Publications

[the use of fur collected in the field for studying the genetic diversity of wild ungulates].	the methods of studying the genetic diversity of wild animals using tissue samples collected without harming the studied populations are discussed for the red deer (cervus elaphus) fur samples. the methods are proposed for collection and storage of fur samples in field conditions. the optimal methods of dna isolation from the fur and other tissues (dry, alcohol-fixed, and frozen skin and muscle) of the red deer and other ungulates were selected, and the conditions of pcr for amplification of the ...	2000	11147499
cosegregation of t108a elk-1 with mental retardation.		2000	11186900
purification of first-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda: protostrongylidae) from feces.	parasites are often found in a milieu that requires extensive preparation and labor-intensive cleaning before they are suitable for use in analytical procedures. application of modern techniques in immunology and molecular biology demands pure yields of parasites. to purify first-stage (l1) larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi, fecal suspensions from an infected red deer were processed by the baermann method and embedded in a gel matrix with the objective of selectively trapping fecal debris. about ...	2000	11191912
activity synchrony and social cohesion: a fission-fusion model.	a social group can only be spatially coherent if its members synchronize activities such as foraging and resting. however, activity synchronization is costly to individuals if it requires them to postpone an activity that would be personally more profitable in order to do what the rest of the group is doing. such costs will be particularly high in groups whose members belong to different age, size or sex classes since the optimal allocation of time to various activities is likely to differ betwe ...	2000	11413635
parasite community structure in pimephales promelas (pisces: cyprinidae) from two converging streams.	parasites of the fathead minnow, pimephales promelas, were examined in fish collected from elk creek (40.88534 degrees n, 96.83366 degrees w) and west oak creek (40.90821 degrees n, 96.81432 degrees w), lancaster county, nebraska. these 2 streams are part of the salt valley watershed and flow together approximately 2 km downstream from the collection sites to form oak creek. this study examined the extent to which the 2 tributaries constitute a continuous habitat with respect to fish hosts. the ...	2000	10864278
production of interferon by red deer (cervus elaphus) conceptuses and the effects of roifn-tau on the timing of luteolysis and the success of asynchronous embryo transfer.	the role of interferon in early pregnancy in red deer was investigated by (a) measuring production of interferon by the conceptus, (b) testing the anti-luteolytic effect of recombinant interferon-tau in non-pregnant hinds, and (c) treatment of hinds with interferon after asynchronous embryo transfer. blastocysts were collected from 34 hinds by uterine flushing 14 (n = 2), 16 (n = 2), 18 (n = 8), 20 (n = 13) or 22 (n = 9) days after synchronization of oestrus with progesterone withdrawal. interfe ...	2000	10864804
survival of the irish elk into the holocene.		2000	10866185
[new findings on the ecology and epidemiology of murine herpes virus isolated in slovakia].	rodents are important reservoir animals of many human microbial pathogens. of small rodents, trapped on slovakia territory, were several strains of murine herpes virus (mhv) isolated. our purpose was to complete the existing knowledge about circulation of mhv in rodents and to find out, whether also other animal species including man are mhv sensitive or not. the presence of antibodies against mhv in serum of the tested animals and men was followed by virus neutralization test (vnt) and elisa. p ...	2000	10870260
cellular events mediated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated toll-like receptor 4. md-2 is required for activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and elk-1.	lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulates multiple signaling events, including nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) activity and the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases, erk, jnk, and p38 in lps-responsive cells, resulting in transcriptional activation and cytokine generation. lps-induced signaling via toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) results in the activation of the transcription factor nf-kappab. since lps activates other signaling cascades in responsive cells, the objective of this study was to determi ...	2000	10877845
effect of forage legumes containing condensed tannins on lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and gastrointestinal parasitism in young red deer (cervus elaphus).	to investigate the effect of feeding forage legumes containing condensed tannins (ct) on internal parasitism, red deer calves were fed either lucerne (medicago sativa; 0.1 per cent ct), birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus; 1.9 per cent ct) or sulla (hedysarum coronarium; 3.5 per cent ct) and trickle-infected with deer-origin gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) larvae for 5 weeks, then slaughtered at 7 weeks. there was a significant negative linear relationship between die ...	2000	10877967
focal adhesion kinase, rap1, and transcriptional induction of vascular endothelial growth factor.	signals from a cell's environment are sensed by receptors, which activate pathways that, in turn, transmit the signals to the nucleus, informing decisions on growth, angiogenesis, and other cell functions. transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf), a potent angiogenic factor, can be induced by cell-cell contact. in the current work, we sought to determine if this induction is dependent on transformation of cells to a malignant phenotype and subsequently to determine which signal ...	2000	10880549
increased levels of transcription factors elk-1, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein, and activating transcription factor 2 in the cerebellar vermis of schizophrenic patients.	we investigated the levels of transcription factors associated with activation of the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway in schizophrenics using postmortem brain samples. these studies were done to determine whether our previous findings of abnormal levels of the map kinases in the cerebellar vermis were linked to additional downstream targets of this signal transduction pathway.	2000	10891039
increased effect of interferon gamma on pdgf-induced c-fos gene transcription in glomerular mesangial cells: differential effect of the transcriptional coactivator cbp on stat1alpha activation.	we have previously shown that interferon gamma (ifngamma) synergistically increases pdgf-induced dna synthesis in mesangial cells. to examine the mechanism, we studied its effect on pdgf-induced c-fos gene transcription using a reporter mesangial cell in which firefly luciferase gene is driven by c-fos promoter. ifngamma significantly enhanced pdgf-induced c-fos transcription. we have shown previously that pdgf-induced c-fos transcription in mesangial cells is mediated by the ternary complex fac ...	2000	10891373
phosphorylation of elk-1 by mek/erk pathway is necessary for c-fos gene activation during cardiac myocyte hypertrophy.	cardiac hypertrophy is associated with specific alterations in myocardial gene expression; however, the exact mechanisms responsible for altered gene expression are poorly defined. the goal of this study was to investigate whether signaling kinases that are activated during cardiac hypertrophy directly modulate transcription factor activity and regulate gene expression. in an effort to understand this process, we focused our studies on the transcriptional activation of c-fos gene through the ser ...	2000	10900171
expression of immediate early gene pip92 during anisomycin-induced cell death is mediated by the jnk- and p38-dependent activation of elk1.	we report here that immediate early gene pip92 is expressed during anisomycin-induced cell death in fibroblast nih3t3 cells. to determine the mechanism by which this occurs and to identify downstream signaling pathways, we investigated the induction of the pip92 promoter. the activation of pip92 by anisomycin is mediated by the activation of map kinases, such as jnk and p38 kinase, but not erk. deletion analysis of the pip92 promoter indicated that pip92 activation occurs primarily within the re ...	2000	10903500
tnf receptor family member bcma (b cell maturation) associates with tnf receptor-associated factor (traf) 1, traf2, and traf3 and activates nf-kappa b, elk-1, c-jun n-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.	bcma (b cell maturation) is a nonglycosylated integral membrane type i protein that is preferentially expressed in mature b lymphocytes. previously, we reported in a human malignant myeloma cell line that bcma is not primarily present on the cell surface but lies in a perinuclear structure that partially overlaps the golgi apparatus. we now show that in transiently or stably transfected cells, bcma is located on the cell surface, as well as in a perinulear golgi-like structure. we also show that ...	2000	10903733
activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1/2 contributes to cytokine-induced apoptosis in purified rat pancreatic beta-cells.	cytokines may contribute to beta-cell apoptosis in the early stages of type 1 diabetes mellitus. it has been reported recently that interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta) induces activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) p38 and erk1/2 in neonatal rat islets. since these kinases may participate in cytokine-induced apoptosis, we evaluated whether cytokines induce activation of mapks in facs-purified primary rat beta-cells, and whether blockers of p38 and/or erk1/2 prevent beta-cell death ...	2000	10903806
reactive oxygen species stimulate p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induce p27(kip1): role in angiotensin ii-mediated hypertrophy of proximal tubular cells.	angiotensin ii (angii) induces g(1) phase arrest and hypertrophy of cultured renal proximal tubular cells. in previous studies, it was shown that these effects depend on oxygen radical-mediated induction of p27(kip1), an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. the present study was undertaken to investigate whether mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases serve as signaling intermediates between angii-induced oxidative stress and induction of p27(kip1). angii (10(-7) m) induces a biphasic phosphor ...	2000	10906152
liver total lipids and fatty acid composition of shot red and fallow deer males in various reproduction periods.	in this study total lipid (tl) content and the fatty acid composition changes in the liver of red deer stags (n=35) and fallow deer bucks (n=19) were examined at various reproductive stages. samples were taken from mature red deer stags in the rut (september), in the post-rut (october), at the end of the rut (november) and after sexual activity had ceased (january). sampling from mature fallow bucks was performed in the pre-rut (early october), in the rut (november) and after the reproduction pe ...	2000	10908858
a lipopolysaccharide-specific enhancer complex involving ets, elk-1, sp1, and creb binding protein and p300 is recruited to the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter in vivo.	the tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) gene is rapidly activated by lipopolysaccharide (lps). here, we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) kinase activity but not calcineurin phosphatase activity is required for lps-stimulated tnf-alpha gene expression. in lps-stimulated macrophages, the erk substrates ets and elk-1 bind to the tnf-alpha promoter in vivo. strikingly, ets and elk-1 bind to two tnf-alpha nuclear factor of activated t cells (nfat)-binding sites, which are req ...	2000	10913190
the effect of protein kinase c and its alpha subtype on human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and fibronectin production.	vascular smooth muscle cell (smc) migration, proliferation and extracellular matrix protein production are key steps in the formation of intimal hyperplasia, a process that leads to failure of vascular reconstructions. protein kinase c (pkc) may be involved in all 3 cellular events. pkc consists of a family of 11 isotypes, 8 of which we have identified in human vascular smcs. in this study we evaluate the role of pkcalpha as a second messenger for proliferation, migration and fibronectin product ...	2000	10922991
recruitment and activation of raf-1 kinase by nitric oxide-activated ras.	nitric oxide (no) and related species serve as cellular messengers in various physiological and pathological processes. the monomeric g protein, ras, transduces multiple signaling pathways with varying biological responses. we have previously reported that no triggers ras activation and recruitment of an effector, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (pi3k) and ras-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases which include extracellular signal regulated kinases (erks), c-jun nh(2)-t ...	2000	10933809
identification of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) for the rap1 gtpase. regulation of mr-gef by m-ras-gtp interaction.	although the ras subfamily of gtpases consists of approximately 20 members, only a limited number of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) that couple extracellular stimuli to ras protein activation have been identified. furthermore, no novel downstream effectors have been identified for the m-ras/r-ras3 gtpase. here we report the identification and characterization of three ras family gefs that are most abundantly expressed in brain. two of these gefs, mr-gef (m-ras-regulated gef, kiaa0277 ...	2000	10934204
status and origin of haemonchinae (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) in deer: a survey conducted in france from 1985 to 1998.	during our investigations on helminthofauna in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in france (1985-1998) we isolated nematodes not only of the genus haemonchus cobb, 1898 but also of the genus ashworthius le roux 1930, both of which belong to the same subfamily of haemonchinae. the prevalence of ashworthius was 22% (65/294) in roe deer and 40% (10/25) in red deer. h. contortus was not found in red deer, whereas its prevalence was only 3% (9/294) in roe deer. these data c ...	2000	10935910
evaluation of zuclopenthixol acetate to decrease handling stress in wapiti.	handling stress and capture myopathy are important consequences of intensively managing wildlife species. over the last 15 yr, the use of long-acting neuroleptic (lan) drugs in wildlife has increased, and these drugs have become a valuable tool for decreasing capture and handling stress in many species. at this time, reports on the use of these drugs in north american species are limited. the major objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the lan, zuclopenthixol acetate (clopixol-acuph ...	2000	10941729
safety and efficacy of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in captive pregnant elk.	brucella abortus strain rb51 is a laboratory-derived rough mutant of virulent b. abortus strain 2308 used as a vaccine because it induces antibodies that do not react on standard brucellosis serologic tests. strain rb51 vaccine was evaluated in pregnant captive elk (cervus elaphus) to determine (1) if it induced abortion and (2) if it protected against abortion following subsequent challenge. the time period of this study (february-june, 1998) was similar to field conditions where elk are vaccin ...	2000	10941732
safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 in bull elk.	some of the elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of the greater yellowstone area (wyoming, idaho, montana; usa) are infected with brucella abortus, the bacterium that causes bovine brucellosis. brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine is being considered as a means to control b. abortus induced abortions in cow elk. however, the most probable vaccination strategies for use in free-ranging elk might also result in some bull elk being inoculated, thus, it is important to insure that the vaccine is safe in the ...	2000	10941733
antigenic, phenotypic and molecular characterization confirms babesia odocoilei isolated from three cervids.	babesia isolates from an elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) and a caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) with fatal infections were compared to babesia odocoilei (engeling isolate) from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) by experimental infection, serologic, and small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene sequence analysis studies. both the indirect fluorescent antibody test and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated antigenic variation among the isolates. experimental infection studies showe ...	2000	10941738
bovine virus diarrhea virus in free-living deer from denmark.	free-living deer are suggested as a possible source of infection of cattle with bovine virus diarrhea (bvd) virus. to examine this hypothesis blood samples from 476 free-living deer were collected during two different periods and tested for bvd virus and antibody in denmark. in 1995-96, 207 animals were tested. these included 149 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 29 fallow deer (dama dama), 20 red deer (cervus elaphus) and one sika deer (cervus sika). for the remaining eight animals no species inf ...	2000	10941751
inhibition of the er-kinase cascade by pd98059 and uo126 counteracts ischemic preconditioning in pig myocardium.	our previous studies suggested a protective role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) cascade in ischemic preconditioning (ip) in the porcine heart. to test this hypothesis further, we studied the influence of the novel specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (mek 1/2) pd98059 (pd) and uo126 (uo) in ip. the substances were infused intramyocardially and uo also systemically in anesthetized, ventilated, open-chested, male pigs. the local intramyocardial pd a ...	2000	10942164
melanocytes respond to mechanical stretch by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk).	cells of human epidermis are permanently targeted by mechanical stimuli. besides mechanical forces from external sources the body itself generates mechanical forces via muscle contractions and growth processes. recently, it was demonstrated that mechanical stretch is connected to enhanced proliferation in epidermal cells. the underlying biochemical events are still a matter of debate. here we show that mechanical stretch leads to activation of both erk1/2 and sapk/jnk in human melanocytes and ke ...	2000	10952396
g protein-coupled receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation through cooperation of galpha(q) and galpha(i) signals.	g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to stimulate extracellular regulated kinases (erks) through a number of linear pathways that are initiated by g(q/11) or g(i) proteins. we studied signaling to the erk cascade by receptors that simultaneously activate both g protein subfamilies. in hek293t cells, bradykinin b(2) receptor (b(2)r)-induced stimulation of erk2 and transcriptional activity of elk1 are dependent on galpha(q)-mediated protein kinase c (pkc) and on galpha(i)-induced ra ...	2000	10958680
histological studies of pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet in red deer (cervus elaphus).	deer antlers and their antecedent pedicles are made up of two components, interior osseocartilage and exterior integument. in a previous study, we described that histogenesis of the interior osseocartilage proceeds through four ossification stages. these are intramembranous (imo), transition (opc), pedicle endochondral (peco), and antler endochondral (aeco). in the present study, we used histological techniques to examine pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet. the result ...	2000	10967537
the c-jun amino-terminal kinase pathway is preferentially activated by interleukin-1 and controls apoptosis in differentiating pancreatic beta-cells.	to characterize the differentiation events that selectively target insulin-producing cells to interleukin (il)-1beta-induced apoptosis, we studied il-1beta signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and stress-activated protein kinase in 2 pancreatic endocrine cell lines. we studied the glucagon-secreting an-glu cell line and the insulin and the islet amyloid polypeptide-producing beta-cell line (an-ins cells), which is derived by stable transfection of an-glu cells with the transcrip ...	2000	10969830
evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle and sheep to chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of deer and elk, and little is known about its transmissibility to other species. an important factor controlling interspecies tse susceptibility is prion protein (prp) homology between the source and recipient species/genotypes. furthermore, the efficiency with which the protease-resistant prp (prp-res) of one species induces the in vitro conversion of the normal prp (prp-sen) of another species to the protease-res ...	2000	10970836
vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) enhances the expression of receptors and activates mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase of dog retinal capillary endothelial cells.	since the galactose-fed dog is an animal model that develops the advanced stage of proliferative retinopathy, the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) on cell growth, receptor expression and the activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway of dog retinal capillary endothelial cells were investigated. dog retinal endothelial cells were cultured at 37 degrees c under 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere in cs-c medium supplemented with endothelial cell growth factor (ecgf). ...	2000	10977134
diagnosis and treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in a captive rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	a captive 5-yr-old castrated male rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) developed stranguria. rectal palpation and physical examination indicated urethral obstruction that was subsequently relieved by urethrostomy and required only minimal aftercare. the wapiti was able to urinate freely after surgery; however, the obstruction recurred 27 mo later. urethral catheterization relieved the second obstruction, which was caused by a large calculus composed of calcium carbonate and magnesium c ...	2000	10982140
qtl for pubertal and seasonality traits in male père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids.	the unique pere david's (elaphurus davidianus) x red deer (cervus elaphus) backcross hybrid has been used to search for evidence of quantitative trait loci (qtl) for antler pubertal (date and live weight at pedicle initiation) and antler seasonality (date of antler cleaning and casting) traits in temperate species of deer. analyses using marker information revealed evidence for a qtl for date at pedicle initiation (lod = 3.7) and live weight at pedicle initiation (lod = 3.1). these qtl explained ...	2000	10994707
binding of stromal derived factor-1alpha (sdf-1alpha) to cxcr4 chemokine receptor in normal human megakaryoblasts but not in platelets induces phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44 (mapk), elk-1 transcription factor and serine/threonine kinase akt.	the aim of this study was to identify pathways which are involved in signal transduction from the cxcr4 receptor stimulated by stromal derived factor-1alpha (sdf-1alpha) in human malignant hematopoietic cells and normal megakaryoblasts. first, we found that activation of cxcr4 in human t cell lines (jurkat and atl-2) rapidly induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) (p44 erk-1 and p42 erk-2). next, we became interested in cxcr4-mediated signaling in normal hematopoietic ...	2000	10997882
molecular mechanisms associated with long-term consolidation of the nmda signals.	the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) subtype of glutamate receptors in the mammalian brain plays a central role in synaptic plasticity underlying refinement of neuronal connections during development, or processes like long-term potentiation (ltp), learning and memory. on the other hand, over-activation of glutamate receptors leading to neurodegeneration has been implicated in major areas of brain pathology. any sustained effect of a transient nmda receptor activation is likely to involve signaling t ...	2000	11003045
human alpha (1,3)-fucosyltransferase iv (futiv) gene expression is regulated by elk-1 in the u937 cell line.	the alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase iv (fuctiv) encoded by its gene (futiv) is responsible for synthesis of le(x) (galbeta4[fucalpha3]glcnacbeta3galbeta1,r), which causes compaction in the morula stage of the preimplantation mouse embryo, as well as alpha1,3-fucosylation at multiple internal glcnac of unbranched poly-n-acetyllactosamine, termed "myeloglycan," the physiological epitope of e-selectin. since myeloglycan-type structure is also expressed in various types of human cancer and may mediate e ...	2000	11006292
pkcepsilon modulates nf-kappab and ap-1 via mitogen-activated protein kinases in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes.	we have previously shown that protein kinase c (pkc)-epsilon, nuclear factor (nf)-kappab, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are essential signaling elements in ischemic preconditioning. in the present study, we examined whether activation of pkcepsilon affects the activation of nf-kappab in cardiac myocytes and whether mapks are mediators of this signaling event. activation of pkcepsilon (+108% above control) in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes to a degree that has been previously shown t ...	2000	11009455
immunoglobulin g class identification from wild ungulates by cross-reactivity with antisera to domestic animals.	seven species of spanish ungulates were tested for the presence of homologous immunoglobulin g (igg) with a gel-diffusion test using bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine igg antisera. homologous ovine and caprine igg were detected in sera from chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica), spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica hispanica), mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus). homologous porcine igg was detected in wild boar (sus scrofa) s ...	2000	11014063
evaluation of the effectiveness of dna-binding drugs to inhibit transcription using the c-fos serum response element as a target.	previous work has demonstrated that sequence-selective dna-binding drugs can inhibit transcription factors from binding to their target sites on gene promoters. in this study, the potency and effectiveness of dna-binding drugs to inhibit transcription were assessed using the c-fos promoter's serum response element (sre) as a target. the drugs chosen for analysis included the minor groove binding agents chromomycin a(3) and hoechst 33342, which bind to g/c-rich and a/t-rich regions, respectively, ...	2000	11015205
role of small mammals in the persistence of louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies.	louping-ill (li) is a tick-borne viral disease of red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus lath. (tetraonidae: galliformes), and sheep, ovis aries l. (bovidae: artiodactyla), that causes economic loss to upland farms and sporting estates. unvaccinated sheep, grouse and mountain hares, lepus timidus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), are known to transmit li virus, whereas red deer, cenrus elaphus l. (cervidae: artiodactyla), and rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), do not. however, th ...	2000	11016435
mechanisms of proliferation synergy by receptor tyrosine kinase and g protein-coupled receptor activation in human airway smooth muscle.	despite recent studies depicting the capacity of g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) to activate mitogenic signaling pathways more commonly associated with receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks), little is known regarding the interactive effects of gpcr and rtk activation on cell growth and signal transduction. such interactions likely mediate the physiologic growth in most cells in vivo as well as the aberrant, non-neoplastic growth that occurs in diseases such as asthma, where disruptions of the loc ...	2000	11017921
mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein activates multiple apoptotic signaling pathways in human coronary cells.	apoptosis of arterial cells induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxldl) is thought to contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. however, most data on apoptotic effects and mechanisms of oxldl were obtained with extensively oxidized ldl unlikely to occur in early stages of atherosclerotic lesions. we now demonstrate that mildly oxidized ldl generated by incubation with oxygen radical-producing xanthine/xanthine oxidase (x/xo) induces apoptosis in primary cultures of human coronar ...	2000	11023984
activation of transcription of the human cytomegalovirus early ul4 promoter by the ets transcription factor binding element.	the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) early ul4 promoter has served as a useful model for studying the activation of early viral gene expression. previous transient-transfection experiments detected cis-acting elements (the nf-y site and site 2) upstream of the transcriptional start site (l. huang and m. f. stinski, j. virol. 69:7612-7621, 1995). the roles of two of these sites, the nf-y site and site 2, in the context of the viral genome were investigated further by comparing mrna levels from the ea ...	2000	11024111
specificity determinants of substrate recognition by the protein kinase dyrk1a.	dyrk1a is a dual-specificity protein kinase that is thought to be involved in brain development. we identified a single phosphorylated amino acid residue in the dyrk substrate histone h3 (threonine 45) by mass spectrometry, phosphoamino acid analysis, and protein sequencing. exchange of threonine 45 for alanine abolished phosphorylation of histone h3 by dyrk1a and by the related kinases dyrk1b, dyrk2, and dyrk3 but not by clk3. in order to define the consensus sequence for the substrate specific ...	2000	10644696
methods for animal satellite cell culture under a variety of conditions.	primary and clonal culture systems have been devised and refined for animal-derived satellite cells. satellite cell (sc) culture development includes efficient cell isolation techniques, establishment of effective plating and growth conditions, formulation of media requirements and thorough evaluation of experimental limitations. as the field of muscle cell culture has expanded, the number of animal species from which satellite cells have been isolated has increased. the focus of this paper is t ...	2000	10650335
evolution of cis-acting elements in 5' flanking regions of vertebrate actin genes.	regulation of the vertebrate actin multigene family involves the recognition of various regulatory sequences (cis-acting elements) that specify the distinct tissue type and developmental program of expression for each actin paralogue, which implies that the distribution of cis-acting elements may be unique for each paralogue gene. to elucidate the evolution of these unique distribution patterns, we improved a method to scan for cis-acting elements in the 5' flanking regulatory region of genes an ...	2000	10654256
smooth muscle alpha-actin carg elements coordinate formation of a smooth muscle cell-selective, serum response factor-containing activation complex.	previous studies have shown that multiple serum response factor (srf)-binding carg elements were required for smooth muscle cell (smc)-specific regulation of smooth muscle (sm) alpha-actin expression. however, a critical question remains as to the mechanisms whereby a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor such as srf might contribute to smc-specific expression. the goal of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that smc-selective expression of sm alpha-actin is due at least in ...	2000	10666419
genetic resistance to experimental infection with mycobacterium bovis in red deer (cervus elaphus).	tuberculosis (tb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is a worldwide threat to livestock and humans. one control strategy is to breed livestock that are more resistant to mycobacterium bovis. in a 3-year heritability study 6 farmed red deer stags were selected from 39 on the basis of their differing responses to experimental challenge via the tonsillar sac with approximately 500 cfu of m. bovis. two stags remained uninfected, two were moderately affected, and two developed serious spreading tb. sevent ...	2000	10678981
characterization of a postreceptor signaling defect that impairs cfos expression in cultured fibroblasts of a patient with insulin resistance.	induction of cfos expression is a definite end point of signal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases via mapk cascades. we have examined signal transduction to transcription factor cfos in isolated fibroblasts of a patient with an inherited syndrome of insulin resistance. mapk phosphorylation and activity were unaltered, but inducibility of cfos transcription was strongly impaired by insulin and reduced by pdgf. induction of the cfos promoter via mapk is mediated by activation of the ternary ...	2000	10679246
detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction.	the genus parapoxvirus includes four members, bovine papular stomatitis virus (bpsv), pseudocowpox virus (pcpv), orf virus (orfv) and parapoxvirus of red deer in new zealand (pvnz). a set of primers for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed to detect viral dna from cells infected with each of the four parapoxviruses. the set of primers resulted in the amplification of appropriately sized products from cells infected with bpsv, pcpv, orfv and pvnz, respectively. the pcr method was applied ...	2000	10680970
seroepidemiology of chlamydial infections of wild ruminants in spain.	chlamydial infections were determined serologically among wild ruminants in the nature park of the sierras de cazorla, segura y las villas (cnp; spain). sampling was done during the period from 1990-95. there were 1,244 blood samples collected, consisting of 490 from fallow deer (dama dama), 343 from mouflon (ovis mussimon), 283 from red deer (cervus elaphus) and 128 from spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica). specific complement-fixing antibodies of chlamydia spp. were detected by means of microtechni ...	2000	10682742
hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves: 30 cases (1988-1998).	to characterize hypernatremia in neonatal elk calves, including clinical signs, incidence, physical examination findings, and possible causes.	2000	10638323
heritability of fitness in a wild mammal population.	classical population genetics theory predicts that selection should deplete heritable genetic variance for fitness. we show here that, consistent with this prediction, there was a negative correlation between the heritability of a trait and its association with fitness in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus) and there was no evidence of significant heritability of total fitness. however, the decline in heritability was caused, at least in part, by increased levels of residual variance ...	2000	10639142
dimer formation by ternary complex factor elk-1.	ternary complex factors (tcfs), a subgroup of the ets protein family, bind with a dimer of serum response factor to the c-fos serum response element. both dna binding and transcriptional activation by tcfs are regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases. when activated, mitogen-activated protein kinases form homodimers that translocate to the nucleus, where they interact with tcfs via specific docking sites. here we show by three different criteria that elk-1 is capable of forming dimers in e ...	2000	10636872
janus kinase 2-dependent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by growth hormone. resultant transcriptional activation of atf-2 and chop, cytoskeletal re-organization and mitogenesis.	we demonstrate here that p38 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase is activated in response to cellular stimulation by human gh (hgh) in chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with gh receptor cdna. this activation requires the proline-rich box 1 region of the gh receptor required for jak2 association and is prevented by pretreatment of cells with the jak2-specific inhibitor ag490. atf-2 is both phosphorylated and transcriptionally activated by hgh, and its transcriptional activation al ...	2000	10636915
serine/threonine phosphorylation in cytokine signal transduction.	over the past decade, the involvement of tyrosine kinases in signal transduction pathways evoked by cytokines has been intensively investigated. only relatively recently have the roles of serine/threonine kinases in cytokine-induced signal transduction and anti-apoptotic pathways been examined. cytokine receptors without intrinsic kinase activity such as interleukin-3 (il-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) and the interferons were thought to transmit their regulatory s ...	2000	10637471
the mechanism of complex formation between fli-1 and srf transcription factors.	the mechanisms of multicomponent transcription factor complex assembly are currently poorly defined. a paradigm for this type of complex is the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1 and the mads-box transcription factor srf which form a ternary complex with the c- fos serum response element (sre). in this study we have analysed how a different ets-domain transcription factor fli-1 interacts with srf to form ternary complexes with this element. two regions of fli-1 that are required for ternary c ...	2000	10606656
delayed and sustained activation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase induced by proteasome inhibitors through p21(ras) in pc12 cells.	proteolysis by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway regulates the intracellular level of several proteins, some of which control cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. to determine what kinds of signaling cascades are activated or inhibited by proteasome inhibition, we treated pc12 cells with specific proteasome inhibitors and subsequently performed in-gel kinase assays. n-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal and lactacystin, which inhibit the activity of the proteasome, induced the activation of p42/ ...	2000	10617109
sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events mediated by g protein-coupled receptors edg3 and edg5.	sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p) regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and neurite retraction. contradictory reports propose that s1p acts as either an intracellular second messenger or an extracellular ligand for cell-surface receptors. hence, the precise signaling mechanisms mediating the diverse cellular effects of s1p remain to be determined. here, we investigate whether s1p stimulation of cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events can be mediated by the recently cl ...	2000	10617617
atypical protein kinase c-zeta stimulates thyrotropin-independent proliferation in rat thyroid cells.	several reports have indicated that protein kinase c (pkc) is an important regulator of proliferation in thyroid cells. unlike tsh, the mitogenic effects of phorbol esters are accompanied by de-differentiation. the role of individual pkc isoforms in thyroid cell proliferation and differentiation has not been examined. recent studies have implicated the atypical pkczeta, a phorbol ester-unresponsive isozyme, in cell proliferation, death, and survival. we overexpressed pkczeta in wistar rat thyroi ...	2000	10614633
the fluoride content of antlers as an indicator of fluoride exposure in red deer (cervus elaphus): a historical biomonitoring study.	bone fluoride concentrations were analyzed in 141 red deer antlers grown between the 17th/early 18th century and 1997, that originated from four study areas (arnsberg, bad berleburg, dämmerwald, schmidtheim) in the federal state of north rhine-westphalia, germany. fluoride concentrations in the specimens ranged between 27.7 and 1, 392.1 mg f(-)/kg ash and varied significantly both between samples collected during different time-spans in the same area and between samples taken from different stud ...	2000	10556379
climbing simulated vegetation to heights of ungulate hosts by larvae of dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae).	larvae of winter ticks, dermacentor albipictus (packard), ascend vegetation in autumn and form clumps that attach to passing ungulate hosts. we tested the hypothesis that vegetation height determines the height of clumps. during the vegetation-to-ungulate transmission period (early september to mid-november), larvae were released at the base of simulated vegetation (nylon rods 245 cm tall) in outdoor and laboratory trials and in the absence of host cues. rod height exceeded the height of the tal ...	2000	15218914
inbreeding depression influences lifetime breeding success in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus).	evolutionary and conservation biologists have a long-standing interest in the consequences of inbreeding. it is generally recognized that inbred individuals may experience reduced fitness or inbreeding depression. by the same token, relatively outbred individuals can have greater than average fitness, i.e. heterosis. however, nearly all of the empirical evidence for inbreeding depression comes from laboratory or domestic species. inbreeding depression and heterosis are difficult to detect in nat ...	2000	11467429
oestrogen receptor beta is not present in the pilosebaceous unit of red deer skin during the non-breeding season.	androgens and oestrogens both have roles in skin physiology. recently a second oestrogen receptor (erbeta) has been identified in androgen-dependent tissues. the red deer grows a breeding season, androgen-dependent mane when plasma testosterone rises; this is replaced with small neck hairs during the non-breeding season. in non-breeding season deer skin, erbeta was localised to the blood vessels and arrector pili muscle, but in contrast to human skin, not in the pilosebaceous unit or epidermis. ...	2000	11595814
c/ebp beta and elk-1 synergistically transactivate the c-fos serum response element.	the serum response element (sre) in the c-fos promoter is a convergence point for several signaling pathways that regulate induction of the c-fos gene. many transcription factors regulate the sre, including serum response factor (srf), ternary complex factor (tcf), and ccaat/enhancer binding protein-beta (c/ebpbeta). independently, the tcfs and c/ebpbeta have been shown to interact with srf and to respond to ras-dependent signaling pathways that result in transactivation of the sre. due to these ...	2000	11151091
nerve growth factor- and epidermal growth factor-regulated gene transcription in pc12 pheochromocytoma and ins-1 insulinoma cells.	pc12 and ins-1 cells both express the nerve growth factor (ngf) receptors trka and p75ntr and the epidermal growth factor receptor (egf). in pc12 cells, ngf treatment initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to a change of the genetic program of the cell. we have investigated the role of ngf in regulating gene transcription in pc12 and ins-1 cells, in order to define if there are ngf-regulated genes per se. furthermore, to distinguish between growth factor stimulation via receptor tyr ...	2000	11152283
signal transduction and the ets family of transcription factors.	cellular responses to environmental stimuli are controlled by a series of signaling cascades that transduce extracellular signals from ligand-activated cell surface receptors to the nucleus. although most pathways were initially thought to be linear, it has become apparent that there is a dynamic interplay between signaling pathways that result in the complex pattern of cell-type specific responses required for proliferation, differentiation and survival. one group of nuclear effectors of these ...	2000	11175366
the effect of long-acting injectable selenium formulations on blood and liver selenium concentrations and liveweights of red deer (cervus elaphus).	to evaluate the efficacy of a new long acting injectable selenium ( se ) formulation to increase the se status and prevent se deficiency in red deer.	2000	16032118
transmission of brucella ovis from rams to red deer stags.	to determine whether b. ovis will transmit from infected rams to non-infected red deer stags (cervus elaphus) grazing together in the same paddock.	2000	16032119
attempted transmission of brucella ovis between red deer stags by successive grazing or adjacent-paddock grazing.	to determine whether brucella ovis can be transmitted from stag to stag by successive grazing of infected and noninfected stags in the same paddock, or by grazing infected and non-infected stags in adjacent paddocks.	2000	16032138
evaluation of techniques for lignocaine hydrochloride analgesia of the velvet antler of adult stags.	to evaluate the effectiveness of various routes of administration and doses of local anaesthetic (la) to provide analgesia of the velvet antler of adult stags.	2000	16032150
dictyocaulus eckerti, lungworm infecting farmed red deer in new zealand.		2001	16032160
isolation and characterisation of cervine herpesvirus-1 from red deer semen.	this communication describes the isolation of herpesvirus during routine export examination of semen collected from red deer stags in new zealand.	2001	16032173
a review of tissue reference values used to assess the trace element status of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).	aims: this paper reviews the principles for the establishment of biochemical reference criteria for assessing the trace element status of farmed livestock and summarises data for copper, selenium, vitamin b12 and iodine for farmed red deer. copper: enzootic ataxia and osteochondrosis occur when liver copper concentrations are below 60 micromol/kg fresh tissue, and serum copper concentrations are below 3-4 micromol/l. growth responses to copper supplementation have been equivocal when blood coppe ...	2001	16032179
[infection of red deer with lung nematodes in polish and belorussian parts of białowieza forest].	fecal samples from red deer from polish and belorussian parts of białowieza forest were examined by baermann method. first stage larvae of three species of lung nematodes were found. in polish part in 100% of samples were larvae of e. cervi, in 50% v. sagittatus and in 21% d. noerneri, and in belorussian the level of infection was lower and larvae were in 92%, 36% and 12% of samples respectively. in significant part of samples were met mixtured invasion of two or three species. finding of larvae ...	2001	16894756
the gestation length of wapiti (cervus elaphus) revisited.	as an ancillary activity to an artificial insemination program in farmed wapiti, the length of gestation of 28 wapiti hinds that delivered single calves of established parentage was calculated. estrus was synchronized in 47 wapiti using progesterone impregnated devices (controlled internal drug release, cidr) and an injection of pmsg. all hinds were artificially inseminated between 60 and 63h after cidr removal. pregnancy was determined between 45 and 65 days by ultrasound. a verifiable figure f ...	2001	11182511
explaining stasis: microevolutionary studies in natural populations.	microevolution, defined as a change in the genetic constitution of a population over time, is considered to be of commonplace occurrence in nature. its ubiquity can be inferred from the observation that quantitative genetic divergence among populations usually exceeds that to be expected due to genetic drift alone, and from numerous observations and experiments consistent with local adaptation. experimental manipulations in natural populations have provided evidence that rapid evolutionary respo ...	2001	11838766
a preliminary study of the genetic diversity of xinjiang tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis) using the microsatellite dna method.	to evaluate the genetic diversity of the xinjiang tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis) population, we analyzed the frequencies of microsatellite alleles. samples were collected from 3 isolated populations in xaya, lopnur and qarqan of xinjiang. although 10 microsatellite loci were examined, alleles of 133 to 190 base-pairs were detected for only 3 loci: bm5004, bm4208 and bm888. the average observed multilocus heterozygosity was 0.08 +/- 0.04 for the xaya, 0 for the lopnur, and 0.17 +/- ...	2001	11799907
the regulatory effect of erk1/2 signal pathway on production of tnfalpha induced by lps in mice kupffer cells.	to study the rule of erk1/2 activity and regulative effect of erk1/2 pathway on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine tnfalpha in mice kupffer cells (mkc) induced by lps, and to exploring novel methods to prevent and treat clinical patients of endotoxemia.	2001	11835717
crystal structure of a ternary sap-1/srf/c-fos sre dna complex.	combinatorial dna binding by proteins for promoter-specific gene activation is a common mode of dna regulation in eukaryotic organisms, and occurs at the promoter of the c-fos proto-oncogene. the c-fos promoter contains a serum response element (sre) that mediates ternary complex formation with the ets proteins sap-1 or elk-1 and the mads-box protein, serum response factor (srf). here, we report the crystal structure of a ternary sap-1/srf/c-fos sre dna complex containing the minimal dna-binding ...	2001	11846562
[study on allele-specific diagnostic pcr of the traditional chinese medicines of the deers].	to develop a convenient and accurate method of dna molecular marker for the identification of traditional chinese medicines made of deers, consisting of pilose antler, penis and testis, tendon and foetus.	2001	12579945
use of naloxone to reverse carfentanil citrate-induced hypoxemia and cardiopulmonary depression in rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	with the use of a crossover study design, we investigated the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of naloxone administration in eight healthy rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) anesthetized with carfentanil (10 microg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (0.1 mg/kg). anesthetized animals showed profound hypoxemia with mild hypercapnia, tachycardia, hypertension, and acidosis prior to naloxone administration. after monitoring equipment was placed, animals were administered either naloxone (2 micr ...	2001	12790400
stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in human granulosa-luteal cells.	the present study investigated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) by a gnrh agonist (gnrha) in human granulosa-luteal cells (hglcs). the phosphorylation state of p44 and p42 mapk was examined using antibodies that distinguish phospho-p44/42 mapk (thr(202)/tyr(204)) from total p44/42 mapk (activated plus inactivated). activation of mapk by gnrha was observed within 5 min and was sustained for 60 min after treatment. gnrha stimulated mapk activation in a dose-dependent man ...	2001	11159838
the effects of autocrine human growth hormone (hgh) on human mammary carcinoma cell behavior are mediated via the hgh receptor.	the human gh (hgh) antagonist b2036 combines a single amino acid substitution impairing receptor binding site 2 (g120k) with eight additional amino acid substitutions that improve binding site 1 affinity. b2036 does not bind, activate, or antagonize the human prl receptor and therefore is suitable to determine cellular effects mediated specifically through the hgh receptor. we have used this hgh receptor specific antagonist in mcf-7 cells stably transfected with either the hgh gene (mcf-hgh) or ...	2001	11159849
a bombesin receptor subtype-3 peptide increases nuclear oncogene expression in a mek-1 dependent manner in human lung cancer cells.	a synthetic peptide, (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) was used to investigate the signal transduction mechanisms of bombesin receptor subtype-3. using nci-1299#5 human lung cancer cells stably transfected with bombesin receptor subtype-3, 100 nm (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) elevated the cytosolic ca2+ from 150 to 250 nm within 10 s. addition of (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) caused phosphorylation of mitogen activat ...	2001	11166731
ctgf/hcs24 induces chondrocyte differentiation through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38mapk), and proliferation through a p44/42 mapk/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (erk).	connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte specific gene product 24 (ctgf/hcs24) promotes proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in culture. we investigated the roles of two major types of mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation by ctgf/hcs24. here we report the effects of the mapkk/mek 1/2 inhibitor, pd098059, and p38 mapk inhibitor, sb203580, in a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (hcs-2/8) and rab ...	2001	11732999
ngf signaling from clathrin-coated vesicles: evidence that signaling endosomes serve as a platform for the ras-mapk pathway.	the target-derived neurotrophic factor "nerve growth factor" (ngf) signals through trka to promote the survival, differentiation, and maintenance of neurons. how the ngf signal in axon terminals is conveyed to the cell body is unknown. the "signaling endosome hypothesis" envisions that ngf-trka complexes are internalized at the axon terminal and retrogradely transported to the cell body. following ngf treatment, we found that clathrin-coated vesicles contained ngf bound to trka together with act ...	2001	11738027
bacterial peptidoglycan-induced tnf-alpha transcription is mediated through the transcription factors egr-1, elk-1, and nf-kappab.	bacteria and their ubiquitous cell wall component peptidoglycan (pgn) activate the innate immune system of the host and induce the release of inflammatory molecules. tnf-alpha is one of the highest induced cytokines in macrophages stimulated with pgn; however, the regulation of tnf-alpha expression in pgn-activated cells is poorly understood. this study was done to identify some of the transcription factors that regulate the expression of the tnf-alpha gene in macrophages stimulated with pgn. ou ...	2001	11739517
gamma synuclein: subcellular localization in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and effect on signal transduction.	synucleins are small, highly conserved proteins in vertebrates, especially abundant in neurons and typically enriched in presynaptic terminals. alpha-synuclein protein and a fragment of it, called nac, have been found in association with pathological lesions of neurodegenerative diseases. recently, mutations in a alpha-synuclein gene have been reported in families susceptible to an inherited form of parkinson's diseases. in addition, alpha-synuclein has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ...	2001	11746666
biotransformation of flobufen enantiomers in ruminant hepatocytes and subcellular fractions.	flobufen (f), a new antiinflammatory drug, has one chiral and one prochiral center in its structure. reduction of rac-f, the principal biotransformation pathway, leads to the formation of four diastereoisomers of 4-dihydroflobufen (dhf). f was chosen as a model substrate for interspecies comparison of activity, stereospecificity, and stereoselectivity of biotransformation enzymes in fallow bucks, red deer stags, and roe bucks in vitro. formation of f metabolites was examined in hepatocyte suspen ...	2001	11746816
mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for bryostatin 1-induced differentiation of the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line reh.	bryostatin 1 (bryo 1) is known to induce the differentiation and cell cycle arrest of human lymphoid leukemia cells in vitro. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), originally identified as a participant in mitogenic signaling, has recently been implicated in the signaling of cellular differentiation. to examine the role of the erk/mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway in b-lymphoid cell differentiation of the reh acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, the effects of bryo 1 o ...	2001	11751459
a mutant arabidopsis heterotrimeric g-protein beta subunit affects leaf, flower, and fruit development.	a genetic screen was performed to find new mutants with an erecta (er) phenotype and to identify genes that may function with er, a receptor-like kinase. these mutants were named elk (for erecta-like) and were placed into five complementation groups. we positionally cloned elk4 and determined that it encodes agb1, a putative heterotrimeric g-protein beta subunit. therefore, elk4 was renamed agb1. agb1-1 plants express similar fruit phenotypes, as seen in er plants, but differ from er in that the ...	2001	11752377
a retrospective study of neonatal mortality in farmed elk.	despite the increasing importance of the canadian elk industry, the veterinary literature concerning diseases of elk is sparse, in particular for the neonatal period. this study summarizes necropsy findings in 111 farmed elk calves, up to 30 days of age, submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the western college of veterinary medicine over a 9-year period (990 to 1998). causes of mortality fit into 3 categories: infectious disease, noninfectious disease, and undetermined. organisms causing di ...	2001	11769617
comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in wapiti.	the purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of ring block anesthesia (la) and electroanesthesia (a) for antler removal in elk given a long-acting tranquilizer to remove stress from restraint. thirty-two male wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate; the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute, provided with electroanesthesia or a lidocaine ring block, and had their antlers removed. behavioral response to antler removal was scored. significantl ...	2001	11769618
differential expression of active, phosphorylation-dependent map kinases, mapk/erk, sapk/jnk and p38, and specific transcription factor substrates following quinolinic acid excitotoxicity in the rat.	excitotoxicity is considered a major cell death inductor in neurodegeneration. yet mechanisms involved in cell death and cell survival following excitotoxic insults are poorly understood. expression of active, phosphorylation-dependent mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (mapk/erks), stress activated c-jun n-terminal kinases (sapk/jnks) and p38 kinases, as well as their putative active specific transcriptional factor substrates creb, elk-1, atf-2, c-myc and c-jun, have been ...	2001	11597764