strobilurin fungicide enhances the resistance of tobacco against tobacco mosaic virus and pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci.	the strobilurin class of fungicides comprises a variety of synthetic plant-protecting compounds with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. in the present study, we demonstrate that a strobilurin fungicide, f 500 (pyraclostrobin), enhances the resistance of tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv xanthi nc) against infection by either tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) or the wildfire pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci. f 500 was also active at enhancing tmv resistance in nahg transgenic tobacco plants unable t ...	2002	12226492
characterization of an acyltransferase capable of synthesizing benzylbenzoate and other volatile esters in flowers and damaged leaves of clarkia breweri.	a cdna encoding a protein with 456 amino acids whose sequence shows considerable similarity to plant acyltransferases was identified among 750 clarkia breweri flower expressed sequence tags. the cdna was expressed in escherichia coli, and the protein produced was shown to encode the enzyme benzoyl-coenzyme a (coa):benzyl alcohol benzoyl transferase (bebt). bebt catalyzes the formation of benzylbenzoate, a minor constituent of the c. breweri floral aroma, but it also has activity with a number of ...	2002	12226525
representational difference analysis between afa/dr diffusely adhering escherichia coli and nonpathogenic e. coli k-12.	diffusely adhering escherichia coli strains harboring afa/dr adhesins (afa/dr daec) have been associated with diarrhea and urinary tract infections (utis). the present work is the first extensive molecular study of a afa/dr daec strain using the representational difference analysis technique. we have searched for dna sequences present in strain c1845, recovered from a diarrheagenic child, but absent from a nonpathogenic k-12 strain. strain c1845 harbors part of a pathogenicity island (pai(cft073 ...	2002	12228276
heca, a member of a class of adhesins produced by diverse pathogenic bacteria, contributes to the attachment, aggregation, epidermal cell killing, and virulence phenotypes of erwinia chrysanthemi ec16 on nicotiana clevelandii seedlings.	erwinia chrysanthemi is representative of a broad class of bacterial pathogens that are capable of inducing necrosis in plants. the e. chrysanthemi ec16 heca gene predicts a 3,850-aa member of the bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin family of adhesins. a hecatn7 mutant was reduced in virulence on nicotiana clevelandii seedlings after inoculation without wounding. epifluorescence and confocal laser-scanning microscopy observations of heca and wild-type cells expressing the green fluore ...	2002	12271135
a putative lipid transfer protein involved in systemic resistance signalling in arabidopsis.	localized attack by a necrotizing pathogen induces systemic acquired resistance (sar) to subsequent attack by a broad range of normally virulent pathogens. salicylic acid accumulation is required for activation of local defenses, such as pathogenesis-related protein accumulation, at the initial site of attack, and for subsequent expression of sar upon secondary, distant challenge. although salicylic acid moves through the plant, it is apparently not an essential mobile signal. we screened agroba ...	2002	12353036
a pathogen-responsive cdna from potato encodes a protein with homology to a phosphate starvation-induced phosphatase.	infiltration of potato leaves with the phytopathogenic bacteria pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola induces local and systemic defense gene expression as well as increased resistance against subsequent pathogen attacks. by cdna-aflp a gene was identified that is activated locally in potato leaves in response to bacterial infiltration and after infection with phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease. the encoded protein has high homology to a phosphate starvation-induced ac ...	2002	12354923
osbimk1, a rice map kinase gene involved in disease resistance responses.	the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) has been previously implicated in signal transduction during plant responses to pathogen attack as well as to various environmental stresses. we have isolated from rice a new mapk cdna, osbimk1 ( o ryza s ativa l. bth-induced mapk 1), which encodes a 369-amino-acid protein with moderate to high nucleotide sequence similarity to previously reported plant mapk genes. osbimk1 contains all 11 of the mapk conserved subdomains and the phospho ...	2002	12355160
inhibition of hydrolytic enzyme activities and plant pathogen growth by invertase inhibitors.	the invertase inhibitory protein isolated from cyphomandra betacea sendt and solanum tuberosum inhibited the invertase activity from different species, genera and even plant family. furthermore, proteinaceous inhibitors are not invertase specific; fungal, bacterial and higher plant enzymes including polygalacturonase, pectinase, pectin lyase, alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase and beta-glucosidase are also shown to be inhibited. both inhibitors exhibited an in vitro antibacterial action against phytopa ...	2002	12365459
hydrogen peroxide activates cell death and defense gene expression in birch.	the function of hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) as a signal molecule regulating gene expression and cell death induced by external stresses was studied in birch (betula pendula). ozone (o(3)), pseudomonas syringae pv syringae (pss), and wounding all induced cell death of various extents in birch leaves. this was temporally preceded and closely accompanied by h(2)o(2) accumulation at, and especially surrounding, the lesion sites. o(3) and pss, along with an artificial h(2)o(2) producing system gluco ...	2002	12376624
the abcds of periplasmic copper trafficking.	the structure of the copc protein of pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato provides fascinating clues, not only to its role in the periplasmic space in copper resistance, but also to features important for copper trafficking and homeostasis that may be conserved in a variety of biological systems.	2002	12377116
genomic mining type iii secretion system effectors in pseudomonas syringae yields new picks for all ttss prospectors.	many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals use a type iii secretion system (ttss) to deliver virulence effector proteins into host cells. because effectors are heterogeneous in sequence and function, there has not been a systematic way to identify the genes encoding them in pathogen genomes, and our current inventories are probably incomplete. a pre-closure draft sequence of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, a pathogen of tomato and arabidopsis, has recently supported five complementar ...	2002	12377556
two pathways act in an additive rather than obligatorily synergistic fashion to induce systemic acquired resistance and pr gene expression.	local infection with necrotizing pathogens induces whole plant immunity to secondary challenge. pathogenesis-related genes are induced in parallel with this systemic acquired resistance response and thought to be co-regulated. the hypothesis of co-regulation has been challenged by induction of arabidopsis pr-1 but not systemic acquired resistance in npr1 mutant plants responding to pseudomonas syringae carrying the avirulence gene avrrpt2. however, experiments with ndr1 mutant plants have reveal ...	2002	12381270
expression of the antiapoptotic baculovirus p35 gene in tomato blocks programmed cell death and provides broad-spectrum resistance to disease.	the sphinganine analog mycotoxin, aal-toxin, induces a death process in plant and animal cells that shows apoptotic morphology. in nature, the aal-toxin is the primary determinant of the alternaria stem canker disease of tomato, thus linking apoptosis to this disease caused by alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici. the product of the baculovirus p35 gene is a specific inhibitor of a class of cysteine proteases termed caspases, and naturally functions in infected insects. transgenic tomato plan ...	2002	12403830
ethylene production by botrytis cinerea in vitro and in tomatoes.	a laser-based ethylene detector was used for on-line monitoring of ethylene released by the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea in vitro and in tomato fruit. ethylene data were combined with the results of a cytological analysis of germination of b. cinerea conidia and hyphal growth. we found that aminoethoxyvinylglycine and aminooxyacetic acid, which are competitive inhibitors of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid pathway, did not inhibit the ethylene emission by b. cinerea and that ...	2002	12406723
comprehensive transcript profiling of pto- and prf-mediated host defense responses to infection by pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.	the disease resistance gene pto encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that confers resistance in tomato to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strains that express the effector protein avrpto. pto-mediated resistance to bacterial speck disease also requires prf, a protein with leucine-rich repeats and a putative nucleotide-binding site, although the role of prf in the defense pathway is not known. we used genecalling, an open-architecture, mrna-profiling technology, to identify genes that are ei ...	2002	12410809
structures of the o-polysaccharide chains of the lipopolysaccharides of xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli var fuscans gspb 271 and x campestris pv malvacearum gspb 1386 and gspb 2388.	o-polysaccharides of phytopathogenic bacteria xanthomonas campestris were isolated by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharides and studied by sugar and methylation analysis, along with 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopy. the following structures of the repeating units of the polysaccharides of x. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans gspb 271 (1). and x. campestris pv. malvacearum gspb 1386 and gspb 2388 (2). were established:the o-polysaccharides of x. campestris are structurally similar to tho ...	2002	12423950
aquifex aeolicus pilt, homologue of a surface motility protein, is a thermostable oligomeric ntpase.	bacterial surface motility works by retraction of surface-attached type iv pili. this retraction requires the pilt protein, a member of a large family of putative ntpases from type ii and iv secretion systems. in this study, the pilt homologue from the thermophilic eubacterium aquifex aeolicus was cloned, overexpressed, and purified. a. aeolicus pilt was shown to be a thermostable atpase with a specific activity of 15.7 nmol of atp hydrolyzed/min/mg of protein. this activity was abolished when a ...	2002	12426333
low-temperature-induced changes in composition and fluidity of lipopolysaccharides in the antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium pseudomonas syringae.	the antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium pseudomonas syringae was more sensitive to polymyxin b at a lower (4 degrees c) temperature of growth than at a higher (22 degrees c) temperature. the amount of hydroxy fatty acids in the lipopolysaccharides (lps) also increased at the lower temperature. these changes correlated with the increase in fluidity of the hydrophobic phase of lipopolysaccharide aggregates in vitro.	2002	12426366
a simple alfalfa seedling infection model for pseudomonas aeruginosa strains associated with cystic fibrosis shows algt (sigma-22) and rhlr contribute to pathogenesis.	a sensitive plant infection model was developed to identify virulence factors in nontypeable, alginate overproducing (mucoid) pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis (cf) patients with chronic pulmonary disease. nontypeable strains with defects in lipopolysaccharide o-side chains are common to cf and often exhibit low virulence in animal models of infection. however, 1,000 such bacteria were enough to show disease symptoms in the alfalfa infection. a typical mucoid cf isolat ...	2002	12426404
nitric oxide synthase-mediated phytoalexin accumulation in soybean cotyledons in response to the diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis elicitor.	phytoalexin biosynthesis is part of the defense mechanism of soybean (glycine max) plants against attack by the fungus diaporthe phaseolorum f. sp. meridionalis (dpm), the causal agent of stem canker disease. the treatment of soybean cotyledons with dpm elicitor or with sodium nitroprusside (snp), a nitric oxide (no) donor, resulted in a high accumulation of phytoalexins. this response did not occur when snp was replaced by ferricyanide, a structural analog of snp devoid of the no moiety. phytoa ...	2002	12427995
apoptotic cell death is a common response to pathogen attack in oats.	we have examined the characteristics of cell death induced by pathogen infection in oats with respect to following hallmark apoptotic features: dna laddering, chromatin condensation, and electron microscopic-terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated utp end labeling positive response. a wide range of plant pathogens representing different levels of parasitism in susceptible and resistant interactions were used for the inocula, which include (i) an obligate parasite, puccinia coronata f. sp. ...	2002	12437297
a gene in the pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato hrp pathogenicity island conserved effector locus, hopptoa1, contributes to efficient formation of bacterial colonies in planta and is duplicated elsewhere in the genome.	the ability of pseudomonas syringae to grow in planta is thought to be dependent upon the hrp (type iii secretion) system and multiple effector proteins that this system injects into plant cells. orf5 in the conserved effector locus of the p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 hrp pathogenicity island was shown to encode a hrp-secreted protein and to have a similarly secreted homolog encoded in an effector-rich pathogenicity island located elsewhere in the genome. these putative effector genes were desi ...	2002	12437299
constitutive activation of jasmonate signaling in an arabidopsis mutant correlates with enhanced resistance to erysiphe cichoracearum, pseudomonas syringae, and myzus persicae.	in arabidopsis spp., the jasmonate (ja) response pathway generally is required for defenses against necrotrophic pathogens and chewing insects, while the salicylic acid (sa) response pathway is generally required for specific, resistance (r) gene-mediated defenses against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. for example, sa-dependent defenses are required for resistance to the biotrophic fungal pathogen erysiphe cichoracearum ucsc1 and the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. macul ...	2002	12437300
isolation of pathogen-induced chinese cabbage genes by subtractive hybridization employing selective adaptor ligation.	we have developed a subtractive cloning method in which target sequences are effectively enriched by selective adaptor ligation and pcr after hybridization. in this method both tester and driver dnas are digested with rsai, ligated with the linker dna containing a kpni recognition site, and amplified by pcr. the tester dna samples are divided into two aliquots, each digested with either rsai or kpni. the two dna samples are then combined and hybridized with an excess of the driver dna retaining ...	2002	12445806
genetic and phenotypic analysis of acinetobacter baumannii insertion derivatives generated with a transposome system.	acinetobacter baumannii is a metabolically versatile pathogen that causes severe infections in compromised patients. however, little is known about the genes and factors involved in its basic physiology and virulence properties. insertion mutagenesis was used to initiate the identification and characterization of some of these factors and genes in the prototype strain 19606. the utilization of the plofkm suicide delivery vector, which harbors a suicide mini-tn10 derivative, proved to be unsucces ...	2002	12450860
copper-dependent iron assimilation pathway in the model photosynthetic eukaryote chlamydomonas reinhardtii.	the unicellular green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a valuable model for studying metal metabolism in a photosynthetic background. a search of the chlamydomonas expressed sequence tag database led to the identification of several components that form a copper-dependent iron assimilation pathway related to the high-affinity iron uptake pathway defined originally for saccharomyces cerevisiae. they include a multicopper ferroxidase (encoded by fox1), an iron permease (encoded by ftr1), a copper ...	2002	12455693
characterization of inhibitor-resistant histone deacetylase activity in plant-pathogenic fungi.	hc-toxin, a cyclic peptide made by the filamentous fungus cochliobolus carbonum, is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (hdac) from many organisms. it was shown earlier that the hdac activity in crude extracts of c. carbonum is relatively insensitive to hc-toxin as well as to the chemically unrelated hdac inhibitors trichostatin and d85, whereas the hdac activity of aspergillus nidulans is sensitive (g. brosch et al., biochemistry 40:12855-12863, 2001). here we report that hc-toxin-resistant hda ...	2002	12456002
biochemistry and comparative genomics of sxxk superfamily acyltransferases offer a clue to the mycobacterial paradox: presence of penicillin-susceptible target proteins versus lack of efficiency of penicillin as therapeutic agent.	the bacterial acyltransferases of the sxxk superfamily vary enormously in sequence and function, with conservation of particular amino acid groups and all-alpha and alpha/beta folds. they occur as independent entities (free-standing polypeptides) and as modules linked to other polypeptides (protein fusions). they can be classified into three groups. the group i sxxk d,d-acyltransferases are ubiquitous in the bacterial world. they invariably bear the motifs sxxk, sxn(d), and kt(s)g. anchored in t ...	2002	12456788
antimycobacterial activity of lipodepsipeptides produced by pseudomonas syringae pv syringae b359.	some lipodepsipeptides produced by pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae showed strong antimycobacterial activity towards mycobacterium smegmatis. mic values found were between 1.5-3.2 microg/ml, which is comparable to some primary drugs for tuberculosis. among the lipodepsipeptides, syringomycin e (sre) appears to be the most potent antimycobacterial agent.	2002	12462348
a high-throughput arabidopsis reverse genetics system.	a collection of arabidopsis lines with t-dna insertions in known sites was generated to increase the efficiency of functional genomics. a high-throughput modified thermal asymmetric interlaced (tail)-pcr protocol was developed and used to amplify dna fragments flanking the t-dna left borders from approximately 100000 transformed lines. a total of 85108 tail-pcr products from 52964 t-dna lines were sequenced and compared with the arabidopsis genome to determine the positions of t-dnas in each lin ...	2002	12468722
rapid cell death in xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines.	xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines strain am2 (xcgam2), the etiological agent of bacterial pustule disease of soybean, exhibited post-exponential rapid cell death (rcd) in lb medium. x. campestris pv. malvacearum ncim 2310 and x. campestris ncim 2961 also displayed rcd, though less pronouncedly than xcgam2. rcd was not observed in pseudomonas syringae pv. glycines, or escherichia coli dh5alpha. incubation of the post-exponential lb-grown xcgam2 cultures at 4 degrees c arrested the rcd. rcd was ...	2002	12469302
multidrug pump inhibitors uncover remarkable activity of plant antimicrobials.	plant antimicrobials are not used as systemic antibiotics at present. the main reason for this is their low level of activity, especially against gram-negative bacteria. the reported mic is often in the range of 100 to 1,000 micro g/ml, orders of magnitude higher than those of common broad-spectrum antibiotics from bacteria or fungi. major plant pathogens belong to the gram-negative bacteria, which makes the low level of activity of plant antimicrobials against this group of microorganisms puzzl ...	2002	12234835
light-dependent death of maize lls1 cells is mediated by mature chloroplasts.	we reported previously the isolation of a novel cell death-suppressing gene from maize (zea mays) encoded by the lls1 (lethal leaf spot-1) gene. although the exact metabolic function of lls1 remains elusive, here we provide insight into mechanisms that underlie the initiation and propagation of cell death associated with lls1 lesions. our data indicate that lls1 lesions are triggered in response to a cell-damaging event caused by any biotic or abiotic agent or intrinsic metabolic imbalance--as l ...	2002	12481072
cloning and sequencing of cdnas for hypothetical genes from chromosome 2 of arabidopsis.	about 25% of the genes in the fully sequenced and annotated arabidopsis genome have structures that are predicted solely by computer algorithms with no support from either nucleic acid or protein homologs from other species or expressed sequence matches from arabidopsis. these are referred to as "hypothetical genes." on chromosome 2, sequenced by the institute for genomic research, there are approximately 800 hypothetical genes among a total of approximately 4,100 genes. to test their expression ...	2002	12481096
pseudomonas viridiflava and p. syringae--natural pathogens of arabidopsis thaliana.	we report the isolation and identification of two natural pathogens of arabidopsis thaliana, pseudomonas viridiflava and pseudomonas syringae, in the midwestern united states. p. viridiflava was found in six of seven surveyed arabidopsis thaliana populations. we confirmed the presence in the isolates of the critical pathogenicity genes hrps and hrpl. the pathogenicity of these isolates was verified by estimating in planta bacterial growth rates and by testing for disease symptoms and hypersensit ...	2002	12481991
modulation of defense responses of malus spp. during compatible and incompatible interactions with erwinia amylovora.	erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, a disease affecting members of subfamily maloideae. in order to analyze mechanisms leading to compatible or incompatible interactions, early plant molecular events were investigated in two genotypes of malus with contrasting susceptibility to fire blight, after confrontation with either e. amylovora or the incompatible tobacco pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. many defense mechanisms, including generation of an oxidative burst and acc ...	2002	12481992
isolation of labradorins 1 and 2 from pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens.	investigation of pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens cancer cell growth inhibitory constituents led to the isolation of 2-isobutyl-5-(3-indolyl)oxazole (1) and 2-n-pentyl-5-(3-indolyl)oxazole (2f), designated labradorins 1 (1) and 2 (2f), related to pimprinine (2a). the structures were deduced by spectroscopic techniques and x-ray crystal structure determinations. labradorin 1 (1) afforded gi(50) microg/ml values of 9.8 and 6.2 against the human cancer cell lines nci-h 460 (lung-nsc) and bxpc ...	2002	12502316
global regulation by gida in pseudomonas syringae.	analysis of two virulence mutants of pseudomonas syringae b728a revealed that the tn 5 sites of insertion were within the gida open reading frame (orf). these mutations were pleiotropic, affecting diverse phenotypic traits, such as lipodepsipeptide (syringomycin and syringopeptin) antibiotic production, swarming, presence of fluorescent pigment, and virulence. site-specific recombination of a disrupted gida gene into the chromosome resulted in the same phenotypic pattern as transposon insertion. ...	2002	11914360
the inhibition of ice nucleators by insect antifreeze proteins is enhanced by glycerol and citrate.	antifreeze proteins depress the freezing point of water while not affecting the melting point, producing a characteristic difference in freezing and melting points termed thermal hysteresis. larvae of the beetle dendroides canadensis accumulate potent antifreeze proteins (dafps) in their hemolymph and gut, but to achieve high levels of thermal hysteresis requires enhancers, such as glycerol. dafps have previously been shown to inhibit the activity of bacterial and hemolymph protein ice nucleator ...	2002	11916110
molecular method to assess the diversity of burkholderia species in environmental samples.	in spite of the importance of many members of the genus burkholderia in the soil microbial community, no direct method to assess the diversity of this genus has been developed so far. the aim of this work was the development of soil dna-based pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge), a powerful tool for studying the diversity of microbial communities, for detection and analysis of the burkholderia diversity in soil samples. primers specific for the genus burkholderia were developed bas ...	2002	11916673
the tobacco bzip transcription factor bzi-1 binds to g-box elements in the promoters of phenylpropanoid pathway genes in vitro, but it is not involved in their regulation in vivo.	screening of a tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) cdna library resulted in the isolation of a clone encoding the bzip transcription factor bzi-1. with respect to amino acid sequence, conservation of protein domains, genomic exon-intron structure and expression pattern, bzi-1 is closely related to cprf2, ohp1/2, blz1 and reb, a group of bzip proteins which have been described in a number of dicot and monocot species. bzi-1 exhibits the characteristics of a transcription factor. it binds to g-box and c-b ...	2002	11919711
a kinetic model describing cell growth and production of highly active, recombinant ice nucleation protein in escherichia coli.	a structured kinetic model, which describes the production of the recombinant ice nucleation protein in different conditions, was applied. the model parameters were estimated based on the variation of the specific growth rate and the intracellular product concentration during cultivation. the equations employed relate the cellular plasmid content or plasmid copy number with the cloned-gene expression; these correlations were successfully tested on the experimental data. the optimal nutrient cond ...	2002	11920448
tabtoxin-resistant protein: overexpression, purification, and characterization.	one of the self-protection mechanisms in pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, a pathogen of tobacco wildfire, is thought to be due to its tabtoxin-resistance gene (ttr). in this study, the ttr gene was inserted into an expression vector, pqe30, and successfully expressed in escherichia coli m15 at high levels. the purified recombinant tabtoxin-resistant protein (ttr) had an apparent molecular mass of about 21 kda on sds-page as well as by mass spectroscopy and had a pi of 6.6 on isoelectric focusing ...	2002	11922760
control of temperature-responsive synthesis of the phytotoxin coronatine in pseudomonas syringae by the unconventional two-component system corrps.	the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae produces the phytotoxin coronatine (cor) as a major virulence factor. cor and its precursor, coronafacic acid, function as molecular mimics of the plant signaling molecule jasmonate. a 32.8-kb plasmid-borne gene cluster mediates cor biosynthesis, which is optimal at 18 degrees c and non-detectable at 28 degrees c, the optimal growth temperature for p. syringae. the thermoregulation is mediated at the transcriptional level by an unconventional two-component ...	2002	11931546
genetically modified parthenocarpic eggplants: improved fruit productivity under both greenhouse and open field cultivation.	parthenocarpy, or fruit development in the absence of fertilization, has been genetically engineered in eggplant and in other horticultural species by using the defh9-iaam gene. the iaam gene codes for tryptophan monoxygenase and confers auxin synthesis, while the defh9 controlling regions drive expression of the gene specifically in the ovules and placenta. a previous greenhouse trial for winter production of genetically engineered (gm) parthenocarpic eggplants demonstrated a significant increa ...	2002	11934354
species-specific repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep) sequences in pseudomonas putida.	pseudomonas putida kt2440 is a soil bacterium that effectively colonises the roots of many plants and degrades a variety of toxic aromatic compounds. its genome has recently been sequenced. we describe that a 35 bp sequence with the structure of an imperfect palindrome, originally found repeated three times downstream of the rpoh gene terminator, is detected more than 800 times in the chromosome of this strain. the structure of this dna segment is analogous to that of the so-called enterobacteri ...	2002	11937637
functional analysis of hrpf, a putative type iii translocon protein from xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	type iii secretion systems (ttsss) are specialized protein transport systems in gram-negative bacteria which target effector proteins into the host cell. the ttss of the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, encoded by the hrp (hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity) gene cluster, is essential for the interaction with the plant. one of the secreted proteins is hrpf, which is required for pathogenicity but dispensable for type iii secretion of effector proteins in vitro, sugge ...	2002	11948151
ocatin. a novel tuber storage protein from the andean tuber crop oca with antibacterial and antifungal activities.	the most abundant soluble tuber protein from the andean crop oca (oxalis tuberosa mol.), named ocatin, has been purified and characterized. ocatin accounts for 40% to 60% of the total soluble oca tuber proteins, has an apparent molecular mass of 18 kd and an isoelectric point of 4.8. this protein appears to be found only in tubers and is accumulated only within the cells of the pith and peridermis layers (peel) of the tuber as it develops. ocatin inhibits the growth of several phytopathogenic ba ...	2002	11950978
identification of arabidopsis ethylene-responsive element binding factors with distinct induction kinetics after pathogen infection.	ethylene-responsive element binding factors (erf) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors, many of which have been linked to stress responses. we have identified four arabidopsis erf genes whose expression was specifically induced by avirulent and virulent strains of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, with overlapping but distinct induction kinetics. however, a delay in erf mrna accumulation after infection with the virulent strain was observed when compared with th ...	2002	11950980
functional analyses of the pto resistance gene family in tomato and the identification of a minor resistance determinant in a susceptible haplotype.	pto is a member of a multigene family and encodes a serine/threonine kinase that mediates gene-for-gene resistance to strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing avrpto. the inferred amino acid sequence of the pto homologs from both resistant (lpimpth2 to lpimpth4) and susceptible (lescfen, lescpth2 to lescpth5) haplotypes suggested that most could encode functional serine/threonine kinases. in addition, the activation segments of the homologs are similar in sequence to that of pto, an ...	2002	11952131
molecular determinants required for the avirulence function of avrpphb in bean and other plants.	the avirulence gene avrpphb from pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola determines incompatibility, manifested as a hypersensitive reaction (hr), on bean cultivars carrying the r3 resistance gene and also confers avirulence on other plants. the avrpphb protein carries an embedded consensus myristoylation motif and is cleaved in bacteria and certain plants to yield fragments of about 6 and 28 kda. we investigated plant recognition and type iii translocation determinants in avrpphb by constructing ...	2002	11952132
the hrp pilus of pseudomonas syringae elongates from its tip and acts as a conduit for translocation of the effector protein hrpz.	the type iii secretion system (ttss) is an essential requirement for the virulence of many gram-negative bacteria infecting plants, animals and man. pathogens use the ttss to deliver effector proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm to the eukaryotic host cell, where the effectors subvert host defences. plant pathogens have to translocate their effector proteins through the plant cell wall barrier. the best candidates for directing effector protein traffic are bacterial appendages attached to the m ...	2002	11953310
rin4 interacts with pseudomonas syringae type iii effector molecules and is required for rpm1-mediated resistance in arabidopsis.	in arabidopsis, rpm1 confers resistance against pseudomonas syringae expressing either of two sequence unrelated type iii effectors, avrrpm1 or avrb. an rpm1-interacting protein (rin4) coimmunoprecipitates from plant cell extracts with avrb, avrrpm1, or rpm1. reduction of rin4 protein levels inhibits both the hypersensitive response and the restriction of pathogen growth controlled by rpm1. rin4 reduction causes diminution of rpm1. rin4 reduction results in heightened resistance to virulent pero ...	2002	11955429
a phylogenomic study of the octase genes in pseudomonas syringae pathovars: the horizontal transfer of the argk-tox cluster and the evolutionary history of octase genes on their genomes.	phytopathogenic pseudomonas syringae is subdivided into about 50 pathovars due to their conspicuous differentiation with regard to pathogenicity. based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis of four genes (gyrb, rpod, hrpl, and hrps), sawada et al. (1999) showed that the ancestor of p. syringae had diverged into at least three monophyletic groups during its evolution. physical maps of the genomes of representative strains of these three groups were constructed, which revealed that each strain ...	2002	11956683
tcrb, a gene conferring transferable copper resistance in enterococcus faecium: occurrence, transferability, and linkage to macrolide and glycopeptide resistance.	a newly discovered gene, designated tcrb, which is located on a conjugative plasmid conferring acquired copper resistance in enterococcus faecium, was identified in an isolate from a pig. the tcrb gene encodes a putative protein belonging to the cpx-type atpase family with homology (46%) to the copb protein from enterococcus hirae. the tcrb gene was found in e. faecium isolated from pigs (75%), broilers (34%), calves (16%), and humans (10%) but not in isolates from sheep. resistant isolates, con ...	2002	11959576
identification of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato genes induced during infection of arabidopsis thaliana.	phytopathogenic bacteria possess a large number of genes that allow them to grow and cause disease on plants. many of these genes should be induced when the bacteria come in contact with plant tissue. we used a modified in vivo expression technology (ivet) approach to identify genes from the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato that are induced upon infection of arabidopsis thaliana and isolated over 500 in planta-expressed (ipx) promoter fusions. sequence analysis of 79 fusions reveal ...	2002	11967070
the arabidopsis gain-of-function mutant dll1 spontaneously develops lesions mimicking cell death associated with disease.	we describe the characterization of a novel gain-of-function arabidopsis mutant, dll1 (disease-like lesions1), which spontaneously develops lesions mimicking bacterial speck disease and constitutively expresses biochemical and molecular markers associated with pathogen infection. despite the constitutive expression of defense-related responses, dll1 is unable to suppress the growth of virulent pathogens. however, dll1 elicits normal hypersensitive response in response to avirulent pathogens, thu ...	2002	11967093
synthetic plant promoters containing defined regulatory elements provide novel insights into pathogen- and wound-induced signaling.	pathogen-inducible plant promoters contain multiple cis-acting elements, only some of which may contribute to pathogen inducibility. therefore, we made defined synthetic promoters containing tetramers of only a single type of element and present evidence that a range of cis-acting elements (boxes w1, w2, gcc, jere, s, gst1, and d) can mediate local gene expression in planta after pathogen attack. the expression patterns of the promoters were monitored during interactions with a number of pathoge ...	2002	11971132
tomato transcription factors pti4, pti5, and pti6 activate defense responses when expressed in arabidopsis.	the pti4, pti5, and pti6 proteins from tomato were identified based on their interaction with the product of the pto disease resistance gene, a ser-thr protein kinase. they belong to the ethylene-response factor (erf) family of plant-unique transcription factors and bind specifically to the gcc-box cis element present in the promoters of many pathogenesis-related (pr) genes. here, we show that these tomato erfs are localized to the nucleus and function in vivo as transcription activators that re ...	2002	11971137
isolation and characterization of broad-spectrum disease-resistant arabidopsis mutants.	to identify arabidopsis mutants that constitutively express systemic acquired resistance (sar), we constructed reporter lines expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the sar-inducible pr-1 promoter (pr-1/luc). after ems mutagenesis of a well-characterized transgenic line, we screened 250,000 m(2) plants for constitutive expression of the reporter gene in vivo. from a mutant collection containing several hundred putative mutants, we concentrated on 16 mutants lacking spontaneo ...	2002	11973319
role of glucose in enhancing the temperature-dependent growth inhibition of escherichia coli o157:h7 atcc 43895 by a pseudomonas sp.	growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 strain atcc 43895 was monitored at 5, 10, 15, and 25 degrees c in both pure and mixed (1:1) cultures with a gluconate-producing pseudomonas sp. found in meat to evaluate the effect of the absence and presence of 1% glucose in broth on temperature-dependent competition. the number of colonies of the pseudomonas strain exceeded 9 log cfu/ml under all conditions tested. the pathogen grew better as the temperature increased from 10 to 15 and 25 degrees c and grew b ...	2002	11976143
distribution of type iii secretion gene clusters in burkholderia pseudomallei, b. thailandensis and b. mallei.	burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, carries a cluster of genes closely related in organisation to the type iii secretion (tts) system gene clusters of the plant pathogens ralstonia solanacearum and xanthomonas spp. the tts gene cluster (tts1) is present only in b. pseudomallei and not in avirulent b. thailandensis. adjacent to the gene cluster encoding putative secreton structural proteins lie a number of open reading frames (orfs) encoding putative proteins with littl ...	2002	11990489
siderophore-mediated signaling regulates virulence factor production in pseudomonasaeruginosa.	numerous bacteria secrete low molecular weight compounds termed siderophores that have a high affinity for iron ions. siderophores have a well-documented role as iron-scavenging chemicals, chelating iron ions in the environment whereupon the ferrisiderophores reenter the bacterial cells by means of specific cell-surface receptors. the iron is then released for incorporation into bacterial proteins. here we show that in addition to its role as an iron-scavenger, the siderophore pyoverdine that is ...	2002	11997446
the r1 gene for potato resistance to late blight (phytophthora infestans) belongs to the leucine zipper/nbs/lrr class of plant resistance genes.	late blight caused by the oomycete phytophthora infestans is the most destructive disease in potato cultivation worldwide. new, more virulent p. infestans strains have evolved which overcome the genetic resistance that has been introgressed by conventional breeding from wild potato species into commercial varieties. r genes (for single-gene resistance) and genes for quantitative resistance to late blight are present in the germplasm of wild and cultivated potato. the molecular basis of single-ge ...	2002	12000683
methylation of inorganic and organic selenium by the bacterial thiopurine methyltransferase.	escherichia coli cells expressing the tpm gene encoding the bacterial thiopurine methyltransferase (btpmt) are shown to methylate selenite and (methyl)selenocysteine into dimethylselenide (dmse) and dimethyldiselenide (dmdse). e. coli cells expressing tpm from a gene library cosmid clone (harboring a pseudomonas syringae insert of about 20 kb) also methylated selenate into dmse and dmdse. btpmt is the first methyltransferase shown to be involved in the methylation of these selenium derivatives.	2002	12003960
a new syringopeptin produced by bean strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	two strains (b728a and y37) of the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolated from bean (phaseolus vulgaris) plants were shown to produce in culture both syringomycin, a lipodepsinonapeptide secreted by the majority of the strains of the bacterium, and a new form of syringopeptin, sp(22)phv. the structure of the latter metabolite was elucidated by the combined use of mass spectrometry (ms), nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy and chemical procedures. comparati ...	2002	12009406
a plant gene up-regulated at rust infection sites.	expression of the fis1 gene from flax (linum usitatissimum) is induced by a compatible rust (melampsora lini) infection. infection of transgenic plants containing a beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene under the control of the fis1 promoter showed that induction is highly localized to those leaf mesophyll cells within and immediately surrounding rust infection sites. the level of induction reflects the extent of fungal growth. in a strong resistance reaction, such as the hypersensitive fleck m ...	2002	12011348
dna markers for identification of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.	the specific dna fragment was screened by rapd analysis of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, as well as similar strains that were isolated from kiwifruits. the primer c24 detected a fragment that is specific in p. syringae pv. actinidiae. this fragment was cloned. the pathovar-specific fragment was detected from a southern blot analysis of the genomic dnas of p. syringae pv. actinidiae using the cloned fragment as a probe. the sequence size of the cloned fragment was determined as 675 bp. a d ...	2002	12018854
construction of pmekm12, an expression vector for protein production in pseudomonas syringae.	characterization of the biological roles of proteins is essential for functional genomics of pseudomonads. heterologous proteins overproduced in escherichia coli frequently fail to exhibit biological function. to circumvent this problem, vector pmekm12 was constructed and used to overexpress proteins in pseudomonas. the vector contains the pro1600 replication origin, the maltose-binding protein (mbp) fusion system, and an inducible tac promoter. the pmekm12 was successfully used to overexpress t ...	2002	12023087
[some characteristics of pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola dissociants].	pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola dissociants producing colonies of different morphotype were found to possess similar biochemical and serological properties but different virulence to the host plant. the heterogeneous extracellular and intracellular lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes of the dissociants differed in their chemical composition and biological activity towards test plants.	2002	12024826
pseudomonas lipodepsipeptides and fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes act synergistically in biological control.	pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain b359 secreted two main lipodepsipeptides (ldps), syringomycin e (sre) and syringopeptin 25a (sp25a), together with at least four types of cell wall-degrading enzymes (cwdes). in antifungal bioassays, the purified toxins sre and sp25a interacted synergistically with chitinolytic and glucanolytic enzymes purified from the same bacterial strain or from the biocontrol fungus trichoderma atroviride strain p1. the synergism between ldps and cwdes occurred again ...	2002	12026170
the arabidopsis hrl1 mutation reveals novel overlapping roles for salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene signalling in cell death and defence against pathogens.	defence against pathogens in arabidopsis is orchestrated by at least three signalling molecules: salicylic acid (sa), jasmonic acid (ja) and ethylene (et). the hrl1 (hypersensitive response-like lesions 1) mutant of arabidopsis is characterized by spontaneous necrotic lesions, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, constitutive expression of sa- and et/ja-responsive defence genes, and enhanced resistance to virulent bacterial and oomycete pathogens. epistasis analyses of hrl1 with npr1, etr1, ...	2002	12028576
yersinia enterocolitica type iii secretion: mutational analysis of the yopq secretion signal.	pathogenic yersinia spp. secrete yop proteins via the type iii pathway. yopq codons 1 to 15 were identified as a signal necessary and sufficient for the secretion of a fused reporter protein. frameshift mutations that alter codons 2 to 15 with little alteration of yopq mrna sequence do not abolish type iii transport, suggesting a model in which yopq mrna may provide a signal for secretion (d. m. anderson and o. schneewind, mol. microbiol. 31:1139-1148, 2001). in a recent study, the yope signal w ...	2002	12029049
overexpression of polyphenol oxidase in transgenic tomato plants results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance.	polyphenol oxidases (ppos; ec 1.10.3.2 or ec 1.14.18.1) catalyzing the oxygen-dependent oxidation of phenols to quinones are ubiquitous among angiosperms and assumed to be involved in plant defense against pests and pathogens. in order to investigate the role of ppo in plant disease resistance, we made transgenic tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum mill. cv. money maker) plants that overexpressed a potato ( solanum tuberosum l.) ppo cdna under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter. t ...	2002	12029473
genomewide identification of proteins secreted by the hrp type iii protein secretion system of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.	the ability of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 to be pathogenic on plants depends on the hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) type iii protein secretion system and the effector proteins it translocates into plant cells. through iterative application of experimental and computational techniques, the dc3000 effector inventory has been substantially enlarged. five homologs of known avirulence (avr) proteins and five effector candidates, encoded by genes with putative hrp promoters ...	2002	12032338
an oligopeptide transporter gene family in arabidopsis.	we have identified nine oligopeptide transporter (opt) orthologs (atopt1 to atopt9) in arabidopsis. these proteins show significant sequence similarity to opts of candida albicans (caopt1p), schizosaccharomyces pombe (isp4p), and saccharomyces cerevisiae (opt1p and opt2p). hydrophilicity plots of the opts suggest that they are integral membrane proteins with 12 to 14 transmembrane domains. sequence comparisons showed that the atopts form a distinct subfamily when compared with the fungal opts. t ...	2002	11788749
functional analysis of tomato pti4 in arabidopsis.	pti4 is a tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) transcription factor that belongs to the erf (ethylene-responsive element binding factor) family of proteins. it interacts with the pto kinase in tomato, which confers resistance to the pseudomonas syringae pv tomato pathogen that causes bacterial speck disease. to study the function of pti4, transgenic arabidopsis plants were generated that expressed tomato pti4 driven by the strong constitutive promoters, cauliflower mosaic virus 35s and tcup. global ...	2002	11788750
regulatory rna as mediator in gaca/rsma-dependent global control of exoproduct formation in pseudomonas fluorescens cha0.	in pseudomonas fluorescens cha0, an antagonist of root-pathogenic fungi, the gacs/gaca two-component system tightly controls the expression of antifungal secondary metabolites and exoenzymes at a posttranscriptional level, involving the rna-binding protein and global regulator of secondary metabolism rsma. this protein was purified from p. fluorescens, and rna bound to it was converted to cdna, which served as a probe to isolate the corresponding chromosomal locus, rsmz. this gene encoded a regu ...	2002	11807065
bacteria associated with hazelnut (corylus avellana l.) decline are of two groups: pseudomonas avellanae and strains resembling p. syringae pv. syringae.	a total of 118 fluorescent pseudomonads associated with hazelnut decline, which has been occurring for many years in different areas of northern greece and italy, were assessed by performing a repetitive pcr analysis with enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus, box element, and repetive extragenic palindromic primer sets, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of whole-cell protein extracts, a carbon compound utilization analysis, and an analysis to determi ...	2002	11823181
eds5, an essential component of salicylic acid-dependent signaling for disease resistance in arabidopsis, is a member of the mate transporter family.	the eds5 mutant of arabidopsis (earlier named sid1) was shown previously to accumulate very little salicylic acid and pr-1 transcript after pathogen inoculation and to be hypersusceptible to pathogens. we have isolated eds5 by positional cloning and show that it encodes a protein with a predicted series of nine to 11 membrane-spanning domains and a coil domain at the n terminus. eds5 is homologous with members of the mate (multidrug and toxin extrusion) transporter family. eds5 expression is ver ...	2002	11826312
characterization of the sala, syrf, and syrg regulatory genes located at the right border of the syringomycin gene cluster of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.	sequence analysis of the right border of the syr gene cluster of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain b301d revealed the presence of the sala gene 8,113 bp downstream of syre. the predicted sala protein of strain b301d differs by one amino acid from that of strain b728a. two homologs of sala, designated syrf and syrg, were identified between syre and sala. all three proteins contain helix-turn-helix dna-binding motifs at their c termini and exhibit homology to regulatory proteins of the luxr ...	2002	11843302
two novel type iii-secreted proteins of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria are encoded within the hrp pathogenicity island.	the hrp type iii protein secretion system (ttss) is essential for pathogenicity of gram-negative plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism and reverse transcription-pcr analyses identified new genes, regulated by key hrp regulator hrpg, in the regions flanking the hrp gene cluster. sequence analysis revealed genes encoding hpag, a predicted leucine-rich repeat-containing protein, the lysozyme-like hpah protein, and xopa and xopd, which are ...	2002	11844763
genomewide identification of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 promoters controlled by the hrpl alternative sigma factor.	the ability of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 to parasitize tomato and arabidopsis thaliana depends on genes activated by the hrpl alternative sigma factor. to support various functional genomic analyses of dc3000, and specifically, to identify genes involved in pathogenesis, we developed a draft sequence of dc3000 and used an iterative process involving computational and gene expression techniques to identify virulence-implicated genes downstream of hrpl-responsive promoters. hypersensi ...	2002	11854524
infection of arabidopsis with a necrotrophic pathogen, botrytis cinerea, elicits various defense responses but does not induce systemic acquired resistance (sar).	botrytis cinerea is a non-specific necrotrophic pathogen that attacks more than 200 plant species. in contrast to biotrophs, the necrotrophs obtain their nutrients by first killing the host cells. many studies have shown that infection of plants by necrosis-causing pathogens induces a systemic acquired resistance (sar), which provides protection against successive infections by a range of pathogenic organisms. we analyzed the role of sar in b. cinerea infection of arabidopsis. we show that altho ...	2002	11855728
mrna stability and the secretion signal of hrpa, a pilin secreted by the type iii system in pseudomonas syringae.	gram-negative bacteria that are pathogenic for animals or plants utilise a specialised type iii secretion system to inject effector proteins into their eukaryotic target cells. the basis for selection of the proteins to be translocated via type iii systems is still enigmatic. no clearly defined consensus amino acid sequence that could serve as a specific secretion signal has been identified, and the hypothesis that an mrna secondary structure acts as the signal has several shortcomings. we have ...	2002	11862491