Publications

the first 25 years of human genetics in newcastle.		1996	8908793
selective reduction of pregnancy: a legal analysis.	this article examines the technique and legality of induced abortion of one or more fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, where the aim is the destruction of some but not all of the fetuses present (selective reduction of pregnancy). it concludes that since the legal status of the procedure in english law is unclear, it may be a criminal offence to perform selective reduction even where there is an ostensible clinical need. moreover if the procedure is carried out negligently, and any infant damaged ...	1996	8910784
risk factors for lower respiratory complications of rhinovirus infections in elderly people living in the community: prospective cohort study.	to assess the role of rhinoviruses in elderly people living in the community.	1996	8916700
epidemiological application of differentiating multiresistant salmonella typhimurium dt104 by plasmid profile.	human isolates of multiresistant salmonella typhimurium definitive phage type (dt) 104 in england and wales are currently second in number only to those of s. enteritidis phage type 4. differentiation of strains is essential in epidemiological investigations and the value of one method, plasmid profile typing, has been assessed in a study of 600 isolates of s. typhimurium dt 104 with multiresistant antibiograms (r-types) acssut, acssutcp and acssuttm from humans, food animals, human food, pets, ...	1996	8917991
winter excess mortality: a comparison between norway and england plus wales.	seasonal fluctuations in mortality are associated with age, outdoor temperature, and influenza. the relative excess winter mortality is approximately twice as high in the uk compared with the scandinavian countries. using data from norway and england plus wales, this study compares the effect of age, temperature and influenza on winter excess mortality in the two countries. bivariate analyses showed that the excess winter mortality (december-march) in england and wales was nearly twice as high i ...	1996	8921136
the making of man-midwifery. essay review.		1996	8924738
maff statutory incident reports in surveillance, prevention, and control of human salmonella typhimurium infection.	we surveyed consultants in communicable disease control (ccdcs) for their views on the current and potential value of statutory incident reports--salmonella in animals, birds and their products received from the ministry of agriculture fisheries and food (maff), in the surveillance, prevention, and control of salmonella typhimurium infections in humans. ccdcs from 103 (83%) of 124 district health authorities responded. most ccdcs in rural areas used the reports either to cross reference informat ...	1996	8935423
a concordance of nucleotide substitutions in the first and second hypervariable segments of the human mtdna control region.	a new and easily accessible concordance of nucleotide substitutions in the hypervariable segments of the human mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region has been constructed. the concordance indexes all population-specific mtdna sequences in a standardized format. the first edition of the concordance includes 1,440 sequences representing 762 mtdna types from over 65 populations for hypervariable region 1, and 520 sequences representing 260 mtdna types from over 26 populations for hypervariable re ...	1996	8956982
confirmation of linkage of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy to chromosome 14q11.2-q13.	oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is a late-onset, autosomally dominant disorder characterized by progressive ptosis, dysphagia, and extremity weakness. linkage of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy to 14q11.2-q13 has been reported in a series of french canadian families. haplotype analysis in these data shows a single segregating disease chromosome, suggesting a founder effect in this population. we ascertained and sampled for linkage studies 5 multigenerational american families with oculopha ...	1996	8957024
influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1995 to june 1996.	this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza virus infection in england and wales from october 1995 to june 1996 (weeks 40/95 to 25/96). total respiratory disease' activity, as reported by the birmingham research unit of the royal college of general practitioners, rose to peaks in weeks 48/95, 51/95, and 01/96. the first peak coincided with a peak in "influenza and flu-like illness'. the subsequent peaks were accounted for by an increase in reports of acute bron ...	1996	8972979
outbreaks of influenza and a rise in respiratory syncytial virus: winter has arrived.		1996	8990578
mike grace interviews keith marshall.	keith marshall has many achievements to his name, not the least of which is his involvement in a semi-professional jazz band. as well as continuing to work part time in a wholly private practice in edenbridge, kent, he is currently chief dental adviser of bupa dentalcover and chairman of the dental advisory panel. here, mike grace gets to know the man behind the dentist.	1996	8996918
royal marsden teaching cases. an elderly man with weight loss and anaemia.		1996	9021703
consulting consumers. only human.		1996	10156286
the impact of three influenza epidemics on primary care in england and wales.	the numbers of persons with influenza presenting to general practitioners in england and wales during the epidemics of late 1989, late 1993, and early 1995 are estimated to be approximately 760,00, 480,000 and 192,000, respectively. the expected numbers used to derive these estimates were obtained by averaging incidence by week over the 9 winters of 1986/87 to 1994/95, excluding those weeks in which influenza was prevalent. these 3 epidemics varied in magnitude and in the relative impact on pers ...	1996	10160485
j c prichard's concept of moral insanity--a medical theory of the corruption of human nature.		1996	8757717
vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli, particularly serogroup o157, associated with human infections in england and wales: 1992-4.	investigations were performed by the laboratory of enteric pathogens on vero cytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) in england and wales from 1992-4. bacterial isolates, faeces and sera obtained from patients with diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea and haemolytic uraemic syndrome were examined. using serotyping, vero cytotoxin gene probing and serodiagnostic tests for e. coli o157, evidence of infection was detected in 543, 434 and 491 individuals in 1992, 1993 and 1994 respectively; vtec of serog ...	1996	8760944
salmonella virchow pt 26 infection in england and wales: a case control study investigating an increase in cases during 1994.	an increase in the number of human isolates of salmonella virchow phage type (pt) 26 in england and wales during 1994 was investigated. a national case control study was conducted which included 88 cases and 182 controls. the cases were mostly young adults (median age 26) and 13 (15%) were admitted to hospital. acquisition of s. virchow pt 26 was associated with the consumption of any chicken (or 2.5, ci 1.1-5.8), of chicken curry from restaurants and take aways (or 2.9, ci 1.4-6.1), and of some ...	1996	8760948
seroprevalence of astrovirus types 1 and 6 in london, determined using recombinant virus antigen.	we have developed a microimmunofluorescence test (if) which uses cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus which expresses the capsid proteins of astrovirus types 1 or 6. the if test was sensitive and specific and the results for human astrovirus type 1 (hast-1) were comparable to those obtained by immune electronmicroscopy and radioimmunoassay. application of the test to a panel of 273 sera collected from patients and staff at two childrens hospitals in london showed that over 50% of the po ...	1996	8760964
congenital absence of permanent second molars.	during the last eight years, canterbury archaeological trust has excavated over 1,600 articulated human skeletons from sites under threat of redevelopment in kent. the recovered material, ranging in date from prehistoric to victorian, provides a unique corpus for the study of disease and abnormalities in earlier societies.	1996	8762808
relationship between antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv) and symptoms of hsv infection.	to determine the relationship between antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv) types 1 and 2 and diagnosis of orolabial and genital herpes, a cross-sectional survey was done among 869 sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees and 1594 blood donors in london. among clinic attenders, the prevalence of hsv-1 infection was 59.5% and that of hsv-2 infection was 22.7%, and among blood donors the prevalence was 44.6% and 7.6%, respectively. the sensitivity and specificity of a diagnosis of oral her ...	1996	8769602
ciprofloxacin resistant campylobacter spp. in humans: an epidemiological and laboratory study.	from the end of april 1991 until the end of 1991, 2209 isolates of campylobacter spp. have been collected in plymouth phl of which 91 (4.1%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. none of the 91 patients involved had taken a quinolone, but 30/91 (33%) had travelled abroad (16 to the iberian peninsula) in the three months preceding isolation of the ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter spp. in the case-control study 12/15 (80%) of the cases had recently consumed poultry as had 20/24 (83%) of controls w ...	1996	8722540
confirmation of linkage of sjögren-larsson syndrome to chromosome 17 in families of different ethnic origins.	linkage analysis in two consanguineous pedigrees of pakistani and english origin and one further indian family in which affected subjects have sjögren-larsson syndrome (sls) showed linkage to chromosome 17. linkage of sls to d17s783 and d17s805 has been reported in swedish pedigrees, but since those data were generated from a single ethnic group originating from a common ancestor, there remained the question of whether this disease is genetically heterogeneous. this report confirms the linkage i ...	1996	8728707
cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: a family study of sterol 27-hydroxylase mutations and pharmacotherapy.	we examined the phenotypic characteristics, molecular genetics and optimal pharmacological treatment of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (ctx) in an english family with combined hyperlipidaemia. the proband presented in adulthood with classical clinical characteristics of ctx, a greater than tenfold elevation in plasma cholestanol and combined hyperlipidaemia. his brother also had typical features of ctx without the presence of dyslipidaemia. genotyping revealed that the two brothers were compound ...	1996	8730343
complete analysis of the presenilin 1 gene in early onset alzheimer's disease.	the presenilin 1 gene has recently been identified as the locus on chromosome 14 which is responsible for a large proportion of early onset, autosomal dominantly inherited alzheimer's disease (ad). we have elucidated the intron/exon structure of the gene and designed intronic primers to enable direct sequencing of the entire coding region (10 exons) of the presenilin gene in a large number of families. this strategy has enabled us to find a further two novel mutations in the gene. we discuss the ...	1996	8733749
preventable deaths among major trauma patients in mersey region, north wales and the isle of man.	preventable and unexpected deaths following injury were identified from among 1088 victims of major injuries arising in a defined population and area during a 12-month period. in hospital, 44 (16 per cent) deaths from blunt injury, one death from penetrating injury and one death from drowning were preventable. in patients sustaining blunt injuries, 22 per cent of non-head-injury deaths and 13 per cent of head-injury deaths were preventable. in all preventable head-injury deaths either a delay in ...	1996	8736294
wrongful life and wrongful birth. the english conception.		1996	9111770
women's labor force transitions in connection with childbirth: a panel data comparison between germany, sweden and great britain.	"in this paper we make use of the panel aspects of the german gsoep, the swedish hus and the british bhps data...[to analyze] labor force transitions triggered by child births of different birth orders.... we find that german and british women have even higher full-time labor force participation than swedish women 12 months before the birth of the first child. the difference is more pronounced for second and third births than for first births. we suggest that these differences are caused by diff ...	1996	12291881
female condom importance acknowledged in hiv prevention.	the female health co. (fhc), london, united kingdom, has signed a three-year agreement with the joint united nations program on hiv/aids (unaids) to provide a global public sector price for the female condom to 193 affiliated countries. an adjunct education and social marketing program, supported by unaids, will be launched. high rates of acceptance have been shown previously when the female condom has been introduced with an effective educational approach. negotiations between fhc and unaids ...	1996	12320491
english tc explains church teaching to college students.	this article presents an explanation of church teaching to college students on the meaning of marriage, the religious tenets of natural family planning, sexual abstinence, and human rights within population policies. it is argued that the use of natural family planning and abstinence within marriage involves a change in attitude toward sexuality. fertility is a gift to be used and enjoyed as part of sexuality. sex becomes a sign of renewal of the covenant of marriage that strengthens and is b ...	1996	12320226
child labor and the division of labor in the early english cotton mills.	"the share of children employed in english cotton factories fell significantly before the introduction of effective child labor legislation in the early 1830s. the early factories employed predominantly children because adults without factory experience were relatively unproductive factory workers. the subsequent growth of the cotton industry fostered the development of a labor market for productive adult factory workers. this effect helps account for the shift toward adults in the cotton factor ...	1997	12293082
r v. human fertilisation and embryology authority, ex parte blood.	england's court of appeal, civil division, upheld the lower court decision that, without the necessary written consent of the deceased husband, the 1990 human fertilisation and embryology act prohibits the storage of his cryopreserved sperm and its use in artificial insemination by the widow. when doctors retrieved sperm from stephen blood, he was already comatose from meningitis and would die soon thereafter. his widow sought release of the sperm to her for posthumous conception. without the ac ...	1997	11648631
[jonathan goddard (1617-1675), chemistry, medicine and the royal society].	dr. jonathan goddard can be considered one of the most active natural philosophers of the royal sociaty for the improvement of natural knowledge in london from its start in 1660 until goddard's death in 1675. already before the foundation of the society goddard was a prominent member of experimental groups. he was everywhere where the new philosophy had been developed and promoted and he was willing to do any curious experiment. therefore we can consider goddard as an example of the large group ...	1997	11625037
[the crazy king].	the english king georg iii (1738-1820) was a dutiful sovereign, a loving family man, a good rider and sportsman, temperate in drink and food, refusing the orgies of his contemporaries. he patronized science and was a dedicated collector of book and pictures. in spite of his healthy living he four times after the age of 50 suffered from periods of illness, causing political crises. his symptoms were confusion, pains and discoloured urine. each time he completely recovered after 3-4 months. these ...	1997	11625469
a longitudinal study of environmental mycobacteria on a farm in south-west england.	soil, stream beds and cattle drinking troughs were sampled every 3 months over 3 years. more than 750 putative mycobacteria were isolated and grouped into more than 50 biotypes pending full identification. samples from woodland and farmed land yielded fewer isolates per site compared with other terrains (p < 0.05). some seasonal effects were noted but the greatest difference was between years 1 and 3. this appeared not to be due to differences in temperature, rainfall or experimental procedure, ...	1997	9113878
charles drew and the origins of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.	convinced that the high risk of operation using the early heart-lung machines was due to a toxic effect of the oxygenators in use in the 1950s, charles drew of westminster hospital in london devised a circulatory support system in which the patient's own lungs functioned as the oxygenator. with this support, body temperature was reduced to the point where circulatory arrest could be tolerated for the time required to carry out the intracardiac operation. he used only this technique for the rest ...	1997	9124943
childhood infection with hepatitis a and b viruses in england and wales.	infection with hepatitis b and a viruses during childhood was studied using serum specimens collected from children aged 13 and 14 years by 12 public health laboratories in england and wales from 1986 to 1995. six of the 2025 specimens tested for markers of hepatitis b infection showed evidence of earlier resolved infection, one specimen showed evidence of recent infection, and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) was detected in three specimens. the hbsag carriage rate of 0.15% (3/2025) was cons ...	1997	9127512
genotype analysis of human blood isolates of campylobacter jejuni in england and wales.	genomic profiles were obtained for 76 strains of campylobacter jejuni isolated from bacteraemic patients in england and wales over the period 1981-94. genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis using a random cloned dna probe, and by ribotyping with a pcr-generated c. jejuni 16s ribosomal dna probe. phenotypic characterization was achieved by heat-stable (hs) and heat-labile (hl) serogrouping, and preston phagetyping and biotyping. the blood isolates wer ...	1997	9129583
the bmj's nuremberg issue. force of moral duty was greater for conscientious objectors.		1997	9133906
barrier methods in the operating room: surgical habits die hard.	transmission of viral infection, such as human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis b and c, is a concern for both surgeon and patient. published guidelines advise the regular use of barrier preventive measures in order to minimise the occupational exposure of surgeons. a telephone survey was conducted of 92 orthopaedic, cardiothoracic and general surgeons in the south west region of england, regarding their use of barrier methods. this survey shows that only a minority of surgeons regularly use ...	1997	9135239
analysis of influenza a h3n2 strains isolated in england during 1995-1996 using polymerase chain reaction restriction.	a polymerase chain reaction-restriction (pcr-restriction) endonuclease assay was developed to allow rapid analysis of influenza a h3n2 viruses circulating in england during 1995-1996. restriction endonuclease digestion with two enzymes of amplicons derived from pcr of the ha1 portion of the influenza haemagglutinin (ha) gene was able to differentiate antigenically similar influenza strains into two groups. group i variants were similar genetically to the 1995/96 vaccine strain, a/johannesburg/33 ...	1997	9139090
electrophysiological correlates of categorical phoneme perception in adults.	event-related potentials, recorded through a 128-electrode net, were used to study phonemic processing in the human auditory system. within a stream of identical syllables, acoustic deviants were introduced that either crossed a phonetic boundary or remained within the same category. two phonetic boundaries were explored, one present and the other absent in the subjects' native language. a large mismatch negativity was induced by native phonetic deviants, but not by non-native or within-category ...	1997	9141065
a national strategy for research and development: lessons from england.	increasing concern about the state of basic and clinical research in england during the 1980s led to an influential parliamentary review. surprisingly, the review recommended the strengthening of public health and health services research through the establishment of a research and development (r&d) program for the national health service (nhs). the program that started in 1991 was unique in that it was fully integrated into the management structure of the nhs. no country had ever attempted such ...	1997	9143728
hysterectomy: a historical perspective.	in the relatively long history of man, surgery has been a comparatively recent development; the abdomen was first deliberately opened to remove an ovarian cyst by ephraim mcdowell in kentucky in 1809. the first abdominal hysterectomy was performed by charles clay in manchester, england in 1843; unfortunately the diagnosis was wrong and the patient died in the immediate post-operative period. the following year, charles clay was almost the first to claim a surviving patient, however she died post ...	1997	9155933
effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions in people with diabetes.	the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in reducing hospitalization of people with diabetes for influenza, pneumonia, or diabetic events during influenza epidemics was assessed in a case control study in leicestershire, england. cases were 80 patients on the leicestershire diabetes register who were admitted and discharged from hospital with international classification of disease codes for pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, diabetic ketoacidosis, coma and diabetes, without mention of complica ...	1997	9440437
isolation of environmental mycobacteria from clinical specimens in south-east england: 1973-1993.	a reference centre for tuberculosis bacteriology serving south-east england.	1997	9441063
fluoride profiles in dental calculus from japanese, chinese and british residents.	whether the fluoride concentrations and profiles differ in human dental calculus obtained from different countries was investigated. a total of 203 dental calculus deposits on 203 permanent teeth from residents (mean age, 52.1 years) of nagoya (japan), shanghai (china), leeds (great britain) and the wuhan mountainous area (china, fluoridated area) were analysed. an abrasive microsampling procedure was used to examine fluoride distribution. there were five types of fluoride profiles in dental cal ...	1997	9447256
a community outbreak of vero cytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157 infection linked to a small farm dairy.	a community outbreak of infection with vero cytotoxin producing escherichia coli o157 (vtec 0157) occurred in a small area of north west england in 1996. an outbreak control team was established to investigate the outbreak and implement control measures. nine people developed symptomatic infections with vtec o157, and a further three were found to be excreting the bacteria. all were infected with the same genotype of vtec o157. three children under 5 years of age and one adult were admitted to h ...	1997	9447786
influenza surveillance in england and wales: october 1996 to june 1997.	this report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza in england and wales during the winter of 1996/97. consultations for 'influenza and influenza-like illness' with sentinel general practitioners in england and wales began to increase towards the end of november and peaked at the start of january. in england, consultations for 'aggregated respiratory disease' (ard) began to increase a little earlier, perhaps as a result of increased respiratory syncytial virus activity ...	1997	9447787
influenza activity in england and wales.		1997	9447789
mortality during the 1996/7 winter.	there was a sharp peak in mortality during the 1996/7 winter, resulting in an estimated 49 thousand excess deaths. this article describes the timing of the winter peak, the population affected and the main causes of death. the relationship between excess winter mortality, temperature and influenza is also explored. the peak in the number of deaths in december 1996 and january 1997 coincided with a peak in the number of deaths attributed to influenza and with low temperatures. however, the excess ...	1997	9449156
radon: a human carcinogen.	radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive gas that is found in group 0 of the periodic table. normally, it is found in extremely low levels in air but can, in certain geological formations, be a significant component of soil gas. doses from radon are the largest component of the average radiation exposure for the uk general population. certain areas, e.g. cornwall, of the uk have been found to have elevated levels of radon in dwellings and these have been classified as affected areas. here aut ...	1997	9449198
genotoxic activity in human faecal water and the role of bile acids: a study using the alkaline comet assay.	human faecal waters from 35 healthy non-smoking volunteers (23 from england and 12 from sweden) consuming their habitual diet were screened for genotoxicity by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay using a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (caco-2) as the target. hydrogen peroxide induced dna damage was categorized as low, intermediate or high for tail moments greater than 5, 17 and 32, respectively: 11 samples were highly genotoxic, four were intermediate, one was low and 19 show ...	1997	9450481
elizabethan madness: on london's stage.	during the reign of elizabeth i (1558-1603) a renaissance of both literary and political history occurred. the stage was transformed from primitive echoes of the morality plays to a vibrant and diverse exploration of human endeavor and man's place in the universe. the titanic literary figure of shakespeare today veils a group of friends and challengers whose pens strove for the same goal. the depiction of madness was ubiquitous during plays of this time and reflection on the views of this group ...	1997	9461770
gordon holmes, the cortical retina, and the wounds of war. the seventh charles b. snyder lecture.	by the turn of the 20th century, localization of function in the cerebral cortex of the brain had advanced considerably, but a relatively vague idea only existed that human vision was represented in the vicinity of the calcarine cortex. world war i produced a large number of isolated missile wounds of the brain. their study yielded a complete topographical mapping of the visual field in the primary cortical vision center, and is a basis of our modern interpretation of visual fields. this map has ...	1997	9476602
the prevalence of enterocytozoon bieneusi in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients from the north west of england: 1992-1995.	microsporidia are increasingly being recognised as important enteric pathogens in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease, i.e. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of detection of microsporidia associated with diarrhoea in patients with advanced hiv disease in the north west of england, and to determine the species involved and their prevalence. during the period from april 1992 to the end of december 1995, ...	1997	9499596
risk of testicular cancer in cohort of boys with cryptorchidism.	to determine the risk of testicular cancer in relation to undescended testis and its treatment based on recorded details of the maldescent, treatment, and biopsy from case notes.	1997	9169396
dr percivall willughby, md (1596-1685): pioneer "man" midwife of derby.		1997	9175956
history of the crush syndrome: from the earthquakes of messina, sicily 1909 to spitak, armenia 1988.	man-made or massive natural disasters may be followed by 'epidemics' of the muscle crush syndrome. the first descriptions of the crush syndrome were in the german-language literature following the earthquake of messina in 1909 and world war ii. on the threshold of world war ii, the english-language literature was still unaware of the crush syndrome. during the london blitz in 1940, bywaters clearly delineated the pathogenesis of the crush syndrome and established guidelines for the management of ...	1997	9189260
[john locke, physician and philosopher. "the most sensible man on earth"].		1997	9190467
genetic characterisation of an influenza a virus of unusual subtype (h1n7) isolated from pigs in england.	an h1n7 influenza a virus, isolated from pigs in england in 1992, was examined genetically to determine the characteristics and probable origin of the eight gene segments. six of the rna segments encoding pb2, pb1, pa, ha, np and ns were related most closely to those of human viruses, whilst two of the rna segments (na and m) were related most closely to those of equine viruses. the ha gene was most similar to that of a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) but amino acid differences suggested independent genetic d ...	1997	9191869
a new locus for dominant "zonular pulverulent" cataract, on chromosome 13.	inherited cataract is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease that most often presents as a congenital autosomal dominant trait. here we report the linkage of a new locus for dominant "zonular pulverulent" cataract (czp) to chromosome 13. to map the czp locus we performed molecular-genetic linkage analysis using microsatellite markers in a five-generation english pedigree. after exclusion of eight known loci and several candidate genes for autosomal dominant cataract, we obtained sign ...	1997	9199569
application of molecular methods to a nosocomial outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.	a nosocomial outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 occurred in july 1995. seven definite cases were identified over 13 days affecting four wards in a london hospital. the outbreak strain was characterized by plasmid profile typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and was unusual in that it did not possess a 38 mda plasmid common to most isolates of s. enteritidis pt 4 made from humans and food animals in england and wales. seven asymptomatic excreters were identified on scr ...	1997	9211159
rights of possession in human corpses.		1997	9215160
increased incidence of parvovirus b19.		1997	9219425
compensation for subjects of medical research: the moral rights of patients and the power of research ethics committees.	awareness of the morally significant distinction between research and innovative therapy reveals serious gaps in the legal provision for compensation in the uk for injured subjects of medical research. major problems are limitations inherent in negligence actions and a culture that emphasises indemnifying researchers before compensating victims. medical research morally requires compensation on a no-fault basis even where there is proper consent on the part of the research subject. in particular ...	1997	9220333
workplace urine screening for drug abuse.		1997	9220335
socioeconomic status within social class and mortality: a prospective study in middle-aged british men.	it has been suggested that mortality differences between groups in society may be greater than are indicated by social class based on occupation. we have examined the relationship between social class and mortality using home and car ownership as additional indices of socioeconomic status within social class.	1997	9222778
multiplex reverse transcription-pcr for surveillance of influenza a and b viruses in england and wales in 1995 and 1996.	multiple-target (multiplex) reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for detection, typing, and subtyping of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza type a (h3n2 and h1n1) and type b viruses was developed and applied prospectively to virological surveillance of influenza in england in the 1995-1996 winter season. during this season both influenza a h3n2 and h1n1 viruses were circulating, although at different times. six hundred nineteen combined nose and throat swabs taken by general practitioners in sent ...	1997	9230385
the human growth hormone creutzfeld jakob disease litigation.		1997	9241994
molecular analysis of an outbreak of influenza in the united kingdom.	the first outbreak of influenza virus in europe in 1995/1996 occurred in a school in the south of england. rt-pcr-restriction analysis was performed on the ha1 portion of influenza haemagglutinin gene amplified directly from clinical samples. these were taken at the onset of the outbreak and indicated co-circulation of two distinct genetic variants of influenza virus which were antigenically identical. investigations of this nature demonstrate the genetic diversity of circulating variants of inf ...	1997	9258541
increase in multiple antibiotic resistance in nontyphoidal salmonellas from humans in england and wales: a comparison of data for 1994 and 1996.	the incidence of multiple drug resistance (to four or more antimicrobials) in salmonellas from humans in england and wales in 1996 has been compared with corresponding data for 1994. for salmonella enteritidis multiple resistance has remained rare, although a high proportion of isolates of phage type 6a have shown resistance to ampicillin. for s. typhimurium multiple resistance has continued to increase, with 81% of isolates now multiresistant. of particular importance in s. typhimurium has been ...	1997	9270996
recalling routes around london: activation of the right hippocampus in taxi drivers.	functional imaging to date has examined the neural basis of knowledge of spatial layouts of large-scale environments typically in the context of episodic memory with specific spatiotemporal references. much human behavior, however, takes place in very familiar environments in which knowledge of spatial layouts has entered the domain of general facts often referred to as semantic memory. in this study, positron emission tomography (pet) was used to examine the neural substrates of topographical m ...	1997	9278544
african diary.	you may have been wondering why there have been no further installments of african diary. the short answer is that diana was very ill from the side-effects of anti-malaria drugs. she has been back in this country being treated and having a spell of rest and recuperation. you will remember that diana and colin, her husband, had left mozambique and were very busy building up a new mission station, funded by a business man from liverpool, in uganda. before being taken ill, diana had written some no ...	1997	9283330
william cheselden (1688-1752): humane anatomist and master surgeon.	william cheselden (1688-1752) as a young man had a considerable reputation as an anatomist. he was one of the first to give a regular series of lecture/demonstrations and he incorporated this material into a basic text the anatomy of the humane body, which was extremely popular and was in print for 100 years. he was even better known as a surgeon, being on the staff of three teaching hospitals and recognized as the most skillful lithotomist of his time. his achievements are on record and he must ...	1997	9287918
the molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in six cities in britain and ireland.	we have sequenced the p17 coding regions of the gag gene from 211 patients infected either through injecting drug use (idu) or by sexual intercourse between men from six cities in scotland, n. england, n. ireland, and the republic of ireland. all sequences were of subtype b. phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity in the sequences from homosexual men. in contrast, sequence from over 80% of idus formed a relatively tight cluster, distinct both from those of published isolates and ...	1997	9300048
the mediterranean diet: a view from history.	although the virtues of the mediterranean diet have been advocated since the renaissance, adoption of the diet outside the mediterranean region has proved difficult but not impossible. efforts at promoting dietary change have been explored in the writings of europeans and americans since 1614 when giacomo castelvetro, an exile from modena, italy, published a book in england on italian fruit, herbs, and vegetables. the historical causes of resistance by groups and individuals-culture, class, sex, ...	1997	9322586
maternal exposure to influenza and paranoid schizophrenia.	previous research has suggested that schizophrenics exposed to influenza in the second trimester have more delusions of jealousy, delusions of reference and suspiciousness. we therefore hypothesised that the risk-increasing effect of in utero exposure to influenza would be particularly demonstrable in paranoid schizophrenia. we studied patients with an icd diagnosis of schizophrenia in england and wales who were born each month between 1923 and 1965 (n = 17,247. chi-square test for trend showed ...	1997	9323342
hunterian peptic ulcers and helicobacter pylori.	gastric spiral organisms were first described in man in 1939 and identified as helicobacter pylori causing peptic ulcers in the early 1980s. surgical specimens of gastric resections from 1939 showed h. pylori to be present. full-thickness sections of gastric mucosa from gastric specimens from the eighteenth-century hunterian collection at the royal college of surgeons of england were examined by histology for the presence of h. pylori. four gastric ulcers and a section from an oesophageal varix ...	1997	9326130
contamination incidents among doctors and midwives: reasons for non-reporting and knowledge of risks.	a 6-month retrospective self-administered questionnaire study of 482 doctors and 380 midwives in two nhs trusts was undertaken. the response rate was 384 (80%) and 293 (77%) respectively. the study revealed that only nine per cent of doctors and 46% of midwives had reported the contamination incidents they had received. the doctors' main reason for non-reporting was 'too time consuming' and midwives' was 'did not consider anything could be done', although their awareness of the active management ...	1997	9327639
hospitals in england: impact of the 1990 national health service reforms.	this article aims to describe recent changes in english hospitals, with particular reference to the impact of the national health service (nhs) and community care act of 1990.	1997	9339776
qualifications in companion animal behaviour.		1997	9342093
vitamin d status does not influence the breast-milk calcium concentration of lactating mothers accustomed to a low calcium intake.	plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin d and breast-milk calcium concentration were measured at 3 months of lactation in 60 gambian mothers accustomed to a low calcium diet, of whom 30 were consuming a calcium supplement and 30 were receiving a placebo, and in 48 british mothers. the plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin d concentration of the gambian women was not affected by either calcium supplementation (supplemented, 64.4 +/- 2.5 nmol l(-1); placebo, 64.9 +/- 3.5 nmol l(-1); mean +/- se) or season. the british aver ...	1997	9343285
molecular epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus in east london, england, between 1971 and 1995.	the molecular epidemiology of varicella-zoster virus in london, england, between 1971 and 1995 was examined by using two informative polymorphic markers, variable repeat region r5 and a bgli restriction site in gene 54. viruses from 105 cases of chickenpox and 144 of zoster were typed. two alleles of r5, a and b, were found at prevalences of 89 and 6%, respectively. no difference in allele frequency between the zoster and chickenpox cases was found, and no change in the frequencies of these alle ...	1997	9350738
exposure to occupational carcinogens and social class differences in cancer occurrence.	it has been estimated that occupational exposures are responsible for about 4% of all human cancers in industrialized countries. these cancers are concentrated among manual workers and in the lower social classes, thus contributing to the social class gradient in cancer incidence and mortality. on the basis of the 1971 cancer mortality data from england and wales, it was estimated that occupational cancer is responsible for about a third of the total cancer difference between high (i, ii and iii ...	1997	9353674
a 1-year study of escherichia coli o157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry.	samples of rectal faeces were collected immediately after slaughter from 400 cattle each month for a 1-year period and from 1000 each of sheep, pigs and poultry over the same period. samples were examined for escherichia coli o157 by enrichment culture in buffered peptone water with vancomycin, cefixime and cefsulodin followed by immunomagnetic separation and culture of magnetic particles onto cefixime tellurite sorbitol macconkey agar. e. coli o157 was isolated from 752 (15.7%) of 4800 cattle, ...	1997	9363024
nursing with a human face.		1997	9370653
polymorphism in apolipoprotein(a) kringle iv 37(met/thr): frequency in a london population and its association with coronary artery disease.	a raised concentration of lipoprotein(a) [lp(a)] in human plasma has been considered as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (cad). apolipoprotein(a) and plasminogen genes are exceptionally similar to a variable number of plasminogen-like kringle iv repeats in the apo(a) gene. polymorphisms have been previously identified in the apolipoprotein(a) kringle iv 37.	1997	9377824
piety and the agnostic gay poet: thom gunn's biblical homoerotics.	thom gunn has relied on biblical stories throughout his writing career to carry gay-themed poems. although he characterizes himself agnostic, it is difficult to reconcile this self-definition with the tenderness evident in his biblical poems, a tenderness that many would identify with a kind of piety. two of these poems reflect gunn's reaction to paintings by caravaggio, "the sacrifice of isaac" and "the conversion of st. paul." for the former, gunn seems to have intuited caravaggio's fascinatio ...	1997	9378939
the (homo)sexual temptation in milton's paradise regained.	while the sexual temptation of paradise regained is tactful, it is also characteristically miltonic in its daring. despite its decorous presentation, the temptation is exceedingly bold in that it is not merely a heterosexual temptation but a homosexual one as well. acknowledgement of the homosexual lure in the brief epic is essential to understanding the dynamics of the celebrated banquet scene and to appreciating the comprehensiveness of milton's trial of the son's humanity. such a recognition ...	1997	9378942
hiv serophobia in the mortuary: an algorithm system for handling high-risk forensic cases.	a serophobia of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is very noticeable in mortuaries handling high-risk cases. the morbid anxiety about occupationally acquired hiv infection in the forensic practice has made mortuary workers unduly overcautious. despite the availability of codes of practice and informed principles of health and safety, there is considerable anxiety that an hiv carrier with no identifiable risk factors may be overlooked or a seronegative body may be inadvertently assu ...	1997	9383938
subtypes of campylobacter jejuni from sporadic cases of diarrhoeal disease at different locations in england are highly diverse.	serotyping (heat stable antigens) was performed on 398 strains of campylobacter jejuni from faeces of human enteritis cases in england. strains isolated over 12 months at three locations were heterogeneous with 33 hs serotypes represented. hs1 and hs4 complex were the predominant types (34% of all strains). the monthly strain frequency distributions were similar at the three locations. the late spring peak appeared to be associated with a rise in miscellaneous serotypes rather than with the emer ...	1997	9384275
a method for the detection and confirmation of antibodies to hepatitis c virus in dried blood spots.	this study describes the development and evaluation of a cost effective test rationale for the detection of anti-hcv in dried blood spots. samples were screened using an 'in house' igg elisa that incorporated the recombinant proteins c22-3, c200 and ns5. confirmation of specific antibody to hcv was by a modification of the immunoblot riba 3.0. an extensive panel of well evaluated anti-hcv positive and negative samples from the uk and south africa were used to assess the sensitivity and specifici ...	1997	9389410
the association of squamous cell carcinomas of the nasopharynx with epstein-barr virus shows geographical variation reminiscent of burkitt's lymphoma.	nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) is rare in most parts of the world but occurs with high incidence in certain regions, such as south-east asia. two major histological types of npc are recognized, non-keratinizing carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. non-keratinizing npcs, which include undifferentiated npc, are invariably associated with epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection, regardless of the geographical or ethnic origin of the patients. by contrast, conflicting results have been published concer ...	1997	9390028
a case of human rabies contracted in nigeria.		1997	9401157
uptake of influenza vaccine in high risk patients.		1997	9401189
some observations on the trace element concentrations in human dental enamel.	the concentration of trace elements has been measured for dental enamel from 86 healthy human teeth using particle-induced x-ray emission (pixe). the majority of the teeth (n = 70) were collected from dentists in the county of oxfordshire in the united kingdom, although a smaller group (n = 16) were collected from cornwall. the elements k, ca, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, zn, sr, pb, and hg have been detected and statistically analyzed by grouping according to sex, age, and geographical location. the con ...	1997	9404671
a high prevalence of hla-h 845a mutations in hemochromatosis patients and the normal population in eastern england.	we have examined normal individuals and all the patients currently being treated for hemochromatosis at the norfolk and norwich hospital for mutations in the hla-h gene. we found a gene frequency in 200 normal subjects for teh 845a (c282y) allele of 0.085, corresponding to a carrier frequency of 17% which is among the highest reported anywhere in the world. the frequency for the less penetrant 187g (h63d) allele was 0.16 among 58 of the normal subjects, which corresponds to a carrier frequency o ...	1997	9410472
adenovirus-associated gastro-enteritis in the north-west of england: 1991-1994.	faeces, positive for adenoviruses by electron microscopy on initial examination at manchester public health laboratory (phl) or preston phl during the period 1991-1994, were examined by an enzyme immunoassay which differentiated ad40, ad41 and non-adf strains. isolation and serotyping by neutralisation of non-adf strains were attempted in plc/prf/5 cells. of 452 specimens examined, 99 (22%) contained ad40, 209 (46%) ad41 and 144 (32%) non-adf serotypes. from 1991 to 1993 the ratio of ad40 to ad4 ...	1997	9624738
complete genomic sequence of the human pk-l/r-gene includes four intragenic polymorphisms defining different haplotype backgrounds of normal and mutant pk-genes.	the human pyruvate kinase l/r-gene has been completely sequenced in unrelated normal individuals and in pyruvate kinase-deficient patients by a pcr-based direct genomic sequencing approach and analyzed for polymorphisms. the total length of the gene is 8409 nucleotides. four polymorphic sites have been detected: c/a1705 and c/t1992 in exon 12, a t-stretch in intron 1 occurring in the two polymorphic forms (t)10 and (t)19 and an (att)n microsatellite in intron j which has been found in the variat ...	1997	9522120