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microbial interactions associated with secondary cucumber fermentation.to evaluate the interaction between selected yeasts and bacteria and associate their metabolic activity with secondary cucumber fermentation.201323013318
discovery of a novel neurophysin-associated neuropeptide that triggers cardiac stomach contraction and retraction in starfish.feeding in starfish is a remarkable process in which the cardiac stomach is everted over prey and then retracted when prey tissue has been resorbed. previous studies have revealed that salmfamide-type neuropeptides trigger cardiac stomach relaxation and eversion in the starfish asterias rubens. we hypothesised, therefore, that a counteracting neuropeptide system controls cardiac stomach contraction and retraction. members of the ng peptide family cause muscle contraction in other echinoderms (e. ...201323913946
[organic acids of various kinds of vegetables. iv. changes in the acids and sugar in tomatoes, sweet peppers and cucumbers during development and ripening].concentrations of organic acids and sugars in tomatoes and sweet peppers change notably during ripening. the concentration of malic acid decreases while that of citric acid increases considerably and in redripe fruits clearly exceeds the content of malic acid. several maxima and minima in acid concentrations occur during development. both species show constant proportions of citric and isocitric acid (200:1 and 30:1 respectively). in sweet pepper, quinic and ascorbic acid can be found in noticea ...20133811599
melatonin promotes water-stress tolerance, lateral root formation, and seed germination in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.).a comprehensive investigation was carried out to determine the changes that occurred in water-stressed cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) in response to melatonin treatment. we examined the potential roles of melatonin during seed germination and root generation and measured its effect on reactive oxygen species (ros) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and photosynthesis. melatonin alleviated polyethylene glycol induced inhibition of seed germination, with 100 μm melatonin-treated seeds showing t ...201322747917
possible health impacts of naturally occurring uptake of aristolochic acids by maize and cucumber roots: links to the etiology of endemic (balkan) nephropathy.aristolochic acids (aas) are nephrotoxic and carcinogenic derivatives found in several aristolochia species. to date, the toxicity of aas has been inferred only from the effects observed in patients suffering from a kidney disease called "aristolochic acid nephropathy" (aan, formerly known as "chinese herbs nephropathy"). more recently, the chronic poisoning with aristolochia seeds has been considered to be the main cause of balkan endemic nephropathy, another form of chronic renal failure resem ...201322851152
maturity-dependent chilling tolerance regulated by the antioxidative capacity in postharvest cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) fruits.the aim of the present study was to reveal the effect of fruit maturity on the chilling tolerance of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) fruit and the oxidative and antioxidative mechanisms involved. chinese mini-cucumber (cv. hangcui-1) fruits were harvested at four developmental stages: immature (3-8 days after anthesis (daa)), mature (9-16 daa), breaker (17-22 daa) and yellow (35-40 daa). all fruits were stored at 2 °c for 9 days and rewarmed at 20 °c for 2 days.201322936358
brassinosteroids accelerate recovery of photosynthetic apparatus from cold stress by balancing the electron partitioning, carboxylation and redox homeostasis in cucumber.the aim of this study was to examine the role of brassinosteroids (brs) in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from cold-induced damage in cucumber (cucumis sativus) plants. recovery at both high light (hl) and low light (ll) after a cooling at 10/7°c induced irreversible inhibition of co2 assimilation, photoinhibition at photosystem i (psi) and inhibition of enzyme activities of calvin cycle and ascorbate (asa)-reduced glutathione (gsh) cycle, followed by accumulation of h2 o2 and malondial ...201322998725
metal toxicity and biodiversity in serpentine soils: application of bioassay tests and microarthropod index.eco-toxicological or bioassay tests have been intensively discussed as tools for the evaluation of soil quality. tests using soil organisms, including microarthropods and plants, allow direct estimates to be made of important soil characteristics and functions. in this study we compared the results obtained by two in vitro standard bioassays following iso or oecd guidelines: (i) the short term-chronic phytotoxicity germination and root elongation test using three different plant species cucumis ...201323107056
phytochemical and therapeutic potential of cucumber.cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) is a member of the cucurbitaceae family like melon, squash and pumpkins. it is a popular vegetable crop used in indian traditional medicine since ancient times. this vegetable is very high in water content and very low in calories. it has potential antidiabetic, lipid lowering and antioxidant activity. cucumber has a cleansing action within the body by removing accumulated pockets of old waste materials and chemical toxins. fresh fruit juice is used for nourishing t ...201323098877
chemical composition of the giant red sea cucumber, parastichopus californicus, commercially harvested in alaska.giant red sea cucumbers, parastichopus californicus, are commercially harvested in the u.s. pacific northwest; however, the nutritional and chemical properties of its edible muscle bands and body wall have not been fully elucidated. in particular are the fatty acid profiles of p. californicus tissues, which have not been documented. sea cucumbers were delivered live and muscle bands and body wall freeze dried, vacuum packed, and stored at -30°c until analyzed. proximate composition of freeze-dri ...201324804015
the caudinid sea cucumbers of new zealand (echinodermata: holothuroidea: molpadida: caudinidae).five species of caudinidae occur in new zealandwaters. two new species are described: paracaudina alta sp. nov.; paracaudina reductia sp. nov. two species reported previously are discussed: paracaudina chilensis (müller) and paracaudina coriacea (hutton). a lectotype has been established for p. coriacea (hutton). hedingia albicans var. glabra (théel) is raised out of synonymy with hedingia albicans (théel), and the variety elevated to species status as hedingia glabra (théel). a key is provided ...201324698923
sulfation pattern of the fucose branch is important for the anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates.the aim is to compare the structures, anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of two fucosylated chondroitin sulfates isolated from sea cucumbers isostichopus badionotus (fcs-ib) and pearsonothuria graeffei (fcs-pg), which were known to have different sulfation patterns on the fucose branches.201323313164
effects of exogenous spermine on chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant system and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in cucumis sativus l. under salt stress.the effects of exogenous spermine (spm) on plant growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, ultrastructure and anti-oxidative metabolism of chloroplasts were investigated in cucumis sativus l. under nacl stress. salt stress significantly reduced plant growth, chlorophylls content and f(v)/f(m). these changes could be alleviated by foliar spraying with spm. salt stress caused an increase in malondialdehyde (mda) content and superoxide anion [formula: see text] generation rate in chloroplasts. application ...201323291654
comparison of physicochemical characteristics and anticoagulant activities of polysaccharides from three sea cucumbers.in order to search for sulfated polysaccharides in different invertebrate connective tissues and to examine their biological activities, we have isolated three types of polysaccharides from the body wall of the three sea cucumbers holothuria edulis, apostichopus japonicas and holothuria nobilis. the physicochemical properties and anticoagulant activities of these polysaccharides were examined and compared. the chemical composition analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) analysis indicate t ...201323385300
the role of abscisic acid in regulating cucumber fruit development and ripening and its transcriptional regulation.cucumber (cucumis sativus l.), a kind of fruit usually harvested at the immature green stage, belongs to non-climacteric fruit. to investigate the contribution of abscisic acid (aba) to cucumber fruit development and ripening, variation in aba level was investigated and a peak in aba level was found in pulp before fruit get fully ripe. to clarify this point further, exogenous aba was applied to cucumber fruits at two different development stages. results showed that aba application at the turnin ...201323376370
use of palm (poenix dactilyfera l.) fiber and sewage sludge co compost as substrates in soilless crop system.the co-compostage (cc) of palm (poenix dactylifera l.) fiber (pf) and sewage sludge (ss) at volume rate (1pf/1ss), mixed with top soil (ts) have been used as a substrate for cucumber cultivated in soilless crop system. five substrates with volume ratio t (cc-ts) were tested: t (10-0), t (9-1), t (8-2), t (7-3) and t (6-4). they were compared to peat in nursery and to ts in cucumis sativus l. crop production. total porosity, bulk density, moisture content, rate of drainage, ph and electritical co ...201324505990
insights from the complete chloroplast genome into the evolution of sesamum indicum l.sesame (sesamum indicum l.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops. in order to investigate the evolutionary characters according to the sesame genome project, apart from sequencing its nuclear genome, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of s. indicum cv. yuzhi 11 (white seeded) using illumina and 454 sequencing. comparisons of chloroplast genomes between s. indicum and the 18 other higher plants were then analyzed. the chloroplast genome of cv. yuzhi 11 contains 153,338 bp and a total of 1 ...201324303020
linking agricultural practices, mycorrhizal fungi, and traits mediating plant-insect interactions.agricultural management has profound effects on soil communities. activities such as fertilizer inputs can modify the composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) communities, which form important symbioses with the roots of most crop plants. intensive conventional agricultural management may select for less mutualistic amf with reduced benefits to host plants compared to organic management, but these differences are poorly understood. amf are generally evaluated based on their direct growt ...201324261037
reevaluation of health risk benchmark for sustainable water practice through risk analysis of rooftop-harvested rainwater.health risk concerns associated with household use of rooftop-harvested rainwater (hrw) constitute one of the main impediments to exploit the benefits of rainwater harvesting in the united states. however, the benchmark based on the u.s. epa acceptable annual infection risk level of ≤1 case per 10,000 persons per year (≤10(-4) pppy) developed to aid drinking water regulations may be unnecessarily stringent for sustainable water practice. in this study, we challenge the current risk benchmark by ...201324238739
a genomic variation map provides insights into the genetic basis of cucumber domestication and diversity.most fruits in our daily diet are the products of domestication and breeding. here we report a map of genome variation for a major fruit that encompasses ~3.6 million variants, generated by deep resequencing of 115 cucumber lines sampled from 3,342 accessions worldwide. comparative analysis suggests that fruit crops underwent narrower bottlenecks during domestication than grain crops. we identified 112 putative domestication sweeps; 1 of these regions contains a gene involved in the loss of bitt ...201324141363
pesticide use practices in rural armenia.pesticide use can have adverse effects on both human health and the environment. inappropriate use of pesticides increases the health risk to those who work with or live around pesticides. educational programs for agricultural workers on the proper use of pesticides and personal protective equipment coupled with pesticide regulations are important tools to reduce the associated health risks. the authors conducted a survey (n = 2336) on pesticide use practices in the ararat valley of armenia in 2 ...201324125047
molecular cloning and expression analysis of the ethylene insensitive3 (ein3) gene in cucumber (cucumis sativus).the plant gaseous hormone ethylene regulates many aspects of plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. ethylene insensitive3 (ein3) is a key transcription factor involved in the ethylene signal transduction pathway. to gain a better understanding of this particular pathway in cucumber, the full-length cdna encoding ein3 (designated as csein3) was cloned from cucumber for the first time by rapid amplification of cdna ends. the full length of csein3 was 2560 bp, with an open rea ...201324114213
identification and expression analysis of primary auxin-responsive aux/iaa gene family in cucumber (cucumis sativus).aux/iaa is an important gene family involved in many aspects of growth and development. aux/iaa proteins are short-lived nuclear proteins that are induced primarily by various phytohormones. in this study, 29 aux/iaa family genes (csiaa01-csiaa29) were identified and characterized in cucumber, including gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, conserved protein motifs and chromosomal locations. these genes show distinct organizational patterns of their putative motifs. the distributions of t ...201324371172
comprehensive analysis of the homeodomain-leucine zipper iv transcription factor family in cucumis sativus.the class iv homeodomain-leucine zipper (hd-zip iv) proteins are plant-specific transcriptional factors known to play crucial roles in plant growth and development. in this study, 11 cucumber (cucumis sativus) hd-zip iv genes were identified in the version 2 cucumber genome and found to be distributed unevenly across the chromosomes. the cshdziv (cucumis sativus homeodomain-leucine zipper iv) gene family is smaller than in other studied species (except for rice) because of the absence of gene du ...201324099392
phloem transport velocity varies over time and among vascular bundles during early cucumber seedling development.we use a novel dye-tracing technique to measure in vivo phloem transport velocity in cucumber (cucumis sativus) plants during early seedling development. we focus on seedlings because of their importance in plant establishment and because they provide a simple source and sink model of phloem transport. the dye-tracing method uses a photodiode to track the movement of a bleach front of fluorescent dye traveling in the phloem from the cotyledons (source) to the roots (sink). during early seedling ...201324072581
reliable reference genes for normalization of gene expression in cucumber grown under different nitrogen nutrition.in plants, nitrogen is the most important nutritional factor limiting the yield of cultivated crops. since nitrogen is essential for synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids and proteins, studies on gene expression in plants cultivated under different nitrogen availability require particularly careful selection of suitable reference genes which are not affected by nitrogen limitation. therefore, the objective of this study was to select the most reliable reference genes for qpcr analysis of target ...201324058446
context-dependency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant-insect interactions in an agroecosystem.plants interact with a variety of other community members that have the potential to indirectly influence each other through a shared host plant. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) are generally considered plant mutualists because of their generally positive effects on plant nutrient status and growth. amf may also have important indirect effects on plants by altering interactions with other community members. by influencing plant traits, amf can modify aboveground interactions with both mutuali ...201324046771
synchrotron verification of tio2 accumulation in cucumber fruit: a possible pathway of tio2 nanoparticle transfer from soil into the food chain.the transfer of nanoparticles (nps) into the food chain through edible plants is of great concern. cucumis sativus l. is a freshly consumed garden vegetable that could be in contact with nps through biosolids and direct agrichemical application. in this research, cucumber plants were cultivated for 150 days in sandy loam soil treated with 0 to 750 mg tio2 nps kg(-1). fruits were analyzed using synchrotron μ-xrf and μ-xanes, icp-oes, and biochemical assays. results showed that catalase in leaves ...201324040965
no₃⁻/h⁺ antiport in the tonoplast of cucumber root cells is stimulated by nitrate supply: evidence for a reversible nitrate-induced phosphorylation of vacuolar no₃⁻/h⁺ antiport.studies in the last few years have shed light on the process of nitrate accumulation within plant cells, achieving molecular identification and partial characterization of the genes and proteins involved in this process. however, contrary to the plasma membrane-localized nitrate transport activities, the kinetics of active nitrate influx into the vacuole and its adaptation to external nitrate availability remain poorly understood. in this work, we have investigated the activity and regulation of ...201324040130
when a repellent becomes an attractant: harmful saponins are kairomones attracting the symbiotic harlequin crab.marine organisms have developed a high diversity of chemical defences in order to avoid predators and parasites. in sea cucumbers, saponins function as repellents and many species produce these cytotoxic secondary metabolites. nonetheless, they are colonized by numerous symbiotic organisms amongst which the harlequin crab, lissocarcinus orbicularis, is one of the most familiar in the indo-pacific ocean. we here identify for the first time the nature of the molecules secreted by sea cucumbers and ...201324026443
near-uv radiation acts as a beneficial factor for physiological responses in cucumber plants.effects of near-uv radiation on the growth and physiological activity of cucumber plants were investigated morphologically, physiologically and biochemically using 3-week-old seedlings grown under polyvinyl chloride films featuring transmission either above 290 nm or above 400 nm in growth chambers. the hypocotyl length and leaf area of cucumber seedlings were reduced but the thickness of leaves was enhanced by near-uv radiation, due to increased upper/lower epidermis thickness, palisade parench ...201324013482
genome-wide identification and expression profile of homeodomain-leucine zipper class i gene family in cucumis sativus.the hd-zip proteins comprise one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants. hd-zip genes have been grouped into four different classes: hd-zip i to iv. in this study, we described the identification and structural characterization of class i hd-zip genes in cucumber. a complete set of 13 hd-zip i genes were identified in the cucumber genome using blast search tools and phylogeny. the cucumber hd-zip i family contained a smaller number of identified genes compared to other higher ...201324013079
[determination of monosialogangliosides in sea cucumbers and sea urchins using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].an approach based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the quantification of monosialogangliosides (mg) in sea cucumbers and sea urchins. the gangliosides of sea cucumbers and sea urchins were extracted according to the svennerholm method and cleaned up by c8 solid phase extraction column. the extracts were separated on an aps-2 nh2 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 3 microm) with the mobile phases of acetonitrile and 50 mmol/l ammonium acetate (ph 5.6) under gradient eluti ...201324010336
mitochondrial ferritin is a functional iron-storage protein in cucumber (cucumis sativus) roots.in plants, intracellular fe trafficking must satisfy chloroplasts' and mitochondrial demands for fe without allowing its accumulation in the organelles in dangerous redox-active forms. protein ferritin is involved in such homeostatic control, however its functional role in mitochondria, differently from its role in chloroplasts, is still matter of debate. to test ferritin functionality as a 24-mer fe-storage complex in mitochondria, cucumber seedlings were grown under different conditions of fe ...201323967005
saponins: the potential chemotherapeutic agents in pursuing new anti-glioblastoma drugs.saponins are natural glycosides consisting of a triterpene or steroid aglycone with a range of pharmacological properties such as significant anti-tumor activity. in this article, we review our recent progress in the studies of the saponins possessing anticancer effects, especially anti-glioblastoma effects from twelve species of marine organisms and terrestrial plants. the anti-glioblastoma active saponins discovered by other researchers in recent decades are also reviewed and compared. systema ...201324032516
[role of phytochrome in organ formation processes in cucumis sativus l].the role of phytochrome b in the organogenesis process in the apical and axillary shoot meristems during early ontogenesis stages in cucumber cucumis sativus l. at photoperiods (day/night) 10/14, 16/8 h, and continuous light in comparison with wild type plants and phytochrome b-deficient mutant (lh-mutant) was investigated. in mutant phytochrome b, deficiency caused inhibition of initiation of leaves both in the leading shoot and off-shoots and increased the number of flower buds (iv stage of or ...201323885564
triterpenoids of marine origin as anti-cancer agents.triterpenoids are the most abundant secondary metabolites present in marine organisms, such as marine sponges, sea cucumbers, marine algae and marine-derived fungi. a large number of triterpenoids are known to exhibit cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells, as well as anticancer efficacy in preclinical animal models. in this review efforts have been taken to review the structural features and the potential use of triterpenoids of marine origin to be used in the pharmaceutical industry as ...201323884125
growth temperature-induced changes in biomass accumulation, photosynthesis and glutathione redox homeostasis as influenced by hydrogen peroxide in cucumber.hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and glutathione (gsh) are involved in the stress response in plants. to elucidate the role of h2o2 in the acclimation of co2 assimilation under sub- or supra-optimal growth temperatures, we examined the effect and interaction of h2o2 manipulation on the photosynthetic metabolism of cucumber plants (cucumis sativus l.) grown under five temperature regimes spanning above and below the optimal growth temperature; 11/9, 18/15, 25/20, 32/27, and 39/33 °c (day/night), with or ...201323860263
cloning and expression analysis of transketolase gene in cucumis sativus l.transketolase (tk, ec 2.2.1.1) is a key enzyme in the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (calvin cycle). a full-length cdna encoding transketolase (tk, designated as cstk) was isolated from cucumber leaves (cucumis sativa l. cv 'jinyou 3') by rt-pcr and race. the cdna contained 2368 nucleotides with a complete open reading frame (orf) of 2229 nucleotides, which was predicted to encode a peptide of 742 amino acids. expression analysis by real-time pcr and western blot revealed that tk mrna was ...201323860231
effect of silicon addition on soybean (glycine max) and cucumber (cucumis sativus) plants grown under iron deficiency.silicon is considered an essential element in several crops enhancing growth and alleviating different biotic and abiotic stresses. in this work, the role of si in the alleviation of iron deficiency symptoms and in the fe distribution in iron deficient plants has been studied. thus, soybean and cucumber plants grown in hydroponic culture under iron limiting conditions were treated with different si doses (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mm). the use of a strong chelating agent such as hbed avoided fe co-precip ...201323845824
brassinosteroids-induced systemic stress tolerance was associated with increased transcripts of several defence-related genes in the phloem in cucumis sativus.brassinosteroids (brs), a group of naturally occurring plant steroidal compounds, are essential for plant growth, development and stress tolerance. recent studies showed that brs could induce systemic tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses; however, the molecular mechanisms by which brs signals lead to responses in the whole plant are largely unknown. in this study, 24-epibrassinosteroid (ebr)-induced systemic tolerance in cucumis sativus l. cv. jinyan no. 4 was analyzed through the assessment ...201323840504
a high-resolution cucumber cytogenetic map integrated with the genome assembly.high-resolution cytogenetic map can provide not only important biological information on genome organization but also solid foundation for genetic and genomic research. the progress in the molecular and cytogenetic studies has created the basis for developing the cytogenetic map in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.).201323834562
optimisation of mesh enclosures for nursery rearing of juvenile sea cucumbers.mariculture of tropical sea cucumbers is promising, but the nursery rearing of juveniles is a bottleneck for farming and sea ranching. we conducted four medium-scale experiments lasting 3-6 weeks, using thousands of cultured juvenile sandfish holothuria scabra, to optimise nursery rearing in mesh enclosures in earthen seawater ponds and to test rearing in enclosures in the sea. in one experiment, survival in fine-mesh enclosures (1 m(3); 660-µm mesh) related nonlinearly to juvenile size, reveali ...201323717542
fine mapping of the pleiotropic locus b for black spine and orange mature fruit color in cucumber identifies a 50 kb region containing a r2r3-myb transcription factor.in cucumber, cucumis sativus l., the spine and skin colors are two important fruit quality traits for variety improvement. in this study, we investigated the inheritance of spine and mature fruit skin colors in f2 and f3 populations derived from a cross between two inbred lines wi7200 (black spine and orange fruit skin colors) and wi7201 (white spine and creamy fruit skin colors). we confirmed that a single, dominant gene, b, controlled both black spine color and orange mature fruit color. initi ...201323689749
qtl mapping of powdery mildew resistance in wi 2757 cucumber (cucumis sativus l.).powdery mildew (pm) is a very important disease of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.). resistant cultivars have been deployed in production for a long time, but the genetic mechanisms of pm resistance in cucumber are not well understood. a 3-year qtl mapping study of pm resistance was conducted with 132 f2:3 families derived from two cucumber inbred lines wi 2757 (resistant) and true lemon (susceptible). a genetic map covering 610.4 cm in seven linkage groups was developed with 240 ssr marker loci. m ...201323689747
metabolism of lactic acid in fermented cucumbers by lactobacillus buchneri and related species, potential spoilage organisms in reduced salt fermentations.recent evidence suggests that lactobacillus buchneri may play an important role in spoilage-associated secondary fermentation of cucumbers. lactic acid degradation during fermented cucumber spoilage is influenced by sodium chloride (nacl) concentration, ph, and presence of oxygen. objectives were to evaluate these factors on lactic acid utilization by l. buchneri, and to compare the biochemical changes to those which occur during fermented cucumber spoilage. effects of nacl (0, 2, 4, and 6% w/w) ...201323664264
influence of planting patterns on fluoroquinolone residues in the soil of an intensive vegetable cultivation area in northern china.recent studies have demonstrated the persistence of antibiotics in soil, especially in areas of vegetable cultivation. however, there are very few studies of the influence of planting regimes on the levels of antibiotic pollution. this work introduces geographical-detector models to investigate the relationship between planting patterns (vegetable planting model, manure type and quantity, planting age, greenhouse area, and topographic elevation) and residual fluoroquinolones (fqs) in soil in a p ...201323644280
a single recessive gene controls fragrance in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.). 201323640420
genome-wide analysis of the auxin response factor gene family in cucumber.auxin response factors (arfs) participate in the transcriptional regulation of a series of biological processes related to growth and development. the arf genes comprise a large multigene family in plants. recently, a draft of the full cucumber (cucumis sativus) genome assembly has been released; however, none of the arf genes have been characterized. we made a comprehensive analysis of arf genes in this species. fifteen arf genes were identified and could be divided into three classes. intron p ...201323613275
antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of two sea cucumbers, holothuria edulis lesson and stichopus horrens selenka.sea cucumbers are marine invertebrates of the phylum of echinodermata that have been used in asian traditional medicine since ancient times. this study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of aqueous and organic extracts from two sea cucumber species, holothuria edulis lesson (holothuriidae) and stichopus horrens selenka (stichopodidae). antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated by dpph· and β-carotene bleaching assays, while mtt and trypan blue exclu ...201323567827
anticancer activity and mediation of apoptosis in human hl-60 leukaemia cells by edible sea cucumber (holothuria edulis) extract.sea cucumbers have been a dietary delicacy and important ingredient in asian traditional medicinal over many centuries. in this study, edible sea cucumber holothuria edulis was evaluated for its in vitro anticancer potential. an aqueous fraction of the edible sea cucumber (esc-aq) has been shown to deliver a strong cytotoxic effect against the human hl-60 leukaemia cell line. an induction effect of apoptotic body formation in response to esc-aq treatment was confirmed in hl-60 cells stained with ...201323561113
meristem temperature substantially deviates from air temperature even in moderate environments: is the magnitude of this deviation species-specific?meristem temperature (tmeristem ) drives plant development but is hardly ever quantified. instead, air temperature (tair ) is usually used as its approximation. meristems are enclosed within apical buds. bud structure and function may differ across species. therefore, tmeristem may deviate from tair in a species-specific way. environmental variables (air temperature, vapour pressure deficit, radiation, and wind speed) were systematically varied to quantify the response of tmeristem . this respon ...201323509944
[growth and development of cucumber cucumis sativus l. in the prereproductive period under long photoperiods].when plants are grown in a greenhouse, an increase in the photoperiod, as well as continuous lighting, is one of the ways to improve plant productivity and energy savings. however, a number of crops under long photoperiods develop signs of light damage to leaves, and productivity is reduced. we studied the effect of the photoperiod (8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h) and photon flux densities (60, 120, and 160 micromol/m2 with par) on cucumber plants cucumis sativus l. in a prereproductive period. we show ...201323785847
boron excess affects photosynthesis and antioxidant apparatus of greenhouse cucurbita pepo and cucumis sativus.this study aimed to evaluate the behavior of zucchini (cucurbita pepo l.) and cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) under boron (b) excess. plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in a sandy soil-peat mixture using a nutrient solution containing 0.2 (control), 10 and 20 mg l(-1) b. visible symptoms were quantified and leaf b accumulation, gas exchanges, chlorophyll (chl) a fluorescence, malondialdehyde by-products and antioxidants were investigated 20 days after the beginning of the treatments. bo ...201323779070
influence of metal oxide particles on soil enzyme activity and bioaccumulation of two plants.particle size and metal species are important to both soil microbial toxicity and phytotoxicity in the soil ecosystem. the effects of cuo and zno nanoparticles (nps) and microparticles (mps) on soil microbial toxicity, phytotoxicity, and bioaccumulation in two crops (cucumis sativus and zea mays) were estimated in a soil microcosm. in the microcosm system, soil was artificially contaminated with 1,000 mg/kg cuo and zno nps and mps. after 15 days, we compared the microbial toxicity and phytotoxic ...201323751560
common arbuscular mycorrhizal networks amplify competition for phosphorus between seedlings and established plants.common mycorrhizal networks (cmns) influence competition between plants, but reports regarding their precise effect are conflicting. we studied cmn effects on phosphorus (p) uptake and growth of seedlings as influenced by various disruptions of network components. tomato (solanum lycopersicon) seedlings grew into established networks of rhizophagus irregularis and cucumber (cucumis sativus) in two experiments. one experiment studied seedling uptake of (32)p in the network in response to cutting ...201323738787
silicon alleviates iron deficiency in cucumber by promoting mobilization of iron in the root apoplast.· root responses to lack of iron (fe) have mainly been studied in nutrient solution experiments devoid of silicon (si). here we investigated how si ameliorates fe deficiency in cucumber (cucumis sativus) with focus on the storage and utilization of fe in the root apoplast. · a combined approach was performed including analyses of apoplastic fe, reduction-based fe acquisition and fe-mobilizing compounds in roots along with the expression of related genes. · si-treated plants accumulated higher co ...201323496257
impact of a snail pellet on the phytoavailability of different metals to cucumber plants (cucumis sativus l.).fepo4 based molluscicides (snail pellets) also contain a chelating agent. the influence of the chelating agent, which is intrinsically present in the molluscicide, on the phytoavailability of other metals present in the growth medium was investigated in the present study. cucumber plants (cucumis sativus) were grown in a hydroponic nutrient solution and exposed for one week to different metals in combination with a chelating agent containing molluscicide. oven dried roots and shoots of plants we ...201325208711
the in-vitro effects of sea cucumber (stichopus sp1) extract on human osteoblast cell line.despite its claimed therapeutic effects, the action of sea cucumber (known as gamat in the malay language) on human osteoblast cells is still unknown. we performed in vitro studies utilising extract of stichopus sp1 (gamat) to elucidate its effects on cell viability and functional activity. we found an inverse relationship between gamat concentration and its effect on osteoblast cell viability (p<0.001). only gamat concentration at 1mg/ml significantly promoted cell viability at day 3 of incubat ...201325722806
24-epibrassinolide regulates photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content of cucumis sativus under salt and/or copper stress.brassinosteroids have been extensively used to overcome various abiotic stresses. but its role in combined stress of salt and excess copper remains unexplored. seeds of two cultivars (rocket and jumbo) of cucumis sativus were grown in sand amended with copper (100 mg kg(-1)), and developed seedlings were exposed to salt stress in the form of nacl (150 mm) at the 30-day stage of growth for 3 days. these seedlings were subsequently sprayed with 0 or 0.01 μm of 24-epibrassinolide (ebl) at the 35-da ...201323443638
a rapid determination method for ethylenethiourea in potato and cucumber by modified quechers - high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.a rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of ethylenethiourea (etu) in potatoes and cucumbers is developed. this method employs modified quechers followed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms) analysis. etu was extracted by alkaline acetonitrile (containing 1%nh(3).h(2)0), separated on a zic-philic column, confirmed by multiple reaction monitoring (mrm) mode with electrospray ionisation source. this modified procedure showed satisfact ...201323411254
graphene grafted silica-coated fe3o4 nanocomposite as absorbent for enrichment of carbamates from cucumbers and pears prior to hplc.in this paper, a novel graphene (g) grafted silica-coated fe3o4 nanocomposite was fabricated by the chemical bonding of g onto the surface of silica-coated fe3 o4 nanoparticles. some carbamates (metolcarb, carbaryl, pirimicarb, and diethofencarb) in cucumber and pear samples were enriched by this nanocomposite prior to their determination by hplc with uv detection. experimental parameters that may affect the extraction efficiency were investigated. under the optimum conditions, a linear response ...201323404952
a major latex-like protein is a key factor in crop contamination by persistent organic pollutants.this is the first report, to our knowledge, to reveal important factors by which members of the cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumber (cucumis sativus), watermelon (citrullus lanatus), melon (cucumis melo), pumpkin (cucurbita pepo), squash (c. pepo), and zucchini (c. pepo), are selectively polluted with highly toxic hydrophobic contaminants, including organochlorine insecticides and dioxins. xylem sap of c. pepo ssp. pepo, which is a high accumulator of hydrophobic compounds, solubilized the hy ...201323404917
ethylene-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species is responsible for the development of watersoaking in immature cucumber fruit.watersoaking is an ethylene-induced disorder observed in some members of the cucurbitaceae including cucumber (cucumis sativus l.), watermelon (citrullus lanatus thunb. matsum and nakai), and tropical pumpkin (cucurbita moschata duch.). previous studies have found that immature beit-alpha cucumber (cv. manar) exhibit watersoaking after 6d of continuous exposure to 10 μll(-1) ethylene in air (21 kpa o(2)). the present study was designed to investigate the early dynamics of ethylene responses in i ...201322999588
molecular cytogenetics (fish, gish) of coccinia grandis : a ca. 3 myr-old species of cucurbitaceae with the largest y/autosome divergence in flowering plants.the independent evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in 19 species from 4 families of flowering plants permits studying x/y divergence after the initial recombination suppression. here, we document autosome/y divergence in the tropical cucurbitaceae coccinia grandis, which is ca. 3 myr old. karyotyping and c-value measurements show that the c. grandis y chromosome has twice the size of any of the other chromosomes, with a male/female c-value difference of 0.094 pg or 10% of the total genom ...201323207224
transcriptomic and physiological characterization of the fefe mutant of melon (cucumis melo) reveals new aspects of iron-copper crosstalk.iron (fe) and copper (cu) homeostasis are tightly linked across biology. in previous work, fe deficiency interacted with cu-regulated genes and stimulated cu accumulation. the c940-fe (fefe) fe-uptake mutant of melon (cucumis melo) was characterized, and the fefe mutant was used to test whether cu deficiency could stimulate fe uptake. wild-type and fefe mutant transcriptomes were determined by rna-seq under fe and cu deficiency. fefe-regulated genes included core fe uptake, metal homeostasis, an ...201424975482
characterization of conserved micrornas from five different cucurbit species using computational and experimental analysis.micrornas (mirnas) are ∼21 nt non-coding small rnas which regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in plants and animals. until recently, only limited numbers of mirnas were identified in cucurbitaceae, a large flowering plant family. in this study, 220 potential mirna candidates were identified from five species of cucurbitaceae family using a comparative genome-based computational analysis. a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of est (expressed sequence tag) and gss (genomi ...201424657600
genome-wide identification and characterization of polygalacturonase genes in cucumis sativus and citrullus lanatus.polygalacturonase (pg, ec3.2.1.15), one of the hydrolytic enzymes associated with the modification of pectin network in plant cell wall, has an important role in various cell-separation processes that are essential for plant development. pgs are encoded by a large gene family in plants. however, information on this gene family in plant development remains limited. in the present study, 53 and 62 putative members of the pg gene family in cucumber and watermelon genomes, respectively, were identif ...201424321876
effect of modified atmosphere packaging and storage conditions on quality characteristics of cucumber.cucumbers (cucumis sativus l.) stored in perforated modified atmosphere packaging (map) under cold room (4 ± 1 °c and 90 ± 2 % rh) and ambient condition (23-26 °c and 63-66 % rh) were evaluated for firmness, weight loss (wl), colour, chilling injury and sensory characteristics. the firmness of cucumbers was decreased to 0.333 and 0.326 n on 6th and 12th day of storage, respectively from initial value of 0.38 n. after 12 days of storage, the wl was in the range of 1.62-12.89 % whereas the cucumbe ...201426396348
[determination of 19 phthalate esters in cucumbers using quechers coupled with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry].an efficient method using quechers equipped with triple quadrupole gc-ms/ms for the simultaneous detection of 19 phthalate acid ester residues in cucumbers was established. the phthalate acid esters were extracted from cucumber samples by ultrasonic with acetonitrile. the extracts were salted out and centrifuged with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride. the supernatants were enriched by vacuum distillation, and then purified by c18 adsorbent. the 19 phthalate esters were separated on ...201425764662
identification of fruit related micrornas in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) using high-throughput sequencing technology.micrornas (mirnas) are approximately 21 nt noncoding rnas that influence the phenotypes of different species through the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. although many mirnas have been identified in a few model plants, less is known about mirnas specific to cucumber (cucumis sativus l.). in this study, two libraries of cucumber rna, one based on fruit samples and another based on mixed samples from leaves, stems, and roots, were prepared for deep-sequencing. a total of 110 seq ...201425588308
aspidochirotida (echinodermata: holothuroidea) from the northeast coast of brazil.this is a taxonomic work on the aspidochirotid sea cucumbers from shallow waters in northeast brazil. we studied 165 specimens, classified into 2 families, 3 genera, 7 subgenera and 9 species. descriptions, illustrations and literature data are included for each species, in addition to ecological notes and information on their distribution in the northeast coast of brazil. a taxonomic key is provided for the identification of the species.201425544137
on some sea cucumbers from ghana (echinodermata: holothuroidea) with descriptions of a new genus and one new species.this paper reports on some sea cucumbers (holothuroidea) in the collections of the nhmuk, taken off the coast of ghana. most result from collections around accra during the years 1949-52. a couple of other species are included. altogether six species are here reported, viz. holothuria (holothuria) dakarensis panning, 1939; holothuria (semperothuria) imitans ludwig, 1875; holothuria (vaneyothuria) lentiginosa lentiginosa (von marenzeller,1893); stereoderma congoana (heding, 1935); ocnus cruciform ...201425543735
an snp-based saturated genetic map and qtl analysis of fruit-related traits in cucumber using specific-length amplified fragment (slaf) sequencing.cucumber, cucumis sativus l., is an economically important vegetable crop which is processed or consumed fresh worldwide. however, the narrow genetic base in cucumber makes it difficult for constructing high-density genetic maps. the development of massively parallel genotyping methods and next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies provides an excellent opportunity for developing single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) for linkage map construction and qtl analysis of horticultural traits. spec ...201425534138
relationships between chemical structures and functions of triterpene glycosides isolated from sea cucumbers.many marine triterpene glycosides have in vitro and in vivo activities with very low toxicity, suggesting that they are suitable agents for the prevention and treatment of different diseases, particularly cancer. however, the molecular mechanisms of action of natural marine compounds in cancer, immune, and other various cells are not fully known. this review focuses on the structural characteristics of marine triterpene glycosides and how these affect their biological activities and molecular me ...201425250309
ectopic expression of csctr1, a cucumber ctr-like gene, attenuates constitutive ethylene signaling in an arabidopsis ctr1-1 mutant and expression pattern analysis of csctr1 in cucumber (cucumis sativus).the gaseous plant hormone ethylene regulates many aspects of plant growth, development and responses to the environment. constitutive triple response 1 (ctr1) is a central regulator involved in the ethylene signal transduction pathway. to obtain a better understanding of this particular pathway in cucumber, the cdna-encoding ctr1 (designated csctr1) was isolated from cucumber. a sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses revealed that csctr1 has a high degree of homology with other plant ctr1 ...201425226540
calculation of the convective heat transfer coefficient and thermal diffusivity of cucumbers using numerical simulation and the inverse method.cooling of fruits and vegetables, immediately after the harvest, has been a widely used method for maximizing post-harvest life. in this paper, an optimization algorithm and a numerical solution are used to determine simultaneously the convective heat transfer coefficient, hh, and the thermal diffusivity, α, for an individual solid with cylindrical shape, using experimental data obtained during its cooling. to this end, the one-dimensional diffusion equation in cylindrical coordinates is discret ...201425190830
asteroids, ophiuroids and holothurians from the southeastern weddell sea (southern ocean).until the early 1980s, the composition and distribution of the asteroid (starfish), ophiuroid (brittle star) and holothurian (sea cucumber) bottom fauna of the southeastern weddell sea was virtually unknown. this southernmost part of the atlantic sector of the southern ocean is a typical high-latitude antarctic region located in the circumpolar permanent pack-ice zone. it became accessible for large-scale scientific surveys only through the availability of modern ice-breaking research vessels, s ...201425152677
determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in oranges and cucumbers using quechers extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.a simple and fast method has been developed for determining relevant quaternary ammonium compounds in cucumber and orange samples. the target compounds were benzoalkonium chloride (bac-10, bac-12, bac-14, and bac-16), didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and benzethonium chloride, all frequently used biocides in the agrifood industry. an extraction based on the buffered quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method and determination by ultra-performance lc/ms/ms that eluted the biocides in ...201425145132
sea, carbohydrates and clotting: a triad on the road of drug discovery.cardiovascular diseases (cds) are the principal cause of death in the world. anticoagulation is the commonest therapeutic strategy for treatments of cds in clinical settings. although possessed of numerous downsides, heparin is the main clinical anticoagulant/antithrombotic agent used so far. novel sulfated polysaccharides like the marine dermatan sulfate, sulfated fucans and galactans are also able to block clot and thrombus formation. these relatively new marine glycans call special attention ...201425138087
fucosylated chondroitin sulfate diversity in sea cucumbers: a review.fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fuccs) is structurally distinct glycosaminoglycans found from the sea cucumber body wall consisted of chondroitin sulfate type backbone with attached sulfated or non-sulfated fucose side chain. structurally this compound plays an important role in maintaining the body wall integrity and possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities. recently several glycosaminoglycans' structures have been solved to elucidate its physicochemical activity. the purpose of this ...201425129732
production of destruxins from metarhizium spp. fungi in artificial medium and in endophytically colonized cowpea plants.destruxins (dtxs) are cyclic depsipeptides produced by many metarhizium isolates that have long been assumed to contribute to virulence of these entomopathogenic fungi. we evaluated the virulence of 20 metarhizium isolates against insect larvae and measured the concentration of dtxs a, b, and e produced by these same isolates in submerged (shaken) cultures. eight of the isolates (arsef 324, 724, 760, 1448, 1882, 1883, 3479, and 3918) did not produce dtxs a, b, or e during the five days of submer ...201425127450
immunomodulatory action of triterpene glycosides isolated from the sea cucumber actinocucumis typica. structure-activity relationships.stimulation of lysosomal activity and ros formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages by five triterpene glycosides, typicosides a1 (1), a2 (2), b1 (3), c1 (4) and c2 (5) has been studied and compared with their cytotoxic activities. glycosides 1-3 possess moderate activities, but the most cytotoxic glycoside 5 is not active. typicoside c1 (4), with low toxicity, was proved to be the most active concerning stimulation of ros formation. this is the first example of a triterpene glycoside from sea c ...201425115075
melatonin promotes seed germination under high salinity by regulating antioxidant systems, aba and ga₄ interaction in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.).although previous studies have found that melatonin can promote seed germination, the mechanisms involved in perceiving and signaling melatonin remain poorly understood. in this study, it was found that melatonin was synthesized during cucumber seed germination with a peak in melatonin levels occurring 14 hr into germination. this is indicative of a correlation between melatonin synthesis and seed germination. meanwhile, seeds pretreated with exogenous melatonin (1 μm) showed enhanced germinatio ...201425112973
structure elucidation of five novel isomeric saponins from the viscera of the sea cucumber holothuria lessoni.sea cucumbers are prolific producers of a wide range of bioactive compounds. this study aimed to purify and characterize one class of compound, the saponins, from the viscera of the australian sea cucumber holothuria lessoni. the saponins were obtained by ethanolic extraction of the viscera and enriched by a liquid-liquid partition process and adsorption column chromatography. a high performance centrifugal partition chromatography (hpcpc) was applied to the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain sa ...201425110919
effects of exogenous spermidine on photosynthetic capacity and expression of calvin cycle genes in salt-stressed cucumber seedlings.we investigated the effects of exogenous spermidine (spd) on growth, photosynthesis and expression of the calvin cycle-related genes in cucumber seedlings (cucumis sativus l.) exposed to nacl stress. salt stress reduced net photosynthetic rates (pn), actual photochemical efficiency of psii (φpsii) and inhibited plant growth. application of exogenous spd to salinized nutrient solution alleviated salinity-induced the inhibition of plant growth, together with an increase in pn and φpsii. salinity m ...201425069716
endogenous salicylic acid accumulation is required for chilling tolerance in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) seedlings.salicylic acid (sa) is an important plant hormone, and its exogenous application can induce tolerance to multiple environmental stresses in plants. in this study, we examine the potential involvement of endogenous sa in response to chilling in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) seedlings. a low temperature of 8 °c induces a moderate increase in endogenous sa levels. chilling stimulates the enzymatic activities and the expression of genes for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) and benzoic acid-2-hydrox ...201425034826
proteomic analysis of cucumis sativus cotyledons after glucohexaose treatment as a part of ros accumulation related resistance mechanism.glucohexaose is a safe farm chemical used for pathogen prevention, which can induce systemic acquired resistance in cucumber.201425028573
acid-base physiology response to ocean acidification of two ecologically and economically important holothuroids from contrasting habitats, holothuria scabra and holothuria parva.sea cucumbers are dominant invertebrates in several ecosystems such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows and mangroves. as bioturbators, they have an important ecological role in making available calcium carbonate and nutrients to the rest of the community. however, due to their commercial value, they face overexploitation in the natural environment. on top of that, occurring ocean acidification could impact these organisms, considered sensitive as echinoderms are osmoconformers, high-magnesium calc ...201425028324
bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of cucumbers grown in soils covering a wide range of cucumber cropping histories and environmental conditions.rhizosphere microorganisms in soils are important for plant growth. however, the importance of rhizosphere microorganisms is still underestimated since many microorganisms associated with plant roots cannot be cultured and since the microbial diversity in the rhizosphere can be influenced by several factors, such as the cropping history, biogeography, and agricultural practice. here, we characterized the rhizosphere bacterial diversity of cucumber plants grown in soils covering a wide range of c ...201425027276
triterpene saponins from the sea cucumber stichopus chloronotus.sea cucumbers have been used as a dietary delicacy and important ingredient in asian traditional medicine and functional foods over many centuries. using combined chromatographic methods, six triterpene saponins (1-6), including a new compound, stichloroside f (1), were isolated from a methanol extract of the sea cucumber stichopus chloronotus brandt. their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic (1h and 13c nmr, hsqc, hmbc, 1h-1lh cosy, roesy) and fticr-ms data and by compariso ...201425026701
instantaneous adhesion of cuvierian tubules in the sea cucumber holothuria forskali.the peculiar cuvierian tubules of sea cucumbers function as a defense mechanism. they thwart attacks by creating a sticky network composed of elongated tubules within which the potential predator is entangled in a matter of seconds and thus immobilized. cuvierian tubules are typical instantaneous adhesive organs in which tissue integrity is destroyed during the release of the adhesive secretion. however, very little information is available about this adhesion process. the adhesive epithelium-th ...201424985220
nitrates and nitrites in selected vegetables purchased at supermarkets in siedlce, poland.vegetables constitute a vital part of the human diet, being the main source of minerals, vitamins, dietary fibre and phytochemicals. they however, also contain nitrates and nitrites, which adversely affect human health.201424964574
transcriptome profiling reveals roles of meristem regulators and polarity genes during fruit trichome development in cucumber (cucumis sativus l.).trichomes are epidermal hair-like structures that function in plant defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. extensive studies have been performed on foliar trichomes development in arabidopsis and tomato, but the molecular mechanism of fruit trichome formation remains elusive. cucumber fruit is covered with trichomes (spines) that directly affect the appearance and quality of cucumber products. here, we characterized the fruit spine development in wild-type (wt) cucumber and a spontaneous m ...201424962999
norovirus transmission between hands, gloves, utensils, and fresh produce during simulated food handling.human noroviruses (hunovs), a leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, are easily transferred via ready-to-eat (rte) foods, often prepared by infected food handlers. in this study, the transmission of hunov and murine norovirus (munov) from virus-contaminated hands to latex gloves during gloving, as well as from virus-contaminated donor surfaces to recipient surfaces after simulated preparation of cucumber sandwiches, was inspected. virus transfer was investigated by swabbing with ...201424951789
use of the slw index to calculate growth function in the sea cucumber isostichopus badionotus.age and growth analysis is essential to fisheries management. indirect methods to calculate growth are widely used; however, length frequency data analysis in sea cucumbers is complicated by high data variability caused by body wall elasticity. here we calculated isostichopus badionotus parameters of the von bertalanffy growth function. in order to address bias produced by body wall elasticity, we compared the performance of four measurements and one compound index that combines different biomet ...201424909262
what is the most prominent factor limiting photosynthesis in different layers of a greenhouse cucumber canopy?maximizing photosynthesis at the canopy level is important for enhancing crop yield, and this requires insights into the limiting factors of photosynthesis. using greenhouse cucumber (cucumis sativus) as an example, this study provides a novel approach to quantify different components of photosynthetic limitations at the leaf level and to upscale these limitations to different canopy layers and the whole plant.201424907313
23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin c: a new compound regarded as the next metabolite of cucurbitacin c.cucurbitacin c, a bitter substance in cucumis sativus l., was isolated from green leaves by using phytochemical methods. an analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) was established for the quantification of cucurbitacin c in different parts of the cucumber plant at different growth periods. cucurbitacin c was detected in the leaves and stems but not in the female flowers, fruits, roots and leafstalks. the level of cucurbitacin c decreased significantly with the proce ...201424896808
transcriptomic changes during regeneration of the central nervous system in an echinoderm.echinoderms are emerging as important models in regenerative biology. significant amount of data are available on cellular mechanisms of post-traumatic repair in these animals, whereas studies of gene expression are rare. in this study, we employ high-throughput sequencing to analyze the transcriptome of the normal and regenerating radial nerve cord (a homolog of the chordate neural tube), in the sea cucumber holothuria glaberrima.201424886271
planar solid phase extraction clean-up and microliter-flow injection analysis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for multi-residue screening of pesticides in food.for multi-residue analysis of pesticides in food, a sufficient clean-up is essential for avoiding matrix effects in liquid and gas chromatography (lc and gc) analysis coupled to mass spectrometry (ms). in the last two years, high-throughput planar solid phase extraction (htpspe) was established as a new clean-up concept for pesticide residue analysis in fruits and vegetables (c. oellig, w. schwack, 2011) and tea (c. oellig, w. schwack, 2012). htpspe results in matrix-free extracts almost free of ...201424877980
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