Publications

transformation of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) through electroporation of protoplasts.	protoplasts isolated from embryogenic suspension cultures of wheat (triticum aestivum cv. hartog) were electroporated in the presence of plasmid pemugn and/or pemupat, which contained the reporter gene gus and selectable marker gene bar, respectively. under optimised electroporation conditions, up to 0.9% of viable protoplasts displayed gus activity two days after electroporation. to select for phosphinothricin (ppt) resistant colonies, electroporated protoplasts were incubated for six weeks in ...	1994	24192893
rflp markers associated with sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7a of bread wheat and the diploid species triticum boeoticum.	analysis of the bread wheat variety schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified rflp markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7a carrying the sr22 gene derived from the diploid species t. boeoticum. the distribution of the rflp markers indicated that at least 50% of 7as and 80% of 7al in schomburgk is of t. boeoticum origin. evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an f2 population segregating for sr22 demonstra ...	1994	24178122
quantitative-genetic analysis of reciprocal crosses between a winter and a spring cultivar of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	the winter wheat cultivar sakhalin (parent a) and the spring wheat cultivar khush-hal (parent b), assumed to be both nuclear-genetically and plasmotypically different, were reciprocally crossed and the f1 generation of the reciprocals backcrossed to either parent. the populations (axb)f1, (axb)f2, [(axb)f1xa]f1 and [(axb)f1xb]f1, and their reciprocals (bxa)f1, (bxa)f2, [(bxa)f1xa]f1 and [(bxa)f1xb]f1, assumed to have the plasmotypes of the parents a and b respectively, were spring sown in the sa ...	1994	24178121
diallel analysis to predict heterosis and combining ability for grain yield, yield components and bread-making quality in bread wheat (t. aestivum).	combining ability for grain yield, yield components, and several agronomic and qualitative traits, was studied in a seven-parent diallel cross. the 21 f1 hybrids and the seven parental cultivars were grown in replicated plot trials sown at normal seed density in three locations in the years 1992 and 1993. the effects of general combining ability (gca) were highly significant for all the traits measured with the exception of seeds per spikelet, while the specific combining ability (sca) effects w ...	1994	24178113
association of a dna marker with hessian fly resistance gene h9 in wheat.	the hessian fly [mayetiola destructor (say)] is a major pest of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and genetic resistance has been used effectively over the past 30 years to protect wheat against serious damage by the fly. to-date, 25 hessian fly resistance genes, designated h1 to h25, have been identified in wheat. with near-isogenic wheat lines differing for the presence of an individual hessian fly resistance gene, in conjunction with random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis and denaturing ...	1994	24178111
genetic mapping in the 1r.1d wheat-rye translocated chromosomes.	translocation chromosomes 1r.1d5+10−1 and 1r.1d5+10−2 were produced to improve bread-making quality in triticale and to manipulate the dosage of the glu-d1 gene in wheat. they involve transfers of segments of the long arm of chromosome 1d of bread wheat to the long arm of rye chromosome 1r. the translocated long arms of the chromosomes were mapped genetically in wheat and triticale using polymorphism for c-banding patterns, allelic variation of the glu-d1 gene, and a telocentric chro ...	1994	18470135
use of a gouy-chapman-stern model for membrane-surface electrical potential to interpret some features of mineral rhizotoxicity.	a consideration of mineral toxicity to roots only in terms of ion activities in the rooting medium can be misleading. a gouy-chapman-stern model, by which relative ion activities at cell-membrane surfaces may be estimated, has been applied to problems of mineral rhizotoxicity, including the toxicity of al3+, la3+, h+, na+, and seo42-, to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) roots. the gouy-chapman portion of the model is expressed in the grahame equation, which relates the charge density ([sigma]) and e ...	1994	12232433
the 7[prime]-methyl group of abscisic acid is critical for biological activity in wheat embryo germination.	wheat (triticum aestivum l.) embryo germination is inhibited by natural (s)-(+)-abscisic acid (aba). in this report we have determined critical structural features of the aba molecule, particularly the methyl and ketone groups of the aba ring, required for inhibitory activity. to examine the ring residues a series of new optically active aba analogs have been synthesized in which the 4[prime]-keto, 7[prime]-, 8[prime]-, or 8[prime]- and 9[prime]-carbons have been replaced with hydrogen atoms. ea ...	1994	12232408
[electrophoretic analysis of buckwheat flour compared with regular wheat flour].	the composition of the alcohol soluble proteins (prolamins) obtained from buckwheat meal and common wheat flour by two procedures were analysed by electrophoresis at ph 3.1 and, after dissociation, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate at ph 8. the profiles obtained from the prolamin fraction of buckwheat were very different, qualitatively and quantitatively, from those of the prolamin of common wheat. it is probable therefore that the adverse effects associated with the presence of wheat g ...	1994	8984969
reduction by fluoranthene of copper and lead accumulation in triticum aestivum l.		1994	7881214
comparison of genetic and physical maps of group 7 chromosomes from triticum aestivum l.	we present a high density physical map of homoeologous group 7 chromosomes from triticum aestivum l. using a series of 54 deletion lines, 6 random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers and 91 cdna or genomic dna clones from wheat, barley and oat. so far, 51 chromosome segments have been distinguished by molecular markers, and 54 homoeoloci have been allocated among chromosomes 7a, 7b and 7d. the linear order of molecular markers along the chromosomes is almost identical in the a- b- and d-gen ...	1994	7808416
a partial genome assay for quantitative trait loci in wheat (triticum aestivum) using different analytical techniques.	f1 plants between two intervarietal chromosome substitution lines of european spring wheat varieties, 'sicco' ('chinese spring 5b') and 'highbury' ('chinese spring 5b'), were used to produce 114 doubled haploid lines, 45 by the hordeum bulbosum technique and 69 by anther culture. these two sets of lines were characterized for variation at a range of morphological, isozyme and rflp marker loci, and genetic maps were developed with emphasis on chromosomes 6b, 7a, 7b and 7d. a subset of lines, scor ...	1994	24178019
an n-band marker for gene lr18 for resistance to leaf rust in wheat.	the leaf rust resistance gene, lr18, of common wheat cultivars has been derived from triticum timopheevi and is located on chromosome arm 5bl. chromosome banding (n-banding) analyses revealed that in the wheat cultivars carrying lr18 that were examined, which had been bred in 6 different countries, chromosome arm 5bl possessed a specific terminal band not carried by their susceptible parental cultivars. it was suggested that this terminal n-band was introduced from t. timopheevi together with lr ...	1994	24177942
hybrids and backcross progenies between wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and apomictic australian wheatgrass [elymus rectisetus (nees in lehm.) a. löve & connor]: karyotypic and genomic analyses.	wheat (triticum aestivum l., 2n = 6x = 42, aabbdd) florets were emasculated and pollinated using two apomictic wheatgrass [elymus rectisetus (nees in lehm.) a. love & connor, 2n = 6x = 42, ssyyww] accessions, one of which produces 2n pollen. a 2n = 42 (bii) hybrid and four 2n = 63 (b iii) hybrids were obtained. the spike morphology of the b ii hybrid was intermediate to that of its parents. the pollen mother cells (pmcs) of this hybrid contained on average 38.361 and 1.62 ii, which was consisten ...	1994	24177936
transformation of protoplasts and intact cells from slowly growing embryogenic callus of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	a procedure for culturing protoplasts from slowly growing embryogenic calli of wheat was developed. the procedure was dependent on the ability to isolate large numbers of culturable protoplasts from slowly growing embryogenic callus. approximately 68% of the isolated protoplasts divided, and 22% formed colonies; of the latter, 67% continued to proliferate. plating efficiency was reduced when protoplasts were transformed by polythylene glycol, electroporation, and/or agrobacterium. intact cells w ...	1994	24177933
durum wheat haploid production using maize wide-crossing.	while anther culture or pollinations with hordeum bulbosum have provided suitable methods for haploid production in bread wheat, they have been largely unsuccessful in durum wheat. pollinations with maize were used in an attempt to produce haploid seedlings and, from these, fertile doubled haploids of durum wheats. moreover, the effect of various concentrations and combinations of a synthetic auxin, 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), kinetin, and an ethylene inhibitor, silver nitrate (agno ...	1994	24177930
analysis of remote reflection spectroscopy to monitor plant health.	remote non-contact reflection spectroscopy is examined as a method for detecting stress in controlled ecological life support system celss type crops. lettuce (lactuca [correction of latuca] sativa l. cv. waldmans green) and wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. yecora rojo) were grown hydroponically. copper and zinc treatments provided toxic conditions. nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium treatments were used for deficiency conditions. water stress was also induced in test plants. reflectance spectr ...	1994	11540181
light and scanning electron microscopy of greenbug aphid damage in wheat using the same section.	a method has been developed to enable correlative light microscopy (lm) and scanning electron microscopy (sem) on the same section of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) leaves infested by greenbug aphids (schizaphis graminum rondani). segments of infested leaf tissue were fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and affixed to slides by standard histological techniques. serial sections were viewed by lm as temporary mounts in xylene. sections of interest were identified and re-embedded in fingernail po ...	1994	7703305
hormonal and environmental responsiveness of a developmentally regulated protein repair l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in wheat.	the l-isoaspartyl protein methyltransferase (ec 2.1.1.77) has been proposed to be involved in the repair of spontaneously damaged proteins by facilitating the conversion of abnormal l-isoaspartyl residues to normal l-aspartyl residues. based on the abundance of this enzyme in the seeds of a variety of plants and its unique substrate specificity, it has been hypothesized that it functions to prevent the accumulation of abnormal aspartyl residues in the proteins of aging seeds that can limit the v ...	1994	7929264
chromosomal location of genes controlling short-term and long-term somatic embryogenesis in wheat revealed by immature embryo culture of aneuploid lines.	the expression of essential genes during somatic embryogenesis can be analysed by inducing aneuploid cells to undergo embryogenesis during immature embryo culture and then determining whether defects occur. triticum aestivum disomic and aneuploid stocks, including 36 ditelosomics and 7 nullitetrasomic 'chinese spring' wheats, were compared for their ability to undergo somatic embryogenesis after 2 months of in vitro immature embryo culture. their regeneration capacity was observed after 4 and 14 ...	1994	24177852
sister chromatid exchanges in cultured immature embryos of wheat species and regenerants.	immature embryos of triticum aestivum (ten cultivars and lines), t. durum, t. dicoccum and t. monococcum were cultured in vitro on ms medium supplemented with 1 or 2 mg/l of 2,4-d and 20 or 30 g/l of sucrose for 3 days and processed to score sister chromatid exchanges (sces) per chromosome. media components affect dna replication from the start of the culture. the sce frequencies were dependent on the genotype and were not correlated with the degree of ploidy. they increased after doubling of th ...	1994	24177843
determination of the frequency of wheat-rye chromosome pairing in wheat x rye hybrids with and without chromosome 5b.	genomic in-situ hybridization (gish) was used to determine the amount of wheat-rye chromosome pairing in wheat (triticum aestivum) x rye (secale cereale) hybrids having chromosome 5b present, absent, or replaced by an extra dose of chromosome 5d. the levels of overall chromosome pairing were similar to those reported earlier but the levels of wheat-rye pairing were higher than earlier determinations using c-banding. significant differences in chromosome pairing were found between the three genot ...	1994	24177837
waxy protein deficiency and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat.	deficiency of the wheat waxy (wx) proteins (wx-a1, wx-b1 and wx-d1) was studied in 1,960 cultivars derived from several countries. gel electrophoretic analyses revealed that the null allele for the wx-a1 protein occurred frequently in korean, japanese and turkish wheats but was relatively rare in cultivars from other countries and regions. about 48% of the wheats deficient for the wx-b1 protein were from australia and india. one chinese cultivar lacked the wxd1 protein. while 9 japanese cultivar ...	1994	24177825
metaphase i-bound arms frequency and genome analysis in wheat-aegilops hybrids. 3. similar relationships between the b genome of wheat and s or s (l) genomes of ae. speltoides, ae. longissima and ae. sharonensis.	the meiotic behaviour of triticum aestivum × aegilops speltoides, t. aestivum × ae. sharonensis and t. aestivum × ae. longissima tetraploid hybrids (genome constitution abds, abds (l) , and abds (l) , respectively) has been analysed by the c-banding technique. of the six types of pairing normally occurring, at metaphase i three were recognized: a-d, ad-bs/ad-bs (l) and b-s/b-s (l) . the relative order observed in the low pairing hybrid, a-d> b-s (l) >ad-bs (l) , as well as that found in high-pai ...	1994	24186260
genetic analysis of carbon isotope discrimination and agronomic characters in a bread wheat cross.	carbon isotope discrimination (δ) has been suggested as a selection criterion to improve transpiration efficiency (w) in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). cultivars 'chinese spring' with low a (high w) and 'yecora rojo' with high δ (low w) were crossed to develop f1, f2, bc1, and bc2 populations for genetic analysis of δ and other agronomic characters under well-watered (wet) and water-stressed (dry) field conditions. significant variation was observed among the generations for δ only under th ...	1994	24186257
genetic diversity in european wheat and spelt breeding material based on rflp data.	fifty-two winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.), nine spring wheat, and 20 spelt (triticum spelta l.) lines representing part of the european breeding germplasm, were assayed for rflps (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) with 56 wheat dna clones and two barley cdna clones. objectives of this study were to (1) determine the level of variation for rflps in the wheat and spelt breeding lines, (2) characterize the genetic diversity within the european winter wheat germplasm, and (3) evaluate t ...	1994	24186253
identification of wheat-agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by rflp analysis using a set of assigned wheat dna probes.	a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled dna method was used successfully to identify rflp markers in 54 triticum aestivum cv 'chinese spring' - agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome pppp) p-genome monosomic addition lines. southern analysis using a set of 14 dna probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes hindiii and ecori, indicated that six a. cristatum chromosomes (1p, 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p and 6p) and five a. cristatum chromosome arms (2ps, 2pl, 5pl, 6ps a ...	1994	24177772
differential exudation of polypeptides by roots of aluminum-resistant and aluminum-sensitive cultivars of triticum aestivum l. in response to aluminum stress.	cultivars of triticum aestivum differing in resistance to al were grown under aseptic conditions in the presence and absence of al and polypeptides present in root exudates were collected, concentrated, and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. upon exposure to 100 and 200 [mu]m al, root elongation in al-sensitive cultivars was reduced by 30 and 65%, respectively, whereas root elongation in resistant cultivars was reduced by only 15 and 30%. accumulation of polyp ...	1994	12232313
high-resolution cytological mapping of the long arm of chromosome 5a in common wheat using a series of deletion lines induced by gametocidal (gc) genes of aegilops speltoides.	gametocidal (gc) genes of aegilops in the background of the wheat genome lead to breakage of wheat chromosomes. the q gene of wheat was used as a marker to select 19 deletion lines for the long arm of chromosome 5a of common wheat, triticum aestivum cv. chinese spring (cs). the extents of deleted segments were cytologically estimated by the c-banding technique. the dnas of deletion lines were hybridized with 22 dna probes recognizing sites on the long arm of the chromosome (5al) to determine the ...	1994	8058036
pcr analysis to distinguish between alleles of a member of a multigene family correlated with wheat bread-making quality.	good or poor wheat bread-making quality is associated with two allelic pairs at theglu-d1 complex locus, designated 1dx5-1dy10 and 1dx2-1dy12, respectively. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) verified the presence of the hmw-glutenin 1dx5 gene from genomic dna extracted from part of the endosperm of a single dry seed, or a small amount of leaf or root tissue, of several bread-wheat cultivars. this easy, quick, and non-destructive pcr-based approach is proposed as a very efficient and safe alter ...	1994	24186174
inward-rectifying k+ channels in root hairs of wheat (a mechanism for aluminum-sensitive low-affinity k+ uptake and membrane potential control).	k+ is the most abundant cation in cells of higher plants, and it plays vital roles in plant growth and development. extensive studies on the kinetics of k+ uptake in roots have shown that k+ uptake is mediated by at least two transport mechanisms, one with a high and one with a low affinity for k+. however, the precise molecular mechanisms of k+ uptake from soils into root epidermal cells remain unknown. in the present study we have pursued the biophysical identification and characterization of ...	1994	12232295
wali6 and wali7. genes induced by aluminum in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) roots.		1994	7972509
an nadh nitrate reductase gene copy appears to have been deleted in barley.	cultivated barley,hordeum vulgare l., has a single nadh nitrate reductase (nr) gene while diploid wheat,triticum monococcum, and cultivated hexaploid wheat,triticum aestivum l., have two nadh nr genes. to determine whether the nadh nr gene was duplicated since the divergence oftriticum fromhordeum or was deleted from barley, thet. monococcum nadh nr gene heme-hinge regions were sequenced and compared with the barley nadh nr gene sequence. sequence identity and phylogenetic analyses showed that o ...	1994	24186114
leaf emergence of spring wheat receiving varying nitrogen supply at different stages of development.	we examined effects of nitrogen (n) supply on leaf emergence of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grown in sand with nutrient solution containing different n concentrations (9no3: 1nh4). in expt 1, the cultivar 'gamenya' received nutrient solution twice weekly containing a constant n supply ranging from 50 to 2400 microm n. in expts 2 and 3, cultivars 'aroona' and 'gamenya' were irrigated hourly with nutrient solution containing either low (l = 50 micrrom n) or high (h = 2000 microm n) n suppl ...	1994	19700456
molecular variation in chloroplast dna regions in ancestral species of wheat.	restriction map variation in two 5-6-kb chloroplast dna regions of five diploid aegilops species in the section sitopsis and two wild tetraploid wheats, triticum dicoccoides and triticum araraticum, was investigated with a battery of four-cutter restriction enzymes. a single accession each of triticum durum, triticum timopheevi and triticum aestivum was included as a reference. more than 250 restriction sites were scored, of which only seven sites were found polymorphic in aegilops speltoides. n ...	1994	7916310
chromosome assignment of four photosynthesis-related genes and their variability in wheat species.	copy numbers of four photosynthesis-related genes, phya, ppc, rbcs and lhcb1 (*)1, in wheat genomes were estimated by slot-blot analysis, and these genes were assigned to the chromosome arms of common wheat by southern hybridization of dna from an aneuploid series of the cultivar chinese spring. the copy number of phya was estimated to be one locus per haploid genome, and this gene was assigned to chromosomes 4al, 4bs and 4ds. the ppc gene showed a low copy number of small multigenes, and was lo ...	1994	24186023
the influence of the rye genome on the accumulation of hsp18 and hsp70 transcripts in a wheat genetic background.	the influence of the rye genome on the accumulation of hsp18 and hsp70 transcripts in a wheat genetic background was examined in the wheat/rye hybrid triticale (triticum aestivum cv chinese spring x secale cereale cv imperial). to quantify the amount of transcript accumulation in wheat, rye, triticale, and in the disomic and the ditelosomic rye addition lines to wheat, we used two independant methods, namely (1) northern dot-blot hybridizations and (2) an exami-nation of the in-vitro translation ...	1994	24186010
genetics of adult-plant leaf-rust resistance in four indian and two australian bread wheat cultivars.	genetic studies for leaf-rust resistance were conducted on four indian (cpan1235, hd2135, hp1209, and vl404) and two australian (csp44 and oxley) bread wheat cultivars. the f2 and f3 plants from their crosses with each other and with susceptible cultivar agra local were tested against a mixture of pathotypes 77-1 and 77-2 (variants of race 77). disease scores on f1's from resistant/susceptible parent crosses indicated partial dominance of resistance in these wheats. the six cultivars have two ad ...	1994	18470088
incorporation of label from 13c-, 2h-, and 15n-labeled methionine molecules during the biosynthesis of 2[prime]-deoxymugineic acid in roots of wheat.	the biosynthetic pathway of 2[prime]-deoxymugineic acid, a key phytosiderophore, was investigated by feeding 13c-, 2h-, and 15n-labeled methionine, the first precursor, to the roots of hydroponically cultured wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv minori). the incorporation of label from each methionine species was observed during their conversion to 2[prime]-deoxymugineic acid, using 2h-, 15n-, and 13c-nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr). l-[1-13c]methionine (99% 13c) was efficiently incorporated, resulti ...	1994	12232228
new 18s.26s ribosomal rna gene loci: chromosomal landmarks for the evolution of polyploid wheats.	three new 18s.26s rrna gene loci were identified in common wheat by sequential n-banding and in situ hybridization (ish) analysis. locus nor-a7 is located at the terminal area of the long arm of 5a in both diploid and polyploid wheats. locus nor-b6 is located in n-band 1bl2.5 of the long arm of chromosome 1b in triticum turgidum and triticum aestivum. ish sites, similar to nor-b6, were also detected on the long arms of chromosomes 1g in triticum timopheevii and 1s in aegilops speltoides, but the ...	1994	7924620
pcr analysis of genes encoding allelic variants of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits at the glu-d1 locus.	genes encoding high-molecular-weight (hmw) glutenin subunits, present in bread-wheat lines and cultivars, were studied by rflp (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and pcr (polymerase chain reaction) analyses. in particular, allelic subunits of the x-or y-type, encoded at the glu-d1 locus present on the long arm of chromosome 1d, were investigated. the variation in size, observed in different allelic subunits, is mainly due to variation in the length of the central repetitive domain, typic ...	1994	24185923
phosphorylation of a renatured protein from etiolated wheat leaf protoplasts is modulated by blue and red light.	red-light irradiation of etiolated wheat (triticum aestivum l.) leaf protoplasts rapidly increases calcium-dependent phosphorylation in vivo of 70- and 60-kd peptides, and the phosphorylation is attenuated by simultaneous far-red light (k.m. fallon, p.s. shacklock, a.j. trewavas [1993] plant physiology 101:1039-1045). when these protoplasts were solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate and protein kinase was renatured in situ after gel electrophoresis, a single 60-kd protein kinase was detected. in ...	1994	12232200
voltage-dependent ca2+ influx into right-side-out plasma membrane vesicles isolated from wheat roots: characterization of a putative ca2+ channel.	we report on the identification of a voltage-dependent ca2+ transport system that mediates ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane (pm) of wheat (triticum aestivum) root cells. the experimental approach involved the imposition of transmembrane electrical potentials (via k+ diffusion potentials) in populations of purified, right-side-out pm vesicles isolated from wheat roots. using 45ca2+ to quantify ca2+ influx into the pm vesicles, the voltage-dependent characteristics of ca2+ transport were fou ...	1994	8159772
transfer of ph (i) genes promoting homoeologous pairing from triticum speltoides to common wheat.	diploid-like chromosome pairing in polyploid wheat is controlled by several ph (pairing homoeologous) genes with major and minor effects. homoeologous pairing occurs in either the absence of these genes or their inhibition by genes from other species (ph (i) genes). we transferred ph (i) genes from triticum speltoides (syn aegilops speltoides) to t. aestivum, and on the basis of further analysis it appears that two duplicate and independent ph (i) genes were transferred. since ph (i) genes are e ...	1994	24185888
effect of gliadins and hmw and lmw subunits of glutenin on dough properties in the f6 recombinant inbred lines from a bread wheat cross.	the storage proteins of 64 f2-derived f6 recombinant inbred lines (rils) from the bread wheat cross 'prinqual'/'marengo' were analyzed. parents differed at four loci: gli-b1 (coding for gliadins), glu-b1 (coding for hmw glutenin subunits), glu-a3/gli-a1 (coding for lmw glutenin subunits/gliadins) and glu-d3 (coding for lmw glutenin subunits). the effect of allelic variation at these loci on tenacity, extensibility and dough strength as measured by the chopin alveograph was determined. allelic di ...	1994	24185886
wheat chromosome 2d carries genes controlling the activity of two dna-degrading enzymes.	dna-degrading enzymes of 24.0 kda and 27.0 kda were observed to have different activities in two common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars, 'wichita' and 'cheyenne'. a substrate-based sds-page assay revealed that these two enzymes were much more active in 'wichita' than in 'cheyenne'. genes controlling the activities of these two enzymes were localized on chromosome 2d by testing dna-degrading activities in reciprocal chromosome substitution lines between 'wichita' and 'cheyenne'. while the ...	1994	24185878
interactions between the scs and vi genes in alloplasmic durum wheat.	two nuclear genes, vitality (vi) on an a- or b-genome chromosome and species cytoplasm specific (scs) on a 1dl telosome from triticum aestivum l. or a telosome from aegilops uniaristata vis. (un telosome), improved compatibility between the nucleus of triticum turgidum l. var. durum and the cytoplasm of ae. longissima s. &m. or ae. uniaristata. to study interactions between vi and scs and to determine the chromosomal location of vi, 29-chromosome fertile plants were crossed with 13 d-genome diso ...	1994	18470070
in vitro analysis of light-induced transcription in the wheat psbd/c gene cluster using plastid extracts from dark-grown and short-term-illuminated seedlings.	we describe a plastid in vitro transcription system that reflects characteristic features of the light-regulated transcription observed in vivo. multiple transcripts of the wheat (triticum aestivum) psbd/c gene cluster comprise six distinct 5[prime] ends including four transcription initiation sites designated as d/c-1 through d/c-4. transcripts from one particular site, d/c-3, were found to be conspicuously enhanced in abundance after 4 h of illumination in vivo. the plastid extract prepared fr ...	1994	12232165
purification and properties of cystathionine [gamma]-synthase from wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	cysthathionine [gamma]-synthase (cs), an enzyme involved in methionine biosynthesis, was purified from an acetone powder prepared from wheat (triticum aestivum l.). after several chromatographic steps and radiolabeling of the partially purified enzyme with sodium cyanoboro[3h]hydride, a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 34,500 was isolated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-high performance electrophoresis chromatography. since the molecular weight of the native enzyme was 155,000, cs apparen ...	1994	12232160
amplification of dna sequences in wheat and its relatives: the dgas44 and r350 families of repetitive sequences.	the sequence of a triticum tauschii genomic clone representing a family of d-genome amplified dna sequences, designated dgas44, is reported. the dgas44 sequence occurs on all chromosomes of the d genome of wheat, triticum aestivum, and in situ hybridization revealed it to be evenly dispersed on all seven chromosome pairs. an internal hindiii fragment of dgas44, designated dgas44-3, defines the highly amplified region that is specific to the d genome. the polymerase chain reaction was used to amp ...	1994	8200519
triticum aestivum puroindolines, two basic cystine-rich seed proteins: cdna sequence analysis and developmental gene expression.	from a mid-maturation seed cdna library we have isolated cdna clones encoding two triticum aestivum puroindolines. puroindoline-a and puroindoline-b, which are 55% similar, are basic, cystine-rich and tryptophan-rich proteins. puroindolines are synthesized as preproproteins which include n- and c-terminal propeptides which could be involved in their vacuolar localization. the mature proteins have a molecular mass of 13 kda and a calculated isoelectric point greater than 10. a notable feature of ...	1994	7516201
polymorphism of omega-gliadins in durum wheat as revealed by the two-step apage/sds-page technique.	polymorphism of omega-gliadins was studied in 243 durum wheats from 27 countries using the two-step one-dimensional apage/sds-page technique. a total of 12 bands of different mobility were observed, and four of them were found to be different from those previously detected by khelifi et al. (1992) in bread wheat. fifteen alleles, six coded by the gli-a1 locus and nine coded by the gli-b1 locus, were identified, accounting for 19 different electrophoretic patterns. seven new alleles were detected ...	1994	24190535
induction of microsomal membrane proteins in roots of an aluminum-resistant cultivar of triticum aestivum l. under conditions of aluminum stress.	three-day-old seedlings of an al-sensitive (neepawa) and an al-resistant (pt741) cultivar of triticum aestivum were subjected to al concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 [mu]m for 72 h. at 25 [mu]m al, growth of roots was inhibited by 57% in the al-sensitive cultivar, whereas root growth in the al-resistant cultivar was unaffected. a concentration of 100 [mu]m al was required to inhibit root growth of the al-resistant cultivar by 50% and resulted in almost total inhibition of root growth in the s ...	1994	12232144
enhancement of the salt tolerance of triticum turgidum l. by the kna1 locus transferred from the triticum aestivum l. chromosome 4d by homoeologous recombination.	durum wheat, triticum turgidum l. (2n= 4x=28, genome formula aabb) is inferior to bread wheat, t. aestivum l. (2n=6x=42, genome formula aabbdd), in the ability to exclude na(+) under salt strees, in the ratio of the accumulated k(+) to na(+) in the leaves under salt stress, and in tolerance of salt stress. previous work showed that chromosome 4d has a major effect on na(+) and k(+) accumulation in the leaves of bread wheat. the 4d chromosome was recombined with chromosome 4b in the genetic backg ...	1994	24190475
molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	total dnas of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars florida 302, chris, pavon, rh770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpa, atp6, apt9, coxi, coxii, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (k', k3, x2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4a9, 4d1, 4d12, 4e1, 4e11) and the often-used wheat nor locus probe (pta71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. in addition, pr ...	1994	24190468
isolation of a new species-specific repetitive sequence from thinopyrum elongatum and its use in the studies of alien translocations.	a new repetitive sequence that is extremely abundant and well dispersed in the thinopyrum elongatum genome but present in low-copy number in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) has been isolated. this repeat and a th. elongatum repeat isolated in another laboratory were used to identify cosmid genomic clones containing the repeats and, thus, putatively located on a th. elongatum/t. aestivum translocation arm. most of the selected cosmids contained single- or low-copy sequences, making them potentially ...	1994	8181740
new cytochrome p450-dependent reactions from wheat: terminal and sub-terminal hydroxylation of oleic acid by microsomes from naphthalic acid anhydride and phenobarbital induced wheat seedlings.	incubation of the microsomal fraction from etiolated wheat shoots (triticum aestivum l. cv etoile de choisy) with [1-14c]oleic acid led to the formation of three polar metabolites which were identified as 18-, 17- and 16-hydroxyoleic acids by gas chromatography/mass spectra analysis. they were generated in a molar ratio of 1.4/4.6/4, respectively. terminal and sub-terminal hydroxylation of oleic acid and the cytochrome p450 content were strongly enhanced in microsomes from wheat shoots treated w ...	1994	8297392
analysis of the genotypic effect on different developmental pathways in wheat gametophyte cultures.	seven wheat cultivars and one wild subspecies triticum aestivum ssp. spelta were compared for their in vitro fertility and androgenetic capacity by studying their anther culture response and in vitro seed production. both haploid embryogenesis and in vitro seed set showed very wide genotype dependent variability in accordance with previous observations. at the same time, an analysis of the data showed a significant negative correlation between the in vitro androgenetic ability and the in vitro f ...	1994	24193657
cell aggregates in wheat suspension cultures and their effects on isolation and culture of protoplasts.	fine embryogenic suspension cultures of wheat (triticum aestivum cv hartog and timmo, and t. durum cv d6962) tend to grow into large cell clumps (1-3 mm), resulting in the formation of mixed suspension cultures consisting of both fine and large cell clumps. the cell clumps were separated according to their sizes and cultured as new lines to investigate their growth rate and differentiation potential and the effects of cell aggregate size on protoplast culture. the results showed that the fine cl ...	1994	24193646
growth and yield responses of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. turbo) grown in open-top chambers to ozone and water stress.	spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cv. turbo was exposed to different levels of ozone and water supply in open-top chambers in 1991. the plants were grown either in charcoal filtered air (cf), not filtered air (nf), in charcoal filtered air with proportional addition of ambient ozone (cf1), or in charcoal filtered air with twice proportional addition of ambient ozone (cf2). the mean seasonal ozone concentrations (24 h mean) were 2.3, 20.6, 17.3, and 24.5 nl litre(-1) for cf, nf, cf1, and cf2 tr ...	1994	15091737
response of cellular antioxidants to ozone in wheat flag leaves at different stages of plant development.	the effect of ozone (o3) on growth, yield and foliar antioxidants of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. turbo) was investigated in 1990 and 1991 in braunschweig, germany. plants were grown full-season in pots in open-top chambers ventilated with charcoal-filtered (cf) air to which one or two levels of o3 were added. mean 8 h day(-1) (10.00-18.00 h) o3 concentrations in the cf and cf + o3 treatments were 5.9, 61.2 and 92.5 nl litre(-1) in 1990, and 4.7 and 86.4 nl litre(-1) in 1991. plants th ...	1994	15091719
effects of ozone on grain quality of wheat grown in open-top chambers: three years of experimentation.	field trials with winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grown in open-top chambers and exposed to either ambient filtered (f) or unfiltered (nf) air were carried out for 3 years in northern italy. the experiments were performed at two places, a rural and an urban site in the po plain. the data obtained show no significant difference in protein, starch and glucose contents between the treatments; nevertheless, a tendency towards an increase in glucose and a decrease in starch contents was observed ...	1994	15091646
the use of fluorescent tracers to characterize the post-phloem transport pathway in maternal tissues of developing wheat grains.	various polar fluorescent tracers were used to characterize the pathways for apoplastic and symplastic transport in the "crease tissues" (i.e. the vascular strand, chalaza, nucellus, and adjacent pericarp) of developing wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grains. with mostly minor exceptions, the results strongly support existing views of phloem unloading and post-phloem transport pathways in the crease. apoplastic movement of lucifer yellow ch (lych) from the endosperm cavity into the crease was virtu ...	1994	12232057
monitoring phloem unloading and post-phloem transport by microperfusion of attached wheat grains.	phloem unloading and post-phloem transport in developing wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grains were investigated by perfusing the endosperm cavities of attached grains. relative unloading ratio (rur) and the rate of sucrose release into the endosperm cavity (srr) were calculated, respectively, from 14c import and from sucrose washout from the cavity. rur and srr continued at or near in vivo rates over a wide range of cavity sap osmolality (90 to approximately 500 milliosmolal) and sucrose concentr ...	1994	12232056
introgression of elymus trachycaulus chromatin into common wheat.	a number of wheat-elymus trachycaulus (2n = 4x = 28, genomically stsththt) chromosome addition, substitution, and translocation lines were isolated from the derivatives of an e. trachycaulus x wheat hybrid. eighteen out of a total of 28 chromosome arms of e. trachycaulus were recovered in the addition lines. the genomic affinity of individual e. trachycaulus chromosomes was analysed by comparative chromosome banding and in situ hybridization using genome-specific repetitive dna sequences as prob ...	1994	8162318
a dna-polymerase-related reading frame (pol-r) in the mtdna of secale cereale.	mitochondrial (mt)dna of secale cereale contains an open reading frame (pol-r), the potential translation product of which shows significant homology to the type-b dna polymerase encoded by the s1 plasmid of zea mays; it contains the highly-conserved domains iia to v of family b polymerases. the pol-r orf is transcribed, as proven by rt-pcr, but the transcript is not edited. upstream of the putative start codon a potential promoter motif was detected, fitting well into the postulated consensus s ...	1994	8082167
phylogenetic relationships of 10 grass species: an assessment of phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacer region in nuclear ribosomal dna in monocots.	entire sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (itss) and 5.8s subunit of nuclear ribosomal dna (nrdna) were obtained from nine grass species by direct double-stranded sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified dna fragments. these sequences from subfamily pooideae (triticum aestivum, crithodium monococcum, sitopsis speltoides, hordeum vulgare, secale montanum, avena longiglumis, bromus inermis, brachypodium distachyon) and subfamily panicoideae (sorghum bicolor) together with ...	1994	8181731
interactions between heterodera avenae and pratylenchus neglectus on wheat.	in a long-term field experiment, differential population densities of heterodera avenae were produced by frequent cropping with resistant (cv. panema) or susceptible (cv. peniarth) oat. the two oat cultivars were equally good hosts of pratylenchus neglectus in a glass house experiment with field soil. on wheat crops grown after oats in field experiments, p. neglectus population densities in roots were higher in plots where h. avenae had been controlled than in plots with moderate infestations (4 ...	1994	19279901
allelopathy of oats. ii. allelochemical effect ofl-tryptophan and its concentration in oat root exudates.	l-tryptophan caused growth inhibition of roots and hypocotyls (or coleoptiles) of cockscomb (amaranthus caudatus l.), lettuce (lactuca sativa l.), cress (lepidium sativum l.), timothy (phleum pratense l.), rice (oryza sativa l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), and oat (avena sativa l.), increasing the dose ofl-tryptophan increased the inhibition. the concentrations for 50% inhibition of the root growth were 0.14, 0.15, 0.21, 0.79, 0.95, 1.7, and 2.4 mm for cockscomb, cress, lettuce, timothy, rice ...	1994	24242057
comparison of the stereospecificity and immunoreactivity of nadh-ferricyanide reductases in plant membranes.	the substrate stereospecificity of nadh-ferricyanide reductase activities in the inner mitochondrial membrane and peroxisomal membrane of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) tubers, spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) leaf plasma membrane, and red beetroot (beta vulgaris l.) tonoplast were all specific for the [beta]-hydrogen of nadh, whereas the reductases in wheat root (triticum aestivum l.) endoplasmic reticulum and potato tuber outer mitochondrial membrane were both [alpha]-hydrogen specific. in all is ...	1994	12232391
immunohistochemical investigations on the pyloric glands of the ruin lizard (podarcis sicula campestris de betta).	mucous cells and enteroendocrine cells of the pyloric region of the ruin lizard (podarcis sicula campestris de betta) have been examined by lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. binding to five plant lectins (canavalia ensiformis, con a; triticum vulgare, wheat germ, wgl; lotus tetragonolobus, winged pea, wpl; glycine max, soybean, sbl; arachis hypogaea, peanut, pnl) was performed to characterize glycoconjugates in the secretory products of superficial and glandular mucous cells. ...	1994	7913280
"from seed-to-seed" experiment with wheat plants under space-flight conditions.	an important goal with plant experiments in microgravity is to achieve a complete life cycle, the "seed-to-seed experiment." some soviet attempts to reach this goal are described, notably an experiment with the tiny mustard, arabidopsis thaliana, in the phyton 3 device on salyut 7. normal seeds were produced although yields were reduced and development was delayed. several other experiments have shown abnormalities in plants grown in space. in recent work, plants of wheat (triticum aestivum) wer ...	1994	11540174
transfer of leaf rust and stem rust resistance genes from triticum triaristatum to durum and bread wheats and their molecular cytogenetic localization.	six accessions of triticum triaristatum (willd) godr. &gren. (syn. aegilops triaristata) (6x, uummunun), having good resistance to both leaf rust (puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici rob. ex desm) races and stem rust (p. graminis f.sp. tritici eriks. &henn.) races, were successfully crossed with both susceptible durum wheats (t. turgidum var. durum l., 2n = 28, aabb) and bread wheats (t. aestivum, 2n = 42, aabbdd). in some crosses, embryo rescue was necessary. the t. triaristatum resistance was exp ...	1994	18470085
gene-for-gene interactions between the rye mildew fungus and wheat cultivars.	genetic mechanisms of the incompatibility between erysiphe graminis f.sp. secalis and wheat cultivars were analyzed using f1 hybrids between e. graminis f.sp. secalis, sk-1, and f.sp. tritici, tk-1. the avirulence of sk-1 on triticum aestivum 'norin 4', 'chinese spring', and 'kokeshi-komugi' was controlled by a single gene. the resistance of the three cultivars to sk-1 was also controlled by a single gene, pm15, a gene for resistance to e. graminis f.sp. agropyri. implications of these results w ...	1994	18470120
resistance to wheat leaf rust and stem rust in triticum tauschii and inheritance in hexaploid wheat of resistance transferred from t. tauschii.	twelve accessions of triticum tauschii (coss.) schmal. were genetically analyzed for resistance to leaf rust (puccinia recondita rob. ex desm.) and stem rust (puccinia graminis pers. f.sp. tritici eriks. and e. henn.) of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.). four genes conferring seedling resistance to leaf rust, one gene conferring seedling resistance to stem rust, and one gene conferring adult-plant resistance to stem rust were identified. these genes were genetically distinct from genes previo ...	1994	18470124
rflp markers linked to powdery mildew resistance genes pm1, pm2, pm3, and pm4 in wheat.	near-isogenic lines (nils) and their recurrent parent chancellor (cc) were used to identify restriction fragment length polymorphic markers linked to powdery mildew (blumeria graminis (dc.) e.o. speer f.sp. tritici) resistance genes pm1, pm2, pm3, and pm4 in wheat (triticum aestivum l. em. thell). by mapping these polymorphic markers in f2 progenies from crosses of the nils with cc, it was found that pm1 cosegregated with a polymorphic locus detected by dna probe cdo347; pm2 was linked to a locu ...	1994	18470129
cytological and molecular characterization of a triticum aestivum x lophopyrum ponticum backcross derivative resistant to barley yellow dwarf.	barley yellow dwarf is the most damaging virus-caused disease in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). a resistant line, sw335.1.2-13-11-1-5 (2n = 47), derived from a cross of t. aestivum x lophopyrum ponticum was characterized by meiotic chromosome pairing, by in situ dna hybridization and by expression of molecular markers to determine its chromosome constitution. all progeny of this line had three pairs of l. ponticum chromosomes from homoeologous chromosome groups 3, 5, and 6 and the 2n = 47 p ...	1994	18470130
elicitor-induced cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in lignifying wheat (triticum aestivum l.) leaves.	the substrate-specific induction of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv fenman) leaf cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cad, ec 1.1.1.195) was examined in relation to its role in regulating the composition of defensive lignin induced at wound margins. treatment of wounds with a partially acetylated chitosan hydrolysate or spores of the nonpathogen botrytis cinerea elicited lignification at wound margins and invoked significant increases in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (ec 4.3.1.5), peroxidase (ec 1.11.1. ...	1994	12232105
detoxification of formaldehyde by the spider plant (chlorophytum comosum l.) and by soybean (glycine max l.) cell-suspension cultures.	the phytotoxicity of formaldehyde for spider plants (chlorophytum comosum l.), tobacco plants (nicotiana tabacum l. cv bel b and bel w3), and soybean (glycine max l.) cell-suspension cultures was found to be low enough to allow metabolic studies. spider plant shoots were exposed to 7.1 [mu]l l-1 (8.5 mg m-3) gaseous [14c]-formaldehyde over 24 h. approximately 88% of the recovered radioactivity was plant associated and was found to be incorporated into organic acids, amino acids, free sugars, and ...	1994	12232169
wheat dna primase (rna primer synthesis in vitro, structural studies by photochemical cross-linking, and modulation of primase activity by dna polymerases).	dna primase synthesizes short rna primers used by dna polymerases to initiate dna synthesis. two proteins of approximately 60 and 50 kd were recognized by specific antibodies raised against yeast primase subunits, suggesting a high degree of analogy between wheat and yeast primase subunits. gel-filtration chromatography of wheat primase showed two active forms of 60 and 110 to 120 kd. ultraviolet-induced cross-linking with radioactive oligothymidilate revealed a highly labeled protein of 60 kd. ...	1994	12232187
a (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucan-specific monoclonal antibody and its use in the quantitation and immunocytochemical location of (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucans.	monoclonal antibodies were raised against a (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucan-bovine serum albumin (bsa) conjugate. one antibody (bg1) selected for further characterization, was specific for (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucan, displaying no binding activity against a (1-->3)-beta-glucan-bsa conjugate and minimal binding against a cellopentaose-bsa conjugate. a range of oligosaccharides was prepared by enzymatic digestion of (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucan, purified by size exclusion chromatography and characterized by ...	1994	8130794
forage and splanchnic tissue mass in growing lambs: effects of dietary forage levels and source on splanchnic tissue mass in growing lambs.	forty-two crossbred lambs (33.4 kg initial body weight; twenty-four wethers and eighteen ewes) were used in a 42 d experiment with a 2 x 3 factorial treatment arrangement to determine effects of forage level and source on splanchnic tissue mass. diets were 250 and 750 g/kg of chopped lucerne (medicago sativa) (a), ryegrass (lolium multiflorum)-wheat (triticum aestivum) (rw) or bermudagrass (cynodon dactylon) (b) hay, with the remainder being maize-based concentrate. five lambs per treatment were ...	1994	8142327
in vitro starch and protein digestibility and iron availability in weaning foods as affected by processing methods.	in the present investigation, four weaning foods were formulated using locally available cereals and pulses such as wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare) and green gram (vigna radiata). cereal, pulse and jaggery were used in the proportion of 70:30:25. domestic processing technique like roasting and malting were used to process cereals and pulses for development of weaning foods. all the four blends had a nutrient composition within the range prescribed by the indian standard insti ...	1994	8153067
digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and voluntary intake of ensiled crab waste-wheat straw mixtures fed to sheep.	crab waste and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) straw mixtures, ensiled with different additives, were evaluated in metabolism and palatability trials. crab waste and straw were mixed in proportions of 1:1, wet basis, with 20% water and different additives, and ensiled in 210-l metal drums double-lined with polyethylene bags. thirty crossbred wethers (40 kg initial bw) were fed a 1) basal diet consisting of 75% orchardgrass (dactylis glomerata l.) hay and 25% concentrate, 2) ensiled crab waste-wheat ...	1994	8181970
lectins as markers of rumen epithelial cell differentiation.	lectins of different carbohydrate specificities (gna (galanthus nivalis), con a (canavalia ensiformis), vfl (vicia faba), psl (pisum sativum), lca (lens culinaris), pna (arachis hypogaea; with or without prior neuraminidase treatment), wga (triticum vulgare), sba (glycine max), uea-i (ulex europaeus), lpa (limulus polyphemus), bs-i b4 (bandeiraea simplicifolia, isolectin b4)) were explored for use as differentiation markers of rumen epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. lectins specific for man ...	1994	8206789
use of lectins to evaluate the effects of gaas softlaser on dog tendon.	1. lectins labeled with colloidal gold particles were used for the ultrastructural evaluation of the biological effects of gaas softlaser irradiation on the healing of dog tendon wounds. 2. six dogs were submitted to tenotomy and tenorrhaphy on the right and left hind legs. all animals received laser irradiation (4 j/cm2) daily for ten days only on the left leg, and the right leg of the same animal was used as control. biopsies were taken 11, 22 and 40 days after surgery. 3. laser-irradiated and ...	1994	7787808
wheat acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase: cdna and protein structure.	cdna fragments encoding part of wheat (triticum aestivum) acetyl-coa carboxylase (acc; ec 6.4.1.2) were cloned by pcr using primers based on the alignment of several biotin-dependent carboxylases. a set of overlapping clones encoding the entire wheat acc was then isolated by using these fragments as probes. the cdna sequence contains a 2257-amino acid reading frame encoding a 251-kda polypeptide. the amino acid sequence of the most highly conserved domain, corresponding to the biotin carboxylase ...	1994	7913745
shelf life of weaning foods developed from locally available food stuffs.	four weaning foods were formulated using locally available cereals and pulses such as wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare), green gram (vigna radiata) and jaggery. cereal, pulse and jaggery were used in the proportion of 70:30:25. roasting and malting were two processing techniques used. the developed weaning foods were evaluated for their nutritional characteristics and shelf life. all the formulations had a nutrient composition within the range prescribed by the indian standard ...	1994	7971776
the use of lectins to characterize and separate living canine spermatozoa: a preliminary study.	this study was designed as a preliminary attempt to develop a methodology for relating the glucidic structure of the sperm membrane to sperm morphology. differences in plasma membrane glycoconjugates between motile and nonmotile spermatozoa were studied by using 7 lectins. fresh spermatozoa from 3 dogs were analyzed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc) labeled lectins. the binding of lectins to the sperm membrane and the capability of the lectins to agglutinate spermatozoa were estimated semi-qu ...	1994	16727393
an in vivo analysis of photosynthesis during short-term o3 exposure in three contrasting species.	the depressions of photosynthetic co2 uptake following o3 exposures of 200 and 400 nmol mol(-1) for between 4 and 16 h were compared between pisum sativum, quercus robur and triticum aestivum, and the potential causes of change identified in vivo. photosynthetic change was examined by analysis of co2, o2, o3 and water vapour exchanges together with chlorophyll fluorescence in controlled environments. under identical fumigation conditions, each species showed very similar rates of o3 consumption. ...	1995	24306634
effect of crop development on biogenic emissions from plant populations grown in closed plant growth chambers.	the biomass production chamber at john f. kennedy space center is a closed plant growth chamber facility that can be used to monitor the level of biogenic emissions from large populations of plants throughout their entire growth cycle. the head space atmosphere of a 26-day-old lettuce (lactuca sativa cv. waldmann's green) stand was repeatedly sampled and emissions identified and quantified using gc-mass spectrometry. concentrations of dimethyl sulphide, carbon disulphide, alpha-pinene, furan and ...	1995	7669278
factors affecting the establishment and maintenance of embryogenic callus and suspension cultures of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	improved suspension cell culture systems are needed to facilitate the application of recombinant dna technology for wheat germplasm enhancement. this study evaluated three wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars, and the effects of medium basal salts, 2,4-d, sucrose, and l-proline concentrations on the establishment of rapidly growing and highly embryogenic callus and suspension cultures. percent embryogenic calli was visually estimated and verified with light and scanning electron microscopy. th ...	1995	24185782
comparison of developmental stages of inflorescence for high frequency plant regeneration in triticum aestivum l. and t. durum desf.	whole immature inflorescences at 4 different developmental stages (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 cm in size) of different genotypes of triticum aestivum and t. durum were cultured to see the morphogenetic responses on murashige and skoog's (ms) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) (2.5 mg/l). very young inflorescences 0.5 and 1.0cm long formed embryogenic callus from their entire surface while 1.5 and 2.0 cm long inflorescences formed embryogenic callus from the basal spikelets a ...	1995	24185781
in vitro development of globular zygotic wheat embryos.	we have established in vitro culture conditions for globular zygotic wheat embryos (triticum aestivum l.). their nutritional requirements have been systematically investigated. the initial sucrose concentration, as well as the sucrose concentration during the culture, a 6-benzylaminopurine supplement, the use of nitrates and ammonium as nitrogen source have a major influence on the embryo development. proline has an inhibitory effect on the germination. a double layer system with different media ...	1995	24185773
electro-fused isolated wheat (triticum aestivum l.) gametes develop into multicellular structures.	the electrofusion-mediated fertilization of single egg cells of wheat with isolated individually selected wheat sperm cells was successfully carried out for the first time. on average the fusion frequency was 30% but under optimal conditions it was possible to reach as much as 55%. two days after electric fusion 60% of the fusion products started to divide, 88.5% of them forming multicellular structures and in a few cases microcalluses. the culture of single unfertilized egg cells with or withou ...	1995	24185771
high crossability of wild barley (hordeum spontaneum c. koch) with bread wheat and the differential elimination of barley chromosomes in the hybrids.	four bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars, 'aobakomugi', 'chinese spring', 'norin 61' and 'shinchunaga', were pollinated with five barley lines/cultivars consisting of three cultivated barley (hordeum vulgare l.) lines, 'betzes', 'kinai 5' and ohl089, and two wild barley (hordeum spontaneum c. koch) lines, ouh602 and ouh324. crossability, expressed as the percentage of embryo formation, varied from 0 to 55.4% among the cross combinations. the two wild barley lines generally had a higher ...	1995	24170047
the expression of aluminum stress induced polypeptides in a population segregating for aluminum tolerance in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).	this study examined the changes in gene expression induced by aluminum (al) stress in wheat root tips. seedlings of triticum aestivum l. cvs. katepwa (al sensitive), maringa (al tolerant), and alikat (al tolerant near isoline; 'katepwa'*3/'maringa') and a f2 population derived from 'katepwa' x 'alikat', were grown for 3 days in either 0 or 1 μg∙ml−1 al. polypeptides were labeled with 35s-methionine prior to separation by gel electrophoresis. there were a few polypeptides from who ...	1995	18470241
differentiation between wheat chromosomes 4b and 4d.	a linkage map based on homoeologous recombination, induced by the absence of the ph1 locus, between chromosome 4d of triticum aestivum l. (genomes aabbdd) and chromosome 4b of t. turgidum l. (genomes aabb) was compared with a linkage map of chromosome 4am of t. monococcum l. and a consensus map of chromosomes 4b and 4d of t. aestivum based on homologous recombination. the 4d/4b homoeologous map was only one-third the length of the homologous maps and all intervals were reduced relative to the 4b ...	1995	18470237
evaluation of sensitivity of flow cytometry in detecting aneuploidy in wheat using disomic and ditelosomic wheat-rye addition lines.	flow cytometric dna analysis was used to study changes in nuclear dna content induced by the addition of complete or telosomic rye chromosomes into the genome of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the dna content of each addition line was determined by comparison with an internal reference value and was expressed as a difference with respect to the original wheat parental line. a 1.84% difference in the dna content could be detected. nuclei were flow sorted and the presence of rye chromatin in ...	1995	8608738
integration of photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism in higher plants.	concomitant assimilation of c and n in illuminated leaves requires the regulated partitioning of reductant and photosynthate to sustain the demands of amino acid and carbohydrate biosynthesis. the short-term responses of photosynthesis and photosynthate partitioning to n enrichment in wheat (triticum aestivum, l.) and maize (zea mays l.) leaves were studied in order to understand the regulatory strategy employed in higher plants. transgenic tobacco plants (tobacco plumbaginifolia) over-expressin ...	1995	24301574