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interactions of virulent and avirulent yersinia ruckeri strains with isolated gill arches and intestinal explants of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease leading to significant losses in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. little information is available on the pathogenesis of this disease. basic steps in the establishment of an infection include attachment to the epithelium followed by invasion at the portal of entry. in this study, the interactions of y. ruckeri with the gills and the gut of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum, 1792) were studied using standardized perfusion ...201020815325
lactococcus lactis subsp. tructae subsp. nov. isolated from the intestinal mucus of brown trout (salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the species lactococcus lactis currently includes three subspecies isolated from milk sources (l. lactis subsp. lactis and l. lactis subsp. cremoris) and from the leafhopper hordnia circellata (l. lactis subsp. hordniae). in this study, we isolated three strains from the intestinal mucus of brown trout (salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) closely related to this species. the 16s rrna gene of the type strain l105t showed 99.4% similarity with respect to the type strains of the s ...201020833888
identification of two foxp3 genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with differential induction patterns.foxp3 is a master transcription factor for the development and function of regulatory t cells in mammals, but little is known about this molecule in fish. two paralogues of mammalian foxp3 that share 83.9% identity at the amino acid level have been identified in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the c-terminal region containing a zn_c2h2 domain, a leucine zipper-like domain and a forkhead (fh) domain important for dimerization, nuclear translocation, and dna binding, is well conserved between ...201020684994
interactions of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics on hepatic pregnane x receptor and cytochrome p450 3a signaling pathway in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the pregnane x receptor (pxr) belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor (nr) superfamily and is commonly described as a xenophore or a pharmacophore, as it can be activated by a wide array of xenobiotics, including numerous pharmaceuticals and other environmental pollutants. the pxr regulates expression of e.g. cytochrome p450 3a (cyp3a) and the p-glycoprotein (p-gp) that are involved in excretion of lipophilic xenobiotics and endobiotics. a full length pxr cdna was isolated from rainbow trout liv ...201020719396
association of red-mark syndrome with a rickettsia-like organism and its connection with strawberry disease in the usa.red-mark syndrome (rms), a disease seen mostly in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, is of unknown aetiology. the research presented here indicates the presence of an intracellular bacterium in rms-affected fish. a positive reaction was observed using immunohistochemistry (ihc) with skin lesions, liver, kidney and spleen of affected fish sampled from several locations within the united kingdom using two different polyclonal antisera raised against piscirickettsia salmonis. the same reaction was ...201020854353
effect of dietary ulva and spirulina on weight loss and body composition of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), during a starvation period.a study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary algal supplementation on weight loss and proximate composition in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, during starvation. an algae-free control diet (c) and four experimental diets, including varying levels of raw ulva meal (5% = u5; 10% = u10) and spirulina meal (5% = s5; 10% = s10) were formulated. fish were fed to satiation for 12 weeks and then subjected to a 3-week starvation period. body weight, viscerosomatic index (vsi, %), hepatoso ...201020880289
cloning of two rainbow trout nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (nod2) splice variants and functional characterization of the nod2 effector domains.nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (nod2) is a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (prr), which is involved in innate antibacterial and antiviral responses. here, two nod2 splice variants, trnod2a and trnod2b, are reported in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, that share 63% and 61% similarity with human nod2, respectively. these two trout nod2 splice variants were shown to be constitutively expressed in thymus, gills, skin, muscle, liver, spleen, head kidney, intestine, heart, and ...201020888918
first isolation of pseudocohnilembus persalinus (ciliophora: scuticociliatida) from freshwater-reared rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.ciliated protists were isolated from the ovarian fluid of apparently healthy adult rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) maintained in freshwater. the organism was identified as pseudocohnilembus persalinus based on morphometric and morphological analysis of silver-stained specimens obtained from culture and on analysis of ribosomal rna gene sequences. the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene sequence of this organism also was characterized. this ciliate has been reported previously as free living ...201020950111
dietary administration of nucleotides to enhance growth, humoral immune responses, and disease resistance of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings.a feeding study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary nucleotides (nt) on growth performance, immune responses and resistance of rainbow trout fingerlings to streptococcus iniae. a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g nt kg(-1) to formulate five experimental diets. each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 23 g. after 8 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed diets with 1.5-2 g nt kg(-1) had the highest ...201020955799
acute toxicity of carbamazepine to juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on antioxidant responses, hematological parameters and hepatic erod.awareness of residual pharmaceutically active compounds (phacs) in the aquatic environment is growing as investigations into these pollutants are increasing and analytical detection techniques are improving. however, the toxicological effects of phacs have not been adequately researched. in this study, the toxic effects of carbamazepine (cbz), an anticonvulsant drug commonly present in surface and groundwater, was studied in juvenile rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, by acute semi-static bioas ...201020971511
a major effect quantitative trait locus for whirling disease resistance identified in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).whirling disease, caused by the pathogen myxobolus cerebralis, leads to skeletal deformation, neurological impairment and under certain conditions, mortality of juvenile salmonid fishes. the disease has impacted the propagation and survival of many salmonid species over six continents, with particularly negative consequences for rainbow trout. to assess the genetic basis of whirling disease resistance in rainbow trout, genome-wide mapping was initiated using a large outbred f(2) rainbow trout fa ...201021048672
[parasites of underyearling kamchatka mykiss parasalmo mykiss mykiss (osteichithyes:salmonidae) in the utkholok river (north-western kamchatka)].eight species of parasites, apiosoma piscicolum piscicolum, apatemon sp., diplostomum sp., bunoderidae gen. sp., crepidostomum metoecus, hysterothylacium gadi aduncum, salvelinema salmonicola, and cucullanus truttae had been found in underyearling kamchatka mykiss (with fork length 28-41 mm) from the utkholok river, north-western kamchatka. infestation rate of the fishes with each parasite species was rather low. presence of c. truttae in underyearling kamchatka mykiss could not be explained by ...201021061592
determination of trace metals in canned anchovies and canned rainbow trouts.trace metal (fe, zn, cu, cd, sn, hg and pb) concentrations of canned anchovies (engraulis encrasicolus linnaeus, 1758) and canned rainbow trouts (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum, 1792), commercialized in turkey, were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (icp-ms). the average contents of trace metals in canned anchovies and canned rainbow trouts were found as 50.708 and 6.980 mg/kg for iron, 22.467 and 11.605 mg/kg for zinc, 1.145 and 0.541 mg/kg for copper, 0.019 and 0.001 m ...201021074591
computational estimation of rainbow trout estrogen receptor binding affinities for environmental estrogens.environmental estrogens have been the subject of intense research due to their documented detrimental effects on the health of fish and wildlife and their potential to negatively impact humans. a complete understanding of how these compounds affect health is complicated because environmental estrogens are a structurally heterogeneous group of compounds. in this work, computational molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to predict the binding affinity of different compounds using rainbow tr ...201021075131
the in vitro effect of bovine lactoferrin on the activity of organ leukocytes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), european eel (anguilla anguilla) and wels catfish (silurus glanis).lactoferrin (lf) is a glycoprotein found in milk, neutrophil granules, secretions and selected organs of mammals. lactoferrin exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, fungicidal, immunoregulatory and other functions. although fish are devoid of this protein and its cell receptors, lf effect on the immune mechanisms of fish has been demonstrated. the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bovine lactoferrin, applied in vitro, on the activity of head kidney and spleen leukocytes in thr ...201021077435
analysis of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss epidermal mucus and evaluation of semiochemical activity for polar filament discharge in myxobolus cerebralis actinospores.as myxozoan actinospores are stimulated by fish epidermal mucus to attach to their hosts via extrusion of filaments from specialized organelles, the polar capsules, mucus components were tested for discharge triggering activity on myxobolus cerebralis actinospores. using various methodological approaches, a selective exclusion of candidate substances based on experimental outcome is provided and the physiochemical traits of the putative agents are explored to create a basis for the isolation of ...201021078020
subcellular components of probiotics kocuria sm1 and rhodococcus sm2 induce protective immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) against vibrio anguillarum.the efficacy of cellular components of probiotics kocuria sm1 and rhodococcus sm2 to protect rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) against vibriosis was assessed. groups of fish (average weight = 10-15 g) were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.1 ml of subcellular materials, i.e., 0.2 ± 0.05 mg protein per fish, comprising extracellular proteins (ecps), cell wall proteins (cwps) and whole cell proteins (wcps) of sm1 and sm2, respectively, or with 0.1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline ...201021078398
assessing the impact of waterborne and dietborne cadmium toxicity on susceptibility risk for rainbow trout.the purpose of this study was to use a risk-based integrated-scale toxicological model to examine the impact of waterborne and dietborne cadmium (cd) toxicity on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) susceptibility appraised with recent published data. a probabilistic assessment model was performed to estimate cd susceptibility risk. the dose-response models were constructed based on two endpoints of % cd in metabolically active pool (map) and susceptibility time that causes 50% effect (st50). we ...201021094514
experimental challenge of anisakis simplex sensu stricto and anisakis pegreffii (nematoda: anisakidae) in rainbow trout and olive flounder.the third-stage larvae of anisakis simplex sensu lato (s.l.) are found in many marine fishes. to ensure food safety, it is important to determine whether these larvae are present in the body muscle of commercial fish species. however, there is little information regarding the tissue specificity of anisakis and two of its sibling species, a. simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and anisakis pegreffii, that are common in marine fish in japanese waters. we orally challenged rainbow trout (oncorhynchus myki ...201021122822
bioavailability of co-supplemented organic and inorganic zinc and selenium sources in a white fishmeal-based rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) diet.the bioavailability of trace elements in fishmeal diets is influenced by their chemical forms and dietary anti-nutritional factors. in formulated fish feed, supplemented organically bound minerals may be more bioavailable than inorganic minerals. a 10-week feeding trial was undertaken with rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to determine whether the inclusion of organically bound selenium (se) and zinc (zn) improved uptake and assimilation of these elements compared to commonly used inorganic fo ...201019364381
an experimental vaccine against aeromonas hydrophila can induce protection in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).a candidate vaccine against aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, was developed using a bacterial lysate. to test the strength of protection, a. hydrophila challenge models were compared using injection into both the intraperitoneal (ip) cavity and the dorsal sinus (ds) with selected doses of live bacteria washed in saline or left untreated. unlike the ip route, injection into the ds with either saline washed or unwashed cells resulted in consistent cumulative mortality and ...201019732266
use of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) as an immunostimulant for the control of aeromonas hydrophila infections in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).to determine the effect of lipopolysaccharide (lps) for the prevention of infection by aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) fingerlings.201019674184
a comparative molecular study of the presence of "candidatus arthromitus" in the digestive system of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), healthy and affected with rainbow trout gastroenteritis.observations were made using histopathological techniques in conjunction with a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol for the specific detection of "candidatus arthromitus" on dna extracted from wax-embedded tissues and fresh digestive contents of rainbow trout. samples positive for "candidatus arthromitus" dna included fish with rainbow trout gastroenteritis (rtge), clinically normal cohabiting fish, and apparently healthy controls from rtge positive and rtge negative sites. the resul ...201019912454
cellular components of probiotics control yersinia ruckeri infection in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).subcellular components of the probiotics aeromonas sobria gc2 and bacillus subtilis jb-1, when administered to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, conferred protection against a new biogroup of yersinia ruckeri. thus, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection of rainbow trout with cell wall proteins (cwps), outer membrane proteins (omps), lipopolysaccharides (lps), whole cell proteins (wcps) and live cells followed by challenge on day 8 with y. ruckeri led to 80-100% survival compared with 10% ...201019912460
expression of immune-regulatory genes, arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), in two rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) strains following exposure to myxobolus cerebralis.the present endeavor was conducted to evaluate the role of activated macrophage in the susceptibility of two different rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) strains, a susceptible american (t) and a more resistant german (h), to infection with myxobolus cerebralis. arginase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) genes were used as references to the alternative and classical pathway of macrophage activation. the expression level of both genes was measured using quantitative real-time polymera ...201019894064
disparate infection patterns of ceratomyxa shasta (myxozoa) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) correlate with internal transcribed spacer-1 sequence variation in the parasite.ceratomyxa shasta is a virulent myxosporean parasite of salmon and trout in the pacific northwest of north america. the parasite is endemic in the klamath river, oregon/california, where a series of dams prevent movement of fish hosts between the upper and lower parts of the basin. ceratomyxa shasta exhibits a range of infection patterns in different fish species above and below the dams. we hypothesised that the variations in infection and disease are indicators that different strains of the pa ...201019895812
changes in white muscle transcriptome induced by dietary energy levels in two lines of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for muscle fat content.energy intake and genetic background are major determinants of muscle fat content in most animals, including man. we combined genetic selection and dietary energy supply to study the metabolic pathways involved in genetic and nutritional control of fat deposition in the muscle of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). two experimental lines of rainbow trout, selected for lean (l) or fat (f) muscle, were fed with diets containing either 10 or 23 % lipids from the first feeding, up to 6 months. at t ...201019874644
oxidative damage in trout erythrocyte in response to "in vitro" copper exposure.the oxidative action of copper on different trout oncorhynchus mykiss erythrocyte components was studied. the results indicate that: --cupric ions differently influence the oxidative status of two trout hemoglobin components i and iv (hbi and hbiv) having different structural and functional properties; --reactive oxygen species (ros) production associated with hemoglobins autoxidation is not influenced by the presence of copper sulfate; --the susceptibility to hemolysis increases in the presence ...201019880173
cloning of a novel interleukin (il)-20-like gene in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss gives an insight into the evolution of the il-10 family.a novel il-20-like (il-20l) gene has been analyzed in rainbow trout. it has a six exon/five intron gene organisation and is translated into 181 amino acids (aa) with a signal peptide of 25aa and a mature peptide of 156aa. the trout il-20l translation shares highest identities to other il-20l molecules from fish and to il-20 in mammals. phylogenetic analysis showed that the fish il-20l molecules form an independent clade but cluster with the group containing the il-19, il-20 and il-24 molecules f ...201019755128
modulation of antioxidant defence system in brain of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) after chronic carbamazepine treatment.we investigated the effect of long-term exposure to cbz on the antioxidant system in brain tissue of rainbow trout. fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of cbz (1.0 microg/l, 0.2mg/l or 2.0mg/l) for 7, 21, and 42 days. oxidative stress indices (lpo and cp) and activities of antioxidant enzymes (sod, cat, gpx and gr) in fish brain were measured. in addition, non-enzymatic antioxidant (gsh) was determined after 42 days exposure. carbamazepine exposure at 0.2mg/l led to significant increas ...201019778632
molecular analysis of intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the aim of this study was to evaluate different molecular tools based on the 16s rrna gene, internal transcribed spacer, and the rpob gene to examine the bacterial populations present in juvenile rainbow trout intestines. dna was extracted from both pooled intestinal samples and bacterial strains. genes were pcr-amplified and analysed using both temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (ttge) and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. because of the high cultivability of the ...201019780831
identification, characterization and genetic mapping of tlr7, tlr8a1 and tlr8a2 genes in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).induction of the innate immune pathways is critical for early anti-viral defense but there is limited understanding of how teleost fish recognize viral molecules and activate these pathways. in mammals, toll-like receptors (tlr) 7 and 8 bind single-stranded rna of viral origin and are activated by synthetic anti-viral imidazoquinoline compounds. herein, we identify and describe the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) tlr7 and tlr8 gene orthologs and their mrna expression. two tlr7/8 loci were id ...201019825389
molecular epidemiology of zoonotic streptococcosis/lactococcosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture in iran.streptococcosis/lactococcosis is a hyperacute systemic disease that can occur in marine and fresh waters of many species of fish. the aim of this work was to study the disease outbreak in the major rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) production of iran.201022347573
fibroblasts express immune relevant genes and are important sentinel cells during tissue damage in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).fibroblasts have shown to be an immune competent cell type in mammals. however, little is known about the immunological functions of this cell-type in lower vertebrates. a rainbow trout hypodermal fibroblast cell-line (rthdf) was shown to be responsive to pamps and damps after stimulation with lps from e. coli, supernatant and debris from sonicated rthdf cells. lps was overall the strongest inducer of il-1beta, il-8, il-10, tlr-3 and tlr-9. il-1beta and il-8 were already highly up regulated afte ...201020174584
acute aquatic toxicity of western juniper (juniperus occidentalis) foliage and port orford cedar (chamaecyparis lawsoniana) heartwood oils.recently, interest has developed for using essential oils from western juniper (juniperus occidentalis) foliage and port orford cedar (chamaecyparis lawsoniana) heartwood in commercial products such as pest repellents and cosmetics. in order to gauge the relative toxicological risk that these oils pose to freshwater and marine organisms, the acute aquatic toxicity of these oils was evaluated using oppts guidelines to the cladoceran daphnia magna, the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and the gre ...201020033284
generic parameterization for a pharmacokinetic model to predict cd concentrations in several tissues of different fish species.in the present work, a set of generic parameters was proposed for a pharmacokinetic model, with the objective of predicting cd concentration in the tissues of diverse fish species under different environmental conditions. cd concentrations in a number of tissues of oncorhynchus mykiss and cyprinus carpio were estimated by a structurally identifiable multicompartmental model (unique solution). the 13 generic parameters of the model comprised exchange rates, tissue-blood partition coefficients, an ...201020202672
roles of nitric oxide, nitrite and myoglobin on myocardial efficiency in trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and goldfish (carassius auratus): implications for hypoxia tolerance.the roles of nitric oxide synthase activity (nos), nitrite and myoglobin (mb) in the regulation of myocardial function during hypoxia were examined in trout and goldfish, a hypoxia-intolerant and hypoxia-tolerant species, respectively. we measured the effect of nos inhibition, adrenaline and nitrite on the o(2) consumption rate and isometric twitch force development in electrically paced ventricular preparations during hypoxia, and measured o(2) affinity and nitrite reductase activity of the pur ...201020675545
hormonal and ion regulatory response in three freshwater fish species following waterborne copper exposure.we evaluated effects of sublethal copper exposure in 3 different freshwater fish: rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio). in a first experiment we exposed these fishes to an equally toxic cu dose, a cu level 10 times lower than their 96 h lc50 value: 20, 65, and 150 microg/l cu. in a second series we exposed them to the same cu concentration (50 microg/l). na+/k+-atpase activity in gill tissue was disturbed differently in rai ...201020488257
perfluorooctane sulfonate toxicity, isomer-specific accumulation, and maternal transfer in zebrafish (danio rerio) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos; c(8)f(17)so(3) (-)) bioaccumulation and toxicity have been demonstrated in both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. the majority of investigations have examined total pfos concentrations in wildlife and in toxicity testing, but isomer-specific monitoring studies are less common, and no laboratory-based study of pfos isomer accumulation in fish has been reported. the present study examined accumulation and maternal transfer of pfos isomers in zebrafish and tissue-s ...201020821653
new data on aetiology of nodular gill disease in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.we studied amoebae associated with nodular gill disease (ngd) outbreaks in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) in fish farms in south-western germany. gills of 12 diseased rainbow trout were examined in fresh, by isolation attempts, histologically and using in situ hybridisation (ish). a total of nine amoeba strains of the genera acanthamoeba (1), hartmannella (2), naegleria (1), protacanthamoeba (1) and vannella (4) were isolated and determined using light microscopical, ultrastructural ...201020941906
exposure of fish to high-intensity sonar does not induce acute pathology.this study investigated immediate effects of intense sound exposure associated with low-frequency (170-320 hz) or with mid-frequency (2.8-3.8 khz) sonars on caged rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, channel catfish ictalurus punctatus and hybrid sunfish lepomis sp. in seneca lake, new york, u.s.a. this study focused on potential effects on inner ear tissues using scanning electron microscopy and on non-auditory tissues using gross and histopathology. fishes were exposed to low-frequency sounds fo ...201020557634
molecular cloning and characterization of interferon regulatory factors 4 and 8 (irf-4 and irf-8) in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss.mammalian interferon regulatory factor (irf)4 (pip, lsirf, and icsat) and irf8 (icsbp) are known to be critical in regulating a spectrum of functional and developmental processes in lymphomyeloid cell lineages either through direct binding to irf-e motifs in target gene promoters or indirectly by binding to composite motifs recognized by ets family members, pu.i and sp.i. here we report, for the first time in fish, the sequencing and characterization of full-length cdna homologues of rainbow tro ...201020298789
assessment of cytochrome p450 fluorometric substrates with rainbow trout and killifish exposed to dexamethasone, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, rifampicin, and beta-naphthoflavone.cytochrome p450s (cyps) are important xenobiotic metabolizing proteins. while their functions are well understood in mammals, cyp function in non-mammalian vertebrate systems is much less defined, with function often inferred from mammalian data, assuming similar function across vertebrate species. in this study, we investigate whether in vivo treatment with known mammalian cyp inducers can alter the in vitro catalytic activity of fish microsomes using eleven fluorescent cyp-mediated substrates. ...201020167382
3d modelling of three pro-inflammatory molecules in selected fish species.the inflammatory response is the reaction of all metazoan organisms to pathogen invasion that initiates when pathogen-derived molecules are recognized by specific pattern recognition receptors expressed mainly on cells of the innate immune system. the successive expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines limits pathogen spread, and attracts and activates immune cells to help in the elimination of the invaders. in this paper we focused on the analyses of the 3d structures of three pr ...201021184658
salmondb: a bioinformatics resource for salmo salar and oncorhynchus mykiss.salmondb is a new multiorganism database containing est sequences from salmo salar, oncorhynchus mykiss and the whole genome sequence of danio rerio, gasterosteus aculeatus, tetraodon nigroviridis, oryzias latipes and takifugu rubripes, built with core components from gmod project, goparc system and the biomart project. the information provided by this resource includes gene ontology terms, metabolic pathways, snp prediction, cds prediction, orthologs prediction, several precalculated blast sear ...201122120661
the effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios.acute silver toxicity studies were conducted with and without food for four common freshwater test species: daphnia magna, ceriodaphnia dubia, pimephales promelas (fathead minnow-fhm), and oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout-rbt) in order to generate acute-to-chronic ratios (acr). the studies were conducted similarly (i.e., static-renewal or flow-through) to chronic/early-life stage studies that were previously performed in this laboratory. the acute toxicity (ec/lc50 values) of silver without fo ...201121779820
a qicar approach for quantifying binding constants for metal-ligand complexes.relative metal-ligand complex stability is predicted by evaluating the relationships between physicochemical properties of metal ions and their experimental biotic and abiotic binding constants, k. linear regression analysis showed that the softness index (σ(p)) and the covalent index (χ(2)(m) r) were especially useful in model construction for rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), fathead minnows (pimephales promelas) and crustaceansaquatic (daphnia magna) based on rmse and f-ratio criterion (f( ...201121377206
chronic toxicity of chloride to freshwater species: effects of hardness and implications for water quality guidelines.toxicity tests using nine freshwater species (ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia magna, oncorhynchus mykiss, pimephales promelas, lumbriculus variegatus, tubifex tubifex, chironomus dilutus, hyallela azteca, and brachionus calyciflorus) were conducted to evaluate their sensitivity to chloride. acute-to-chronic ratios (acrs) from these tests indicate the acr of 7.59 employed by the united states environmental protection agency (u.s. epa) in deriving its water quality guideline for chloride may be conser ...201120872898
the relationship between nmda receptor function and the high ammonia tolerance of anoxia-tolerant goldfish.acute ammonia toxicity in vertebrates is thought to be characterized by a cascade of deleterious events resembling those associated with anoxic/ischemic injury in the central nervous system. a key event is the over-stimulation of neuronal n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors, which leads to excitotoxic cell death. the similarity between the responses to acute ammonia toxicity and anoxia suggests that anoxia-tolerant animals such as the goldfish (carassius auratus linnaeus) may also be ammonia t ...201122116753
exposure to waterborne copper reveals differences in oxidative stress response in three freshwater fish species.among species, various strategies in metal handling can occur. moreover, the same metal concentration, or even the same metal dose, does not always seem to exert the same effect in different species. here, we have investigated differences in a copper induced oxidative stress response between rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio). fish were exposed to two sub-lethal cu concentrations, an identical concentration of 50μg/l for ...201121419094
trout coelomic fluid suitability as goldfish oocyte extender can be determined by a simple turbidity test.regeneration technologies such as androgenesis, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and nuclear transfer require that handling conditions do not alter oocyte ability to sustain embryo development. one important parameter in the maintenance of oocyte quality in fish is the possibility to prevent oocytes activation during manipulation. in cyprinid, such activation is known to be delayed when salmonid coelomic fluid is used as incubation medium. coelomic fluid however is a biological fluid whose abil ...201121356550
effects of chronic dietary salt loading on the renin angiotensin and adrenergic systems of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).previous studies have demonstrated that chronic dietary salt loading causes hypertension and a decreased sensitivity of the systemic vasculature to α-adrenergic stimulation and other hypertensive stimuli (e.g. hypercapnia) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). this reduced sensitivity to hypertensive stimuli is consistent with a possible blunting of homeostatic responses normally aimed at raising blood pressure. to test this idea, we examined the consequences of long-term salt feeding and the ...201121697522
species-specific differences and structure-activity relationships in the debromination of pbde congeners in three fish species.previous studies have suggested that there may be species-specific differences in the metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) among different fish species. in this study, we investigated the in vitro hepatic metabolism of eleven individual pbde congeners (tri- through decabdes) in three different fish species: rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (cyprinus carpio), and chinook salmon (o. tschwatcha). in addition, we evaluated the influence of pbde structural characterist ...201121291240
erk, akt, and stat5 are differentially activated by the two growth hormone receptor subtypes of a teleost fish (oncorhynchus mykiss).previously, we found that the teleost fish, rainbow trout, possesses two growth hormone receptor (ghr) subtypes that display distinct ligand-binding and agonist-induced regulation features. in this study, we used chinese hamster ovary-k1 cells stably transfected individually with the two trout ghr subtypes, ghr1 and ghr2, to elucidate receptor-effector pathway linkages. growth hormone (gh) stimulated rapid (5-10 min) phosphorylation of erk, akt, jak2, and stat5 in both ghr1- and ghr2-expressing ...201122649371
effects of turmeric, shallot extracts, and their combination on quality characteristics of vacuum-packaged rainbow trout stored at 4 ± 1 °c.the effects of turmeric extract (t), shallot extract (sh), and their combination (t + sh) on the quality of vacuum-packaged rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °c) over a period of 20 d. fish samples were divided into 4 batches; 3 batches were treated by dipping for 30 min in aqueous solution of turmeric extract (1.5%; v/v), shallot extract (1.5%; v/v), or turmeric and shallot extract combination (1.5%+ 1.5% v/v), while the fourth batch was dipped ...201121729071
rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) possess two hormone-sensitive lipase-encoding mrnas that are differentially expressed and independently regulated by nutritional state.teleost fish store lipids among several tissues primarily as triacylglycerol (tg). upon metabolic demand, stored tgs are hydrolyzed by hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl). in this study, two distinct cdnas encoding hsl were isolated, cloned, and sequenced from adipose tissue of rainbow trout. the full-length cdnas, designated hsl1 and hsl2, were 2562-bp and 2887-bp in length, respectively, and share 82% nucleotide identity. phylogenetic analysis suggests that the two hsls derive from paralogous genes ...201120858550
apoptosis of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss after incubation with candida albicans and bacterial lipopolysaccharide.until now a few studies have been carried out on the gut lymphoid system in fish despite its protective role in the host. here, we have evaluated the effects of candida albicans (ca) and lipopolysaccaride (lps) on the pyloric and terminal segments of gut in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. in particular, data show that both ca and lps are able to cause apoptosis of intestinal lymphoid cells as detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp nick end-labeling (tunel) pro ...201120843276
salmonid tollip and myd88 factors can functionally replace their mammalian orthologues in tlr-mediated trout saa promoter activation.many functional details of the piscine toll-like receptor (tlr) signal-mediated activation of immune defense are still elusive. we used an established reconstitution system of mammalian tlr signaling to examine if this system would allow for pathogen-dependent promoter activation of the serum amyloid a (saa)-encoding gene from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and if the key mediators myd88 and tollip from trout can functionally substitute for their mammalian orthologues. cells of the establis ...201120813127
plasma free amino acid kinetics in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using a bolus injection of 15n-labeled amino acids.to gain insight into the metabolic design of the amino acid carrier systems in fish, we injected a bolus of (15)n amino acids into the dorsal aorta in mature rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). the plasma kinetic parameters including concentration, pool size, rate of disappearance (r(d)), half-life and turnover rate were determined for 15 amino acids. when corrected for metabolic rate, the r(d) values obtained for trout for most amino acids were largely comparable to human values, with the exce ...201120676903
in vivo and in vitro mixed-function oxygenase activity and vitellogenin induction in fish and in fish and rat liver cells by stilbenes isolated from scotch pine (pinus sylvestris).many types of pulp and paper mill effluents have the ability to induce mixed-function oxygenase (mfo) activity and vitellogenin (vtg) protein in exposed male fish. the search for the compounds responsible for mfo induction has led to several classes of compounds, among them retene and stilbenes. the objective of this study was to investigate the biological activities of candidate stilbene compounds. three stilbenes, 3,5-dihydroxystilbene (pinosylvin; p1), 3-hydroxy-5-methoxystilbene (p2), and 3, ...201120464549
sequencing of a second interleukin-10 gene in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and comparative investigation of the expression and modulation of the paralogues in vitro and in vivo.interleukin-10 (il-10) is a multifaceted cytokine that is produced by and effects a variety of cell populations, including macrophages, t, b and nk cells. the gene encoding for il-10 has been isolated in mammals, birds, amphibians and recently in fish, with only single copy identified in each species. we report here a second il-10 gene (til-10b) in rainbow trout that showed 92% identity in the coding region but only 50% identity in the 5'- and 3'-utr to the known trout il-10 paralogue, which we ...201121536138
proteomic analysis of inviable salmonid hybrids between female masu salmon oncorhynchus masou masou and male rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss during early embryogenesis.early embryos of inviable hybrids between female masu salmon oncorhynchus masou masou and male rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss at 9, 12, 15 and 20 days after fertilization were examined for protein expression profiles. a total of 44 proteins, mostly down-regulated products of house-keeping genes and those involved in nucleic acid metabolism or chromatin replication, were identified in hybrid embryos by mass spectrometry analysis and protein database searching. the identified down-regulated pro ...201121539556
pathogenic gram-positive cocci in south african rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). 201121545442
17beta-estradiol affects the response of complement components and survival of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged by bacterial infection.research on the endocrine role of estrogens has focused on the reproductive system, while other potential target systems have been less studied. here, we investigated the possible immunomodulating role of 17β-estradiol (e2) using rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model. the aims of the study were to examine a) whether estrogens can modulate immune gene transcription levels, and b) whether this has functional implications for the resistance of trout towards pathogens. trout were reared fro ...201121549195
pseudomonas sp. m174 inhibits the fish pathogen flavobacterium psychrophilum.aims:  to study the antagonic affect of probiotic pseudomonas m174 on the fish pathogen flavobacterium psychrophilum. methods and results:  the ability of pseudomonas m174 to inhibit the growth of fl. psychrophilum was examined in iron-sufficient and -deficient media. possible siderophore production was also investigated. antagonistic activity was confirmed in disease challenge experiments using a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) model. adhesion of pseudomonas m174 to fish surfaces and its ab ...201121554504
ontogeny and disease responses of langerhans-like cells in lymphoid tissues of salmonid fish.the ontogeny and disease responses of langerhans-like cells within lymphoid tissues of atlantic salmon, salmo salar, and rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, were investigated. these cells were studied in situ with the use of two markers: the ultrastructural presence of birbeck-like granules and immunohistochemistry with an antibody against human langerin/cd207 that cross-reacts with salmonid tissues. the appearance of birbeck-like granules was observed in rainbow trout at 2 weeks post-hatch (ph) ...201121965123
Application of artificial photoperiod in fish: a factor that increases susceptibility to infectious diseases?This paper describes and evaluates the mortality associated with the potential stressor effect induced by application of artificial photoperiods in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). After application of artificial photoperiods, high mortalities of trout subjected to this management were recorded (36% in LD 14:10 and 25% in LD 24:0) as compared to controls (7%). The recorded signology related to diseased trout included darkening, lethargy and erratic swimming. Among the morphological changes, ...201122160663
Comparative effects of four feed types on white spot disease susceptibility and skin immune parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).The effects on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), immune parameters by differently formulated fish feed types containing immunostimulants have been tested in a double-blind, duplicated and controlled study performed over 50 days. A total of 800 rainbow trout (10-12 g) were kept in eight duplicate fish tanks (each containing 100 fish) and fed at a daily feeding rate of 1.5% of the biomass. The feed types were (1) control feed (C) without additives, (2) feed containing beta-glucan, nucl ...201122175907
temperature dependence of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum ca²⁺-atpase from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.in this work, the temperature dependence of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum ca(2+) -atpase (serca2) activity from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss cardiac ventricles was measured and compared with the mammalian serca2 isoform. the rate of atp-dependent ca(2+) transport catalysed by o. mykiss vesicles was totally abolished by thapsigargin and the ca(2+) ionophore a(23187) . at warm temperatures (25 and 30° c), the serca2 from o. mykiss ventricles displayed the same rate of ca(2+) uptake. at 35° ...201121884113
functional expression of frog and rainbow trout melanocortin 2 receptors using heterologous mrap1s.analysis of the functional expression of the melanocortin 2 receptor (mc2r) from a rather broad spectrum of vertebrates indicates that mc2r is exclusively selective for the ligand, acth, and the melanocortin receptor accessory protein 1 (mrap1) is required for high affinity acth binding and activation of mc2r. a phylogenetic analysis of mrap1 suggested that tetrapod sequences and bony fish sequences may represent two distinct trends in the evolution of the mrap1 gene. to test this hypothesis, a ...201121846469
weissella sp. outbreaks in commercial rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in brazil.the genus weissella contains 14 bacterial species that usually occur in nutrient-rich environments and in fermented foods and beverages. outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia were reported in three commercial rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) farms in brazil in 2008 and 2009. seventy-seven gram-positive isolates were obtained from 41 diseased fish from these farms. the bacterial strains were identified as weissella at the genus level using biochemical tests, weissella genus-specific pcr, and 16s ...201122137197
morphological and molecular characterisation of gyrodactylus salmonis (platyhelminthes, monogenea) isolates collected in mexico from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum).gyrodactylus salmonis (yin et sproston, 1948) isolates collected from feral rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) in veracruz, southeastern mexico are described. morphological and molecular variation of these isolates to g. salmonis collected in canada and the u.s.a. is characterised. morphologically, the marginal hook sickles of mexican isolates of g. salmonis closely resemble those of canadian specimens - their shaft and hook regions align closely with one another; only features of the ...201122169222
ecosystem ecology meets adaptive management: food web response to a controlled flood on the colorado river, glen canyon.large dams have been constructed on rivers to meet human demands for water, electricity, navigation, and recreation. as a consequence, flow and temperature regimes have been altered, strongly affecting river food webs and ecosystem processes. experimental high-flow dam releases, i.e., controlled floods, have been implemented on the colorado river, u.s.a., in an effort to reestablish pulsed flood events, redistribute sediments, improve conditions for native fishes, and increase understanding of h ...201121939041
circulating salmon 28- and 22-kda insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (igfbps) are co-orthologs of igfbp-1.circulating insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (igfbps) play pivotal roles in stabilizing igfs and regulating their availability to target tissues. in the teleost circulation, three major igfbps are typically detected by ligand blotting with molecular masses around 20-25, 28-32 and 40-45kda. however, their identity is poorly established and often confused. we previously identified salmon 22- and 41-kda forms as igfbp-1 and -2b, respectively. in the present study, we cloned the cdna of 2 ...201121888908
rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss ladderlectin, but not intelectin, binds viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus ivb.the innate immune system of fish is critical for rapid detection and immediate response to infection, as well as to orchestrate the adaptive branch of the immune system. rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss ladderlectin and intelectin are plasma pattern recognition receptors (prr) for bacterial and fungal pathogens of rainbow trout, but their role as prrs for virus is unknown. viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) ivb is a recently described fish pathogen in the great lakes, and rainbow trout c ...201121848121
The use of a real-time PCR primer/probe set to observe infectivity of Yersinia ruckeri in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum).Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), a common pathogen affecting aquaculture facilities and implicated in large losses of cultured fish. Fisheries scientists continue to gain a greater understanding of the disease and the pathogen by investigating methods of identification and pre- and post-infection treatment. In this study, a real-time PCR probe set for Y. ruckeri was developed to detect daily changes in the bacterial load during pathogen challenges. Two s ...201121916903
Effects of long duration, low dose bronopol exposure on the control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), parasitising rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum).Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 infections on intensively reared fish stocks can increase rapidly, which if left unmanaged, can result in the heavy loss of stock. The present study explores the efficacy of long duration, low dose (1, 2 and 5mgL(-1)) treatments of bronopol (marketed as Pyceze™, Novartis Ltd.) in reducing the number of trophonts establishing on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss held under small scale culture conditions. The effect of bronopol on the colonisation success of i ...201122154252
Effects of dietary Ergosan on cutaneous mucosal immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).The effects of dietary Ergosan on the growth performance and mucosal immunity in rainbow trout skin were investigated. 60 rainbow trout (100-110 g) were randomly assigned to 2 groups in triplicates and fed one of the experimental diet formulated with 5 g kg(-1) Ergosan or control diet for 50 days. Results showed that on the 45th day of feeding trial, Ergosan supplementation significantly enhanced the growth performance compared to control group. Various enzyme activities, namely lysozyme, protea ...201122166733
Bacterial skin flora variation and in vitro inhibitory activity against Saprolegnia parasitica in brown and rainbow trout.Variations in the number and diversity of bacteria from the skin of brown trout Salmo trutta L. and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum were surveyed from different rivers and fish farms in northern Spain. In addition to determining bacterial populations in skin samples of healthy fish, bacterial populations were determined from skin lesions (of brown trout only) infected with Saprolegnia parasitica, the causal agent of saprolegniosis. Mean bacterial counts from skin lesions of brown trout ...201122013752
short reads and nonmodel species: exploring the complexities of next-generation sequence assembly and snp discovery in the absence of a reference genome.how practical is gene and snp discovery in a nonmodel species using short read sequences? next-generation sequencing technologies are being applied to an increasing number of species with no reference genome. for nonmodel species, the cost, availability of existing genetic resources, genome complexity and the planned method of assembly must all be considered when selecting a sequencing platform. our goal was to examine the feasibility and optimal methodology for snp and gene discovery in the soc ...201121429166
cortisol response to stress is associated with myocardial remodeling in salmonid fishes.cardiac disease is frequently reported in farmed animals, and stress has been implicated as a factor for myocardial dysfunction in commercial fish rearing. cortisol is a major stress hormone in teleosts, and this hormone has adverse effects on the myocardium. strains of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for divergent post-stress cortisol levels [high responsive (hr) and low responsive (lr)] have been established as a comparative model to examine how fish with contrasting stress-coping ...201121430209
dimethoate-induced oxidative stress and dna damage in oncorhynchus mykiss.the present study was conducted in order to investigate pro-oxidant activity of dimethoate in liver and brain tissues following sublethal pesticide exposure for 5, 15 and 30 d by using sod, gpx, cat enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation as biomarkers as well as dna damaging potential via detecting% tail dna, tail moment and olive tail moment as endpoints in erythrocytes of oncorhynchus mykiss in an in vitro experiment. antioxidant enzyme activities were found to elicit two staged response whi ...201121435680
antigenic and cross-protection studies of biotype 1 and biotype 2 isolates of yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).the study investigated antigen characteristics of biotype (bt) 1 and bt 2 isolates of yersinia ruckeri.201121447021
mucosal cd3ε+ cell proliferation and gut epithelial apoptosis: implications in rainbow trout gastroenteritis (rtge).rainbow trout gastroenteritis (rtge) is an emerging disease that has acquired new relevance in european rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), culture, because of the economic losses it causes. disease aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. the lesions appear restricted to the gastrointestinal tract where extensive mucosal detachment associated with high numbers of segmented filamentous bacteria (sfb) can be detected. in this study, an rtge outbreak in north-western spain was investig ...201121488908
association between yersinia ruckeri infection, cytokine expression and survival in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the immune response against bacterial pathogens has been widely studied in teleosts and it is evident that survival chances differ significantly within a host population. identification of indicators for susceptibility and responsiveness will improve our understanding of this host-pathogen interaction. the present work shows that the transcripts of cytokine genes in blood cells sampled three days post-infection was significantly higher in fish which obtained a high bacteriemia and died at later ...201121501689
cloning, expression analysis and bioactivity studies of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin-22.this report describes the cloning and characterisation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) interleukin (il)-22, and presents studies of the functional activity of its recombinant protein for the first time in a non-mammalian species. the predicted il-22 coding region consists of 522 nucleotides which translates into a 173 amino acid protein, that contains an il-10 family signature which is reasonably well conserved with other vertebrate il-22 molecules. expression analysis in tissues from hea ...201121514178
identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), with inhibitory activity against lactococcus garvieae.a study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic properties of endogenous rainbow trout microbiota against pathogenic lactococcus garvieae. a total of 335 bacterial strains were isolated from rainbow trout and screened for antagonistic activity against l. garvieae using an agar spot assay. antagonistic strains were grouped by pcr amplification of repetitive bacterial dna elements (rep-pcr) and identified by 16s rrna gene sequence analysis. the results revealed that the antagonistic strains belong ...201121535012
diclofenac in fish: blood plasma levels similar to human therapeutic levels affect global hepatic gene expression.diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently found in the aquatic environment. previous studies have reported histological changes in the liver, kidney, and gills of fish at concentrations similar to those measured in treated sewage effluents (approximately 1ôçë-ág/l). analyses or predictions of blood plasma levels in fish allow a direct comparison with human therapeutic plasma levels and may therefore be used to indicate a risk for pharmacological effects in fish. to relate in ...201121688307
flow regime, temperature, and biotic interactions drive differential declines of trout species under climate change.broad-scale studies of climate change effects on freshwater species have focused mainly on temperature, ignoring critical drivers such as flow regime and biotic interactions. we use downscaled outputs from general circulation models coupled with a hydrologic model to forecast the effects of altered flows and increased temperatures on four interacting species of trout across the interior western united states (1.01 million km(2)), based on empirical statistical models built from fish surveys at 9 ...201121844354
association between plasma antibody response and protection in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss immersion vaccinated against yersinia ruckeri.a key hallmark of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is the generation of antigen-specific antibodies from b cells. fish are the most primitive gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) possessing an adaptive immune system. vaccination of rainbow trout against enteric redmouth disease (erm) by immersion in yersinia ruckeri bacterin confers a high degree of protection to the fish. the immune mechanisms responsible for protection may comprise both cellular and humoral elements but the role of specific i ...201121731605
antibody recognition of the glycoprotein g of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) purified in large amounts from insect larvae.abstract:201121693048
quantitative pcr demonstrates a positive correlation between a rickettsia-like organism and severity of strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).strawberry disease (sd) is an inflammatory skin disorder in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). the aetiology of sd is unknown although the 16s rdna sequence of a rickettsia-like organism (rlo) has been associated with sd lesions using a nested pcr assay. in this study, we developed a taqman quantitative pcr assay (qpcr) that targeted the rlo 16s rdna sequence to examine the distribution of rlo relative to lesion status. we compared 18 lesion samples from 13 fish representing high or l ...201121838713
early biochemical effects of microcystis aeruginosa extracts on juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).microcystins (mc) are usually the predominant cyanotoxins associated with cyanobacterial blooms in natural surface waters. these toxins are well-known hepatotoxic agents that proceed by inhibiting protein phosphatase in aquatic biota; recent studies have also reported oxidative stress and disruption of ion regulation in aquatic organisms. in the present study, young trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to crude extracts of microsystis aeruginosa for four days at 15°c. the level of microcysti ...201122178707
identification of immunogenic proteins within distinct molecular mass fractions of flavobacterium psychrophilum.flavobacterium psychrophilum is the aetiological agent of bacterial coldwater disease (cwd), and this pathogen has large economic impacts on salmonid aquaculture worldwide. previously, it was demonstrated that high levels of protection against f. psychrophilum challenge were conferred to rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), by immunization with distinct molecular mass fractions of the bacterium, and specific antibodies were correlated with protection. in this study, an immunoproteomic a ...201121988354
Immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).In order to study the immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea extract on rainbow trout, a study with a 30-day feeding trial was conducted. Commercial diets with graded levels of decaffeinated green tea extract, 20 mg (T1), 100 mg (T2), 500 mg (T3) per kg feed were prepared. 120 rainbow trout (35 ± 3 g) were randomly assigned to 4 groups in triplicates and fed one of the 3 experimental diets formulated or control diet. After feeding trial, 12 fish from each group were sampled for anal ...201121985858
local patchiness of gyrodactylus colemanensis and g. salmonis parasitizing salmonids in the south river watershed, nova scotia, canada.prevalence and intensity of gyrodactylus colemanensis and g. salmonis (monogenea) parasitizing juvenile/adult brook trout salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout salmo trutta, and atlantic salmon salmo salar at 3 localities over an 8 km stretch in the south river, nova scotia, canada, were calculated 4 times over a 9 mo period (october 2009, december 2009, march 2010, june 2010). g. colemanensis was on all 4 salmonids (endemic and non-endemic), while g. salmonis par ...201122013753
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Yersinia ruckeri isolates from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) in Turkey.The aim of the study was the phenotypic and molecular characterization of Yersinia (Y) ruckeri strains, the causative agent of Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM), by antibiotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) and sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of whole cell proteins. For this aim, a total of 97 Y ruckeri isolates were analyzed. The isolates were distinguished into ten antibiotypes and six phenotypes according to ...201121848040
experimentally induced marine flexibacteriosis in atlantic salmon smolts salmo salar. ii. pathology.the fish disease marine flexibacteriosis is characterised by necrotic lesions on the body, head, fins, and occasionally gills, with erosive lesions on the external surface as the prominent clinical sign. in australia, the main species affected are atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in sea-cage culture in tasmania. using a dose-dependent trial to determine pathology, 2 forms of the disease were noted in atlantic salmon. the acute form occurs within 2 to 3 d after in ...201121848120
detection of viruses in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in korea by rt-lamp assay.the viral diseases have been the serious problem in salmonid farming, and rainbow trout is not an exception. in this study, routine surveys were conducted for detecting of viruses in farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in korea during 2009-2010. head kidneys from individual fish were employed for virus detection by using a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay. infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv ...201122068489
risks associated with commodity trade: transmission of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) to rainbow trout fry from vhsv-carrying tissue-homogenates.movements of commodity fish present a potential risk of transferring pathogens. within a study to estimate the risk from imported rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss carcases, fry were exposed to tissue homogenates from market size rainbow trout infected experimentally with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs) by waterborne exposure to vhs virus (vhsv, isolate of genotype ia). tissues were collected from fish that showed clinical signs and from recent mortalities. homogenates of (i) internal organ ...201121223535
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