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identification of immunoreactive proteins from the dog heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) differentially recognized by the sera from dogs with patent or occult infections.heartworm disease caused by dirofilaria immitis affects canine and feline hosts. moreover, the parasite can infect humans, causing pulmonary dirofilariosis. most affected dogs have patent infections with circulating microfilariae in peripheral blood, although infected dogs sometimes develop occult infections characterized by the absence of microfilariae. microfilaremic infections (mf+) are associated with a predominant th2-type immune response, whereas a th1-type response predominates in amicrof ...200919450730
distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of dirofilariasis in northwestern iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes.a study of the distribution and ecology of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in ardebil province of northwestern iran, with special reference to the known dirofilariasis focus in meshkinshahr county, was carried out in july-august 2005 and april-october 2006. in total, 17,533 adult mosquitoes and 3090 third- and fourth-instar larvae were collected on 14 occasions and identified using morphological characters and dna sequence data. twenty species belonging to seven genera were found: anopheles clav ...200919493192
loop-mediated isothermal amplification applied to filarial parasites detection in the mosquito vectors: dirofilaria immitis as a study model.abstract:200919284882
spinal lymphoma and pulmonary filariasis in a pet domestic rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus).spinal lymphoma and concurrent pulmonary filariasis are reported in a pet rabbit. the rabbit presented for pelvic limb paralysis resulting from extradural spinal lymphoma, presumably rising from the body of the sixth lumbar vertebra. the neoplasm was subsequently immunophenotyped as a b-cell lymphoma. pulmonary filariasis was an incidental finding at necropsy.200919286509
[biological characteristics of the causative agent of dirofilariasis in dogs in the rostov region].this paper assesses the trends in the identification of different dirofilaria species in the rostov region and comparatively analyzes the general clinical and biochemical blood indices in dogs with and without helminthism. seasonal variations in the invasion and species composition of the parasite have been established. at present, there is a gradual replacement of the species dirofilaria repens by dirofilaria immitis in this area. the blood general clinical and biochemical studies in ill dogs w ...200919827508
detection of dog filariasis in marajo island, brazil by classical and molecular methods.canine filariasis in domestic and wild dogs, foxes, and wolves is caused by several species of filarids. although these filarial species inhabit different loci in the vertebrate definitive hosts, they generally release microfilariae into the bloodstream. data about filarial infection in dogs in brazil, especially on the marajo island, is scarce. for this reason, we conducted an analysis of 188 domestic dogs within two marajo island municipalities. the overall prevalence of microfilaremic was 32. ...200919693539
what is new about animal and human dirofilariosis?dirofilaria immitis and d. repens, the causal agents of cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis, respectively, affect canine, feline and human populations with an increasing incidence in temperate and tropical areas of the world. in the past decade outstanding advances in the knowledge of dirofilariosis have been achieved. nevertheless, questions such as the impact of climate change in the transmission and distribution of dirofilariosis, as well as a profound evaluation of both the role ...200919720566
inhibition and prevention efficacy against mosquito bloodsucking and dirofilaria immitis infection by administration of topical insecticide.inhibition and prevention of mosquito bloodsucking by a topical insecticide, and the consequent infection of dirofilaria immitis were evaluated using a product containing 10% w/w imidacloprid plus 50% w/w permethrin (i-p solution). nine healthy beagle dogs divided in three groups of 3 dogs each were administered i-p solution on day 3 (group 1), day 36 (group 2) and not administered (group 3 as a control) before starting the experimental infection. the results showed that the mosquito bloodsuckin ...200919721356
[case of pulmonary dirofilariasis with cavity formation in a young woman].a 22-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of an abnormal shadow in her chest x-ray found on a medical examination. chest ct showed a 16-mm nodule with cavity formation in the left lung. we did not reach a definitive diagnosis by blood test and bronchoscopy. because we could not exclude the possibility of a malignancy, lung partial resection was performed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for treatment and diagnosis. we recognized the dirofilaria immitis by pathological diagn ...200919514497
[detection of dirofilaria in austrian dogs].a recent increase in the occurrence of dirofilaria repens and dirofilaria immitis has been reported from the eastern neighbouring countries of austria (slovakia, hungary). in order to obtain data from austria--especially from the areas bordering these countries--blood samples of dogs from gänserndorf (northeastern austria, bordering slovakia) and neusiedl (eastern austria, bordering hungary) were examined for the presence of dirofilaria spp.-dna by quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr). for d. repen ...200919517934
health assessment of free-ranging three-banded (tolypeutes matacus) and nine-banded (dasypus novemcinctus) armadillos in the gran chaco, bolivia.the gran chaco, bolivia, has a total of seven species of armadillos with the three-banded (tolypeutes matacus) and nine-banded (dasypus novemcinctus) the most commonly hunted by the local isoseño-guarani people. armadillos are known carriers of zoonotic pathogens, including mycobacterium leprae, toxoplasma gondii, and trypanosoma cruzi; thus human handling and consumption of these species may have a significant public health impact. a health assessment that included physical examinations, hemato ...200919569470
current surveys on the prevalence and distribution of dirofilaria spp. in dogs in germany.the central upper-rhine (baden-württemberg, germany) is one of the warmest regions in germany and also harbours abundant numbers of mosquitoes. case reports on presumably autochthonous occurrence of dirofilaria spp. were reported previously and were a reason for a further investigation into the occurrence of vector-borne pathogens. for this purpose, 44 hunting dogs from the central upper-rhine region were tested between 4(th) and 29(th) june 2007. the blood samples were tested using the knott's ...200919575227
occurrence of dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne infections caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ehrlichia canis in domestic dogs in france: results of a countrywide serologic survey.the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against tick-borne pathogens in french dogs has been analysed based on 1,050 blood samples. serum samples of 919 dogs (group a) were sent for a variety of diagnostic investigations, further 131 dogs (group b) were tested for a tentative diagnosis of heartworm disease. all samples were tested for d. immitis antigen. samples in group a were also tested for specific antibodies against three tick-borne pathogens (anaplasma phagocytophilum, ...200919575231
scanning electron microscopic observation of ultrastructure of dirofilaria immitis microfilaria.ultrastructure of dirofilaria immitis microfilaria(mf) was imaged through scanning and transmission electron microscopies. transverse annular striations covered all over the surface of the whole body. two small pores on the cephalic disk and the mouth-like cavity at a ventral side of the first striation next to the cephalic disk were observed. a single triangular hook was projected from the upper palate. the excretory pore was observed at the 80th annulus from the anterior end, and the anal pore ...200919578287
hematology, parasitology, and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from south carolina.blood and feces were collected from 34 adult (19 males, 15 females) and seven juvenile (three males, one female, three not reported) free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) on the us department of energy's savannah river site (south carolina, usa). significant (p<0.05) hematologic differences by sex were noted for red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. biochemical differences by sex occurred only for albumen (p<0.05). twenty-one adults were antibody positive for at least one of four vir ...200919617502
[formation of the synanthropic foci of dirofilariasis in russia].investigation of the formation of urban synanthropic foci of dirofilatiasis in an area of large accumulations of dogs is of scientific and practical interest due to the increased number of infested inhabitants of large towns.200920120367
dirofilaria causing eye infection in a patient from malaysia.human dirofilariasis caused by dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens have been reported in malaysia. this is the fourth reported case of dirofilariasis caused by d. repens. the patient was a chinese male from kuching sarawak, malaysia who presented with a one day history of redness and itchiness over the temporal aspect of his left eye. a worm was seen and later removed from beneath the conjunctiva under local anesthesia and based on the morphological characteristics, it was identified as a ...200919842373
review of zoonotic parasites in medical and veterinary fields in the republic of korea.zoonotic parasites are animal parasites that can infect humans. the major zoonotic protozoa in the republic of korea are babesia bovis, chilomastix mesnili, cryptosporidium parvum, endolimax nana, entamoeba coli, entamoeba hitolytica, giardia lamblia, iodamoeba bütschlii, pneumocystis carinii, sarcocystis cruzi, and toxoplasma gondii. the major zoonotic helminths in korea include trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes. trematodes are clonorchis sinensis, echinostoma hortense, echinostoma spp., fasc ...200919885329
monoclonal gammopathy associated with heartworm disease in a dog.a 12-year-old, intact female, mixed yorkshire terrier was evaluated for syncopal episodes, weakness, decreased appetite, and weight loss. heartworm disease was diagnosed based on evidence of circulating microfilariae of dirofilaria immitis on direct examination of blood smears and a positive snap heartworm antigen test. an immunoglobulin g (igg) gammopathy, demonstrated by serum protein electrophoresis, was associated with heartworm disease in this dog. response to treatment with both an adultic ...200919887388
heartworm biology, treatment, and control.this article is a review of the systematics, taxonomy, biology, prevention, control, and treatment of the canine heartworm, dirofilaria immitus. this filarioid parasite remains one of the most important and dangerous diseases of the dog throughout the united states. the geographic range of the parasite is expanding, and in many parts of the country it has emerged as a threat to canine welfare only in the last 50 or so years. the article also discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the ...200919932367
ocular dirofilariosis by dirofilaria immitis in a dog: first case report from europe.a five-year-old, entire female mixed-breed dog was presented with corneal oedema and episcleral hyperaemia in the left eye. the ophthalmological examination revealed the presence of a free-swimming nematode in the anterior chamber. circulating microfilariae were not observed by a modified knott test nor were adult antigens detected in serum by a commercial elisa. the parasite was surgically removed from the dog's eye, but its anterior end was damaged during the surgery. based on the morphology o ...200919954444
[dirofilaria immitis (leidy, 1856) in the neighborhood of a feline case: a study about the transmission].dirofilaria immitis preferably infects canids and can, in lower frequency, be found in cats (felis catus linnaeus, 1758). the parasite may be transmitted by various culicidae species. motivated by an autochtone feline heartworm case diagnosed in the region of engenho novo - rj (s 22 degrees 90' e wo 43 degrees 27'), the following issues were surveyed: 1) the local culicidae fauna and; 2) the ocurrence of microfilaremic dogs. the mosquito study was conducted from april 2003 through may 2004, by p ...200920040185
[non-indigenous and non-specific parasitic nematodes--the background and the consequences].introduction of the host is the main reason behind introduction of the parasite, e. g., nematodes. the introduction of the japanese eel (anguilla japonica) in europe in the 1980s resulted in expansion of the swimbladder nematode anguillicola crassus which soon invaded not only populations of the european eel (a. anguilla), but also other local fish. the raccoon (procyon lotor) is native to north america. it is the specific host of strongyloides procyonis and baylisascaris procyonis. more than 90 ...200920209803
climate changes implicated for dirofilaria dissemination in slovakia.dirofilariosis is a parasitic disease caused by helminths of the genus dirofilaria. climatic changes are considered to be main risk factors for dirofilariosis spreading. in the slovak republic, canine subcutaneous dirofilariosis was recorded for the first time in 2005. in 2007 the first coordinated research project started to detect possible endemic infections and to determine their magnitude. a total of 984 dogs were examined for the presence of microfilariae within 2007-2008. modified knott te ...200920209820
[western blot, elisa and indirect immunofluorescence test evaluation of leishmania (leishmania) infantum-infected dogs].evaluating canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnostic test performance in colombia and adapting the western blot test in naturally and experimentally infected dogs.200920169220
an ecr homolog from the filarial parasite, dirofilaria immitis requires a ligand-activated partner for transactivation.filarial parasites are responsible for several serious human diseases with symptoms such as lymphoedema, elephantiasis, and blindness. an understanding of how these parasites pass through developmental checkpoints may suggest potential targets for intervention. a useful model system for the study of the human parasites is the closely related nematode, d. immitis, the causative agent of dog heartworm disease. ecdysteroids have been identified in filarial nematodes and have been shown to have a bi ...201020170689
public health issues concerning the widespread distribution of canine heartworm disease.heartworms can cause serious cardiopulmonary disease in their canid hosts. canine heartworm has become widespread in many parts of the world, and its range continues to expand. wildlife reservoirs play a role in perpetuation and transmission of this parasite to dogs. human heartworm infection is incidental and is typically not associated with severe clinical disease; however, because no serological test is readily available, patients must undergo invasive procedures to differentiate heartworm fr ...201020181530
association of wolbachia with heartworm disease in cats and dogs.although the presence of adult dirofilaria immitis in the pulmonary arteries and its associated arteritis and thromboembolic disease can explain some of the manifestations of canine and feline heartworm disease, the cause of other findings remains unclear. cats with d. immitis antibodies but lacking adult parasites in the pulmonary arteries frequently develop histological lesions of the airways, resulting in a condition termed heartworm-associated respiratory disease. all d. immitis parasites ha ...201020193981
identification of immunoreactive proteins of dirofilaria immitis and d. repens recognized by sera from patients with pulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis.human pulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis caused by dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens are worldwide diagnosed with increasing frequency. these species are responsible for the development of benign pulmonary and subcutaneous nodules, respectively, that can be confused with lung or cutaneous cancer. the aim of the present work was to identify d. immitis and d. repens proteins differentially recognized by serum samples from individuals with human pulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilari ...201020197111
the prevalence and abundance of helminth parasites in stray dogs from the city of queretaro in central mexico.the prevalence of helminth species in stray dogs, from the capital city of the state of queretaro, was evaluated. a total of 378 dogs were captured and examined for the presence of helminths from january to december 2008. the results showed that 275 (72.8%) of examined dogs were infected with one or more helminth species. single infections were observed in 139 (50.5%) of infected dogs and 136 (49.5%) harboured mixed infections. out of the 378 dogs examined, 208 (55.2%) presented nematodes and 18 ...201020849669
detection of anaplasma bovis dna in the peripheral blood of domestic dogs in japan.the prevalence of ehrlichia and anaplasma in 1,427 dogs from 32 japanese prefectures was evaluated by pcr and dna nucleotide sequencing. pcr screening demonstrated that 18 dogs (1.3%) were positive for anaplasmataceae. sequence analysis revealed that 14 of the amplicons were most closely related to wolbachia spp., symbionts of dirofilaria immitis, whereas three were identified as anaplasma bovis. the remaining amplicon could not be sequenced. almost the entire sequence of 16s rrna (1,452 bp) fro ...201020859003
principal intestinal parasites of dogs in tirana, albania.from 2004 to 2009, the digestive tracts of 111 dogs from suburban areas around tirana, albania, were examined for intestinal helminths. in addition, rectal faecal samples of all dogs were examined for protozoan infections and 48 faecal samples from dogs >6 months of age were processed with the baermann technique to test for the excretion of lungworm larvae. the heart and pulmonary arteries of 30 dogs >6 months of age also were examined for nematode parasites. the intestinal parasite fauna of the ...201020878182
the emerging role of wolbachia species in heartworm disease.heartworm disease was first recognized in dogs more than 100 years ago and is still prevalent among dogs and found in cats worldwide. the complications of heartworm disease can be devastating, and treatment carries risks. wolbachia spp are gram-negative bacteria that infect filarial nematodes, including dirofilaria immitis, and elicit an inflammatory response in cats and dogs. antimicrobial therapy directed against these bacteria has resulted in decreased microfilarial loads, inhibition of the d ...201020949416
[the molecular diagnosis of dirofilaria immitis in vector mosquitoes in felahiye district of kayseri].this study was designed to determine the potential vectors of dirofilaria immitis by molecular techniques in felahiye district of kayseri. mosquitoes were sampled from 11 points between june-august 2008 and collected live samples were brought to laboratory. in order to allow the larval development, mosquitoes were incubated in in vitro conditions for seven days. after this mosquitoes were killed and species identifications were done. among the totally collected 301 mosquitoes, 96 (31.9%) were be ...201020954124
size and charge antigens of dirofilaria immitis adult worm for igg-elisa diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis.we used dirofilaria immitis adult worm antigens to develop an igg-elisa, then used this to evaluate 30 serum samples of patients with proven wuchereria bancrofti infection, 131 samples of patients with other parasitic diseases and 30 serum samples of healthy controls. the d. immitis antigen was prepared using two methods: sephacryl s-200 chromatography and iso-electric focusing with a rotofor cell. this was done to determine the best method for diagnosing w. bancrofti filariasis. before fraction ...201020578510
prevention of endemic canine vector-borne diseases using imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% in young dogs: a longitudinal field study.canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) are highly prevalent and increasing in distribution worldwide. a longitudinal study was conducted in southern italy to determine the incidence of and protection against cvbd-causing pathogens in dogs treated with a combination of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% (imper). one hundred eleven autochthonous young dogs were divided into group a (n=63) and group b (n=48), both groups containing dogs positive and negative for one or more cvbd-causing pathogens. a ...201020591573
gnathostoma spinigerum: molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the cyclophilin protein.in this study, a cdna encoding cyclophilin (cyp) of gnathostoma spinigerum was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector and expressed in escherichia coli. the predicted molecular mass of the putative protein was 18.6kda, and the deduced amino acid sequence had 86, 84.8, 81.3 and 77.2% identity with the cyp of dirofilaria immitis, brugia malayi, onchocerca volvulus and caenorhabditis elegans, respectively. a prediction of linear b-cell epitopes with high hydrophilicity and immunoblotting resul ...201020594967
inhibition of dextran sulfate sodium (dss)-induced intestinal inflammation via enhanced il-10 and tgf-beta production by galectin-9 homologues isolated from intestinal parasites.we isolated a galectin-9 (gal-9) homologue gene (tl-gal) from an adult worm of the canine gastrointestinal nematode parasite, toxascaris leonina, via random cdna library sequencing. the deduced amino acid sequence of the tl-gal genes evidenced an identity of 89% with the galectin of dirofilaria immitis, 87% identity with the galectin of brugia malayi, and 35% identity with the human gal-9 gene. to evaluate immune modulate function of tl-gal in host inflammatory response, we constructed recombina ...201020603157
identification of dirofilaria immitis immunoreactive proteins recognized by sera from infected cats using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.the aim of the present work was to identify proteins of dirofilaria immitis recognized by the immune system of naturally and experimentally infected cats, using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. thirty-five immunoreactive proteins of d. immitis were identified. these proteins are involved in metabolism, plasminogen binding, anti-oxidant and detoxificant activity, up-regulation of the th2 anti-inflammatory response and other processes. the timing evolution of this recognition ...201020603161
epidemiological survey of canine heartworm disease on the island of gran canaria (canary islands - spain) between 2000 and 2008.canine cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis caused by dirofilaria immitis is endemic on the island of gran canaria. epidemiological surveys have shown differences in the prevalence of heartworm disease in the canine population of the island between 1989 and 1998. the aim of the present study was to follow-up the prevalence of d. immitis in both the canine population as a whole and the canarian warren hound population on gran canaria between 2000 and 2008. prevalences observed were always significantly ...201020605072
autochthonous dirofilaria immitis infection in a ferret with aberrant larval migration in europe.a two-year-old male ferret (mustela putorius furo) was presented to the faculty of veterinary science, szent istván university, for investigation of somnolence. following unsuccessful therapeutic attempts, the ferret was euthanased and a male dirofilaria immitis worm was found in the pulmonary artery and a female d. immitis specimen in the subdural space of the cranial cavity. to the authors' knowledge, this is the first european record of d. immitis infection in a ferret, and the first case in ...201020626785
canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in europe: emerging and underestimated.abstract: cardiopulmonary nematodes of dogs and cats cause parasitic diseases of central relevance in current veterinary practice. in the recent past the distribution of canine and feline heartworms and lungworms has increased in various geographical areas, including europe. this is true especially for the metastrongyloids aelurostrongylus abstrusus, angiostrongylus vasorum and crenosoma vulpis, the filarioid dirofilaria immitis and the trichuroid eucoleus aerophilus (syn. capillaria aerophila). ...201020653938
canine dirofilariosis caused by dirofilaria immitis is a risk factor for the human population on the island of gran canaria, canary islands, spain.the aim of the present study was compare the prevalence of d. immitis in dogs and seroprevalence in humans of gran canaria (canary islands, spain) taking into consideration the four isoclimatic areas of the island. a close relationship between the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis in dogs and the seroprevalence in humans, in each isoclimatic area, was observed. the highest seroprevalence of infection in both canine and human hosts were found in a strip of mid-range altitude with 25.47% and 30.4% ...201020676685
subconjunctival dog heartworm. 201020678051
detection of dirofilaria immitis (nematoda: filarioidea) by polymerase chain reaction in aedes albopictus, anopheles punctipennis, and anopheles crucians (diptera: culicidae) from georgia, usa.potential mosquito vectors of dirofilaria immitis (leidy) (nematoda: filarioidea), the causative agent of dog heartworm in the southeastern region of the united states, were collected with cdc light traps and gravid traps in seven counties in the state of georgia, usa. the presence of d. immitis in these mosquitoes was detected by polymerase chain reaction using species-specific primers for the d. immitis surface or cuticular antigen. overall, 1,574 mosquitoes of 13 species in seven genera were ...201020695279
effects of doxycycline on the endosymbiont wolbachia in dirofilaria immitis (leidy, 1856)--naturally infected dogs.dirofilaria immitis carries intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus wolbachia, known to be vital for the worms and sensitive to tetracycline antibiotics. with the purpose of studying the interaction between d. immitis and the endosymbiont wolbachia sp., heartworm naturally infected microfilaremic or antigenemic dogs were treated with doxycycline (10mg/kg/day of the drug in three cycles of 21 days each, with 6-month intervals). blood samples were collected on days 0, 7 and 21 of each tr ...201020810215
rapid detection of dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and dogs using a real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr and melting curve analysis.a real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) pcr supplemented with melting curve analysis for the rapid molecular detection of dirofilaria immitis in mosquito vectors and dog blood samples was developed. this real-time fret pcr was based on the fluorescence melting curve analysis of a hybrid between an amplicon generated from the d. immitis ribosomal rna gene sequence and specific fluorophore-labeled probes. the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictiv ...201020045253
transvenous heartworm extraction in a ferret with caval syndrome.a 10-month-old ferret was diagnosed with heartworm disease and caval syndrome. associated clinical signs included weakness and a green-colored urine, identified as biliverdinuria. despite the animal's small size, removal of three heartworms via transvenous heartworm extraction was successfully performed. although at least one female worm remained in the right ventricle, the majority of clinical signs related to the presence of the heartworms resolved. the ferret was subsequently managed medicall ...201020045834
serological update and molecular characterization of dirofilaria immitis in dogs, south korea.eighty-one dogs in the chungnam province were tested for heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection by elisa (snap test, idexx laboratories, maine, usa). seventeen (20.9%) of the 81 samples were found to be positive and further analyzed by 16s rrna sequencing. in this study, all dogs tested lived outdoors. using the chi(2) test and fisher's exact test, no significant differences in the prevalence of dirofilariasis were observed among different gender and age groups, although the prevalence of thi ...201019942240
a serological study of dirofilaria immitis in feral cats in grenada, west indies.a study to determine the seroprevalence of dirofilaria immitis was carried out in feral cats in grenada. of the 137 feral cats tested for circulating antibodies (igg; lateral-flow immunoassay) and circulating antigens (ag; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), 8% (95% confidence interval (ci) 3.5-12.5%) were antibody positive and 5.1% (95% ci 1.4-8.8%) were antigen positive. no significant difference between cats aged>1 to 4 years and cats less than 1 year of age was found (p>0.05, χ²). there was ...201020144260
a combination of doxycycline and ivermectin is adulticidal in dogs with naturally acquired heartworm disease (dirofilaria immitis).canine heartworm disease is caused by infection with dirofilaria immitis, a filarial nematode that resides in the pulmonary arteries and occasionally in the right heart chambers of infected dogs. here the authors evaluated the effect of a combination of doxycycline (10 mg/kg/sid for 30 days) and ivermectin–pyrantel(6g/kg of ivermectin+5mg/kg of pyrantel every 15 days for 180 days) on microfilariemia, antigenemia and parasite load at echocardiography in naturally infected dogs from an endemic reg ...201020144506
canine and feline vector-borne diseases in italy: current situation and perspectives.in italy, dogs and cats are at risk of becoming infected by different vector-borne pathogens, including protozoa, bacteria, and helminths. ticks, fleas, phlebotomine sand flies, and mosquitoes are recognized vectors of pathogens affecting cats and dogs, some of which (e.g., anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi, dipylidium caninum, leishmania infantum, dirofilaria immitis, and dirofilaria repens) are of zoonotic concern. recent studies have highlighted the potential of fleas as vectors ...201020145730
elimination of dirofilaria (syn. nochtiella) repens microfilariae in dogs with monthly treatments of moxidectin 2.5%/imidacloprid 10% (advocate, bayer) spot-on.elimination of microfilaria in dogs infected with zoonotic dirofilaria repens would be desirable to reduce further spread. moxidectin has demonstrated efficacy against microfilariae and safety in dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis and could be an option for controlling d. repens microfilariae. a field study with 64 dogs previously confirmed positive for d. repens microfilaria was conducted in hungary, in which a spot-on product (advocate, bayer) was tested. treatments were applied to 44 dogs ...201020165873
a single fluorescence-based lamp reaction for identifying multiple parasites in mosquitoes.vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and lymphatic filariasis, are co-endemic in large parts of the world. to develop a multiplex amplification method for the simultaneous detection of multiple insect-borne infectious diseases, we used lamp with fluorescently labeled primers to identify the spect2 gene of plasmodium berghei and the cytochrome oxidase subunit i gene of dirofilaria immitis in mosquitoes. this technique could detect as few as 100 p. berghei-infected red blood cell-equivalents or ...201020064511
what is your diagnosis? fine-needle aspirate from a subcutaneous mass in a dog. mixed neutrophilic-eosinophilic inflammation with dirofilaria fragments. 201020088843
autochthonous foci of canine and feline infections by dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens in central italy.this survey was conducted to investigate the presence of dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens in native dogs and cats living in an area of italy where animal and human dirofilarioses have been sporadically reported in the past few years. from may 2008 to march 2009 individual blood samples were collected from 300 native cats and 300 native dogs in the abruzzo region of central italy. all 600 samples were subjected to a knott modified method, to a test for the detection of circulating d. im ...201020097479
detection of wolbachia dna in blood from dogs infected with dirofilaria immitis.dirofilaria immitis is the causative agent of heartworm disease in canines and felines, and pulmonary dirofilariasis in man. it harbors a symbiotic intracellular bacterium from the genus wolbachia that plays an important role in its biology and contributes to the inflammatory pathology of the heartworm. this endosymbiont is sensitive to the tetracycline family of antibiotics prompting its use in the treatment of filariasis. to track wolbachia during treatment, primers were designed based on the ...201020457156
the complete mitochondrial genome of setaria digitata (nematoda: filarioidea): mitochondrial gene content, arrangement and composition compared with other nematodes.in the present study, we determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence (13,839bp) of parasitic nematode setaria digitata and its structure and organization compared with onchocerca volvulus, dirofilaria immitis and brugia malayi. the mt genome of s. digitata is slightly larger than the mt genomes of other filarial nematodes. s. digitata mt genome contains 36 genes (12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rnas and 2 ribosomal rnas) that are typically found in metazoans. this genome cont ...201020470833
highly sensitive multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection and discrimination of dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens in canine peripheral blood.dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens are the most common species of filarial nematodes described in the dogs with increasing spread into new geographical areas. the diagnosis of canine dirofilariosis is usually based upon the microscopical detection and identification of circulating microfilariae together with elisa detection of serum circulating heartworm antigens or antibodies. the identification of the parasite species using the traditional approaches sometimes can be difficult and can ...201020483540
seroprevalence of canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection in albania.blood samples from 260 dogs over 1 year of age from eight districts of the western part of albania (20 to 50 dogs per district) were collected in 1995 and 1996 and tested for circulating dirofilaria immitis antigen using the petchek htwm pf (idexx) elisa test kit. overall seroprevalence of d. immitis infection among these dogs was 13.5% (95% confidence interval = 9.3-17.6%), ranging from 5% to 30% between the districts of origin of the dogs. there was no difference for the seroprevalence of hear ...201020499095
morphological redescription of dirofilaria immitis.morphological descriptions of dirofilaria immitis are scarce. for this reason, we carried out morphological studies using both light and scanning electron microscopy for this filaroid species. morphometric and morphological data were compatible with previous descriptions of d. immitis , but several anatomical structures are described by scanning electron microscopy for the first time, such as details of the cuticular striations, positioning of amphids, visualization of anal and vulvar opening, d ...201020557193
production of monoclonal antibody against toxocara cati second-stage larvae and its application for the detection of circulating antigens.toxocariasis is an important zoonotic disease caused by the second-stage larvae of toxocara species. human toxocariasis is usually diagnosed by serological methods. we prepared monoclonal antibody specific for toxocara cati (t. cati) and performed the following experiments using this antibody to increase the sensitivity of our capture elisa for antigen detection. the isotype of monoclonal antibody was igg3. using this monoclonal antibody, a capture elisa was developed. the produced monoclonal an ...201020568996
incrimination of the mosquito, aedes taeniorhynchus, as the primary vector of heartworm, dirofilaria immitis, in coastal yucatan, mexico.mosquito collections were carried out on microfilaraemic dogs, positive for dirofilaria sp., for 18 consecutive nights in the coastal town of celestún, yucatan, southeast mexico, during the rainy season (august) of 2007. a total of 292 female mosquitoes representing 12 species of dipteran culicidae were collected: anopheles albimanus (wiedemann); anopheles crucians (wiedemann); anopheles pseudopunctipennis (theobald); culex coronator (dyar & knab); culex interrogator (dyar & knab); culex nigripa ...201020572932
adult dirofilaria immitis excretory/secretory antigens upregulate the production of prostaglandin e2 and downregulate monocyte transmigration in an "in vitro" model of vascular endothelial cell cultures.canine and feline cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis caused by dirofilaria immitis is a chronic and potentially fatal disease. adult worms live in the pulmonary arteries of infected immunocompetent hosts for years. the aim of the present study is the identification of the influence of the metabolic products (excretory/secretory antigens, die/s) of d. immitis on the vascular endothelial cells, because the vascular endothelium interplays in a direct manner with the parasite and their products. for thi ...201020338689
heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection in a leopard (panthera pardus pardus) housed in a zoological park in north-eastern italy.abstract: canine heartworm (chw) disease is now recognised as potential cause of serious disease in cats and other felids, especially in endemic areas. in march 2009, a 23-years-old male african leopard (panthera pardus pardus) housed in a zoological park located in the province of padova (veneto region), a chw endemic area of the north-eastern italy, died and was immediately necropsied. a cloth completely occluding the pyloric lumen was considered the presumptive cause of death. during necropsy ...201020377859
comparison of selected canine vector-borne diseases between urban animal shelter and rural hunting dogs in korea.abstract: a serological survey for dirofilaria immitis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia canis, and borrelia burgdorferi infections in rural hunting and urban shelter dogs mainly from southwestern regions of the republic of korea (south korea) was conducted. from a total of 229 wild boar or pheasant hunting dogs, the number of serologically positive dogs for any of the four pathogens was 93 (40.6%). the highest prevalence observed was d. immitis (22.3%), followed by a. phagocytophilum (18.8% ...201020377869
human pulmonary dirofilariasis: one more case in greece suggests that dirofilaria is a rather common cause of coin lesions in the lungs in endemic areas of europe.herein we describe a case of a 52 year-old male from greece who presented with a coin lesion in the right lung, which proved to be an infection from dirofilaria immitis. a careful review of the literature shows that, contrary to the common perception, humans may be frequently infected by dirofilaria species. for this reason the authors suggest that in every case which presents with a coin lesion in the lung in endemic areas, dirofilariasis should always be considered, and excluded before any oth ...201020378021
prevalence of dirofilaria immitis, ehrlichia canis, and borrelia burgdorferi in pet dogs, racing greyhounds, and shelter dogs in florida.arthropod vectors of canine infectious diseases are present throughout florida. since crowded housing has the potential to bring vectors and infected dogs into close proximity, it is possible that prevalence of infection is higher in intensely housed dogs. in this study, the seroprevalence of dirofilaria immitis, ehrlichia canis, and borrelia burgdorferi in dogs residing in two types of intensive housing, greyhound kennels and animal shelters, was compared to dogs residing in low-intensity housi ...201020399018
computed tomographic changes associated with the prepatent and early patent phase of dirofilariasis in an experimentally infected dog.evolution of pulmonary arterial and parenchymal changes as assessed with computed tomography (ct) is described in a dog experimentally infected with dirofilaria immitis. the dog was imaged 125, 168, 216, and 402 days after infection. initial changes during the prepatent phase of infection included enlargement of the peripheral caudal lobar pulmonary arteries and intermittent periarterial interstitial infiltrates. the changes were progressive, involving additional arteries over time, but remained ...201020402396
serological study of selected vector-borne diseases in shelter dogs in central spain using point-of-care assays.we evaluated the prevalence of selected vector-borne diseases in 131 dogs in an animal shelter in central spain using point-of-care assays (snap 4dx and snap leishmania; idexx laboratories, westbrook, me). the snap 4dx detects dirofilaria immitis (di) antigen and antibodies against ehrlichia canis (ec), borrelia burgdorferi (bb), and anaplasma phagocytophylum (aph); the snap leishmania kit detects antibodies against leishmania infantum (li). dogs were classified as healthy or sick based on physi ...201020420531
zoonotic dirofilaria immitis infections in a province of northern spain.dirofilaria immitis is the causal agent of canine and feline cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis. moreover, the existence of canine dirofilariasis implies a risk for human populations living in an endemic area in which, the parasite can cause pulmonary dirofilariasis. the spanish epidemiological situation is not well understood, lacking data from many central and northern provinces. in our study, epidemiological data on canine and human dirofilariasis for la rioja (northern spain) have been obtained ...201019619388
dirofilaria infections in working dogs in slovakia.a monitoring programme aimed at the diagnosis of subcutaneous dirofilariasis and heartworm disease in working (police and military) dogs in slovakia has been performed during the period of september 2007 to february 2008. in co-operation with the ministry of the interior and the ministry of defence, in total, 710 dogs (591 police dogs and 119 military dogs) were investigated for the presence of microfilariae in blood. all police and military dogs in active service held on the territory of slovak ...201019728899
dirofilaria immitis and trypanosoma cruzi natural co-infection in dogs.dirofilariasis (dirofilaria immitis) and american trypanosomiasis (trypanosoma cruzi) are zoonotic parasitic diseases affecting the hearts of a variety of mammalian host species, including dogs. in this study, some of the immunopathological characteristics of natural co-infection by these two parasites were compared with t. cruzi infection in dogs from mexico. antibody analysis in serum indicated significantly lower anti-t. cruzi igg levels in co-infected dogs (n = 4) compared to those with t. c ...201019836278
screening of microfilaricidal effects of plant extracts against dirofilaria immitis.canine dirofilariasis is a common tropical parasitic disease of companion animals, caused by infestation of dirofilaria immitis filarids within the pulmonary arteries and extending into the right heart. increased reports of adverse reactions elicited by current microfilaricidal agents against d. immitis such as neurological disorders, circulatory collapse and potential resistance against these agents, warrant the search for new agents in forms of plant extracts. the use of plant extracts in ther ...201019500810
canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) in fresno and madera counties, california: prevalence differences between foothill and valley habitats.the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of heartworm in domestic dogs in madera and fresno counties, california, dependent on habitat and other host and environmental factors. dogs were screened for presence of heartworm antigen using the petchek(®) elisa on blood samples (n=519) collected at seven sites during april-july 2009. eighteen dogs were heartworm antigen positive. pearson chi-square analyses were conducted testing the presence of heartworm antigen against the following indep ...201021051149
pcr detection of dirofilaria immitis in aedes aegypti and culex pipiens from urban temperate argentina.dirofilariasis, a mosquito-borne disease of dogs caused by the nematode dirofilaria immitis (leidy; spirurida: onchocercidae), has now become a growing zoonotic concern. based on direct microscopical observation, aedes aegypti (l.) and culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae) have been previously incriminated as potential vectors of d. immitis in urban temperate argentina. in this study, an effort was made to provide evidence for this assumption by screening of mosquitoes for d. immitis infection u ...201021072539
spontaneous pneumothorax in a dog secondary to dirofilaria immitis infection.a 5-year-old female spayed labrador retriever dog was referred to the louisiana state university veterinary teaching hospital for treatment of pneumothorax. thoracic radiographs and computed tomography showed spontaneous pneumothorax, thoracic lymphadenopathy, pulmonary hypertension, and multifocal pulmonary bulla lesions. at surgery, numerous adult nematodes protruded from the parenchyma of the left caudal and accessory lung lobes and pulmonary arteries. on histopathology, multiple adult filari ...201021088191
epidemiology of canine heartworm in its southern distribution limit in south america: risk factors, inter-annual trend and spatial patterns.this study was aimed at understanding some aspects of the canine heartworm epidemiology in the southern distribution limit of the parasite in south america. with this objective, 19,298 blood samples of owned dogs from 65 localities of 13 municipalities of buenos aires province were tested for dirofilaria immitis circulating microfilariae and/or female antigens. the overall heartworm prevalence was 1.63% by microhematocrit tube technique (n=19,136), 3.65% by modified knott (n=713), and 14.41% by ...201021093157
performance of a commercially available in-clinic elisa for the detection of antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia canis, and borrelia burgdorferi and dirofilaria immitis antigen in dogs.to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available in-clinic elisa for detection of heartworm infection and tick-borne diseases in dogs.201021117995
understanding feline heartworm infection: disease, diagnosis, and treatment.feline heartworm disease is a very different clinical entity from canine heartworm disease. in cats, the arrival and death of immature heartworms in the pulmonary arteries can cause coughing and dyspnea as early as 3 months postinfection. adult heartworms suppress the function of pulmonary intravascular macrophages and thus reduce clinical disease in chronic feline heartworm infection. approximately 80% of asymptomatic cats self-cure. median survival time for symptomatic cats is 1.5 years, or 4 ...201021147476
ivermectin and milbemycin oxime in experimental adult heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection of dogs.the us food and drug administration reports an increase in the frequency of reports of lack of effectiveness claims for heartworm (hw) prevention products.201021155893
wolbachia infection and mitochondrial diversity in the canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis).many species of filarial nematodes are infected with wolbachia pipientis, a maternally inherited endosymbiont. in addition to manipulating host reproduction, these bacteria also affect the evolution of the mitochondrial dna with which they are transmitted. selective sweeps can establish a single mitochondrial lineage within a wolbachia-infected population and purge genetic diversity. while this phenomenon has been studied in insect model systems, it has not been thoroughly examined in a filarial ...201021171866
evaluation of a new in-clinic method for the detection of canine heartworm antigen.canine heartworm is endemic in many parts of the world, and veterinarians rely on rapid in-clinic antigen tests to screen for this infection. recently, an in-clinic, instrument-based rotor employing a colloidal gold agglutination immunoassay was launched in the marketplace (vetscan vs2(®) canine heartworm (hw) antigen test kit; abaxis, inc.). because of the widespread use of heartworm prevention and possible false negative test results in dogs with low heartworm burdens, the performance of the v ...201021211910
aedes vexans and culex pipiens as the potential vectors of dirofilaria immitis in central turkey.this study was carried out to investigate the potential vectors and relative mosquito infection rates of dirofilaria immitis throughout two mosquito seasons (2008-2009) in kayseri province where is located in central anatolian part of turkey. for this aim, totally 1198 genomic dna pools, extracted and grouped according to the species and collection site (1-17 specimens/pool) from 6153 mosquito specimens, were examined by pcr using species-specific primers for d. immitis. the captured mosquitoes ...201021232866
prevalence of infectious diseases in cats and dogs rescued following hurricane katrina.to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases of animal and zoonotic importance in cats and dogs rescued and transferred from the gulf coast region following hurricane katrina.201121281213
can heartworm prevalence in dogs be used as provisional data for assessing the prevalence of the infection in cats?cats are considered a susceptible host for dirofilaria immitis; however, increased host resistance is reflected by relatively low adult worm burdens in natural and experimental infections; the prolonged prepatent period (8 months); the low level and short duration of microfilaremia; and the short life span of adult worms (2-3 years). from april to september 2006, 212 cats and 608 dogs, all exposed for at least one transmission season, were screened for d. immitis infection in a multi-center stud ...201121292401
evaluation of lung pathology in dirofilaria immitis-experimentally infected dogs treated with doxycycline or a combination of doxycycline and ivermectin before administration of melarsomine dihydrochloride.adulticide therapy in heartworm (dirofilaria immitis)-infected dogs can lead to thromboembolism, which can seriously compromise post-treatment health status. lung pathology following adulticide therapy was evaluated in three groups of experimentally infected dogs. group 1 was treated with doxycycline at 20 mg/kg per os once daily for 30 days post infection followed by an intramuscular injection of melarsomine dihydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg) at week 12, followed 1 month later by two injections 24 h a ...201121292403
geographical information systems as a tool in the control of heartworm infections in dogs and cats.geospatial tools (e.g., geographical information systems, remote sensing, global positioning systems, and virtual globes) are very useful for the simultaneous visualization of health data with environmental data, which holds promise to understand environmental-health linkages and to generate new hypotheses to be tested in future research. current epidemiological studies clearly show that the distribution patterns of vector-borne infections are changing; for example, in europe, heartworm infectio ...201121292404
prevalence of dirofilaria immitis infection in living raccoon dogs assessed by hematological examination.the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis in free-ranging raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) was examined in the southeast region of kanagawa prefecture, japan, using a rapid immunomigration (rim) test kit. between april 2007 and march 2010, we examined 108 raccoon dogs rescued and housed by the kanazawa zoological garden. d. immitis infection was found in 8 (7.4%) raccoon dogs. this is the first report to reveal the prevalence of d. immitis infection in living raccoon dogs. the prev ...201121293077
comparative efficacy of four commercially available heartworm preventive products against the mp3 laboratory strain of dirofilaria immitis.a controlled laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four commercial products administered as a single treatment for the prevention of heartworm disease caused by dirofilaria immitis in dogs. forty-four commercially sourced beagle dogs, 6-7 months of age, were received at the test site (auburn university, department of pathobiology) on study day (sd) -72 to begin acclimation. on sd -30, each dog was inoculated subcutaneously with 100 infective, third-stage d. immitis larvae (m ...201121295409
correlation between loss of efficacy of macrocyclic lactone heartworm anthelmintics and p-glycoprotein genotype.macrocyclic lactone (ml) molecules have been used for heartworm control for more than 25 years. however, in recent years, there have been reports of loss of efficacy of ml heartworm preventatives against dirofilaria immitis in some locations in the united states. macrocyclic lactone resistance is a common problem in nematode parasites of livestock, and more recently, evidence of ivermectin resistance has been reported in the human filarial nematode onchocerca volvulus. in this study, four d. imm ...201121300438
changing climate and changing vector-borne disease distribution: the example of dirofilaria in europe.climatic changes, together with an increase in the movement of dogs across europe, have caused an increase in the geographical range of dirofilaria infections. the present paper is focuses on northeastern european countries, where survey data have shown an increase of dirofilaria repens infections both in animals and humans. a growing degree day-based forecast model has been developed to predict the occurrence. the model is based on evidence that there is a threshold of 14 °c below which dirofil ...201121300439
current prevalence of dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats and humans from the island of gran canaria, spain.the island of gran canaria is a hyperendemic area for canine dirofilariasis. the aim of the present study was to provide data on dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats, and humans on this island in 2010. the data confirms the prevalence in the overall canine population (19%), with a considerably higher prevalence (43%) in the autochthonous breed of canarian warren hound. the prevalence in the feline population (33%) is higher than that of the canine population, and the existence of specific d. immiti ...201121310532
attributes, knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors relating to prevention of heartworm in dogs among members of a national hunting dog club.the food and drug administration center for veterinary medicine (fda/cvm) has cited an increasing number of reports of failure of heartworm prophylaxis in dogs. failures may be due to resistance of l(3)-l(4) stage dirofilaria immitis to the macrocyclic lactone class of compounds used for prophylaxis, lack of compliance with and understanding of administration of prophylactics, individual differences in drug absorption or metabolism, or a combination of these factors. using the latest scientific ...201121310533
genetic polymorphism in dirofilaria immitis.dirofilaria immitis is the causative agent of heartworm disease. reports of macrocyclic lactone inefficacy prompted an investigation of genetic polymorphism in d. immitis. currently, there is a lack of genetic information for this parasite. information on baseline levels of genetic heterogeneity in the dog heartworm would have important implications for the possible development of macrocyclic lactone resistance in d. immitis. genetic variability was investigated to assess the extent of genetic p ...201121310534
dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs: cardiopulmonary biomarker levels.cardiopulmonary biomarkers are biological parameters that can be objectively measured and quantified as indicators of pathogenic processes (heartworm disease) or as indicators of response to therapeutic intervention. to determine levels of cardiopulmonary biomarkers in canine dirofilariasis, measurements of cardiac troponin t, cardiac troponin i, myoglobin, and d-dimer concentrations were performed for dogs with and without evidence of adult heartworm infection. the results showed that levels of ...201121310535
structural and ultrastructural changes in the lungs of cats felis catus (linnaeus, 1758) experimentally infected with d. immitis (leidy, 1856).clinical signs are seldom observed in feline heartworm disease, and the pathophysiological changes in the lungs of infected animals remain undefined. the goal of this study was to evaluate the structural and ultrastructural changes in the lungs of cats experimentally infected with dirofilaria immitis. six healthy cats were each infected with two adult heartworms by intravenous transplantation (receptor group, rg). the control group consisted of two uninfected animals kept under the same conditio ...201121324593
renal effects of dirofilaria immitis in experimentally and naturally infected cats.canine heartworm infection has been associated with glomerular disease and proteinuria. we hypothesized that proteinuria, likely due to glomerular damage, would also be found in cats experimentally and naturally infected with dirofilaria immitis. two populations of cats were evaluated, including 80 that were each experimentally infected with 60 infective heartworm larvae as part of a drug safety study, and 31 that were naturally infected with d. immitis. each had a control population with which ...201121324603
identification and characterization of the cofactor-independent phosphoglycerate mutases of dirofilaria immitis and its wolbachia endosymbiont.drug treatments for heartworm disease have not changed significantly in the last decade. due to concerns about possible drug resistance and their lower efficacy against adult worms, there is a need for the development of new antifilarial drug therapies. the recent availability of genomic sequences for the related filarial parasite brugia malayi and its wolbachia endosymbiont enables genome-wide searching for new drug targets. phosphoglycerate mutase (pgm) enzymes catalyze the critical isomerizat ...201121324604
diagnostic, treatment, and prevention protocols for feline heartworm infection in animal sheltering agencies.cats are at risk for heartworm infection (dirofilaria immitis) wherever the disease is endemic in dogs. diagnosis is more difficult in cats, and little information is available regarding effective palliative and curative treatments for infected cats. in contrast to the challenges of diagnosis and treatment, chemoprophylaxis is highly effective, and current guidelines call for preventive medications to be administered to all cats in endemic areas. the purpose of this study was to survey feline he ...201121330060
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