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response to interferons and antibacterial innate immunity in the absence of tyrosine-phosphorylated stat1.signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) plays a pivotal role in the innate immune system by directing the transcriptional response to interferons (ifns). stat1 is activated by janus kinase (jak)-mediated phosphorylation of y701. to determine whether stat1 contributes to cellular responses without this phosphorylation event, we generated mice with y701 mutated to a phenylalanine (stat1(y701f)). we show that heterozygous mice do not exhibit a dominant-negative phenotype. homozyg ...201626882544
structural basis for glutathione-mediated activation of the virulence regulatory protein prfa in listeria.infection by the human bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes is mainly controlled by the positive regulatory factor a (prfa), a member of the crp/fnr family of transcriptional activators. published data suggest that prfa requires the binding of a cofactor for full activity, and it was recently proposed that glutathione (gsh) could fulfill this function. here we report the crystal structures of prfa in complex with gsh and in complex with gsh and its cognate dna, the hly operator prfa box mot ...201627930316
chemical defence in a millipede: evaluation and characterization of antimicrobial activity of the defensive secretion from pachyiulus hungaricus (karsch, 1881) (diplopoda, julida, julidae).the chemical defence of the millipede pachyiulus hungaricus is reported in the present paper, in which a chemical characterization is given and antimicrobial activity is determined. in total, independently of sex, 44 compounds were identified. all compounds belong to two groups: quinones and pentyl and hexyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. the relative abundances of quinones and non-quinones were 94.7% vs. 5.3% (males) and 87.3% vs. 12.7% (females), respectively. the two dominant quinones in b ...201627907048
licheniocin 50.2 and bacteriocins from lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis bgbu1-4 inhibit biofilms of coagulase negative staphylococci and listeria monocytogenes clinical isolates.coagulase negative staphylococci (cons) and listeria monocytogenes have important roles in pathogenesis of various genital tract infections and fatal foetomaternal infections, respectively. the aim of our study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of two novel bacteriocins on biofilms of cons and l. monocytogenes genital isolates.201627930711
comparison of surface proteomes of adherence variants of listeria monocytogenes using lc-ms/ms for identification of potential surface adhesins.the ability of listeria monocytogenes to adhere and form biofilms leads to persistence in food processing plants and food-associated listeriosis. the role of specific surface proteins as adhesins to attach listeria cells to various contact surfaces has not been well characterized to date. in prior research comparing different methods for surface protein extraction, the ghost urea method revealed cleaner protein content as verified by the least cytoplasmic protein detected in surface extracts usi ...201627196934
antimicrobial activity of croton macrostachyus stem bark extracts against several human pathogenic bacteria.in kenya, leaves and roots from croton macrostachyus are used as a traditional medicine for infectious diseases such as typhoid and measles, but reports on possible antimicrobial activity of stem bark do not exist. in this study, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of methanol, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts, and purified lupeol of c. macrostachyus stem bark were determined against important human gram-negative pathogens escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, klebsiella pneumoniae, and ent ...201627293897
normal development and function of t cells in proline rich 7 (prr7) deficient mice.transmembrane adaptor proteins (traps) are important organisers for the transduction of immunoreceptor-mediated signals. prr7 is a trap that regulates t cell receptor (tcr) signalling and potently induces cell death when overexpressed in human jurkat t cells. whether endogenous prr7 has a similar functional role is currently unknown. to address this issue, we analysed the development and function of the immune system in prr7 knockout mice. we found that loss of prr7 partially impairs development ...201627657535
cip2a promotes t-cell activation and immune response to listeria monocytogenes infection.the oncoprotein cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2a (cip2a) is overexpressed in most malignancies and is an obvious candidate target protein for future cancer therapies. however, the physiological importance of cip2a-mediated pp2a inhibition is largely unknown. as pp2a regulates immune responses, we investigated the role of cip2a in normal immune system development and during immune response in vivo. we show that cip2a-deficient mice (cip2ahoz) present a normal immune system developmen ...201627100879
the biofilm lifestyle involves an increase in bacterial membrane saturated fatty acids.biofilm formation on contact surfaces contributes to persistence of foodborne pathogens all along the food and feed chain. the specific physiological features of bacterial cells embedded in biofilms contribute to their high tolerance to environmental stresses, including the action of antimicrobial compounds. as membrane lipid adaptation is a vital facet of bacterial response when cells are submitted to harsh or unstable conditions, we focused here on membrane fatty acid composition of biofilm ce ...201627840623
phenotypes associated with the essential diadenylate cyclase cdaa and its potential regulator cdar in the human pathogen listeria monocytogenes.cyclic diadenylate monophosphate (c-di-amp) is a second messenger utilized by diverse bacteria. in many species, including the gram-positive human pathogen listeria monocytogenes, c-di-amp is essential for growth. here we show that the single diadenylate cyclase of l. monocytogenes, cdaa, is an integral membrane protein that interacts with its potential regulatory protein, cdar, via the transmembrane protein domain. the presence of the cdar protein is not required for the membrane localization a ...201626527648
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, a novel immunogenic surface protein on listeria species.listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous food-borne pathogen, and its presence in food or production facilities highlights the importance of surveillance. increased understanding of the surface exposed antigens on listeria would provide potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. in the present work, using mass spectrometry and genetic cloning, we show that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (fba) class ii in listeria species is the antigen target of the previously described mab-3f8. western and ...201627489951
antimicrobial activity of serbian propolis evaluated by means of mic, hptlc, bioautography and chemometrics.new information has come to light about the biological activity of propolis and the quality of natural products which requires a rapid and reliable assessment method such as high performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc) fingerprinting. this study investigates chromatographic and chemometric approaches for determining the antimicrobial activity of propolis of serbian origin against various bacterial species. a linear multivariate calibration technique, using partial least squares, was used t ...201627272728
antibiotic susceptibility of listeria monocytogenes in argentina.listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a food-borne disease that mainly affects pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. the primary treatment of choice of listeriosis is the combination of ampicillin or penicillin g, with an aminoglycoside, classically gentamicin. the second-choice therapy for patients allergic to β-lactams is the combination of trimethoprim with a sulfonamide (such as co-trimoxazole). the aim of this study was to analyze the antimicro ...201625976753
multistate outbreak of listeriosis caused by imported cheese and evidence of cross-contamination of other cheeses, usa, 2012.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause bacteraemia, meningitis, and complications during pregnancy. in july 2012, molecular subtyping identified indistinguishable l. monocytogenes isolates from six patients and two samples of different cut and repackaged cheeses. a multistate outbreak investigation was initiated. initial analyses identified an association between eating soft cheese and outbreak-related illness (odds ratio 17·3, 95% confidence interval 2·0-825·7) but no com ...201626122394
multisystemic listeriosis in a common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) and two common ringtail possums (pseudocheirus peregrinus).a single free-ranging common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) and 2 captive sibling common ringtail possums (pseudocheirus peregrinus)from a zoological facility in sydney, australia, were diagnosed with multisystemic listeriosis. the brushtail was found dead in an animal enclosure while the ringtails presented with signs of cardiovascular collapse and died shortly thereafter. all 3 animals were culture positive forlisteria monocytogenesand demonstrated focal suppurative lesions within th ...201626215760
natural antimicrobials and high-pressure treatments on the inactivation of salmonella enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in cold-smoked salmon.high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) combined with reuterin and lactoperoxidase system (lps) has exerted antimicrobial activity against listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked salmon at chilled temperatures. therefore the purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of hhp combined with reuterin, lps and lactoferrin (lf) on the survival of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in cold-smoked salmon stored at 4 and 10 °c.201626268416
an unusual presentation of paediatric listeria meningitis with selective spinal grey matter involvement and acute demyelinating polyneuropathy.paediatric listeria meningitis is rare, especially in immuno-competent children, but associated with significant mortality and morbidity and frequent complications.201626371981
identification and characterization of species-specific nanobodies for the detection of listeria monocytogenes in milk.listeria monocytogenes (lm), one of the eight species belonging to the genus listeria, is pathogenic for both humans and animals. in this study, two novel lm-specific clones, designated l5-78 and l5-79, were isolated from a phage display antibody library that was derived from the variable domain of heavy-chain antibodies (vhhs) of non-immunized alpaca. these two clones were expressed, purified, and characterized. results showed that both isolated vhhs recognize three serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, and 4 ...201626456330
combined effect of ultrasound and essential oils to reduce listeria monocytogenes on fresh produce.salads prepared from contaminated fresh produce have a high risk of causing food-borne illnesses. essential oils obtained from plants have antimicrobial activity and may provide a natural approach to reduce the pathogens on fresh produce. additionally, ultrasound treatments have been shown to reduce the microbial counts on different foods. the objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activities of cinnamon and lemon essential oils in vitro and in food applications. mixtures o ...201626377335
prevalence and virulence characterization of listeria monocytogenes in chilled pork in zhejiang province, china.listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that can grow in refrigeration temperature and causes severe human infections. the aims of this work were to estimate the prevalence of l. monocytogenes in chilled pork in zhejiang, china and to examine the virulence features of the isolates. of 331 meat samples, 196 were positive for listeria spp., with l. innocua accounting for 54.4%, l. monocytogenes for 11.5%, and l. welshimeri for 4.2%. the most prevalent l. monocytogenes serotype wa ...201626393675
comparative genomic analysis reveals that the 20k and 38k prophages in listeria monocytogenes serovar 4a strains lm850658 and m7 contribute to genetic diversity but not to virulence.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of considerable genetic diversity with varying pathogenicity. initially, we found that the strain m7 was far less pathogenic than the strain lm850658 though both are serovar 4a strains belonging to the lineage iii. comparative genomic approaches were then attempted to decipher the genetic basis that might govern the strain-dependent pathotypes. there are 2,761 coding sequences of 100% nucleotide identity between the two strains, accounting for 95.7% ...201626464378
macrophages mediate flagellin induced inflammasome activation and host defense in zebrafish.the inflammasome is an innate immune complex whose rapid inflammatory outputs play a critical role in controlling infection; however, the host cells that mediate inflammasome responses in vivo are not well defined. using zebrafish larvae, we examined the cellular immune responses to inflammasome activation during infection. we compared the host responses with two listeria monocytogenes strains: wild type and lm-pyro, a strain engineered to activate the inflammasome via ectopic expression of flag ...201626468080
[the stimulating effect of exometabolites of the marine microalgae phaeodactylum tricornutum bohlin on reproduction of listeria monocytogenes].the biological activity of ethyl acetate extract of exometabolites from the marine microalgae phaeodactylum tricornutum against a test culture of listeria monocytogenes 4b has been investigated. it was shown that the stimulating effect of algal exometabolites on the growth of pathogenic bacteria increased maximally by 98.3% on day 6 of the cultivation, if the active substances comprising the culture liquid of p. tricornutum were separated by successive extractions with solvents in order of incre ...201626415278
virus recovering from strawberries: evaluation of a skimmed milk organic flocculation method for assessment of microbiological contamination.skimmed milk organic flocculation method was adapted, optimized and compared with polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation and filtration methods for recovering viruses from a strawberry matrix. spiking experiments with norovirus genogroup ii genotype 4 (nov gii.4) and murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) demonstrated that the organic flocculation method associated with a glycine elution buffer, filter bag and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (ctab) showed a recovery percentage of 2.5 and 32 times higher tha ...201626476572
systemic tolerance mediated by melanoma brain tumors is reversible by radiotherapy and vaccination.immune responses to antigens originating in the central nervous system (cns) are generally attenuated, as collateral damage can have devastating consequences. the significance of this finding for the efficacy of tumor-targeted immunotherapies is largely unknown.201626490306
synergism between carvacrol or thymol increases the antimicrobial efficacy of soy sauce with no sensory impact.here, we examined the antimicrobial effects of soy sauce containing essential oils (eos) against escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes at 22°c and 4°c. to screen a variety of combined effects, soy sauce was mixed with six different eos (carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, β-resorcylic acid, and vanillin), each at a concentration of 1mm for 10 min. none of the oils showed bactericidal activity when used alone. soy sauce combined with carvacrol ...201626490647
ring-enhancing brain lesions: listeria monocytogenes abscesses. 201626494469
outbreak of hospital-acquired gastroenteritis and invasive infection caused by listeria monocytogenes, finland, 2012.during one week in july 2012, two patients from the same ward at the municipal hospital in vaasa, finland, were diagnosed with septicaemia caused by listeria monocytogenes. an outbreak investigation revealed eight concomitant cases of febrile gastroenteritis caused by l. monocytogenes on the same ward. median age of the cases was 82 years and median incubation time for listerial gastroenteritis was 21 h (range 9-107). an additional 10 cases of invasive listeriosis caused by the same outbreak str ...201626493730
efflux pump-mediated benzalkonium chloride resistance in listeria monocytogenes isolated from retail food.in this study, efflux pump-mediated benzalkonium chloride (bc) resistance, including plasmid-encoded (qac protein family and bcrabc) and chromosome-borne efflux pumps, was investigated in listeria monocytogenes from retail food in china. among the 59 l. monocytogenes strains, 13 (22.0%) strains were resistant to bc. the pcr results showed that bcrabc was harbored by 2 of 13 bc resistant strains. however, none of the qac genes were detected among the 59 strains. the bcrabc was absent in both of t ...201626513255
the intrinsic cephalosporin resistome of listeria monocytogenes in the context of stress response, gene regulation, pathogenesis and therapeutics.intrinsic resistance to antibiotics is a serious therapeutic problem in the case of many bacterial species. the gram-positive human pathogen listeria monocytogenes is intrinsically resistant to broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotics, which are commonly used in therapy of bacterial infections. besides three penicillin-binding proteins the intrinsic cephalosporin resistome of l. monocytogenes includes multidrug resistance transporter transporters, proteins involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis ...201626509460
enhanced antimicrobial effect of organic acid washing against foodborne pathogens on broccoli by vacuum impregnation.this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of vacuum impregnation applied to the washing process for removal of salmonella typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes from broccoli surfaces. broccoli was inoculated with the two foodborne pathogens and treated with simple dipping washing or with vacuum impregnation in 2% malic acid for 5, 10, 20, or 30 min. there were two methods of vacuum impregnation: continuous and intermittent. after 30 min of 101.3 kpa (=14.7 psi, simple dipping), 61.3 kpa ...201626496412
tracing sources of listeria contamination in traditional italian cheese associated with a us outbreak: investigations in italy.in 2012 a us multistate outbreak of listeriosis was linked to ricotta salata imported from italy, made from pasteurized sheep's milk. sampling activities were conducted in italy to trace the source of listeria monocytogenes contamination. the cheese that caused the outbreak was produced in a plant in apulia that processed semi-finished cheeses supplied by five plants in sardinia. during an 'emergency sampling', 179 (23·6%) out of 758 end-products tested positive for l. monocytogenes, with concen ...201626522501
effect of x-ray treatments on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica and inherent microbiota on whole mangoes.the aims of this investigation were to; (i) study the effect of x-ray treatments in reducing escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on whole mangoes, and (ii) study the effect of x-ray treatments on microflora counts (mesophilic counts, psychrotrophic counts and yeast and mould counts) of whole mangoes during storage at ambient temperature (22°c) for 30 days. a mixture of three strains of each test organism was spot inoculated (100 μl; approx. ...201626518738
listeria monocytogenes isolates from food and food environment harbouring tetm and ermb resistance genes.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that has become an important cause of human and animal diseases worldwide. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the serotypes, virulence potential, antimicrobial resistance profile, and genetic relationships of 50 l. monocytogenes isolates from food and food environment in southern brazil. in this study, the majority of l. monocytogenes isolates belonged to the serotypes 1/2b (42%) and 4b (26%), which are the main serotypes associated with huma ...201626518475
multiplex pcr serogrouping of listeria monocytogenes isolated in japan.pcr serogrouping methods were used to examine strains of l. monocytogenes isolated in japan. among 187 strains, 99.5% were classified into 4 pcr serogroups corresponding to conventional serotypes. only one isolate had a new pcr profile, which may be a variant of serogroup ivb.201626537550
up-regulation of cyld enhances listeria monocytogenes induced apoptosis in thp-1 cells.listeria monocytogenes (lm), a facultative anaerobic gram-positive bacterium, causes listeriosis. immune cell apoptosis is considered to be one pathogenic factor for listeriosis. as a deubiquitinase, cyld is an important regulator both in innate immune response and apoptosis by negatively modulating nf-κb pathway. however the role of cyld in lm induced apoptosis remains unclear. here we found that cyld is significantly up-regulated in macrophages upon its infection. there is a moderate decrease ...201626545866
adam17 controls il-6 signaling by cleavage of the murine il-6rα from the cell surface of leukocytes during inflammatory responses.the cytokine il-6 is part of a regulatory signaling network that controls immune responses. il-6 binds either to the membrane-bound il-6 receptor-α (classic signaling) or to the soluble il-6 receptor-α (trans-signaling) to initiate signal transduction via gp130 activation. because classic and trans-signaling of il-6 fulfill different tasks during immune responses, controlled shedding of the membrane-bound il-6 receptor-α from the surface of immune cells can be considered a central regulator of i ...201626561568
collapsin response mediator protein-1 regulates arp2/3-dependent actin assembly.listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial parasite that uses host proteins to assemble an arp2/3-dependent actin comet tail to power its movement through the host cell. initiation of comet tail assembly is more efficient in cytosol than it is under defined conditions, indicating that unknown factors contribute to the reaction. we therefore fractionated cytosol and identified crmp-1 as a factor that facilitates arp2/3-dependent listeria actin cloud formation in the presence of arp2/3 and actin alone. ...201626598519
exoproteome analysis reveals higher abundance of proteins linked to alkaline stress in persistent listeria monocytogenes strains.the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes, responsible for listeriosis a rare but severe infection disease, can survive in the food processing environment for month or even years. so-called persistent l. monocytogenes strains greatly increase the risk of (re)contamination of food products, and are therefore a great challenge for food safety. however, our understanding of the mechanism underlying persistence is still fragmented. in this study we compared the exoproteome of three persistent st ...201626594790
dynamics of listeria monocytogenes colonisation in a newly-opened meat processing facility.this study determined the colonisation scenario of listeria monocytogenes in a newly-opened ready-to-eat meat processing facility using a combination of classical microbiology and molecular biology techniques. samples (n=183), including food contact surfaces, non-food contact surfaces, raw materials and food samples, collected on four sampling occasions, were analysed for l. monocytogenes by the iso 11290:1996 standard method and by real-time pcr applied to the second enrichment broth from the i ...201626599913
structure of the bacterial cell division determinant gpsb and its interaction with penicillin-binding proteins.each bacterium has to co-ordinate its growth with division to ensure genetic stability of the population. consequently, cell division and growth are tightly regulated phenomena, albeit different bacteria utilise one of several alternative regulatory mechanisms to maintain control. here we consider gpsb, which is linked to cell growth and division in gram-positive bacteria. δgpsb mutants of the human pathogen listeria monocytogenes show severe lysis, division and growth defects due to distortions ...201626575090
extending rad tag analysis to microbial ecology: a comparison between multilocus sequence typing and 2b-rad to investigate listeria monocytogenes genetic structure.the advent of next-generation sequencing (ngs) has dramatically changed bacterial typing technologies, increasing our ability to differentiate bacterial isolates. despite it is now possible to sequence a bacterial genome in a few days and at reasonable costs, most genetic analyses do not require whole-genome sequencing, which also remains impractical for large population samples due to the cost of individual library preparation and bioinformatics. more traditional sequencing approaches, however, ...201626613186
effect of salt types and concentrations on the high-pressure inactivation of listeria monocytogenes in ground chicken.national and international health agencies have recommended a significant reduction in daily intake of sodium by reducing the amount of nacl in foods, specifically processed meats. however, sodium reduction could increase the risk of survival and growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms on these products. therefore, alternate processing technologies to improve safety of sodium reduced foods are necessary. this study examined the effects of three different salt types and concentrations on ...201626613161
inhibition mechanism of listeria monocytogenes by a bioprotective bacteria lactococcus piscium cncm i-4031.listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic gram positive bacterium and the etiologic agent of listeriosis, a severe food-borne disease. lactococcus piscium cncm i-4031 has the capacity to prevent the growth of l. monocytogenes in contaminated peeled and cooked shrimp. to investigate the inhibititory mechanism, a chemically defined medium (msma) based on shrimp composition and reproducing the inhibition observed in shrimp was developed. in co-culture at 26 °c, l. monocytogenes was reduced by 3-4 log ...201626611171
prospective whole-genome sequencing enhances national surveillance of listeria monocytogenes.whole-genome sequencing (wgs) has emerged as a powerful tool for comparing bacterial isolates in outbreak detection and investigation. here we demonstrate that wgs performed prospectively for national epidemiologic surveillance of listeria monocytogenes has the capacity to be superior to our current approaches using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), multilocus sequence typing (mlst), multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva), binary typing, and serotyping. initially 423 l. ...201626607978
listeria infected pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery.we present a unique case of listeria-infected pseudoaneurysm of the superficial femoral artery. listeria monocytogenes, a gram positive, intracellular bacterium, is widespread in the environment. the manifestation of infection in humans ranges from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening listeriosis. the incidence in the healthy population is low (0.7 per 100,000) but rises sharply in pregnancy, the immunocompromised and patients with malignancy. listeria rarely causes mycotic aneurysm formatio ...201626620380
systemic listeriosis following vaccination with the attenuated listeria monocytogenes therapeutic vaccine, adxs11-001. 201626618528
an invertebrate signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (stat5) ortholog from the disk abalone, haliotis discus discus: genomic structure, early developmental expression, and immune responses to bacterial and viral stresses.signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) family members are key signaling molecules that transduce cellular responses from the cell membrane to the nucleus upon janus kinase (jak) activation. although seven stat members have been reported in mammals, very limited information on stat genes in molluscans is available. in this study, we identified and characterized a stat paralog that is homologous to stat5 from the disk abalone, haliotis discus discus, and designated as abstat5. com ...201626616564
microbial dynamics in mixed culture biofilms of bacteria surviving sanitation of conveyor belts in salmon-processing plants.the microbiota surviving sanitation of salmon-processing conveyor belts was identified and its growth dynamics further investigated in a model mimicking processing surfaces in such plants.201626613979
teichoic acid is the major polysaccharide present in the listeria monocytogenes biofilm matrix.the aim of this study was to characterize the listeria monocytogenes biofilm and particularly the nature of the carbohydrates in the biofilm extracellular matrix and culture supernatant versus to cell wall carbohydrates. listeria monocytogenes serotype 1/2a and 4b strains were able to form complex biofilms embedded in an extracellular matrix. the soluble carbohydrates from biofilm extracellular matrix and culture supernatant were identified as teichoic acids, structurally identical to cell wall ...201626626878
long-term exposure to high levels of decabrominated diphenyl ether inhibits cd4 t-cell functions in c57bl/6 mice.in recent years, the adverse health effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (bde-209) have raised more concerns as a growing number of studies reported its persistence in the environment and abundance in the human population, especially in occupational environmental compartments and exposed personnel. this study applies our previous animal model simulating occupational exposure to bde-209 to investigate its potential adverse effects on cd4 t cells. female c57bl/6 mice were orally gavaged with b ...201626682527
restraining of reactive oxygen species promotes invasion of listeria monocytogenes into glia cells.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that could cause severe infection in the central nervous system of humans and animals. however, the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis is not fundamentally assessed. this study aimed to analyze the role of reactive oxygen species (ros) in l. monocytogenes during its invasion into glia cells. the ros level in l. monocytogenes was manipulated using nad(p)h oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (dpi) and ros scavenger n-acetyl cysteine (n ...201626635415
detection of virulence genes and growth potential in listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from ricotta salata cheese.ricotta salata is a traditional ripened and salted whey cheese made in sardinia (italy) from sheep's milk. this product is catalogued as ready-to-eat food (rte) since it is not submitted to any further treatment before consumption. thus, foodborne pathogens, such as listeria monocytogenes, can represent a health risk for consumers. in september 2012, the fda ordered the recall of several batches of ricotta salata imported from italy linked to 22 cases of listeriosis in the united states. this st ...201626666835
inactivation kinetics of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium on fresh-cut bell pepper treated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water combined with ultrasound and mild heat.the goal of this study was to enhance the antimicrobial effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (saew) through addition of synergistic treatment with ultrasound (us) and mild heat treatment in order to improve the microbial safety of fresh-cut bell pepper. to evaluate the synergistic effects, the weibull model was used to mathematically measure the effectiveness of the individual and combined treatments against listeria monocytogenes and salmonella typhimurium on the pepper. the combined tr ...201626678144
the challenge of enumerating listeria monocytogenes in food.listeria monocytogenes is recognised as a serious foodborne pathogen in humans. however, food products are usually contaminated at low levels (i.e. <100 cfu/g) and there is still no adequate enumeration method for testing food. much research has been carried out to improve listeria enumeration methods, leading to several proposed alternative methods such as the most probable number technique, molecular-based methods and bacterial cell concentration techniques. here, we catalogue the current know ...201626678141
development of a model describing the inhibitory effect of selected preservatives on the growth of listeria monocytogenes in a meat model system.the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of seven independent factors consisting of sodium nitrite, ph, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium lactate syrup, calcium propionate and a blend of nisin and hop alpha acids on the growth rate of listeria monocytogenes in ham as a model of ready-to-eat (rte) meat products. a central composite consisted of seven factors mentioned above was designed and the response surface methodology was applied for creating a mathematic model to predict ...201626678138
cutting edge: novel tmem173 allele reveals importance of sting n terminus in trafficking and type i ifn production.with the stimulator of ifn genes (sting) c terminus being extensively studied, the role of the n-terminal domain (ntd) of sting remains an important subject of investigation. in this article, we identify novel mutations in ntd of sting of the molf strain in response to hsv and listeria monocytogenes both in vitro and in vivo. these mutations are responsible for low levels of ifn-β caused by failure of molf sting to translocate from the endoplasmic reticulum. these data provide evidence that the ...201626685207
xcr1+ dendritic cells promote memory cd8+ t cell recall upon secondary infections with listeria monocytogenes or certain viruses.naive cd8(+) t cell priming during tumor development or many primary infections requires cross-presentation by xcr1(+) dendritic cells (dcs). memory cd8(+) t lymphocytes (mctls) harbor a lower activation threshold as compared with naive cells. however, whether their recall responses depend on xcr1(+) dcs is unknown. by using a new mouse model allowing fluorescent tracking and conditional depletion of xcr1(+) dcs, we demonstrate a differential requirement of these cells for mctl recall during sec ...201626694969
inhibition of sortase a by chalcone prevents listeria monocytogenes infection.the critical role of sortase a in gram-positive bacterial pathogenicity makes this protein a good potential target for antimicrobial therapy. in this study, we report for the first time the crystal structure of listeria monocytogenes sortase a and identify the active sites that mediate its transpeptidase activity. we also used a sortase a (srta) enzyme activity inhibition assay, simulation, and isothermal titration calorimetry analysis to discover that chalcone, an agent with little anti-l. mono ...201626826492
listeria meningoencephalitis and anti-gq1b antibody syndrome.we report the first case of listeria monocytogenes meningoencephalitis associated with anti-gq1b antibody syndrome in an immunocompetent adult. a prompt diagnosis, made thanks to the multidisciplinary contribution, allowed a combined therapeutic approach leading to final favourable outcome, despite several intercurrent complications.201626825308
fresh produce-associated listeriosis outbreaks, sources of concern, teachable moments, and insights.foodborne transmission of listeria monocytogenes was first demonstrated through the investigation of the 1981 maritime provinces outbreak involving coleslaw. in the following two decades, most listeriosis outbreaks involved foods of animal origin, e.g., deli meats, hot dogs, and soft cheeses. l. monocytogenes serotype 4b, especially epidemic clones i, ii, and ia, were frequently implicated in these outbreaks. however, since 2008 several outbreaks have been linked to diverse types of fresh produc ...201626818997
antimicrobial activity of individual and combined essential oils against foodborne pathogenic bacteria.the antimicrobial activities of essential oils from mexican oregano (lippia berlandieri schauer), mustard (brassica nigra), and thyme (thymus vulgaris) were evaluated alone and in binary combinations against listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, or salmonella enteritidis. chemical compositions of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the mics of the evaluated essential oils ranged from 0.05 to 0.50% (vol/vol). mustard essential oil was the most effect ...201626818994
modeling the impact of ingoing sodium nitrite, sodium ascorbate, and residual nitrite concentrations on growth parameters of listeria monocytogenes in cooked, cured pork sausage.sodium nitrite has been identified as a key antimicrobial ingredient to control pathogens in ready-to-eat (rte) meat and poultry products, including listeria monocytogenes. this study was designed to more clearly elucidate the relationship between chemical factors (ingoing nitrite, ascorbate, and residual nitrite) and l. monocytogenes growth in rte meats. treatments of cooked, cured pork sausage (65% moisture, 1.8% salt, ph 6.6, and water activity 0.98) were based on response surface methodology ...201626818978
prosthetic knee joint infection due to listeria monocytogenes bacteremia in a diabetic female. 201626813571
molecular serogrouping of listeria monocytogenes from brazil using pcr.we assessed the serotype distribution of listeria monocytogenes isolates from clinical, beef, and environment samples using two pcr-based protocols for serogrouping. a panel of 134 isolates (22 clinical samples, 79 samples of beef cuts, and 33 samples from the beef processing environment) were subjected to conventional serology and identified as serotypes 1/2a (n = 12), 1/2b (n = 21), 1/2c (n = 71), and 4b (n = 30). isolates from clinical samples were predominantly serotype 4b, and the most prev ...201626735041
antimicrobial activities, toxicity and phenolic composition of asphodeline anatolica e. tuzlaci leaf extracts from turkey.the antimicrobial activity of acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of asphodeline anatolica e. tuzlaci leaves was evaluated against american type culture collection, food and clinical isolates (listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains-mrsa). biofilm formation, toxicity and characterisation of the polyphenolic content were analysed. the acetone extract demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity against s. aureus including mrsa strains, l. monocy ...201626727992
the role of listeria monocytogenes cell wall surface anchor protein lapb in virulence, adherence, and intracellular replication.lmof2365_2117 is a listeria monocytogenes putative cell wall surface anchor protein with a conserved domain found in collagen binding proteins. we constructed a deletion mutation in lmof2365_2117 in serotype 4b strain f2365, evaluated its virulence, and determined its ability to adhere and invade colonic epithelial cells and macrophages. in a/j mice, colonization of liver was significantly higher for f2365 than for f2365δ2117. the ability of f2365δ2117 to adhere to caco-2 cells was significantly ...201626724740
differential internalin a levels in biofilms of listeria monocytogenes grown on different surfaces and nutrient conditions.listeria monoctyogenes is a foodborne pathogen containing the surface protein, internalin a (inla). the expression of this protein permits the invasion of l. monocytogenes into intestinal epithelial cells expressing the receptor e-cadherin, thus crossing the intestinal barrier and resulting in listerosis. the main aim of this work was to investigate inla levels in different l. monocytogenes strains in both planktonic and sessile states using an anti-inla antibody. biofilms were grown in high and ...201626724402
effect of peracetic acid on biofilms formed by staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy plants.this research investigated the removal of adherent cells of 4 strains of staphylococcus aureus and 1 listeria monocytogenes strain (previously isolated from dairy plants) from polystyrene microtiter plates using peracetic acid (paa, 0.5%) for 15, 30, 60, and 120 s, and the inactivation of biofilms formed by those strains on stainless steel coupons using the same treatment times. in the microtiter plates, paa removed all s. aureus at 15 s compared with control (no paa treatment). however, l. mono ...201626723125
behavior of escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes during fermentation and storage of camel yogurt.in addition to its nutritional and therapeutic properties, camel milk has the ability to suppress the growth of a wide range of foodborne pathogens, but there is a lack of information regarding the behavior of these pathogens in products such as yogurt produced from camel milk. the objective of the current study was to investigate the behavior of listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli o157:h7 during manufacture and storage of camel yogurt. camel milk inoculated with l. monocytogenes and e. ...201626723116
pregnancy vaccination with gold glyco-nanoparticles carrying listeria monocytogenes peptides protects against listeriosis and brain- and cutaneous-associated morbidities.listeriosis is a fatal infection for fetuses and newborns with two clinical main morbidities in the neonatal period, meningitis and diffused cutaneous lesions. in this study, we vaccinated pregnant females with two gold glyconanoparticles (gnp) loaded with two peptides, listeriolysin peptide 91-99 (llo91-99) or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-22 peptide (gapdh1-22). neonates born to vaccinated mothers were free of bacteria and healthy, while non-vaccinated mice presented clear brain a ...201628335280
multiplex pcr for simultaneous identification of e. coli o157:h7, salmonella spp. and l. monocytogenes in food.the rapid detection of pathogens in food is becoming increasingly critical for ensuring the safety of consumers, since the majority of food-borne illnesses and deaths are caused by pathogenic bacteria. hence, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and convenient approaches to detect food-borne pathogenic bacteria is essential in controlling food safety. in this study, a multiplex pcr assay for the rapid and simultaneous detection of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp. and listeria monocytogenes was ...201628330283
creative lysins: listeria and the engineering of antimicrobial enzymes.cell wall lytic enzymes have been of increasing interest as antimicrobials for targeting gram-positive spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, largely due to the development of strains resistant to antibiotics and bacteriophage therapy. such lysins show considerable promise against listeria monocytogenes, a primary concern in food-processing environments, but there is room for improvement via protein engineering. advances in antilisterial applications could benefit from recent developments in lysin bi ...201626710271
microbial inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of carbon-doped tio2 (c-tio2) under visible light.in this study, titanium dioxide nanoparticles doped with carbon (c-tio2) were synthesized by means of sol-gel methods, and the synthesis was verified by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. the nanoparticles' photocatalytic disinfection activity of listeria monocytogenes was tested under uv and visible light. the observed inactivation levels for 150min of visible light exposure with and without uv cutoff filters were 2.10 and 2.45 log, respectively. we also found that traditional reactive ...201626705890
two listeria monocytogenes pseudo-outbreaks caused by contaminated laboratory culture media.listeriosis is a serious foodborne infection that disproportionately affects elderly adults, pregnant women, newborns, and immunocompromised individuals. diagnosis is made by culturing listeria monocytogenes from sterile body fluids or from products of conception. this report describes the investigations of two listeriosis pseudo-outbreaks caused by contaminated laboratory media made from sheep blood.201626699704
enteric listeriosis in grazing steers supplemented with spoiled silage.an outbreak of enteric listeriosis in steers that were fed spoiled silage is reported. the outbreak started 2 days after ~200 animals in a single paddock were given a supplement of spoiled silage. forty animals (20%) were affected, and 13 (6.5%) died over a period of 10 days. affected animals were recumbent, depressed, and had diarrhea with mucus and fibrin. gross and microscopic findings in 3 animals that were subjected to autopsy included excess peritoneal fluid, congestion and edema of abomas ...201626699524
effect of hops beta acids on the survival of unstressed- or acid-stress-adapted-listeria monocytogenes and on the quality and sensory attributes of commercially cured ham slices.this study evaluated the antilisterial activity of hops beta acids (hba) and their impact on the quality and sensory attributes of ham. commercially cured ham slices were inoculated with unstressed- and acid-stress-adapted (asa)-l. monocytogenes (2.2 to 2.5 log cfu/cm(2) ), followed by no dipping (control), dipping in deionized (di) water, or dipping in a 0.11% hba solution. this was followed by vacuum or aerobic packaging and storage (7.2 °c, 35 or 20 d). samples were taken periodically during ...201626748557
use of a novel medium, the polymyxin ceftazidime oxford medium, for isolation of listeria monocytogenes from raw or non-pasteurized foods.polymyxin ceftazidime oxford medium (pcom), a novel selective and differential plating medium for listeria monocytogenes was compared with modified oxford agar (mox) for efficacy to isolate l. monocytogenes and other listeria spp. naturally present in non-pasteurized mexican-style cheese (n = 50), non-pasteurized fresh squeezed orange juice (n = 50), raw beef chunks (n = 36), and fresh cabbage (n = 125). samples were collected from retail markets and farms in mexico and tested following the us d ...201626742621
survival mechanism of escherichia coli o157:h7 against combined treatment with acetic acid and sodium chloride.the combination of salt and acid is commonly used in the production of many foods, including pickles and fermented foods. however, in our previous studies, the addition of salt significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of acetic acid on escherichia coli o157:h7 in laboratory media and pickled cucumbers. therefore, this study was conducted to determine the mechanism by which salt confers resistance against acetic acid in e. coli o157:h7. the addition of high concentrations (up to 9% or 15% [w/v ...201626742620
effect of sanitizer combined with steam heating on the inactivation of foodborne pathogens in a biofilm on stainless steel.the combined effect of chemical sanitizers including sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, iodophor, and benzalkonium chloride with steam heating on the inactivation of biofilms formed by escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel was investigated. six day old biofilms, comprised of a mixture of three strains each of three foodborne pathogens, were produced on stainless steel coupons at 25 °c and treated with each sanitizer alone (for 5, 15, ...201626742615
expression of listeria monocytogenes key virulence genes during growth in liquid medium, on rocket and melon at 4, 10 and 30 °c.the aim of the present study was to assess the expression of key virulence genes, during growth of a listeria monocytogenes isolate in liquid medium, on melon and rocket at different temperatures and time. for that purpose, bhi broth, rocket and melon were inoculated at 7.0-7.5 log cfu ml(-1) or g(-1)and stored at 4, 10 and 30 °c. sampling took place upon inoculation and after 0.5, 6 and 24 h of incubation. the rna was stabilized and the expression of hly, plca, plcb, sigb, inla, inlb, inlc, inl ...201626742611
tracking foodborne pathogenic bacteria in raw and ready-to-eat food illegally sold at the eastern eu border.food illegally brought into the european union, mainly in the personal luggage of travelers, represents a potential threat to consumers' health. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of five pathogens in food brought into the european union by moldavian citizens as personal goods and illegally sold in romania in the vicinity of the border. the occurrence of staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes was 7.5% and 8%, while campylobacter spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, and sa ...201626741503
short communication: inhibitory activities of the lantibiotic nisin combined with phenolic compounds against staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes in cow milk.we aimed to investigate the antibacterial activities of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and lantibiotic nisin against standard bacterial strains of the milk pathogens staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923 and listeria monocytogenes atcc 15313 in cow milk. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of these substances were recorded. the synergistic effects were also assessed in culture medium (time kill curve) and in a food model (cow milk) during the storage period (4 °c for 6 d) after i ...201626774728
effectiveness of superheated steam for inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enteritidis phage type 30, and listeria monocytogenes on almonds and pistachios.this study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of superheated steam (shs) on the inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enteritidis phage type (pt) 30 and listeria monocytogenes on almonds and in-shell pistachios and to determine the effect of superheated steam heating on quality by measuring color and texture changes. almonds and in-shell pistachios inoculated with four foodborne pathogens were treated with saturated steam (ss) at 100 °c and shs at ...201626773253
too much of a good thing: regulated depletion of c-di-amp in the bacterial cytoplasm.bacteria that synthesize c-di-amp also encode several mechanisms for controlling c-di-amp levels within the cytoplasm. one major class of phosphodiesterases comprises gdpp and dhhp homologs, which degrade c-di-amp into the linear molecule 5'-papa or amp by the dhh-dhha1 domain. the other major class comprises pgph homologs, which degrade c-di-amp by the hd domain. both gdpp and pgph harbor sensory domains, likely to regulate c-di-amp hydrolysis activity in response to signal input. as another po ...201626773214
impact of pathogen population heterogeneity and stress-resistant variants on food safety.this review elucidates the state-of-the-art knowledge about pathogen population heterogeneity and describes the genotypic and phenotypic analyses of persister subpopulations and stress-resistant variants. the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of persister phenotypes and genetic variants are identified. zooming in on listeria monocytogenes, a comparative whole-genome sequence analysis of wild types and variants that enabled the identification of mutations in variants obtained after a ...201626772414
reductions in neonatal listeriosis: "collateral benefit" of group b streptococcal prophylaxis?we tested the hypothesis that declines in listeria monocytogenes in infants are related to declines in rates of early-onset group b streptococcus (gbs) infections associated with widespread prophylaxis using agents with listeria activity.201626772166
splenic leukocytes traffic to the thyroid and produce a novel tshβ isoform during acute listeria monocytogenes infection in mice.the thyroid stimulating hormone beta-subunit (tshβ) with tshα form a glycoprotein hormone that is produced by the anterior pituitary in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (hpt) axis. although tshβ has been known for many years to be made by cells of the immune system, the role of immune system tsh has remained unclear. recent studies demonstrated that cells of the immune system produce a novel splice variant isoform of tshβ (tshβv), but little if any native tshβ. here, we show that within three ...201626771831
genome sequence of listeria monocytogenes strain f6540 (sequence type 360) collected from food samples in ontario, canada.comparative genomic analysis between pathogenic and nonpathogenic listeria monocytogenes strains provides a good model for studying the virulence of this organism. here, we report the genome sequence of the nonpathogenic l. monocytogenes strain f6540 (sequence type 360) identified specifically in food samples in ontario, canada, in 2010.201626769922
[cabozantinib inhibits listeria monocytogenes infection in mice].to test the effect of the c-met inhibitor cabozantinib in inhibiting infections by listeria monocytogenes (lm) in mice.201626806739
effect of phytosanitary irradiation and methyl bromide fumigation on the physical, sensory, and microbiological quality of blueberries and sweet cherries.the objective of this study was to determine whether irradiation could serve as a suitable phytosanitary treatment alternative to methyl bromide (mb) fumigation for blueberries and sweet cherry and also to determine the effect of phytosanitary irradiation treatment on survival of salmonella spp. and listeria monocytogenes on these fruit. 'bluecrop' blueberries (vaccinium corymbosum) and 'sweetheart' cherries (prunus avium) were irradiated at 0.4 kgy or fumigated with methyl bromide and evaluated ...201626805024
community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults with cancer or a history of cancer.to study the incidence, clinical presentation, causative bacteria, and outcome of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults with cancer.201626802096
draft genome sequence of a 94-year-old listeria monocytogenes isolate, slcc208.we report here the draft genome sequence of listeria monocytogenes strain slcc208 from seeliger's historical special listeria culture collection, initially cultured from a human case in france in 1921. this is, to our knowledge, the oldest l. monocytogenes isolate available and may be useful for comparative genomic studies of l. monocytogenes.201626798096
phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of pomace extracts from four virginia-grown grape varieties.grape pomace is a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of pomace extracts from four virginia-grown grape varieties were investigated. white grape pomaces had higher (p < 0.05) solvent extraction yield than red varieties. concentrations of total phenolic (tpc), total flavonoid (tfc), total anthocyanin (tac), tannins, condensed tannins (ct), as well as antioxidant capacities (dpph• and abts•+free radical sca ...201626788319
the incidence and distribution of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat vegetables in south-western nigeria.the study investigated the incidence of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat (rte) vegetables: (cucumber, cucumis sativas; cabbage, brassica olerecea; carrot, daucus carota; tomato, solanum lycopersicum; lettuce, lactuca sativa) in six states in south-western nigeria. a total of 555 composite samples were collected from 30 traditional markets within the states and only 244 l. monocytogenes species were isolated by standard methods. the incidence of l. monocytogenes was low and not statisticall ...201626788311
efficacy of activated alginate-based nanocomposite films to control listeria monocytogenes and spoilage flora in rainbow trout slice.essential oils of clove, coriander, caraway, marjoram, cinnamon, and cumin were tested for their antilisterial activity by application of agar diffusion assay (experiment 1). marjoram essential oil (meo) showed the highest inhibitory effect, followed by clove and cinnamon. subsequently, these essential oils were incorporated to alginate/clay nanocomposite films and antilisterial effectiveness of the films was studied in a model solid food system during 12 days at 10 °c (experiment 2). the result ...201626787971
impact of different cell penetrating peptides on the efficacy of antisense therapeutics for targeting intracellular pathogens.there is a pressing need for novel and innovative therapeutic strategies to address infections caused by intracellular pathogens. peptide nucleic acids (pnas) present a novel method to target intracellular pathogens due to their unique mechanism of action and their ability to be conjugated to cell penetrating peptides (cpp) to overcome challenging delivery barriers. in this study, we targeted the rna polymerase α subunit (rpoa) using a pna that was covalently conjugated to five different cpps. c ...201626860980
perforin-2 protects host cells and mice by restricting the vacuole to cytosol transitioning of a bacterial pathogen.the host-encoded perforin-2 (encoded by the macrophage-expressed gene 1, mpeg1), which possesses a pore-forming macpf domain, reduces the viability of bacterial pathogens that reside within membrane-bound compartments. here, it is shown that perforin-2 also restricts the proliferation of the intracytosolic pathogen listeria monocytogenes within a few hours of systemic infection, the massive proliferation of l. monocytogenes in perforin-2(-/-)mice leads to a rapid appearance of acute disease symp ...201626831467
uncovering listeria monocytogenes hypervirulence by harnessing its biodiversity.microbial pathogenesis studies are typically performed with reference strains, thereby overlooking within-species heterogeneity in microbial virulence. here we integrated human epidemiological and clinical data with bacterial population genomics to harness the biodiversity of the model foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes and decipher the basis of its neural and placental tropisms. taking advantage of the clonal structure of this bacterial species, we identify clones epidemiologically assoc ...201626829754
control of relative air humidity as a potential means to improve hygiene on surfaces: a preliminary approach with listeria monocytogenes.relative air humidity fluctuations could potentially affect the development and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms in their environments. this study aimed to characterize the impact of relative air humidity (rh) variations on the survival of listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium persisting on food processing plant surfaces. to assess conditions leading to the lowest survival rate, four strains of l. monocytogenes (egde, ccl500, ccl128, and lo28) were exposed to different rh conditions (75%, ...201626840373
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