Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| mutagenesis of the dengue virus type 2 ns3 protein within and outside helicase motifs: effects on enzyme activity and virus replication. | the protein ns3 of dengue virus type 2 (den-2) is the second largest nonstructural protein specified by the virus and is known to possess multiple enzymatic activities, including a serine proteinase located in the n-terminal region and an ntpase-helicase in the remaining 70% of the protein. the latter region has seven conserved helicase motifs found in all members of the family flaviviridae. den-2 ns3 lacking the proteinase region was synthesized as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferas ... | 2001 | 11559795 |
| chemical mutagenesis of dengue virus type 4 yields mutant viruses which are temperature sensitive in vero cells or human liver cells and attenuated in mice. | a recombinant live attenuated dengue virus type 4 (den4) vaccine candidate, 2adelta30, was found previously to be generally well tolerated in humans, but a rash and an elevation of liver enzymes in the serum occurred in some vaccinees. 2adelta30, a non-temperature-sensitive (non-ts) virus, contains a 30-nucleotide deletion (delta30) in the 3' untranslated region (utr) of the viral genome. in the present study, chemical mutagenesis of den4 was utilized to generate attenuating mutations which may ... | 2001 | 11559806 |
| transcriptional regulation of major histocompatibility complex class i by flavivirus west nile is dependent on nf-kappab activation. | infection by the flavivirus west nile (wnv) is associated with a virus-specific increase of major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) molecules on the cell surface of diploid vertebrate cells. the increased mhc-i cell surface expression is functional and is associated with increased susceptibility to secondary wnv-immune and alloimmune cytotoxic t cells. wnv-induced up-regulation of cell surface mhc-i expression is associated with nf-kappab activation and increased transcription of mhc-i ... | 2001 | 11574908 |
| activity of recombinant dengue 2 virus ns3 protease in the presence of a truncated ns2b co-factor, small peptide substrates, and inhibitors. | recombinant forms of the dengue 2 virus ns3 protease linked to a 40-residue co-factor, corresponding to part of ns2b, have been expressed in escherichia coli and shown to be active against para-nitroanilide substrates comprising the p6-p1 residues of four substrate cleavage sequences. the enzyme is inactive alone or after the addition of a putative 13-residue co-factor peptide but is active when fused to the 40-residue co-factor, by either a cleavable or a noncleavable glycine linker. the ns4b/n ... | 2001 | 11581268 |
| the relationships between west nile and kunjin viruses. | until recently, west nile (wn) and kunjin (kun) viruses were classified as distinct types in the flavivirus genus. however, genetic and antigenic studies on isolates of these two viruses indicate that the relationship between them is more complex. to better define this relationship, we performed sequence analyses on 32 isolates of kun virus and 28 isolates of wn virus from different geographic areas, including a wn isolate from the recent outbreak in new york. sequence comparisons showed that th ... | 2001 | 11585535 |
| mutations in the ns3 gene and 3'-ncr of japanese encephalitis virus isolated from an unconventional ecosystem and implications for natural attenuation of the virus. | the t1p1 strain of japanese encephalitis (je) virus was recently isolated from paddy-free liu-chiu islet in which natural je antibody has been prevalent. in mouse neuroblastoma-derived neuro-2a cells, t1p1 appeared significantly lower in virus productivity than another local isolate, ch1392. it implied that this new isolate possesses a characteristic viral replication pattern other than that of ch1392. t1p1 has also shown lower neurovirulence, which was reflected by a significantly higher ld(50) ... | 2001 | 11601924 |
| isolation and characterization of noncytopathic pestivirus mutants reveals a role for nonstructural protein ns4b in viral cytopathogenicity. | isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), the prototype pestivirus, are divided into cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) biotypes according to their effect on cultured cells. the cp viruses also differ from ncp viruses by the production of viral nonstructural protein ns3. however, the mechanism by which cp viruses induce cytopathic effect in cell culture remains unknown. here we used a genetic approach to isolate ncp variants that arose from a cp virus at low frequency. a bicistronic b ... | 2001 | 11602707 |
| assembly and maturation of the flavivirus kunjin virus appear to occur in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and along the secretory pathway, respectively. | the intracellular assembly site for flaviviruses in currently not known but is presumed to be located within the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer). building on previous studies involving immunofluorescence (if) and cryoimmunoelectron microscopy of kunjin virus (kun)-infected cells, we sought to identify the steps involved in the assembly and maturation of kun. thus, using antibodies directed against envelope protein e in if analysis, we found the accumulation of e within regions coi ... | 2001 | 11602720 |
| a phylogenetic approach to following west nile virus in connecticut. | the 1999 outbreak of west nile (wn) virus in the northeastern united states was the first known natural occurrence of this flavivirus in the western hemisphere. in 1999 and 2000, 82 independent connecticut wn virus isolates were cultured from nine species of birds, five species of mosquitoes, and one striped skunk. nucleotide sequences obtained from these isolates identified 30 genetic changes, compared with wn-ny99, in a 921-nt region of the viral genome beginning at nucleotide position 205 and ... | 2001 | 11606791 |
| gb virus-c infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | hepatitis virus infections are frequent in patients suffering from hiv infection due to similar transmission routes of these viruses. in addition, hepatitis virus infections lead to impaired survival in hiv positive patients. the recently discovered flavivirus gb virus c (alias hepatitis g virus) was initially believed to be another hepatitis virus. while there is still some minor discussion whether gb virus c (gbv-c) plays a role in fulminant hepatic failure, there is no evidence that this viru ... | 2001 | 11672817 |
| immunization of mice against west nile virus with recombinant envelope protein. | west nile (wn) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that emerged in the united states in 1999 and can cause fatal encephalitis. envelope (e) protein cdna from a wn virus isolate recovered from culex pipiens in connecticut was expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant e protein was purified and used as ag in immunoblot assays and immunization experiments. patients with wn virus infection had abs that recognized the recombinant e protein. c3h/hen mice immunized with e protein developed e prot ... | 2001 | 11673542 |
| a novel mechanism to explain protein abnormalities in schizophrenia based on the flavivirus resistance gene. | the geographical distribution of schizophrenia was previously shown to correlate with the global distribution of tick-borne flaviviruses. the correlation suggests a natural resistance gene to flaviviruses could be involved in schizophrenia. the flavivirus resistance gene, flv, a gene found in wild mice and certain in-bred strains, confers resistance to flaviviruses through the interaction of cellular proteins with the flaviviral 3' untranslated regions (utrs). although the sequence and product o ... | 2001 | 11673799 |
| evolution, epidemiology, and dispersal of flaviviruses revealed by molecular phylogenies. | 2001 | 11680389 | |
| sequence comparison and secondary structure analysis of the 3' noncoding region of flavivirus genomes reveals multiple pseudoknots. | sequences of 191 flavivirus rnas belonging to four sero-groups were used to predict the secondary structure of the 3' noncoding region (3' ncr) directly upstream of the conserved terminal hairpin. in mosquito-borne flavivirus rnas (n = 164) a characteristic structure element was identified that includes a phylogenetically well-supported pseudoknot. this element is repeated in the dengue and japanese encephalitis rnas and centers around the conserved sequences cs2 and rcs2. in yellow fever virus ... | 2001 | 11680841 |
| a 'minimal' approach in design of flavivirus infectious dna. | the 'infectious dna' approach, which is based on in vivo transcription of (+)rna virus genome cdna cassettes from eukaryotic promoters in transfected cells, became a popular alternative to the classical scheme in the infectious clone methodology. its use, however, is often limited by the instability of plasmids due to a transcriptional activity of eukaryotic promoters in escherichia coli resulting in synthesis of products toxic for the bacterial host. using a highly unstable representative infec ... | 2001 | 11682130 |
| experimental infections of pigs with japanese encephalitis virus and closely related australian flaviviruses. | the flavivirus japanese encephalitis (je) virus has recently emerged in the australasian region. to investigate the involvement of infections with related enzootic flaviviruses, namely murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus and kunjin (kun) virus, on immunity of pigs to je virus and to provide a basis for interpretation of serologic data, experimental infections were conducted with combinations of these viruses. antibody responses to primary and secondary infections were evaluated using panels o ... | 2001 | 11693888 |
| role of reactive oxygen intermediates in japanese encephalitis virus infection in murine neuroblastoma cells. | infection with japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne, neurotropic flavivirus, may cause acute encephalitis in humans and induce severe cytopathic effects in various types of cultured cells. this study attempted to determine whether jev infection induces free radical generation and whether oxidative stress contributes to virus-induced cell death in neuroblastoma cells. a rise in the intracellular level of free radicals indicated by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence was obse ... | 2001 | 11711202 |
| [patient with west nile fever in the netherlands]. | a 45-year-old patient was admitted with high fever and inadequate behaviour. she had recently stayed in israel. extensive investigation suggested a viral infection, but the cause was not established. her partner suggested the possibility of west nile virus infection, based upon information he had found on the internet. serology was performed and specific igm and igg antibodies were demonstrated, but a paired serum sample was not available. the patient recovered spontaneously. the west nile virus ... | 2001 | 11715596 |
| genomic sequencing of deer tick virus and phylogeny of powassan-related viruses of north america. | powassan (pow) virus is responsible for central nervous system infection in humans in north america and the eastern parts of russia. recently, a new flavivirus, deer tick (dt) virus, related to pow virus was isolated in the united states, but neither its pathogenic potential in human nor the taxonomic relationship with pow virus has been elucidated. in this study, we obtained the near-full-length genomic sequence of the dt virus and complete sequences of 3 genomic regions of 15 strains of pow-re ... | 2001 | 11716135 |
| nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assays for rapid detection of west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses. | the development and application of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) assays for the detection of west nile (wn) and st. louis encephalitis (sle) viruses are reported. two unique detection formats were developed for the nasba assays: a postamplification detection step with a virus-specific internal capture probe and electrochemiluminescence (nasba-ecl assay) and a real-time assay with 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled virus-specific molecular beacon probes (nasba-beacon assay). the sen ... | 2001 | 11724870 |
| characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from latvia: evidence for co-circulation of three distinct subtypes. | viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) antigenic complex within the family flaviviridae cause a variety of diseases, including uncomplicated febrile illness, meningoencephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. different domesticated animals or wildlife species often act as reservoir hosts and ixodid ticks serve as vectors. although tbe is a serious problem in latvia, the knowledge concerning tbe virus (tbev) strains circulating in the country is most limited. only two strains (latvia-1-96 isolated ... | 2001 | 11745938 |
| transport and budding at two distinct sites of visible nucleocapsids of west nile (sarafend) virus. | it has been difficult to detect and visualize the physical nucleocapsid particles during the replication process of the flaviviruses. the use of cryo-immunoelectron microscopy has clearly revealed the capsid proteins and nucleocapsid particles of west nile (sarafend) virus (a flavivirus) for the first time. physical nucleocapsid particles accumulated in large numbers from 8 hr postinfection. double immunolabeling of the envelope and capsid proteins showed a close association of these structural ... | 2001 | 11745942 |
| dengue fever in pregnancy: a case report. | background: dengue, a mosquito-borne flavivirus infection, is endemic in southeast asia. currently, the incidence has been increasing among adults. case presentation: a 26-year-old thai woman, g1p0 31 weeks pregnancy, presented with epigastric pain for 1 day. she also had a high-grade fever for 4 days. the physical examination, complete blood counts as well as serology confirmed dengue fever. the patient was under conservative treatment despite severe thrombocytopenia. she was well at the 3rd da ... | 2001 | 11747474 |
| experimental yellow fever virus infection in the golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus). i. virologic, biochemical, and immunologic studies. | this report describes the clinical laboratory findings in golden hamsters experimentally infected with yellow fever (yf) virus. an accompanying paper describes the pathologic findings. following intraperitoneal inoculation of a virulent strain of yf virus, hamsters developed a high-titered viremia (up to 109/ml) lasting 5--6 days and abnormal liver function tests. yf hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies appeared 4 or 5 days after infection, often while viremia was still present. the mortality ... | 2001 | 11319679 |
| comparison of flavivirus universal primer pairs and development of a rapid, highly sensitive heminested reverse transcription-pcr assay for detection of flaviviruses targeted to a conserved region of the ns5 gene sequences. | arthropod-transmitted flaviviruses are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, causing severe encephalitic, hemorrhagic, and febrile illnesses in humans. because there are no specific clinical symptoms for infection by a determined virus and because different arboviruses could be present in the same area, a genus diagnosis by pcr would be a useful first-line diagnostic method. the six published flavivirus genus primer pairs localized in the ns1, ns3, ns5, and 3' nc regions were eva ... | 2001 | 11326014 |
| detection and isolation of a flavivirus-like agent from a leopard tortoise (geochelone paradalis) in the united kingdom. | 2001 | 11338718 | |
| evolution of base composition and codon usage bias in the genus flavivirus. | the extent to which base composition and codon usage vary among rna viruses, and the possible causes of this bias, is undetermined in most cases. a maximum-likelihood statistical method was used to test whether base composition and codon usage bias covary with arthropod association in the genus flavivirus, a major source of disease in humans and animals. flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, by ticks, or directly between vertebrate hosts. those viruses associated with ticks were found to h ... | 2001 | 11343134 |
| the influence of downstream protein-coding sequence on internal ribosome entry on hepatitis c virus and other flavivirus rnas. | some studies suggest that the hepatitis c virus (hcv) internal ribosome entry site (ires) requires downstream 5' viral polyprotein-coding sequence for efficient initiation of translation, but the role of this rna sequence in internal ribosome entry remains unresolved. we confirmed that the inclusion of viral sequence downstream of the aug initiator codon increased ires-dependent translation of a reporter rna encoding secretory alkaline phosphatase, but found that efficient translation of chloram ... | 2001 | 11345437 |
| characterisation of inter- and intra-molecular interactions of the dengue virus rna dependent rna polymerase as potential drug targets. | our research is directed towards enhancing the understanding of the molecular biology of dengue virus replication with the ultimate goal being to develop novel antiviral strategies based on preventing critical inter- or intra-molecular interactions required for the normal virus life cycle. the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (ns5) and the viral helicase (ns3) interaction offers a possible target for inhibitors to bind and prevent replication. in this study the yeast-two hybrid system was used ... | 2001 | 11347963 |
| adaptation of tick-borne encephalitis virus to bhk-21 cells results in the formation of multiple heparan sulfate binding sites in the envelope protein and attenuation in vivo. | propagation of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus in bhk-21 cells selected for mutations within the large surface glycoprotein e that increased the net positive charge of the protein. in the course of 16 independent experiments, 12 different protein e mutation patterns were identified. these were located in all three of the structural domains and distributed over almost the entire upper and lateral surface of protein e. the mutations resulted in the formation of local patches of predom ... | 2001 | 11356970 |
| modulation of transporter associated with antigen processing (tap)-mediated peptide import into the endoplasmic reticulum by flavivirus infection. | in contrast to many other viruses that escape the cellular immune response by downregulating major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules, flavivirus infection can upregulate their cell surface expression. previously we have presented evidence that during flavivirus infection, peptide supply to the endoplasmic reticulum is increased (a. müllbacher and m. lobigs, immunity 3:207-214, 1995). here we show that during the early phase of infection with different flaviviruses, the transport ... | 2001 | 11356974 |
| infectious cdna clone of attenuated langat tick-borne flavivirus (strain e5) and a 3' deletion mutant constructed from it exhibit decreased neuroinvasiveness in immunodeficient mice. | forty-five years ago a naturally attenuated tick-borne flavivirus, langat (lgt) strain tp21, was recovered from ticks in malaysia. subsequently, it was tested as a live attenuated vaccine for virulent tick-borne encephalitis viruses. in a large clinical trial its attenuation was confirmed but there was evidence of a low level of residual virulence. thirty-five years ago further attenuation of lgt tp21 was achieved by multiple passages in eggs to yield mutant e5. to study the genetic determinants ... | 2001 | 11289811 |
| self-replicative rna vaccines elicit protection against influenza a virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and a tickborne encephalitis virus. | in genetic vaccination, recipients are immunized with antigen-encoding nucleic acid, usually dna. this study addressed the possibility of using the recombinant alpha virus rna molecule, which replicates in the cytoplasm of transfected cells, as a novel approach for genetic vaccination. mice were immunized with recombinant semliki forest virus rna-encoding envelope proteins from one of 3 viruses: influenza a virus, a tickborne flavivirus (louping ill virus), or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). ... | 2001 | 11294672 |
| virus evolution: how does an enveloped virus make a regular structure? | 2001 | 11300997 | |
| the fusion glycoprotein shell of semliki forest virus: an icosahedral assembly primed for fusogenic activation at endosomal ph. | semliki forest virus (sfv) has been extensively studied as a model for analyzing entry of enveloped viruses into target cells. here we describe the trace of the polypeptide chain of the sfv fusion glycoprotein, e1, derived from an electron density map at 3.5 a resolution and describe its interactions at the surface of the virus. e1 is unexpectedly similar to the flavivirus envelope protein, with three structural domains disposed in the same primary sequence arrangement. these results introduce a ... | 2001 | 11301009 |
| phylogenetic analysis of brazilian flavivirus using nucleotide sequences of parts of ns5 gene and 3' non-coding regions. | viruses of the genus flavivirus, which are arboviruses, of the flaviviridae family, are amongst the most important agents of infectious disease in brazil, causing human infections with a high morbility and mortality. in this work, the phylogeny of 14 virus amplicon sequences that were obtained by rt-pcr with universal primers for mosquito-borne flavivirus were studied. the amplicons included a region of the flavivirus genome of 129 nucleotides at the 3' terminus of the ns5 gene and the 145 initi ... | 2001 | 11311426 |
| safety and immunogenicity of attenuated dengue virus vaccines (aventis pasteur) in human volunteers. | a randomized, controlled, double-blinded study was conducted to determine safety and immunogenicity of five live attenuated dengue vaccines produced by aventis pasteur (avp). the study was completed with 40 flavivirus non-immune volunteers: five recipients of each monovalent (dengue-1, dengue-2, dengue-3, or dengue-4) vaccine, ten recipients of tetravalent (dengue-1, dengue-2, dengue-3, and dengue-4) vaccine, and ten recipients of vaccine vehicle alone. all vaccines were administered in a single ... | 2001 | 11312014 |
| coupling between replication and packaging of flavivirus rna: evidence derived from the use of dna-based full-length cdna clones of kunjin virus. | in order to study whether flavivirus rna packaging is dependent on rna replication, we generated two dna-based kunjin virus constructs, pkun1 and pkun1dgdd, allowing continuous production of replicating (wild-type) and nonreplicating (with a deletion of the ns5 gene rna-polymerase motif gdd) full-length kunjin virus rnas, respectively, via nuclear transcription by cellular rna polymerase ii. as expected, transfection of pkun1 plasmid dna into bhk cells resulted in the recovery of secreted infect ... | 2001 | 11312333 |
| a small region of the dengue virus-encoded rna-dependent rna polymerase, ns5, confers interaction with both the nuclear transport receptor importin-beta and the viral helicase, ns3. | the dengue virus rna-dependent rna polymerase, ns5, and the protease/helicase, ns3, are multidomain proteins that have been shown to interact both in vivo and in vitro. a hyperphosphorylated form of ns5 that does not interact with ns3 has been detected in the nuclei of virus-infected cells, presumably as the result of the action of a functional nuclear localization sequence within the interdomain region of ns5 (residues 369-405). in this study, it is shown by using the yeast two-hybrid system th ... | 2001 | 11257177 |
| langat virus m protein is structurally homologous to prm. | langat (lgt) virus m protein has been generated in a recombinant system. antiserum raised against the lgt virus m protein neutralizes tick-borne encephalitis serocomplex flaviviruses but not mosquito-borne flaviviruses, indicating that the m protein is exposed on the surface of virions. the antiserum recognizes intracellular lgt virus prm/m and binds to prm and m in western blots of whole-cell lysates and purified virus, respectively. these data suggest that the prm and m proteins are structural ... | 2001 | 11264391 |
| biophysical characterization and vector-specific antagonist activity of domain iii of the tick-borne flavivirus envelope protein. | the molecular determinants responsible for flavivirus host cell binding and tissue tropism are largely unknown, although domain iii of the envelope protein has been implicated in these functions. we examined the solution properties and antagonist activity of langat virus domain iii. our results suggest that domain iii adopts a stably folded structure that can mediate binding of tick-borne flaviviruses but not mosquito-borne flaviviruses to their target cells. three clusters of phylogenetically c ... | 2001 | 11264392 |
| effect of naturally occurring active site mutations on hepatitis c virus ns3 protease specificity. | a comparison of the dna sequences from all available genotypes of hcv indicate that the active site residues of the ns3 protease are strictly conserved with the exception of positions 123 and 168, which border the s(4) subsite. in genotype 3, the canonic arginine and aspartic acid have been replaced with threonine and glutamine, respectively. to determine if these differences contribute to an altered specificity, we characterized single-chain ns3 proteases from strains 1a, 1b, and 3a with peptid ... | 2001 | 11276078 |
| a new strategy in design of +rna virus infectious clones enabling their stable propagation in e. coli. | infectious clone methodology is a valuable tool of modern experimental virology. however, its use is often constrained by the instability of infectious clone constructs during propagation in e. coli. to circumvent this problem, we have devised a strategy that could be suitable for design of +rna virus molecular clones in general. an infectious clone is assembled as "infectious dna," and expression of problem regions present in the viral cdna is prevented during propagation in e. coli by insertio ... | 2001 | 11277699 |
| an infectious clone of the west nile flavivirus. | west nile (wn) virus is the most widespread among flaviviruses, but until recently it was not known on the american continent. we describe here design of a subgenomic replicon, as well as a full-length infectious clone of the lineage ii wn strain, which appeared surprisingly stable compared to other flavivirus infectious clones. this infectious clone was used to investigate effects of 5'- and 3'-nonrelated sequences on virus replication and infectivity of synthetic rna. while a long nonrelated s ... | 2001 | 11277701 |
| prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodes ricinus ticks in finland. | approximately 20 cases of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) occur annually in finland. the known endemic areas are situated mainly in the archipelago and coastal regions of finland, with highest incidence in aland islands. ixodes ricinus panels collected in 1996-1997 from two endemic areas were screened for the presence of rna. two distinct rt-pcr methods were applied, and were shown to have an approximate detection limit of 10 focus forming doses (ffd)/100 microl. one out of 20 pools (a total of 13 ... | 2001 | 11285564 |
| west nile virus recombinant dna vaccine protects mouse and horse from virus challenge and expresses in vitro a noninfectious recombinant antigen that can be used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. | introduction of west nile (wn) virus into the united states in 1999 created major human and animal health concerns. currently, no human or veterinary vaccine is available to prevent wn viral infection, and mosquito control is the only practical strategy to combat the spread of disease. starting with a previously designed eukaryotic expression vector, we constructed a recombinant plasmid (pcbwn) that expressed the wn virus prm and e proteins. a single intramuscular injection of pcbwn dna induced ... | 2001 | 11287553 |
| mutational evidence for an internal fusion peptide in flavivirus envelope protein e. | the envelope protein e of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus promotes cell entry by inducing fusion of the viral membrane with an intracellular membrane after uptake by endocytosis. this protein differs from other well-studied viral and cellular fusion proteins because of its distinct molecular architecture and apparent lack of involvement of coiled coils in the low-ph-induced structural transitions that lead to fusion. a highly conserved loop (the cd loop), which resides at the ... | 2001 | 11287576 |
| identification of b-cell epitope of dengue virus type 1 and its application in diagnosis of patients. | using a serotype-specific monoclonal antibody (mab) of dengue virus type 1 (den-1), 15f3-1, we identified the b-cell epitope of den-1 from a random peptide library displayed on phage. fourteen immunopositive phage clones that bound specifically to mab 15f3-1 were selected. these phage-borne peptides had a consensus motif of hxyawb (a = s/t, b = k/h/r) that mimicked the sequence hkyswk, which corresponded to amino acid residues 111 to 116 of the nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) of den-1. among the f ... | 2001 | 11230414 |
| [analysis of genetic variability of strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus by primary structure of a fragment of the membrane protein e gene]. | primary structures of gene fragments of e protein (160 n.b.) have been determined for 29 tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) strains isolated from different parts of a territory. analysis of homology of nucleotide sequences of these strains and data on 6 tbe strains published by other authors showed that they can be divided into 6 groups (genotypes) by the following gene typing criteria: strain structure within the genotypes differing by no more than 9%, differences between strains of different genoty ... | 2001 | 11233280 |
| [genetic typing of tick-borne encephalitis virus based on an analysis of the levels of homology of a membrane protein gene fragment]. | all heretofore known genomic structures of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus are analyzed. the authors prove the adequacy of using short fragment of e protein gene for characterization of philogenetic relationships between tbe strains. three main genotypes of the virus are distinguished, one corresponding to far eastern variant, one to west, and the third includes strains belonging to ural siberian and central siberian and transbaikal variants. results of genetic typing by nucleotide sequences ... | 2001 | 11233281 |
| [protective activity of a bacterial plasmid, bearing the gene for the tick-borne encephalitis virus ns1 nonstructural protein]. | three intramuscular injections (50 micrograms each) with bacterial plasmid pmv45 carrying nonstructural gene of ns1 protein of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus protected 88% balb/c mice from lethal challenge with the virus. antibodies to ns1 nonstructural protein were detected in the sera of vaccinated mice after the challenge. absence of antibodies to e structural protein indicated absence of manifest infectious process in mice vaccinated with plasmid and challenged with a lethal dose of tbe ... | 2001 | 11233282 |
| antiviral cytotoxic t cells cross-reactively recognize disparate peptide determinants from related viruses but ignore more similar self- and foreign determinants. | we have investigated the reactivities of cytotoxic t (tc) cells against the two immunodominant, h-2k(k)-restricted determinants from the flavivirus: murray valley encephalitis virus (mve), mve(1785) (rehsgnei) and mve(1971) (degegrvi). the respective tc cell populations cross-reactively lysed target cells pulsed with determinants from the mve(1785)- and mve(1971)-corresponding positions of six other flaviviruses, despite low sequence homology in some cases. notably, anti-mve(1785) tc cells recog ... | 2001 | 11238625 |
| purification and characterization of west nile virus nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase)/helicase: evidence for dissociation of the ntpase and helicase activities of the enzyme. | the nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase)/helicase associated with nonstructural protein 3 of west nile (wn) virus was purified from cell culture medium harvested from virus-infected vero cells. the purification procedure included sequential chromatography on superdex-200 and reactive red 120 columns, followed by a concentration step on an ultrogel hydroxyapatite column. the nature of the purified protein was confirmed by immunoblot analysis using a wn virus-positive antiserum, determination of its ... | 2001 | 11238848 |
| a personal account of the role of peptide research in drug discovery: the case of hepatitis c. | although peptides themselves are not usually the end products of a drug discovery effort, peptide research often plays a key role in many aspects of this process. this will be illustrated by reviewing the experience of peptide research carried out at irbm in the course of our study of hepatitis c virus (hcv). the target of our work is the ns3/4a protease, which is essential for maturation of the viral polyprotein. after a thorough examination of its substrate specificity we fine-tuned several su ... | 2001 | 11245202 |
| synergistic neutralizing antibody response to a dengue virus type 2 dna vaccine by incorporation of lysosome-associated membrane protein sequences and use of plasmid expressing gm-csf. | we have previously shown that a dengue virus type 1 dna vaccine expressing premembrane (prm) and envelope (e) genes was immunogenic in mice and monkeys and that rhesus monkeys vaccinated with this construct were completely to partially protected from virus challenge. in order to improve the immunogenicity of dengue dna vaccines, we have evaluated the effect of lysosome targeting of antigens and coimmunization with a plasmid expressing gm-csf on antibody responses. a dengue virus type 2 candidate ... | 2001 | 11883007 |
| recently discovered blood-borne viruses. | in recent years, molecular biology advances have enabled many investigators to discover a number of viruses that have been difficult to characterise by cell culture techniques. two blood-borne viruses have been identified. these are gb virus c (gbv-c) and tt virus (ttv). gbv-c was discovered in 1995. it is a flavivirus-like enveloped particle measuring 50-100 nm in diameter with a density of 1.08-1.13 g/cm3. the genome of gbv-c is a single-stranded, positive strand ribonucleic acid of approximat ... | 2001 | 11948357 |
| an indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against st. louis encephalitis virus. | an in house indirect immmunofluorescence assay ( ifa ) in relation to neutralization (nt) reference test, was assessed as a fast and cheap method to carry out serological surveys for st. louis encephalitis virus (sle). sera obtained from 213 blood donors were analyzed by both tests. the prevalence of seropositivity obtained with ifa was lower than (30.98%) that observed on nt (41.78%). the relative specificity rate of ifa was 96.77% whereas its relative sensitivity rate was 69.66%. kappa index s ... | 2001 | 11781605 |
| outbreak of powassan encephalitis--maine and vermont, 1999-2001. | powassan (pow) virus, a north american tickborne flavivirus related to the eastern hemisphere's tickborne encephalitis viruses, was first isolated from a patient with encephalitis in 1958. during 1958-1998, 27 human pow encephalitis cases were reported from canada and the northeastern united states. during september 1999-july 2001, four maine and vermont residents with encephalitis were found to be infected with pow virus. these persons were tested for other arbovirus infections found in the nor ... | 2001 | 11787585 |
| virologic and serologic surveillance for dengue fever in jeddah, saudi arabia, 1994-1999. | dengue fever infection was first documented in jeddah, saudi arabia, by virus isolation of dengue type 2 virus in 1994 at the virology laboratory of dr. soliman fakeeh hospital. dengue virus surveillance was established after that time. blood samples were collected from 985 patients (710 male patients and 275 female patients) with suspected cases of dengue from february 1994 to december 1999. dengue virus isolates were obtained in 207 patients (21%; 162 male patients and 45 female patients). den ... | 2001 | 11791972 |
| kunjin virus: an australian variant of west nile? | kunjin (kun) is a flavivirus in the japanese encephalitis antigenic complex that was first isolated from culex annulirostris mosquitoes captured in northern australia in 1960. it is the etiological agent of a human disease characterized by febrile illness with rash or mild encephalitis and, occasionally, of a neurological disease in horses. kun virus shares a similar epidemiology and ecology with the closely related murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus, the major causative agent of arboviral e ... | 2001 | 11797773 |
| the west nile virus encephalitis outbreak in the united states (1999-2000): from flushing, new york, to beyond its borders. | viruses cause most forms of encephalitis. the two main types responsible for epidemic encephalitis are enteroviruses and arboviruses. the city of new york reports about 10 cases of encephalitis yearly. establishing a diagnosis is often difficult. in august 1999, a cluster of five patients with fever, confusion, and weakness were admitted to a community hospital in flushing, new york. flaccid paralysis developed in four of the five patients, and they required ventilatory support. three, less seve ... | 2001 | 11797774 |
| host factors involved in west nile virus replication. | viruses use cell proteins during many stages of their replication cycles, including attachment, entry, translation, transcription/replication, and assembly. mutations in the cell proteins involved can cause disruptions of these critical host-virus interactions, which in turn can affect the efficiency of virus replication. these host-virus interactions also represent novel targets for the development of new antiviral agents. the different alleles of the murine flv gene confer resistance or suscep ... | 2001 | 11797778 |
| use of live and inactivated vaccines in the control of west nile fever in domestic geese. | the recent epizootic of west nile fever in israel affected predominantly young domestic geese between three and eight weeks old. clinically, the birds presented paralytic signs while morbidity and mortality were severe in affected flocks. the condition was encountered from early september through late november on goose farms located throughout the country. losses incurred by goose flocks were sufficiently great as to warrant investigation of ways to protect young geese against the neurological f ... | 2001 | 11797782 |
| current status of flavivirus vaccines. | although there are approximately 68 flaviviruses recognized, vaccines have been developed to control very few human flavivirus diseases. licensed live attenuated vaccines have been developed for yellow fever (strain 17d) and japanese encephalitis (strain sa14-14-2) viruses, and inactivated vaccines have been developed for japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. the yellow fever live attenuated 17d vaccine is one of the most efficacious and safe vaccines developed to date and h ... | 2001 | 11797783 |
| flavivirus dna vaccines: current status and potential. | the use of dna-based vaccines is a novel and promising immunization approach for the development of flavivirus vaccines. this approach has been attempted in vaccine development for various virus species, including st. louis encephalitis, russian spring-summer encephalitis, central european encephalitis, dengue serotypes 1 and 2, murray valley encephalitis, japanese encephalitis, and west nile viruses. however, very little is known about the factors affecting its efficacy. recently, we demonstrat ... | 2001 | 11797784 |
| antibody prophylaxis and therapy for flavivirus encephalitis infections. | the outbreak of west nile (wn) encephalitis in the united states has rekindled interest in developing direct methods for prevention and control of human flaviviral infections. although equine wn vaccines are currently being developed, a wn vaccine for humans is years away. there is also no specific therapeutic agent for flaviviral infections. the incidence of human wn virus infection is very low, which makes it difficult to target the human populations in need of vaccination and to assess the va ... | 2001 | 11797785 |
| west nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. | the ecology of the strain of west nile virus (wnv) introduced into the united states in 1999 has similarities to the native flavivirus, st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus, but has unique features not observed with sle virus or with wnv in the old world. the primary route of transmission for most of the arboviruses in north america is by mosquito, and infected native birds usually do not suffer morbidity or mortality. an exception to this pattern is eastern equine encephalitis virus, which has an ... | 2001 | 11797804 |
| west nile virus infection in birds and mammals. | west nile virus (wnv) was found throughout new york state in year 2000. the epicenter was located in new york city with a high level of activity in the immediately surrounding counties, including rockland, westchester, nassau, and suffolk. during 2000, wnv testing was performed by the wadsworth center on 3,687 dead birds, representing 153 species, 46 families, and 18 orders. there were 1,203 wnv-positive birds, representing 63 species, 30 families and 14 orders. the percentage of wnv-positive bi ... | 2001 | 11797807 |
| identification of epitopes on the envelope (e) protein of dengue 2 and dengue 3 viruses using monoclonal antibodies. | of a panel of forty-six anti-dengue 3 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) only three neutralised infection of bhk cells by dengue 3 virus. attempts to select neutralisation escape mutants (n.e.m.) with two of these antibodies failed. the n.e.m. population selected in the presence of the third neutralising antibody, 1h9, had a nucleotide change at position 1157 of the e protein gene resulting in a non-conservative amino acid change at e386 for a lys to an asn. a dengue 2 n.e.m. was selected with the fla ... | 2001 | 11811694 |
| immunogenicity of hgv ns5 protein expressed from sf9 insect cells. | 2001 | 11819741 | |
| [female patient with west-nile fever in the netherlands]. | 2002 | 11820069 | |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific to dengue virus type 1 nonstructural protein ns1 reveals circulation of the antigen in the blood during the acute phase of disease in patients experiencing primary or secondary infections. | during flavivirus infection in vitro, nonstructural protein ns1 is released in a host-restricted fashion from infected mammalian cells but not vector-derived insect cells. in order to analyze the biological relevance of ns1 secretion in vivo, we developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect the protein in the sera of dengue virus-infected patients. the assay was based on serotype 1 ns1-specific mouse and rabbit polyclonal antibody preparations for antigen immunocaptur ... | 2002 | 11825945 |
| hepatitis c virus nonstructural proteins are localized in a modified endoplasmic reticulum of cells expressing viral subgenomic replicons. | for many years our knowledge on hepatitis c virus (hcv) replication has been based on in vitro experiments or transfection studies. recently, the first reliable system for studying viral replication in tissue culture cells was developed. taking advantage of this system, we examined in detail the localization of viral nonstructural (ns) proteins in cells containing functional replication complexes. by fractionation experiments and immunomicroscopy, we observed that all ns proteins were associated ... | 2002 | 11853397 |
| complete genome sequence, taxonomic assignment, and comparative analysis of the untranslated regions of the modoc virus, a flavivirus with no known vector. | we recently developed a model for flavivirus infection in mice and hamsters using the modoc virus (modv), a flavivirus with no known vector (p. leyssen, a. van lommel, c. drosten, h. schmitz, e. de clercq, and j. neyts, 2001, virology 279, 27-37). we now present the coding and noncoding sequence of modv. the modoc virus genome was determined to be 10,600 nucleotides in length with a single open reading frame extending from nucleotides 110 to 10,234, encoding 3374 amino acids. the deduced gene or ... | 2002 | 11853406 |
| human cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses to live attenuated 17d yellow fever vaccine: identification of hla-b35-restricted ctl epitopes on nonstructural proteins ns1, ns2b, ns3, and the structural protein e. | yellow fever virus (yfv) is a re-emerging problem despite the existence of an effective live-attenuated vaccine. the induction of yfv-neutralizing antibodies undoubtedly contributes to vaccine efficacy, but t lymphocyte responses to yfv likely play a role in long-term efficacy. we studied the t lymphocyte responses to yfv in four vaccinees. proliferation and cytolytic responses to yfv were demonstrated in all subjects. we isolated 13 yfv-specific cd8(+) ctl lines that recognized epitopes on the ... | 2002 | 11853408 |
| heparan sulfate-mediated binding of infectious dengue virus type 2 and yellow fever virus. | dengue virus type 2 and yellow fever virus are arthropod-borne flaviviruses causing hemorrhagic fever in humans. identification of virus receptors is important in understanding flavivirus pathogenesis. the aim of this work was to study the role of cellular heparan sulfate in the adsorption of infectious yellow fever and dengue type 2 viruses. virus attachment was assessed by adsorbing virus to cells, washing unbound virus away, releasing cell-bound virus by freezing/thawing, and then titrating t ... | 2002 | 11878919 |
| west nile virus/dengue type 4 virus chimeras that are reduced in neurovirulence and peripheral virulence without loss of immunogenicity or protective efficacy. | a candidate live attenuated vaccine strain was constructed for west nile virus (wn), a neurotropic flavivirus that has recently emerged in the u.s. considerable attenuation for mice was achieved by chimerization with dengue virus type 4 (den4). the genes for the structural premembrane and envelope proteins of den4 present in an infectious cdna clone were replaced by the corresponding genes of wn strain ny99. two of 18 cdna clones of a wn/den4 chimera yielded full-length rna transcripts that were ... | 2002 | 11880643 |
| reappearance of human cases due to murray valley encephalitis virus and kunjin virus in central australia after an absence of 26 years. | murray valley encephalitis (mve) and kunjin virus disease are endemic in the tropical parts of the northern territory and western australia, but have been absent from central australia since 1974. in 2000, 5 laboratory-confirmed cases of encephalitis occurred over a short period in the normally dry inland region of central australia. the sudden occurrence of cases in march and april 2000 followed unusually high rainfall in the preceding months and evidence of flavivirus activity in the endemic a ... | 2002 | 11950201 |
| mutations in the yellow fever virus nonstructural protein ns2a selectively block production of infectious particles. | little is known about the function of flavivirus nonstructural protein ns2a. two forms of ns2a are found in yellow fever virus-infected cells. full-length ns2a (224 amino acids) is the product of cleavage at the ns1/2a and ns2a/2b sites. ns2aalpha, a c-terminally truncated form of 190 amino acids, results from partial cleavage by the viral ns2b-3 serine protease at the sequence qk /t within ns2a. exchange of serine for lysine at this site (qkt-->qst) blocks the production of both ns2aalpha and i ... | 2002 | 11967294 |
| use of immunoglobulin m cross-reactions in differential diagnosis of human flaviviral encephalitis infections in the united states. | to define the virus specificity of the immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa) among the medically important members of the japanese encephalitis (je) virus serocomplex of flaviviruses, 103 igm-positive human serum samples from patients with confirmed west nile (wn) virus, st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus, or je virus infections were assembled and simultaneously tested against all three viral antigens in a standardized mac-elisa. of the serum sampl ... | 2002 | 11986257 |
| hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management. | to develop consensus-based recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals if hemorrhagic fever viruses (hfvs) are used as biological weapons against a civilian population. | 2002 | 11988060 |
| fatal yellow fever in a traveler returning from amazonas, brazil, 2002. | yellow fever (yf) is a mosquitoborne viral disease that has caused deaths in u.s. and european travelers to sub-saharan africa and tropical south america. although no specific treatment exists for yf and the case-fatality rate for severe yf is approximately 20%, an effective vaccine is available. this report describes a case of fatal yf in an unvaccinated traveler who had returned from a 6-day fishing trip on the rio negro west of manaus in the state of amazonas, brazil. because information from ... | 2002 | 11990236 |
| folding and dimerization of tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope proteins prm and e in the endoplasmic reticulum. | flavivirus envelope proteins are synthesized as part of large polyproteins that are co- and posttranslationally cleaved into their individual chains. to investigate whether the interaction of neighboring proteins within the precursor protein is required to ensure proper maturation of the individual components, we have analyzed the folding of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus envelope glycoproteins prm and e by using a recombinant plasmid expression system and virus-infected cell ... | 2002 | 11991976 |
| langat flavivirus protease ns3 binds caspase-8 and induces apoptosis. | the flavivirus ns3 protein plays an important role in the cleavage and processing of the viral polyprotein and in the synthesis of the viral rna. ns3 recruits ns2b and ns5 proteins to form complexes possessing protease and replicase activities through protease and nucleoside triphosphatase/helicase domains. we have found that ns3 also induces apoptosis. expression of the langat (lgt) virus ns3 protein resulted in a cleavage of cellular dna and reduced the viability of cells. coexpression of ns3 ... | 2002 | 11991998 |
| assessment of the factors associated with flavivirus seroprevalence in a population in southern vietnam. | dengue and japanese encephalitis flaviviruses cause severe disease and are hyperendemic in southern vietnam. this study assesses associations between sociodemographic factors and flavivirus seroprevalence in this region. sera were collected from 308 community and hospital-based subjects between april 1996 and august 1997 and tested with an indirect elisa. the factors associated with seroprevalence were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. in this first report of adjusted prevalence o ... | 2002 | 12002539 |
| cross-reactivity in flavivirus serology: new implications of an old finding? | to investigate the influence of pre-existing antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) or yellow fever (yf) viruses on dengue virus antibody test results, we examined sera from vaccinees and from individuals with previous tbe virus infection. distinct igg antibody cross-reactivity was found in about 15.1% in the yf-vaccinated group and in about 9.5% in the tbe-vaccinated group. altogether 15 out of a total of 80 samples tested (18.8%) had detectable dengue virus igg antibody titres. the s ... | 2002 | 12005333 |
| lack of both fas ligand and perforin protects from flavivirus-mediated encephalitis in mice. | the mechanism by which encephalitic flaviviruses enter the brain to inflict a life-threatening encephalomyelitis in a small percentage of infected individuals is obscure. we investigated this issue in a mouse model for flavivirus encephalitis in which the virus was administered to 6-week-old animals by the intravenous route, analogous to the portal of entry in natural infections, using a virus dose in the range experienced following the bite of an infectious mosquito. in this model, infection wi ... | 2002 | 11884544 |
| derivation and characterization of a dengue type 1 host range-restricted mutant virus that is attenuated and highly immunogenic in monkeys. | we recently described the derivation of a dengue serotype 2 virus (den2mutf) that exhibited a host range-restricted phenotype; it was severely impaired for replication in cultured mosquito cells (c6/36 cells). den2mutf virus had selected mutations in genomic sequences predicted to form a 3' stem-loop structure (3'-sl) that is conserved among all flavivirus species. the 3'-sl constitutes the downstream terminal similar95 nucleotides of the 3' noncoding region in flavivirus rna. here we report the ... | 2002 | 11884557 |
| capsid protein c of tick-borne encephalitis virus tolerates large internal deletions and is a favorable target for attenuation of virulence. | deletions ranging in size from 4 to 21 amino acid residues were introduced into the capsid protein of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus. these deletions incrementally affected a hydrophobic domain which is present at the center of all flavivirus capsid protein sequences and part of which may form an amphipathic alpha-helix. in the context of the full-length tbe genome, the deletions did not measurably affect protein expression and up to a deletion length of 16 amino acid residue ... | 2002 | 11884577 |
| structure of dengue virus: implications for flavivirus organization, maturation, and fusion. | the first structure of a flavivirus has been determined by using a combination of cryoelectron microscopy and fitting of the known structure of glycoprotein e into the electron density map. the virus core, within a lipid bilayer, has a less-ordered structure than the external, icosahedral scaffold of 90 glycoprotein e dimers. the three e monomers per icosahedral asymmetric unit do not have quasiequivalent symmetric environments. difference maps indicate the location of the small membrane protein ... | 2002 | 11893341 |
| a single amino acid is critical for the expression of b-cell epitopes on the helicase domain of the pestivirus ns3 protein. | truncated ns3 proteins, expressed by recombinant baculoviruses, were used to investigate the location of conserved b-cell epitopes on this non-structural bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) protein. a goat anti-pestivirus antiserum, and a panel of anti-ns3 monoclonal antibodies, including the bvdv-1 specific antibody p1d8, were used to verify the presence or absence of the epitopes. interestingly, the monoclonal antibodies reacted only with the truncated protein encompassing the helicase domain ... | 2002 | 11900844 |
| paired charge-to-alanine mutagenesis of dengue virus type 4 ns5 generates mutants with temperature-sensitive, host range, and mouse attenuation phenotypes. | charge-to-alanine mutagenesis of dengue virus type 4 (den4) ns5 gene generated a collection of attenuating mutations for potential use in a recombinant live attenuated den vaccine. codons for 80 contiguous pairs of charged amino acids in ns5 were individually mutagenized to create uncharged pairs of alanine residues, and 32 recombinant mutant viruses were recovered from the 80 full-length mutant den4 cdna constructs. these mutant viruses were tested for temperature-sensitive (ts) replication in ... | 2002 | 11752143 |
| mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of west nile virus strains varies depending upon virus genotype. | despite recent advances in the genetics of west nile (wn) virus, relatively little is known about the molecular basis of virulence of this virus. in particular, although the genotype of the wn virus strain that was recently introduced into north america has been determined, there have been few experimental studies on the virulence phenotype of the virus. we compared genetic and neurovirulence properties of 19 strains of wn virus, including 2 from north america, and observed significant differenc ... | 2002 | 12036314 |
| [localization of tick-borne encephalitis virus protein e antigenic determinant recognized by antihemagglutinating monoclonal antibodies using a phage-display peptide library]. | bacteriophages bearing peptides reacting with antihemagglutinating monoclonal antibodies (mab) 10h10 to tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus protein e were selected from a phage-display peptide library by affinity selection and enzyme immunoassay. the library contained randomized peptides that are 6 amino acids long, fused with protein piii and exposed on the surface of the bacteriophage. no significant homology between the sequences of selected peptides and tbe virus protein e was detected. comp ... | 2002 | 12046465 |
| emerging arboviral diseases. | 2002 | 12054284 | |
| ns3 protease of langat tick-borne flavivirus cleaves serine protease substrates. | langat (lgt) virus, initially isolated in 1956 from ticks in malaysia, is a naturally occurring nonpathogenic virus with a very close antigenicity to the highly pathogenic tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) western subtype virus and tbe far eastern subtype virus. ns3, the second largest viral protein of lgt virus, is highly conserved among flaviviruses and contains a characteristic protease moiety (ns3 pro). ns3 pro represents an attractive target for anti-protease molecules against tbe virus. we rep ... | 2002 | 12054734 |
| clinical and immunological risk factors for severe disease in japanese encephalitis. | eighty-five paediatric patients in thailand with acute japanese encephalitis (je) were studied in 1987-99 to determine risk factors present at hospital admission which were associated with severe disease. on univariate analysis, the following factors on admission were significantly associated with the combined end-point of death or a severe neurological deficit: depressed level of consciousness, elevated concentration of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) protein, low levels of serum and csf igg antibody ... | 2002 | 12055808 |
| positional cloning of the murine flavivirus resistance gene. | inbred mouse strains exhibit significant differences in their susceptibility to viruses in the genus flavivirus, which includes human pathogens such as yellow fever, dengue, and west nile virus. a single gene, designated flv, confers this differential susceptibility and was mapped previously to a region of mouse chromosome 5. a positional cloning strategy was used to identify 22 genes from the flv gene interval including 10 members of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene family. one 2'-5'-ol ... | 2002 | 12080145 |
| regulation of immune recognition molecules by flavivirus, west nile. | we have shown the flaviviruses can up-regulate the cell surface expression of the immune recognition molecules, major histocompatability complex class-i and class-ii (mhc-i, mhc-ii), icam-1, vcam, and e-selectin, in an interferon-independent and tumor necrosis factor-independent manner. this up-regulation is associated with an increased transcription of the relevant genes and is due to activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa b. the level of up-regulation is determined in par ... | 2002 | 12081012 |
| the japanese encephalitis serological group of flaviviruses: a brief introduction to the group. | 2002 | 12082984 |