Publications

genetic characterization of h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from pigs in north america, 1977-1999: evidence for wholly human and reassortant virus genotypes.	since 1998, h3n2 viruses have caused epizootics of respiratory disease in pigs throughout the major swine production regions of the u.s. these outbreaks are remarkable because swine influenza in north america had previously been caused almost exclusively by h1n1 viruses. we sequenced the full-length protein coding regions of all eight rna segments from four h3n2 viruses that we isolated from pigs in the midwestern u.s. between march 1998 and march 1999, as well as from h3n2 viruses recovered fro ...	2000	10930664
safety and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted subunit influenza vaccines administered intranasally to healthy adults.	antigen-specific mucosal immunity is thought to be important for protection against influenza virus infection. currently licensed parenteral influenza vaccines stimulate the production of serum antibodies, but are poor inducers of mucosal immunity. the adjuvant mf59 has been shown to enhance the humoral immune response to parenteral influenza vaccine in humans and the mucosal immune response to intranasally-administered influenza vaccine in mice. we conducted an open-label safety study followed ...	2000	10930676
variation in response among individuals to antigenic sites on the ha protein of human influenza virus may be responsible for the emergence of drift strains in the human population.	eight convalescent human sera obtained from patients aged 3 to 14 years old, who were infected with influenza a(h3n2) virus during the 1990/1991 influenza season, were characterized by a binding assay with chimeric hemagglutinin (ha) proteins between influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 and a/kamata/14/91(h3n2) strains. these sera did not recognize the ha protein of the a/aichi/2/68 strain but recognized that of the a/kamata/14/91 strain. the binding assay revealed that these sera recognized only the ha ...	2000	10936103
evolution of swine h3n2 influenza viruses in the united states.	during 1998, severe outbreaks of influenza were observed in four swine herds in the united states. this event was unique because the causative agents, h3n2 influenza viruses, are infrequently isolated from swine in north america. two antigenically distinct reassortant viruses (h3n2) were isolated from infected animals: a double-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human and swine viruses, and a triple-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human, swine, and avia ...	2000	10954521
early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of h1, h2, and h3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals.	interspecies transmission of influenza a viruses circulating in wild aquatic birds occasionally results in influenza outbreaks in mammals, including humans. to identify early changes in the receptor binding properties of the avian virus hemagglutinin (ha) after interspecies transmission and to determine the amino acid substitutions responsible for these alterations, we studied the has of the initial isolates from the human pandemics of 1957 (h2n2) and 1968 (h3n2), the european swine epizootic of ...	2000	10954551
[influenza--always present among us].	influenza virus infects about 10 million persons worldwide each year. two important characteristics of influenza are its epidemic outbreak and high mortality rate, mostly caused by complications. influenza virus is characterised by a great antigenic variability. major modifications, called antigenic shifts or type changes, occur approximately three times per century and result in worldwide epidemics--pandemics. minor modifications, called antigenic drifts or strain changes demand new vaccine com ...	2000	10965680
adequate seroresponse to influenza vaccination in dialysis patients.	hemodialysis (hd) patients are immunocompromised, and they have been shown to react suboptimally to recommended vaccinations. advances in dialysis therapy and other supportive measures may theoretically result in better immune system functions. clinical evidence supporting this theory has, however, not been presented. with influenza vaccination response, we tried to address this question.	2000	10971154
[characteristics of epidemiological strains of influenza a virus (h3n2) isolate in 1997-1999. virus a/moscow/10/99--a candidate to become the vaccine strain].	antigenic properties of influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated during two epidemic seasons 1997-98 and 1998-99 in russia are analyzed. all strains are antigenic variants of the reference strain a/sydney/5/97. characteristics of epidemic strain a/moscow/10/99, proposed by who expert committee as vaccine strain for 1999-2000 have been studied. this strain, isolated on chick embryos, is characterized by high reproductive activity in chicken embryos with an infectious titer of 10(6) eid50/0.2 ml, easily ...	2000	10971961
studies of the 1996-1997 inactivated influenza vaccine among children attending day care: immunologic response, protection against infection, and clinical effectiveness.	a randomized, blinded, pilot study of influenza vaccine administered to children attending day care centers was conducted during the 1996-1997 winter. vaccine efficacy in preventing serologically proven influenza virus infection was 0.45 (95% confidence limit [cl]: -0.02, 0.69) for influenza b and 0.31 (95% cl: -0.95, 0.73) for influenza a(h3n2). for both influenza a(h3n2) and b, children without preexisting hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody to these antigens had lower antibody responses ...	2000	10979921
surveillance of influenza viruses isolated from travellers at nagoya international airport.	in order to conduct a survey of influenza viruses entering japan via travellers arriving by airplanes, gargle solutions were collected from passengers who reported to the quarantine station of nagoya international airport complaining of respiratory symptoms. from 504 samples collected between august 1996 and march 1999, 30 influenza virus strains were isolated. twenty-eight of the isolates were influenza a (h3n2) viruses and two were influenza b viruses. no h1n1 virus was isolated. among 28 isol ...	2000	10982075
phosphatidylserine-mediated phagocytosis of influenza a virus-infected cells by mouse peritoneal macrophages.	influenza virus induces apoptosis in cultured cell lines as well as in animal tissues. hela cells were infected with influenza virus a/udon/72 (h3n2) under conditions resulting in almost 100% infection. such cells underwent typical caspase-dependent apoptosis and were efficiently phagocytosed by macrophages prepared from peritoneal fluids of thioglycolate-treated mice. the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine appeared on the surfaces of virus-infected cells at around the time efficient phago ...	2000	10982371
recognition of n-glycolylneuraminic acid linked to galactose by the alpha2,3 linkage is associated with intestinal replication of influenza a virus in ducks.	the hemagglutinin (ha) of h3 human influenza viruses does not support viral replication in duck intestine despite its avian origin. a leu-to-gln mutation at position 226 and a ser-to-gly mutation at position 228 in the ha of human a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) permit a reassortant virus [human udorn ha, with all other genes from a/mallard/new york/6750/78 (h2n2)] to replicate in ducks. to understand the molecular basis of this change in host range restriction, we investigated the receptor specificity of ...	2000	10982377
efficacy of influenza vaccine in the elderly: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic for the elderly in nursing homes.	the effect of influenza vaccination on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in elderly nursing home residents was studied during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan. of 22,462 individuals living in 301 welfare nursing homes, 10,739 received inactivated (subunit) influenza vaccine. through the period november 1998 to march 1999, there were 950 cases of influenza infection diagnosed clinically, with virus isolation and/or serology. there were statistically significantly few ...	2000	10984124
comparison of three non-nested rt-pcr for the detection of influenza a viruses.	background: the viral isolation technique (vit) is largely used as a gold standard for the detection of influenza a and b viruses in respiratory samples. some recent studies have pointed out that the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays allow sensitive and rapid detection of influenza viruses, also providing excellent correlation with traditional methods. objectives and design study: the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three non-nested pcr, two pcr-hybridization assays usin ...	2000	10996113
exposure to ultraviolet radiation enhances mortality and pathology associated with influenza virus infection in mice.	ultraviolet radiation (uvr) causes systemic immune suppression, decreasing the delayed type and contact hypersensitivity responses in animals and humans and enhancing certain mycobacterial, parasitic and viral infections in mice. this study tests the hypothesis that prior exposure to uvr enhances influenza infections in mice. balb/c female mice were exposed to 0-8.2 kj/m2 of uvr. exposed and unexposed mice were infected intranasally three days later with 150-300 plaque-forming units/mouse (letha ...	2000	11045721
[influenza season 1999/2000 and vaccine composition for the season 2000/01].	the first signs of influenza activity in the netherlands during the 1999/2000 influenza season were the isolation of an influenza a (h3n2) virus in week 40 and of two more in week 43 of 1999. from week 50 onwards, a strong increase of the clinical influenza activity was observed which reached its peak in weeks 1 and 2 of 2000 and then rapidly declined. the clinical influenza activity was associated with the isolation of predominantly influenza a (h3n2) viruses. near the end of the epidemic, infl ...	2000	11048562
super-infection by bacillus thuringiensis h34 or 3a3b can lead to death in mice infected with the influenza a virus.	bacterial super-infections are the main cause of complication and mortality after influenza virus (iav) infection. since bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is considered non-pathogenic for humans and is widely sprayed in urban areas, the aim of this work was to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of a combined infection bt-iav in a mouse model of pneumonia. bacteria used for super-infections were bt serotype h34 isolated from human infection and the insecticidal strain 3a3b obtained from a commercial ...	2000	11064263
[serum concentration of amantadine in the treatment of children with influenza type a infection].	fifteen children with influenza type a (h3n2) virus infection (mean age, 38 months) were treated with amantadine. amantadine was prescribed as 5 mg/kg/day and the serum concentration was measured in 5-7 days. as a result, the mean serum concentration of amantadine was 164.6 +/- 92.5 ng/ml (range, 67.4-446.9 ng/ml). adverse reactions were not associated to them. amantadine therapy against influenza type a infection is probably safe in children because of the low serum concentration shown in this ...	2000	11068362
a comparative study of immunocapture elisa and rt-pcr for screening clinical samples from southern greece for human influenza virus types a and b.	an immunocapture (ic) elisa and reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr assays were evaluated as screening methods for the detection of influenza virus types a and b in clinical samples collected from individuals presenting with influenza-like symptoms in southern greece. standard virus isolation in embryonated hens' eggs was taken as the reference method. according to the reference method, 25 (16.7%) of the 150 clinical samples examined were infected by influenza viruses - 19 type a (h3n2) and 6 type b. ...	2000	11073158
an outbreak of influenza a virus in a hilltribe village of mae hong son province thailand, 1997.	an outbreak of influenza a virus occurred in a hilltribe village between july 18th and august 8th, 1997. the overall infection rate was 92.5 per cent. the household infection rate was higher in the crowded part of the village. the symptoms analyzed after all, were fever (100%), cough (99%), headache, myalgia (78.1%) and rhinorrhea (50.5%). the patients were self - recovery within 5-7 days. isolation and haemagglutination inhibition test (hi) were undertaken to identify the causative agent. the r ...	2000	11075965
[influenza in 1998].	in poland in 1998 total number of 825,345 cases of influenza were noted. it meant decrease in half (47.7%) of the number of cases registered in 1997. cumulative incidence was 2134.5 per 100,000. it was 449,592 cases in children up to 14 years old. 489 persons were hospitalized which was 0.06% of reported cases. percentage of hospitalizations decreased almost in half. number of case fatalities due to influenza was 63. in january 1998 there were isolated four variants of influenza virus of subtype ...	2000	11076146
[prevention of influenza--current recommendations].	recommendation of the control of influenza include principal changes as follow: the age for universal vaccination has been lowered to 50 years from 65 years scheduling of large, organized vaccination campaigns after mid-october--2000/2001 trivalent vaccine virus strains are a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like, and b/beijing/184/93-like strains.	2000	11081349
zanamivir use during transmission of amantadine-resistant influenza a in a nursing home.	to describe the use of zanamivir during an influenza a outbreak.	2000	11089653
profound protection against respiratory challenge with a lethal h7n7 influenza a virus by increasing the magnitude of cd8(+) t-cell memory.	the recall of cd8(+) t-cell memory established by infecting h-2(b) mice with an h1n1 influenza a virus provided a measure of protection against an extremely virulent h7n7 virus. the numbers of cd8(+) effector and memory t cells specific for the shared, immunodominant d(b)np(366) epitope were greatly increased subsequent to the h7n7 challenge, and though lung titers remained as high as those in naive controls for 5 days or more, the virus was cleared more rapidly. expanding the cd8(+) memory t-ce ...	2000	11090168
antioxidant properties of rimantadine in influenza virus infected mice and in some model systems.	influenza virus infection is associated with development of oxidative stress in lung and blood plasma, viz. increase of primary and secondary lipid peroxidation products. it was established that rimantadine treatment led to a decrease of the products of lipid peroxidation in tissues of mice experimentally infected with influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). the effect is strongest in blood plasma (a decrease of about 50%) and weaker in the lung (about 20%). to elucidate the mechanism of this actio ...	2000	11098838
[variability and prevalence characteristics of influenza a virus (h1n1) in period 1990-1998].	circulation of influenza a(h1n1) viruses in russia and cis countries had a wave-like pattern with period of silence in 1990-1995 and activation in 1995-1998, when these viruses were isolated together with a(h3n2) and b viruses. antigenic drift of epidemic strains' hemagglutinin (ha) was directed to alteration of ha in reference strains a/texas/36/91, a/johannesburg/82/96, and a/beijing/262/95. a/moscow/17/98 strain similar to a/beijing/262/95 was isolated on mdck cells for the first time in euro ...	2000	11107648
[hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by influenza virus: virological diagnosis].	the paper presents the case of a female patient who was admitted to "calixto garcía" general hospital with respiratory distress and hypovolemic or septic shock. she was diagnosed with viral hemorrhagic pneumonia. from the endotracheal secretion taken as a sample, the influenza virus was isolated as etiological agent, which, through the hemaglutination inhibition technique, was characterized as a strain belonging to h3n2 subtype, very similar to strain a/johannesburg/33/94 from the antigenic view ...	2000	11107898
genotypic stability of cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine in an efficacy clinical trial.	an investigational live influenza virus vaccine, flumist, contains three cold-adapted h1n1, h3n2, and b influenza viruses. the vaccine viruses are 6/2 reassortants, in which the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes are derived from the circulating wild-type viruses and the remaining six genes are derived from the cold-adapted master donor strains. the six genes from the cold-adapted master donor strains ensure the attenuation, and the ha and na genes from the wild-type viruses confer ...	2000	10655394
efficacy of vaccination with live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine against a variant (a/sydney) not contained in the vaccine.	to determine the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of revaccination of children with live attenuated influenza vaccine.	2000	10657821
effective construction of dna vaccines against variable influenza genes by homologous recombination.	we demonstrate the potential of cloning by homologous recombination as a rapid method to construct dna molecules encoding newly developing hemagglutinins (ha) of influenza a virus. the variable parts of the ha genes were cloned into a basic construct containing the ha gene from an h3n2 strain. the recombinant dnas thus created encode different variable domains with neutralising epitopes from four recently circulating influenza a h3 strains. the technology allows rapid production of dna construct ...	2000	10704333
inactivation of human type a and b influenza viruses by tea-seed saponins.	the effects of a mixture of tea-seed saponins obtained from the seeds of camellia sinensis var. sinesis on human influenza viruses types a and b were investigated. at the concentrations of 60, 80, and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively, the mixture inactivated viruses a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2), b/lee/40, and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) almost completely. the mixture also inactivated type a virus a/pr/8/34 after inoculation at concentrations of 1-30 micrograms/ml dose-dependently.	2000	10705466
correlates of immune protection induced by live, attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine.	the authors conducted a 2-year, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy field trial of live, attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent influenza vaccine administered by nasal spray to children 15-71 months old. overall, vaccine was 92% efficacious at preventing culture-confirmed infection by influenza a/h3n2 and influenza b. because influenza a/h1n1 did not cause disease during the years in which this study was conducted, the authors sought to determine vaccine efficacy and correlates o ...	2000	10720541
a previously unrecognized h-2d(b)-restricted peptide prominent in the primary influenza a virus-specific cd8(+) t-cell response is much less apparent following secondary challenge.	respiratory challenge of h-2(b) mice with an h3n2 influenza a virus causes an acute, transient pneumonitis characterized by the massive infiltration of cd8(+) t lymphocytes. the inflammatory process monitored by quantitative analysis of lymphocyte populations recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage is greatly enhanced by prior exposure to an h1n1 virus, with the recall of cross-reactive cd8(+)-t-cell memory leading to more rapid clearance of the infection from the lungs. the predominant epitope reco ...	2000	10729122
influenza a virus-binding activity of glycoglycerolipids of aquatic bacteria.	as the aqueous sphere has been proposed to be an important source medium for the virus infection of land animals, the glycolipids of some aquatic organisms were examined for human influenza a virus-binding activity. active compounds were not found among the eight echinoderm gangliosides, but two active non-sialylated glycoglycerolipids were isolated from an aquatic bacterium, corynebacterium aquaticum. the structural formula of one of them, h632a, was elucidated to be 1-14-methyl-hexadecanoyl-3- ...	2000	10731684
mismatch between the 1997/1998 influenza vaccine and the major epidemic a(h3n2) virus strain as the cause of an inadequate vaccine-induced antibody response to this strain in the elderly.	the success of influenza vaccination depends largely on the antigenic match between the influenza vaccine strains and the virus strains actually circulating during the season. in the past, this match has proved to be satisfactory in most seasons. in the 1997/1998 season, however, hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays with ferret antisera indicated a considerable mismatch between the h3n2 vaccine component and the most prevalent epidemic influenza a(h3n2) virus. the results from antigenic analy ...	2000	10745239
local and systemic immune response in community-dwelling elderly after intranasal or intramuscular immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine.	intramuscular (im) influenza vaccines are about 50% effective in preventing clinical illness among the elderly and their effectiveness in eliciting mucosal response may be even lower. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunological effect of a novel inactivated intranasal (in) trivalent whole influenza virus vaccine among community-dwelling elderly. sixty-one subjects were vaccinated with two doses of an in vaccine and a control group of 31 subjects was vaccinated with a commercia ...	2000	10745240
application of a fluorogenic pcr assay for typing and subtyping of influenza viruses in respiratory samples.	a fluorogenic pcr-based method (taqman-pcr) was developed for typing and subtyping of influenza virus genomes in clinical specimens. the taqman-pcr employs a probe technology that exploits the endogenous 5'-3' nuclease activity of the taq dna polymerase to allow direct detection of the amplicon by release of a fluorescent reporter during the pcr. therefore, post-pcr analysis is avoided since hybridization with the fluorogenic probe and quantification of the amplified product is performed simulta ...	2000	10747142
the role of alpha/beta and gamma interferons in development of immunity to influenza a virus in mice.	during influenza virus infection innate and adaptive immune defenses are activated to eliminate the virus and thereby bring about recovery from illness. both arms of the adaptive immune system, antibody neutralization of free virus and termination of intracellular virus replication by antiviral cytotoxic t cells (ctls), play pivotal roles in virus elimination and protection from disease. innate cytokine responses, such as alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) or ifn-gamma, can have roles in det ...	2000	10756011
[in vitro proliferative activity of lymphocytes from elderly persons after separate and combined immunization with live and inactivated flu vaccines].	cellular (lymphocyte proliferation activity--lpa), humoral (serum antibodies), and secretory (iga antibodies from the upper respiratory tract) immune responses were compared in 45 subjects aged 66-95 years, vaccinated with two influenza trivalent a(h1n1) + a(h3n2) + b vaccines: russian live attenuated cold-adapted reassortant (liv) and usa inactivated split-virus (iiv) vaccines. none of immunization protocols suppressed lpa after in vitro stimulation of cell culture with homologous virus antigen ...	2000	10765550
global epidemiology of influenza: past and present.	pandemics are the most dramatic presentation of influenza. three have occurred in the twentieth century: the 1918 h1n1 pandemic, the 1957 h2n2 pandemic, and the 1968 h3n2 pandemic. the tools of molecular epidemiology have been applied in an attempt to determine the origin of pandemic viruses and to understand what made them such successful pathogens. an excellent example of this avenue of research is the recent phylogenetic analysis of genes of the virus that caused the devastating 1918 pandemic ...	2000	10774473
involvement of the mannose receptor in infection of macrophages by influenza virus.	influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (pr8; h1n1), a/aichi/68 x-31 (hkx31; h3n2), and a/beijing/89 x-109 (bjx109; h3n2) show marked differences in their ability to infect murine macrophages, including resident alveolar and peritoneal macrophages as well as the macrophage-derived cell line j774. the hierarchy in infectivity of the viruses (pr8 < hkx31 < bjx109) resembles that of their reactivity with mannose-binding lectins of the collectin family. since the macrophage mannose receptor recognizes the same ...	2000	10799594
the epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs.	pigs serve as major reservoirs of h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations world-wide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. the maintenance of these viruses in pigs and the frequent exchange of viruses between pigs and other species is facilitated directly by swine husbandry practices, which provide for a continual supply of susceptible pigs and regular contact with other species, particularly humans. the pig has been a conten ...	2000	10799776
emergence of h3n2 reassortant influenza a viruses in north american pigs.	in late summer through early winter of 1998, there were several outbreaks of respiratory disease in the swine herds of north carolina, texas, minnesota and iowa. four viral isolates from outbreaks in different states were analyzed, both antigenically and genetically. all of the isolates were identified as h3n2 influenza viruses with antigenic profiles similar to those of recent human h3 strains. genotyping and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four swine viruses had emerged through two ...	2000	10799777
epidemiology of influenza-associated encephalitis-encephalopathy in hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan.	it is well known that acute onset brain dysfunction, which usually is diagnosed as encephalitis or encephalopathy, occurs in association with influenza. however, this may have been underestimated as a rather infrequent event. sixty-four infants and children developed encephalitis-encephalopathy during the five recent influenza seasons in hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan.	2000	10804741
influenza virus-induced encephalopathy: clinicopathologic study of an autopsied case.	rapid progressive encephalopathy with a high fever, consciousness loss and recurrent convulsions has been occasionally reported in children during influenza pandemics in japan since 1995. we examined a 2-year old girl with hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome associated with acute influenza a virus infection (a/nagasaki/76/98; h3n2), to answer several questions for which no histologic or virologic data exist.	2000	10804743
influenza-associated encephalopathy in japan: pathogenesis and treatment.	it is estimated that more than 100 children die of influenza-associated encephalopathy (influenza encephalopathy) every year in japan. influenza encephalopathy is distinct from reye's syndrome. specifically, 20% of influenza encephalopathy patients exhibit bilateral thalamic necrosis on neuroimaging, a lesion referred to as acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ane). influenza encephalopathy may develop by the same pathogenetic mechanisms as ane, possibly via vasoactive substances or a process leadi ...	2000	10804744
population estimates of persons presenting to general practitioners with influenza-like illness, 1987-96: a study of the demography of influenza-like illness in sentinel practice networks in england and wales, and in the netherlands.	incidence data by age of new episodes of influenza-like illness reported by sentinel general practice networks in england and wales and in the netherlands over a 10-year period were examined to provide estimates of the consulting population during influenza epidemic periods. baseline levels of recording in each age group were calculated from weeks in which influenza viruses were not circulating and the excess over baseline calculated to provide the population estimates during influenza epidemics ...	2000	10813150
surveillance for influenza--united states, 1994-95, 1995-96, and 1996-97 seasons.	influenza epidemics occur nearly every year during the winter months and are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in the united states, including an average of approximately 114,000 hospitalizations and 20,000 deaths per year.	2000	10817484
a longitudinal study of serological patterns of respiratory infections in nine infected danish swine herds.	sixteen litters of seven pigs from each of nine danish farrow-to-finish herds were followed to investigate the serological patterns caused by natural infection with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pasteurella multocida toxin and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2, 5-7, 12. in seven of the herds, pigs were followed as two separate cohorts started 4 weeks apart, and in two herds only one cohort was followed.a total of 999 pigs were included in the study. the pigs were blood sampled at weaning a ...	2000	10821962
genetic characterization of an h1n2 influenza virus isolated from a pig in indiana.	an h1n2 influenza virus was isolated from a pig during an outbreak of respiratory disease and abortion on an indiana farm in november 1999. results of phylogenetic analyses indicate that this virus is a reassortant between a recent classical h1 swine virus and the reassortant h3n2 viruses that have emerged among american pigs since 1998.	2000	10835031
efficacy of influenza vaccine in the elderly in welfare nursing homes: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic.	the effect of influenza vaccination on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in a population residing in nursing homes for the elderly was studied during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan. of 22,462 individuals living in 301 welfare nursing homes, 10,739 received either one dose (2027 subjects) or two doses (8712 subjects) of inactivated, subunit trivalent influenza vaccine. during the period nov. 1998 to march 1999, there were 950 cases of influenza infection diagnosed ...	2000	10847209
the impact of winter epidemics of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus on paediatric admissions to an urban general hospital.	to demonstrate the impact of influenza epidemics on pediatric hospital admissions, admissions that were attributable to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection to the pediatric ward of an urban general hospital in japan were followed-up during a 4-month period from december to march 1991 through 1998. during the 1997-1998 influenza type a (h3n2) epidemic, a diagnosis of influenza type a (h3n2) was made in 26.3% of all patients admitted aged 15 years or lower. during the peak of ...	2000	10568771
[in vitro antiviral activity of antisense oligonucleotides against influenza virus].	for developing of antisense oligonucleotides as potential antiviral therapeutic agents against influenza a virus, phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides(ps-odn) targeted to part to the 3' and 5' end sequences which are common to the eight rnas of type a influenza virus were synthesized. the in vitro cytotoxicity of these ps-odns was assayed and then antiviral activity of these ps-odns was evaluated by using cultured mdck cells infected by a/jingfang/86-1(h1n1). it was found that(1) no in vitro c ...	2000	12548758
recent zoonoses caused by influenza a viruses.	influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness which has afflicted humans and animals since ancient times. influenza viruses are part of the orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types a, b and c according to antigenic characteristics of the core proteins. influenza a viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918, when over twenty million deaths occurred worl ...	2000	11189716
[sensitivity and specificity of rapid diagnosis kit detecting separately influenza a and b viruses].	sensitivity and specificity of the directigen flu a + b kit, a rapid test for influenza virus a and b, were evaluated. this test detects influenza a and b viruses separately by eia. reactivity of the kit was tested using a total of 23 isolates: 13 isolates of human influenza virus a (h1n1, h3n2) and 10 isolates of human influenza virus b. all of the isolates were tested positive and no difference in reactivity was found in antigenic variables and subtypes. the kit was only reactive to influenza ...	2000	11193556
prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates 1999 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 1999;48[no. rr-4]: 1-29). these recommendations include five principal changes: a) the age for universal vaccination has been lowered to 50 years from 65 years; b) scheduling of large, organized vaccination campaigns after mid-october may be considered because the availability of vaccine in any location cannot be assured consistently in th ...	2000	15580733
two cases of severe bronchopneumonia due to influenza a (h3n2) virus: detection of influenza virus gene using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.	we report two cases of severe bronchopneumonia due to influenza a (h3n2) virus. the severity of the disease necessitated initiation of empiric therapy based on the present illness and clinical data on admission. both patients were improved by artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressures and administration of broad spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids before confirming the diagnosis of viral bronchopneumonia using viral culture and serological tests. within 24 hours, influenz ...	2001	11201374
[bronchiolitis caused by influenza type a virus. an emerging infectious disease].	to prospectively study the emergence and diagnostic problems of bronchiolitis caused by influenza a virus among children durign the 1999-2000 influenza epidemic.	2001	11844450
a comparative study of the preventive use of tilmicosin phosphate (pulmotil premix) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination in a pig herd with chronic respiratory disease.	this study was conducted to compare the effects of a preventive in-feed medication programme using tilmicosin (pulmotil 200 premix, elanco animal health) at 200 p.p.m. with those of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (mh) vaccination programme (stellamune mycoplasma, pfizer animal health). a pig herd with chronic respiratory disease in which infection with mh played an important role was selected, and a total of 204 piglets were randomly allocated to either the medication (p) or the vaccination (v) group. ...	2001	11846018
analysis of the 1991-2000 influenza epidemic in guangdong province, china.	influenza surveillance networks in guangdong were established to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of influenza and influenza epidemics. influenza activity peaked annually from march to july in guangdong in 1991-2000; influenza h3n2 predominated in the epidemic (7 years of 10); the outbreak of influenza in 1996 was the remarkable result of antigenic drift of h3n2 strain. ten isolates of h9n2 strains were discovered from human subjects in 1998 and 1999: chicken strains isolated afte ...	2001	12041555
immunization against influenza: comparison of various topical and parenteral regimens containing inactivated and/or live attenuated vaccines in healthy adults.	methods for enhancing immune responses to influenza were explored in 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. intranasal (inl) immunization with monovalent, live attenuated, cold-adapted recombinant (cr) or inactivated influenza virus (miv) vaccine and intramuscular (im) immunization with miv were evaluated in various combinations. healthy susceptible adults were assigned randomly to receive 10(7.1) tcid(50) of cr (a/h1n1 or a/h3n2), homologous miv (15 microg), or placebo inl and placebo or ho ...	2001	11110645
infection of human airway epithelia with h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2 influenza a virus strains.	three subtypes of influenza a virus cause human disease: h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2. although all result in respiratory illness, little is known about how these subtypes infect differentiated airway epithelia. therefore, we assayed a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/japan/305/57 (h2n2), and x31 (h3n2) influenza virus strains for binding and infection on fully differentiated primary cultures of airway epithelia isolated from human bronchus, grown on semiporous filters at an air-liquid interface. in this model system, ...	2001	11273782
h9n2 influenza a viruses from poultry in asia have human virus-like receptor specificity.	h9n2 influenza a viruses are currently widespread in chickens, quail, and other poultry in asia and have caused a few cases of influenza in humans. in this study, we found that h9n2 viruses from hong kong live bird markets have receptor specificity similar to that of human h3n2 viruses. in addition, the neuraminidase of poultry h9n2 viruses has mutations in its hemadsorbing site, a characteristic resembling that of human h2n2 and h3n2 viruses but differing from that of other avian viruses. pecul ...	2001	11277689
isolation of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses (h3n2) from patients following administration of amantadine in japan.	in japan, the use of amantadine for treatment of influenza a virus infection was not accepted until november 1998, although it was widely used for treatment of parkinsonism. since then, we have monitored the emergence of amantadine-resistant viruses and isolated two viruses from patients on long-term treatment with amantadine.	2001	11283109
[properties of influenza a and b, isolated from chick embryos and in mdck cell culture].	mdck culture was used along with the traditional chicken embryonated eggs (cee) for improving the efficiency of isolation of epidemic influenza a and b viruses from clinical material. the number of influenza viruses isolated in both systems in epidemic seasons of 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 was as follows: 1 in mdck and 21 in cee for influenza a(h1n1), 56 and 7, respectively, for influenza a(h3n2), and 4 and 2 strains, respectively, for influenza b viruses. influenza a viruses were heterogeneous by ...	2001	11233284
zanamivir: a rational approach to influenza b.	influenza b viruses have co-circulated with the hin1 and h3n2 subtypes of influenza a since 1977. influenza a viruses are found in various animals, whereas influenza b viruses are probably restricted to humans. the lack of an animal reservoir means that the virus has no potential for genetic reassortment across species. in addition, influenza b viruses are more serologically homogeneous than influenza a viruses. thus, the chance of influenza b causing a pandemic is much lower than that of influe ...	2001	11234975
diversity of epitope and cytokine profiles for primary and secondary influenza a virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses.	screening with the flow cytometric ifn-gamma assay has led to the identification of a new immunogenic peptide (ssyrrpvgi) [corrected] from the influenza pb1 polymerase (pb1(703--711)) and a mimotope (isplmvaym) from the pb2 polymerase (pb2(198--206)). cd8(+) t cells specific for k(b)pb1(703) make both ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha following stimulation with both peptides. the cd8(+) k(b)pb1(703)(+) population kills pb2(198)-pulsed targets, but cell lines stimulated with pb2(198) neither bind the k(b)p ...	2001	11254721
synthesis, antiretroviral and antioxidant evaluation of a series of new benzo[b]furan derivatives.	the antiretroviral and anti-oxidant profile of a series of new c-2 and c-7 substituted benzo[b]furans was explored by employing well established antiviral and antioxidant protocols. the most potent antioxidant compound tested was analog 7, which bears an oh at c-7 and a benzoyl group at c-2. in the influenza a type h3n2 virus screens analog 8a was almost five-fold more active than its counterparts and equipotent to rimantadine and amantadine. in the influenza b screening all of the new compounds ...	2001	11258046
adaptation of influenza a viruses to cells expressing low levels of sialic acid leads to loss of neuraminidase activity.	influenza a viruses possess two virion surface proteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). the ha binds to sialyloligosaccharide viral receptors, while the na removes sialic acids from the host cell and viral sialyloligosaccarides. alterations of the ha occur during adaptation of influenza viruses to new host species, as in the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics. to gain a better understanding of the contributions of the ha and possibly the na to this process, we generated cell lines exp ...	2001	11264365
influenza outbreak in a correctional facility.	the outbreak of influenza in a corrections facility occurred during august 2000. the outbreak progressed following introduction of the disease by a member of the public to the facility. rapid diagnosis and typing of the influenza isolates was available, although two prisoners required hospital admission due to the severity of complications at the time of diagnosis. the group demonstrated rapid transmission of the virus by the respiratory route and probably by fomites. the identified infecting vi ...	2001	11688625
epidermal powder immunization induces both cytotoxic t-lymphocyte and antibody responses to protein antigens of influenza and hepatitis b viruses.	cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) play a vital role in host defense against viral and intracellular bacterial infections. however, nonreplicating vaccines administered by intramuscular injection using a syringe and needle elicit predominantly humoral responses and not ctl responses. here we report that epidermal powder immunization (epi), a technology that delivers antigens on 1.5- to 2.5-microm gold particles to the epidermis using a needle-free powder delivery system, elicits ctl responses to nonr ...	2001	11689645
[safety of an influenza-split-vaccine in children].	the aim of this study was to investigate the safety of the split-product influenza vaccine begrivac(r), containing the recommended virus strains for the influenza season 1998/99.	2001	11713714
[effectiveness of an influenza vaccine in a working population in colombia].	to determine if a vaccine against influenza significantly decreases episodes of acute upper respiratory infection (auri) and work absenteeism caused by auri, in healthy adult employees of a banking entity in the city of medellín, colombia.	2001	11715169
influenza activity--united states, 2001-02 season.	in collaboration with the world health organization (who) and its collaborating laboratories, national respiratory and enteric virus surveillance system (nrevss) collaborating laboratories, state and local health departments, and a network of sentinel physicians, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states during september 30-november 24, 2001, w ...	2001	11770504
influenza diagnosis and treatment: a view from clinical practice.	influenza is a descriptive term for respiratory epidemic disease presenting with cough and fever. influenza viruses are probably the most important of the pathogens that cause this condition. clinical influenza occurs almost every winter in england and wales and the outbreaks last 8-10 weeks. in recent years, influenza b virus outbreaks have occurred in january and february, whereas influenza h3n2 virus outbreaks have generally started long before christmas. influenza h3n2 virus outbreaks pressu ...	2001	11779394
influenza surveillance during winter 1997-1998 in israel.	each winter influenza activity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality both in israel and worldwide.	2001	11794913
diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (h3n8) viruses in the western hemisphere.	we reported previously that equine-2 influenza a virus (h3n8) had evolved into two genetically and antigenically distinct "eurasian" and "american" lineages. phylogenetic analysis, using the ha1 gene of more recent american isolates, indicated a further divergence of these viruses into three evolution lineages: a south american lineage, a kentucky lineage, and a florida lineage. these multiple evolution pathways were not due to geographic barriers, as viruses from different lineages co-circulate ...	2001	11504416
detection of influenza a subtypes in community-based surveillance.	a rapid microtitre cell enzyme immuno assay (cell-eia) was developed for the detection of influenza a subtypes in nasopharyngeal(nps) swabs taken for surveillance. during the 1997/1998 influenza season in the united kingdom, cell-eia was compared to cell culture for the detection and typing of influenza a viruses in nps obtained by sentinel general practitioners in community surveillance. the cell eia can also be used to detect different influenza a subtypes (h3n2, h1n1, h5n3, h5n1, h7n7, and h9 ...	2001	11505459
serum and mucosal immunologic responses in children following the administration of a new inactivated intranasal anti-influenza vaccine.	children are at considerable risk for influenza infection and may constitute the main vector for transmitting the virus to adults in the community. at present, the use of available vaccines in children is limited mainly because of a fear of side effects from the injection. intranasal immunization was assessed as a painless, side effect-free method of facilitating the enrollment of children in vaccination programs. one intranasal dose of a trivalent inactive whole virus vaccine containing 20 micr ...	2001	11505461
hyperattenuated recombinant influenza a virus nonstructural-protein-encoding vectors induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice.	we have generated recombinant influenza a viruses belonging to the h1n1 and h3n2 virus subtypes containing an insertion of the 137 c-terminal amino acid residues of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nef protein into the influenza a virus nonstructural-protein (ns1) reading frame. these viral vectors were found to be genetically stable and capable of growing efficiently in embryonated chicken eggs and tissue culture cells but did not replicate in the murine respiratory tract. despit ...	2001	11533153
analysis of the quality of protection induced by a porcine influenza a vaccine to challenge with an h3n2 virus.	antigenic drift of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses away from the human a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) strain, used in current commercial swine influenza vaccines, has been demonstrated in the netherlands and belgium. therefore, replacement of this human strain by a more recent swine h3n2 isolate has to be considered. in this study, the efficacy of a current commercial swine influenza vaccine to protect pigs against a recent dutch field strain (a/sw/oedenrode/96) was assessed. to evaluate the level ...	2001	11557293
influenza virus vaccination and booster in b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients.	background: influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (cll). because response rates are often low, we decided to evaluate antibody response to single and booster vaccinations with influenza a and b virus vaccine in these patients. methods: twenty patients with b-cll received two subunit virus vaccine injections 21 days apart. antibody titres were determined before and 21 days after the single and booster vaccinations. the serological response was ...	2001	11557327
cocirculation of avian h9n2 and contemporary "human" h3n2 influenza a viruses in pigs in southeastern china: potential for genetic reassortment?	pigs are permissive to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be an intermediate host for the genesis of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation of avian viruses. prospective virological surveillance carried out between march 1998 and june 2000 in hong kong, special administrative region, people's republic of china, on pigs imported from southeastern china, provides the first evidence of interspecies transmission of avian h9n2 viruses to pigs and d ...	2001	11559800
inhibition of release of lentivirus particles with incorporated human influenza virus haemagglutinin by binding to sialic acid-containing cellular receptors.	mutants of the haemagglutinin (ha) gene of human influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) encoding ha proteins that are proteolytically cleaved intracellularly, defective in binding to cellular receptors or defective for acylation within the cytoplasmic c terminus have been generated. here, the properties of these mutated ha molecules are described and their incorporation into the lipid membrane of released human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-like particles is analysed. it is demonstrated that, when p ...	2001	11562541
a comparison of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of respiratory infections in children with bronchiolitis, and the implications for a cohorting strategy.	cohorting bronchiolitis patients infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and/or influenza viruses is paramount in preventing cross-infection of these viruses in hospital. nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr) was compared with immunofluorescence (if) for the detection of rsv subtypes a and b in children with suspected bronchiolitis. co-infection with influenza a(h3n2), chlamydia spp. and picornavirus/rhinovirus was also investigated using molecular techniques.a total of 50 nasopharynge ...	2001	11567557
a single dose of an iscom influenza vaccine induces long-lasting protective immunity against homologous challenge infection but fails to protect cynomolgus macaques against distant drift variants of influenza a (h3n2) viruses.	since the production of influenza vaccines is complicated by the continuous variation of these viruses, it would be desirable to develop vaccines that induce cross-protective immunity against influenza virus strains that circulate in subsequent winter epidemics. we have recently demonstrated that antibodies induced after vaccination with an immune stimulating complex (iscom)-based vaccine exhibited a certain degree of cross-reactivity with other influenza virus strains. in the present study, isc ...	2001	11567760
influenza a infection is an important cause of febrile seizures.	to compare the incidence of febrile seizures in children hospitalized for influenza a infection with parainfluenza and adenovirus infection and to examine the hypothesis that children hospitalized for influenza a (variant sydney/h3n2) during the 1998 season in hong kong had more frequent and refractory seizures when compared with other respiratory viruses, including the a/wuhan h3n2 variant that was present in the previous year.	2001	11581471
vaccination-induced hi antibody response to intraepidemic influenza a(h3n2) virus variants of the 1996-1997 epidemic season.	intraepidemic antigenic and genetic variation was indicated when h3n2-subtype influenza a virus strains isolated during the 1996-1997 epidemic season in finland were studied for reactivity in the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay and for nucleotide sequences coding for the variable ha1 domain of viral haemagglutinin. thirty prevaccination- and postvaccination-paired sera taken from subjects who had been vaccinated against influenza during the previous autumn were studied for the presence o ...	2001	11596097
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2000.	surveillance of influenza in australia in 2000 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel general practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. the peak in influenza cases was in mid-september. influenza a was the dominant strain, with the highest proportion being influenza a (h3n2), but with a significant proportion of isolates of influenza a (h1n1) (16%) for the first time since 1995. th ...	2001	11596710
hemagglutinin residues of recent human a(h3n2) influenza viruses that contribute to the inability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes.	to identify the molecular determinants contributing to the inability of recent human influenza a(h3n2) viruses to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes, phenotypic revertants were selected upon passage in eggs or mdck cells. the leu194ile or val226ile substitutions were detected in their hemagglutinin (ha) sequence concomitantly with the phenotypic reversion. remarkably, as little as 3.5% of variants bearing a val226ile substitution was found to confer the ability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes ...	2001	11601919
respiratory and systemic humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs to a heterosubtypic influenza a virus infection.	the level of heterosubtypic immunity (het-i) and the immune mechanisms stimulated by a heterosubtypic influenza virus infection were investigated in pigs. pigs are natural hosts for influenza virus and, like humans, they host both subtypes h1n1 and h3n2. marked het-i was observed when pigs were infected with h1n1 and subsequently challenged with h3n2. after challenge with h3n2, pigs infected earlier with h1n1 did not develop fever and showed reduced virus excretion compared with non-immune contr ...	2001	11602782
[clinico-anatomic parallels of cardiac lesion in sporadic influenza].	data on 40 patients (21 men, 19 women) who died in hospital of influenza in 1975-1990 are analysed. the age of the patients ranged from 47 to 92 years, 37 patients were over 60. 31 deceased had ischemic heart disease (ihd), of them 13 survived myocardial infarction; 11 patients had essential hypertension, 1--lymphoid leukemia, 1--pollenosis. influenza caused by virus of a type (h3n2) was diagnosed in 27 patients. influenza virus type b was detected in 13 patients. the disease ran a hypertoxic, s ...	2001	11641939
characterization of an influenza a (h3n2) virus resistant to the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201.	the novel influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitor, (1s,2s,3r,4r)-3-[(1s)-(acetylamino)-2-ethylbutyl]-4-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (rwj-270201, bcx-1812), is a potent inhibitor of influenza a and b viruses in cell culture and in infected mice. a mouse-adapted strain of influenza a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2) virus was serially passaged in the presence of 1 microm compound. after the fourth passage, breakthrough of resistant virus occurred. by the tenth passage ...	2001	11675142
comparison of gamma and neutron radiation inactivation of influenza a virus.	radiation inactivation of viral pathogens has potential application in sterilization and in the manufacture of biological reagents, including the production of non-infectious viral antigens. viral inactivation by gamma radiation has been extensively investigated, but few direct comparisons to other qualities of radiation have been explored. experiments were designed to examine direct radiation damage by both gamma photons (gamma) and neutrons (n) while minimizing methodological differences. froz ...	2001	11675143
immune response to influenza vaccine in adult liver transplant recipients.	influenza virus infection may cause significant complications in liver transplant recipients, and whether vaccination is effective in these patients is controversial. we performed a study to assess the immune response to influenza vaccine in liver transplant recipients and patients with cirrhosis compared with healthy controls. liver transplant recipients (n = 20), patients with compensated cirrhosis awaiting transplantation (n = 14), and healthy volunteers (n = 9) were administered the standard ...	2001	11303290
acceptable protective efficacy of influenza vaccination in young military conscripts under circumstances of incomplete antigenic and genetic match.	commercial inactivated parenteral influenza vaccines reduced febrile (> or = 38 degrees c) respiratory illness by 53% (95% cl: 41-63%) during a 3 week outbreak in 1998 when a/sydney/5/97(h3n2)-like influenza viruses were shown to be the predominant etiological agents and an older antigenic variant, a/nanchang/933/95, served as the vaccine virus. the calculatory efficacy for preventing virologically diagnosed influenza infections was 57% (95% cl: 40-68%). the study population consisted of 1374 yo ...	2001	11312022
identification and characterization of mutations in the high growth vaccine strain of influenza virus.	x-31(h3n2) virus, which is a high yielding reassortant between a/pr/8/34(h1n1) and a/aichi/68(h3n2), is currently used as a backbone strain for influenza vaccine production. the sequence of the current x-31 virus was determined from cloned cdna of 6 internal rna genes, and was compared with the original sequence of the a/pr/8/34 virus. 71 point mutations were accumulated in the six internal viral genes (pb2, pb1, pa, np, m and ns). these nucleotide changes encode 23 amino acid substitutions in s ...	2001	11315644
mucosal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine induces b-cell-dependent heterosubtypic cross-protection against lethal influenza a h5n1 virus infection.	influenza vaccines that induce greater cross-reactive or heterosubtypic immunity (het-i) may overcome limitations in vaccine efficacy imposed by the antigenic variability of influenza a viruses. we have compared mucosal versus traditional parenteral administration of inactivated influenza vaccine for the ability to induce het-i in balb/c mice and evaluated a modified escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin adjuvant, lt(r192g), for augmentation of het-i. mice that received three intranasal (i.n. ...	2001	11333895
prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2000 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 2000;49[no. rr-3]:1-38). the 2001 recommendations include new or updated information regarding a) the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination; b) the influenza vaccine supply; c) neuraminidase-inhibitor antiviral drugs; d) the 2001-2002 trivalent vaccine virus strains, which are a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1 ...	2001	11334444
[analysis of etiology of influenza-like morbidity and monitoring influenza epidemic of 1998-1999 by laboratory diagnosis methods].	the etiological structure of influenza-like was analyzed in the population in cities and towns and in russia as a whole in november 1998 to april 1999 by the findings of immunofluorescence and serological surveys of patients with acute respiratory viral infections (arvi). by the results of both tests, the proportion of the incidence of influenza a (h3n2) was largest, the decreasing order in their significance was as follows: adenoviruses, type 3 parainfluenza virus, rsv, influenza b virus, influ ...	2001	11338361