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bacterial vaginosis: what is physiological in vaginal bacteriology? an update and opinion.bacterial vaginosis (bv) was originally described as a sexually transmitted infection caused by a single microbe. the prevailing concept describes bv as a polymicrobial coitus-associated disease of uncertain origin. in this overview the natural history of bv as a monobacterial and polymicrobial entity is examined with respect to the physiological concept of bv in relation to sexual behavior before and after introduction of the hormonal contraceptive pill. bacterial vaginosis, characterized by lo ...201121916857
Potential role of Mycoplasma hominis in interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+ T-cell generation via induction of IL-23 secretion by human dendritic cells.Mycoplasma hominis, a human urogenital pathogen, is involved in genital and extragenital infections and arthritis, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The interleukin (IL) 23/T helper (Th) 17 axis is associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the IL-23 response to M. hominis in human dendritic cells (DCs) and the CD4(+) T-cell differentiation in response to M. hominis-infected DCs.201121971287
Liquid-based urine cytology as a tool for detection of human papillomavirus, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma in men.Background: Liquid-based urine cytology (LB-URC) was evaluated for cytological diagnosis and detection of human papillomavirus (HPV), Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma.Methods: Midstream urine samples were collected from 141 male patients with urethritis and 154 controls without urethritis, and sediment cells were preserved in liquid-based cytology solution. Urethral swabs from urethritis patients were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Papanicolaou tests were performed for cyt ...201122135257
[antioxidative system in pregnant women infected by chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum].the study was performed to evaluate the frequency of cervical infections with chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis in women with normal pregnancy and with symptoms of spontaneous abortion or preterm delivery. antioxidant status of pregnant women was assessed. elevated oxidative status is claimed to be one of the factors causing threatened miscarriage and premature labor.201122379935
genital mycoplasma & chlamydia trachomatis infections in treatment naïve hiv-1 infected adults.sexually transmitted infections (stis) enhance the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). thus, screening for stis is a routine component of primary hiv care. there are limited data for selective screening guidelines for genital mycoplasmas and chlamydia trachomatis in hiv-infected adults. the aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of genital infections with ureaplasma spp., mycoplasma hominis, m. genitalium and c. trachomatis in treatment naïve asymptomatic hiv-1 - ...201122310829
prevalence of genital mycoplasma, ureaplasma, gardnerella, and human papillomavirus in japanese men with urethritis, and risk factors for detection of urethral human papillomavirus infection.to analyze the risk factors for hpv infection in the urethra, we examined the prevalence of various microorganisms, for example neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, ureaplasma parvum, gardnerella vaginalis, and human papillomavirus (hpv) in japanese male patients with urethritis, and investigated their sexual backgrounds. rubbed samples obtained from the distal urethra and questionnaires regarding sexual activity and dem ...201121213011
amniotic fluid interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6, but not interleukin-8 correlate with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in preterm labor.we compared the frequency of intra-amniotic infection in preterm labor (pl) with women not in labor, and correlated infection with amniotic fluid (af) cytokines. detailed identification of species, especially mycoplasmata, was tried to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of pl.201121214658
role of the infections in recurrent spontaneous abortion.embryo-fetal infections have been reported to cause recurrent spontaneous abortions (rsas) at a rate lower than 4%. the possible mechanisms include production of toxic metabolic byproducts, fetal or placental infection, chronic endometrial infection, and chorio-amnionitis. viruses appear to be the most frequently involved pathogens, since some of them can produce chronic or recurrent maternal infection. in particular, cytomegalovirus during pregnancy can reach the placenta by viremia, following ...201121261443
serum antibodies against genitourinary infectious agents in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia patients: a case-control study.infection plays a role in the pathogenesis of many human malignancies. whether prostate cancer (pca) - an important health issue in the aging male population in the western world - belongs to these conditions has been a matter of research since the 1970 s. persistent serum antibodies are a proof of present or past infection. the aim of this study was to compare serum antibodies against genitourinary infectious agents between pca patients and controls with benign prostate hyperplasia (bph). we hy ...201121291519
development of a real-time pcr targeting the yidc gene for the detection of mycoplasma hominis and comparison with quantitative culture.mycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic human mycoplasma species that can be either commensal or pathogenic. its detection by culture is considered to comprise the reference technique. previously reported pcr techniques target the 16s rrna or the gap gene, although sequence variations among clinical isolates may lead to variations in clinical sensitivity. the present study aimed to develop a specific taqman quantitative real-time pcr assay, targeting a gene conserved in all m. hominis isolates, a ...201120298269
[mycoplasma hominis may cause soft tissue infections].mycoplasmas belong to the smallest micro-organisms that are independent of animal or plant cells. they are classified as bacteria, since their cultivation does not require any cells. mycoplasma hominis is a commensal of the human urogenital region, but may sometimes cause even life-threatening, slow-healing soft tissue infections. ureaplasma urealyticum may cause similar infections. it is important both for clinicians and the laboratory to suspect mycoplasma, when clinical picture indicates infe ...201122320109
genital mycoplasmas in women attending the yaoundé university teaching hospital in cameroon.genital mycoplasmas are implicated in pelvic inflammatory diseases, puerperal infection, septic abortions, low birth weight, nongonococcal urethritis and prostatitis as well as spontaneous abortion and infertility in women. there is paucity of data on colonisation of genital mycoplasma in women and their drug sensitivity patterns. the aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of genital mycoplasmas (ureaplasma urealiticum and mycoplasma hominis) infection and their drug sensitivity patter ...201128299057
[the adaptation of mycoplasmas to stress conditions: features of proteome shift in mycoplasma hominis pg37 under starvation and low temperature].mycoplasma hominis--one of the widely spread mycoplasmas (class mollicutes), associated with the socially significant human diseases and contamination of cell cultures. the solution of the problem on controlling m. hominis infections is connected with determination of the molecular basis, responsible for mechanisms of bacterium survival under unfavorable conditions. as a result of proteomic approach (2-dige and maldi tof/tof ms) for the first time, 53 m. hominis pg37 proteins were detected, diff ...201222393789
hypogammaglobulinemic patient with polyarthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis finally diagnosed as septic arthritis caused by mycoplasma hominis.hypogammaglobulinemia is a reduction or absence of immunoglobulin, which may be congenital or associated with immunosuppressive therapy. in addition to infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases have also been reported in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. a 26-year-old man with hypogammaglobulinemia had multiple joint pain and swelling with erosive changes in the proximal interphalangeal joint of the right middle finger on x-ray film, mimicking rheumatoid arthritis (ra). as polyarthritis remain ...201222333381
the prevalence of vaginal microorganisms in pregnant women with preterm labor and preterm birth.to investigate the risk factors for vaginal infections and antimicrobial susceptibilities of vaginal microorganisms among women who experienced preterm birth (ptb), we compared the prevalence of vaginal microorganisms between women who experienced preterm labor (ptl) without preterm delivery and spontaneous ptb.201222563554
antimicrobial resistance of abnormal vaginal discharges microorganisms in ouagadougou, burkina faso.to assess the prevalence of bacterial strains and fungal strains infecting the vaginal tract and test their sensitivity to antibiotics in women attending saint camille medical centre in ouagadougou.201223569916
ureaplasma serovars & their antimicrobial susceptibility in patients of infertility & genital tract infections.ureaplasmas have been implicated in a variety of clinical conditions. however, only certain serovars of ureaplasmas are disease associated. only a few classes of antimicrobial agents are available for the treatment of mycoplasmal infections in humans. increase of resistance of genital mycoplasmas to antimicrobials has been reported worldwide. the aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of ureaplasma serovars in patients with infertility and genital tract infections with polymera ...201223391795
closed trauma, mycoplasma hominis osteomyelitis, and the elusive diagnosis of good's syndrome.mycoplasma hominis septic arthritis has a well-established association with hypogammaglobulinaemia, but is rarely seen in immunocompetent hosts. an association also exists with a closed trauma and a predisposition to m hominis bone infections. in this clinical case report, a patient with m hominis osteomyelitis following a closed trauma was diagnosed using 16s ribosomal studies, and led to the diagnosis of a severe underlying immunodeficiency syndrome known as good's syndrome.201223188847
[possible role of enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis in the etiology of infectious vaginitis].vaginitis is a common gynecologic disorder. it is due to several causes, some even unknown. bacteroides fragilis is the most important anaerobe in clinical bacteriology, some strains of this group are notable for being enterotoxigenic and they have been associated with intestinal and extraintestinal syndromes. they have recently been isolated from patients with vaginitis. the purpose of this study was to investigate a possible association of enterotoxigenic b. fragilis with infectious vaginitis. ...201222524106
difficulties experienced in defining the microbial cause of pelvic inflammatory disease.clinical assessment of women with pelvic pain was a poor indicator of disease seen at laparoscopy. thus, of 109 women, 22 at laparoscopy had salpingitis, 19 had adhesions without salpingitis, 20 had endometriosis or ovarian pathology and 48 no observable abnormality. in all laparoscopic categories, ureaplasma spp. and mycoplasma hominis, but not mycoplasma genitalium, were at least as common in the cervix/vagina as chlamydia trachomatis and equally frequent in the endometrium. however, c. tracho ...201222362682
sensitivity of gram stain in the diagnosis of urethritis in men.acute urethritis is among the most common types of sexually transmitted diseases in men. the diagnosis usually requires microscopic evidence of urethritis, but sometimes urethral pathogens are detected in asymptomatic men without such evidence. the aims of this study were to assess the sensitivity of gram stain in men with urethral symptoms and to relate it to the microorganisms isolated.201222308534
evaluation of seeplex® std6 ace detection kit for the diagnosis of six bacterial sexually transmitted infections.traditionally, the diagnosis of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (sti) has been dependent on the isolation of the causative pathogens by culturing endocervical or urethral swab specimens on selective media. while such procedures typically provide excellent diagnostic accuracy, they are often time-consuming and expensive. a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, based on a semi-automated detection system, was evaluated for the detection of six sti causative organisms. the seeple ...201222252268
[mycoplasmas and antibodies anti-chlamydia in semen of infertile men and their relationship with seminal quality and markers of male accessory sex glands].male infertility may be due to inflammation or infection of the genital tract among other causes. male accessory sex glands and sperm function may also be involved in the problem of infertility. this study tries to associate the most frequent bacteria in semen of infertile men including chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum with the seminal characteristics and levels of fructose, citric acid and alpha-neutral glucosidase as markers of the accessory glands. detectio ...201222978046
chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum, and mycoplasma hominis in sexually intact girls with arthritides.to investigate the frequency of chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum, and mycoplasma hominis in the genital tract of sexually intact girls with arthritides, and to search for optimal means of their elucidation.201222803817
amniotic fluid and maternal race influence responsiveness of fetal membranes to bacteria.spontaneous preterm birth (ptb) and preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (pprom) occur more frequently in african-american women than in other racial groups. this may be due to an enhanced inflammatory response to pathogens associated with the condition. it is also possible that amniotic fluid (af) has different immunomodulatory properties in african-american women that increase their risk of ptb and pprom. to test this, we cultured fetal membranes from european-american and african-american wo ...201223021257
the prevalence of six species of mycoplasmataceae in an hiv/aids population in jiangsu province, china.this study employed culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to examine the prevalence of ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma fermentans, mycoplasma penetrans and mycoplasma pirum in 210 hiv/aids patients, 455 sexually transmitted infection (sti) clinic attendees and 245 healthy volunteers from first-void urine specimens for men and endocervical swabs for women. u. urealyticum and m. hominis were detected in 107 (51.0%) and 69 (32.9%) patients in the ...201222930310
in vitro antimycoplasmal activity of citrus bergamia essential oil and its major components.forty-two strains of mycoplasma hominis (including pg21), 2 strain of mycoplasma fermentans (pg18 and k7), 1 strain of mycoplasma pneumoniae (strain m129) were investigated for their susceptibilities to citrus bergamia essential oil and to its major components (limonene, linalyl acetate and linalool). c. bergamia essential oil inhibited mycoplasmas at concentrations from 0.5 to 1% (mic value as % v/v). m. hominis showed mic(50) values of 0.5% and mic(90) values of 1%; m. pneumoniae showed a mic ...201222465092
[a case of mycoplasma hominis infection on chronic refractory lower leg ulceration caused by livedo vasculopathy].mycoplasma hominis is a common inhabitant of the human urogenital tract and most frequently causes diseases of the genitourinary tract. extragenital m. hominis infections are uncommon, with almost all occurring in immunosuppressed persons or those predisposed due to surgery or trauma. we report a case of non surgical, non-traumatic wound infection caused by m. hominis. a 28-year-old immunocompetent woman with livedo vasculopathy had an open wound on dorsum of her right foot with signs and sympto ...201223383571
cluster or coincidence? an unusual cause of surgical site infections in adult trauma patients.mycoplasma hominis is a bacteria that colonizes and infects the genitourinary tract; extragenital infections are not common. three surgical site infections because of m hominis in immunocompetent adult trauma patients were detected at our facility in a 6-month time period. we investigated this case series and hypothesize transmission based on common exposures.201223199728
mycoplasma hominis septic arthritis with concomitant gouty arthritis.we report a rare case of mycoplasma hominis septic arthritis occurring simultaneously with acute gout. a taiwanese native aboriginal presented with right ankle swelling, erythema, local tenderness, and limitation of range of motion after a vertebroplasty. he had a history of gout without regular follow-up. under the polarized light microscopy examination, his synovial fluid revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis and monosodium urate crystals. subsequently, 2 consecutive anaerobic synovial fluid cult ...201223188210
diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of mycoplasma hominis meningitis in adults.meningitis in adults due to infection with mycoplasma hominis is rarely reported. here, we document the third case of m. hominis meningitis in an adult individual, developed upon neurosurgery following a subarachnoid haemorrhage. our findings are noteworthy, because the presence of m. hominis in cerebrospinal fluid cannot be identified by standard culturing, gram-staining, or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. importantly, however, 16s rdna sequencing d ...201223085510
[mycoplasma hominis symbiosis and trichomonas vaginalis metronidazole resistance].to investigate the relation of mycoplasma hominis symbiosis and the resistance of trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole.201223072138
standardized methods and quality control limits for agar and broth microdilution susceptibility testing of mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum.an international multilaboratory collaborative study was conducted to develop standard media and consensus methods for the performance and quality control of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mycoplasma pneumoniae, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum using broth microdilution and agar dilution techniques. a reference strain from the american type culture collection was designated for each species, which was to be used for quality control purposes. repeat testing of replicate sam ...201222915608
mycoplasma hominis brain abscess presenting after a head trauma: a case report.mycoplasma hominis brain abscess is a rare occurrence, and treatment is not well defined. the mechanism by which m. hominis infects sites outside the genitourinary tract, including the central nervous system, is unclear.201222913832
prevalence of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealiticum in pregnant and women with reproductive problems.the aim of the research was to explore women with reproductive problems and pregnant women on mycoplasma and ureaplasma as well as to investigate spread of these microbes in the women of reproductive age. there were investigated 100 women with reproductive problem and 96 pregnant women. it was found that 64% of women with reproductive problem and 60% of pregnant women had ureaplasma urealyticum with high titer (more then 1000 cells in ml), but mycoplasma hominis was detected approximately in equ ...201222899414
[severe postoperative mycoplasma hominis arthritis revealing hypogammaglobulinemia]. 201222770655
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis in a population of italian and immigrant outpatients.ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis are associated with non-gonococcal urethritis, increased risk of recurrent miscarriage, infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease. migration flows from other countries change the local epidemiological profile of infectious diseases of patients treated by general practitioners and hospital doctors. few studies have evaluated this ever-changing issue in the italian population. the aim of this study was to assess possible differences in prevalence and ...201222767305
mycoplasma hominis in cuban trichomonas vaginalis isolates: association with parasite genetic polymorphism.trichomonas vaginalis can be naturally infected with intracellular mycoplasma hominis. this bacterial infection may have implications for trichomonal virulence and disease pathogenesis. the objective of the study was to report the presence of m. hominis in cuban t. vaginalis isolates and to describe the association between the phenotype m. hominis infected with rapd genetic polymorphism of t. vaginalis. the random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique was used to determine genetic differenc ...201222584035
evidence for the predominance of a single tet(m) gene sequence type in tetracycline-resistant ureaplasma parvum and mycoplasma hominis isolates from tunisian patients.resistance to tetracyclines in genital mycoplasmas is due mainly to acquisition of the tet(m) determinant, which is frequently associated with conjugative transposon elements of the tn916/tn1545 family. the aim of the present work was to evaluate the prevalence of tet(m) in tunisian isolates and to gain an insight into its origin and evolution. twenty ureaplasma parvum, two ureaplasma urealyticum and 48 mycoplasma hominis isolates, recovered from tunisian patients with urogenital and infertility ...201222580915
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis in chinese women with genital infectious diseases.previous studies have confirmed that the presence of ureaplasma urealyticum (uu) and mycoplasma hominis (mh) increases the risks of various diseases including genital infections in women. hence, the surveillance policies for the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of uu and mh are important for both the prevention and the treatment of the diseases associated with genital mycoplasmas.201222565456
prevalence of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis infection in unselected infertile men.in this study, we investigated the prevalence of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis infection among 250 unselected infertile men, the presence of urogenital symptoms in infected men and the effects of these microorganisms on the conventional sperm parameters. urethral samples were obtained using a swab inserted 3-4 cm into the urethral meatus. ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis were detected by the kit mycofast r evolution 3 elitech microbiology (elitech microbiology, signe ...201222546762
[antibiotic resistance as a public health problem: the case of genital mycoplasmoses].antibiotic resistance is an emerging public health problem especially due to the continuous use of antibiotics that selects more aggressive and resistant species. in the present study the authors determined the antibiotic sensitivity of 128 mycoplasma hominis strains obtained from urethral swabs of male patients (mean age 36 years). the mycoplasma ist 2 strip was used to test antibiotic susceptibility: 88% of analysed strains were found to be resistant to erythromycin and azithromycin, 75% to cl ...201322508643
an uncommon case of mycoplasma hominis infection after total disc replacement.beside mechanical complications, the majority of adverse events after total disc arthroplasty (tda) are related to the surgical approach. septic complications are very uncommon and only one previous case has been published. the objective of this article is to describe the clinical circumstances, treatment, and outcomes of septic complication after tda at l4-l5, involving an uncommon pathogen (mycoplasma hominis).201323001380
incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum isolated in brescia, italy, over 7 years.the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis collected during 2004-2011 were determined. a total of 9956 individuals was analyzed. identification was performed by use of the mycoplasma ist-2 kit. antimicrobial susceptibility against doxycycline, josamycin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and pristinamycin was also tested by use of this commercial kit. our results show a prevalence of 1856 posi ...201323192735
[prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (std) in hiv positive women in southern israel].co-infection of hiv and other sexually transmitted diseases (stds) is common. the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommends routine yearly screening for stds in hiv carriers. there is only scarce data on the prevalence of std in hiv positive individuals in israel and no current recommendations on this issue are available.201323844520
[circulating immune complexes as a depot of conservation of mycoplasma cell components].study the possibility of prolonged conservation in macroorganism of antigens, mycoplasma cell dna and live pathogen cells as part of cic against the background of persisting antigen biostructures.201323805676
[generalized mycoplasma infection in patients and carriers].study of possibility of generalization of mycoplasma infection in patients with urogenital pathology.201323805671
frequency and antimicrobial sensitivity of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis in patients with vaginal discharge.determination of antimicrobial sensitivity helps establish adequate treatment and avoids future genital tract diseases in women of fertile age. in cuba, prevalence of mycoplasma in patients with vaginal discharge is unknown. the objective of this research was to determine frequency and antimicrobial sensitivity of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis in women with vaginal discharge through analysis of laboratory data from vaginal smears from 255 patients referred to the municipal hygien ...201324253351
effect of corticosteroid interval on markers of inflammation in spontaneous preterm birth.the objective of the study was to evaluate whether the time interval from corticosteroid administration to delivery is associated with variations in inflammatory/infectious markers in women with spontaneous preterm birth (sptb).201323764022
diversity of mycoplasma hominis clinical isolates from bordeaux, france, as assessed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis.mycoplasma hominis is an opportunistic human mycoplasma species that can cause various urogenital infections and, less frequently, extragenital infections. the objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity of this species using a molecular typing method based on multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva).201323710536
incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of genital mycoplasmas in sexually active individuals in hungary.the aim of this study was to examine the incidence and antibiotic sensitivity of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis strains cultured from the genital discharges of sexually active individuals who attended our std outpatient service. samples were taken with universal swab (biolab®, budapest, hungary) into the urea-myco duo kit (bio-rad®, budapest, hungary) and incubated in ambient air for 48 h at 37 °c. the determination of antibiotic sensitivity was performed in u9 and arginin broth u ...201323686458
prevalence of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplazma urealyticum among women of reproductive age in albania.the aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of mycoplasma hominis (mh) and ureaplasma urealyticum (uu) among infertile women and women who had abortion in the first trimester in albania.201323678833
mycoplasma hominis prosthetic valve endocarditis: the value of molecular sequencing in cardiac surgery. 201323642308
association of trichomonas vaginalis with its symbiont mycoplasma hominis synergistically upregulates the in vitro proinflammatory response of human monocytes.trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. in recent years we have described the symbiotic relationship between t vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis. how this biological association might affect the pathogenicity of one or both the microorganisms is still unknown. since local inflammation is thought to play a central role in t vaginalis infection, we investigated the in vitro response of human macrophages to natur ...201323633668
concordance of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis in infertile couples: impact on semen parameters.to assess the relationship between mycoplasma infection and human infertility, we determined the concordance of ureaplasma urealyticum (uu) and mycoplasma hominis (mh) detection in infertile and fertile couples, and assessed semen parameters in both groups.201323602797
ureaplasma urealyticum, mycoplasma hominis and adverse pregnancy outcomes.mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum may colonize the human genital tract and have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. chorioamnionitis, spontaneous preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of membranes are significant contributors to neonatal morbidity and mortality. however, as these bacteria can reside in the normal vaginal flora, there are controversies regarding their true role during pregnancy and thus the need to treat these organisms.201323587772
an epidemiological survey of mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum in gynaecological outpatients, rome, italy.the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis infections and to investigate associations between their presence in the lower female genital tract and lifestyle characteristics. the study was performed on a population of 3115 women, comparing the demographic and behavioural characteristics of 872 women with u. urealyticum infection and 142 women with m. hominis with uninfected women, using univariate and multiple logistic regression anal ...201323445723
fatal hyperammonaemia caused by mycoplasma hominis. 201324315178
epidemiology and outcomes of deep surgical site infections following lung transplantation.we conducted a retrospective study of deep surgical site infections (ssis) among consecutive patients who underwent lung transplantation (ltx) at a single center from 2006 through 2010. thirty-one patients (5%) developed ssis at median 25 days after ltx. empyema was most common (42%), followed by surgical wound infections (29%), mediastinitis (16%), sternal osteomyelitis (6%), and pericarditis (6%). pathogens included gram-positive bacteria (41%), gram-negative bacteria (41%), fungi (10%) and my ...201323710593
[effect of low temperature plasma on various mycoplasma species].study the influence of low temperature (cold) electrolyte plasma (cep) on survivability of some mycoplasma strains growing in agar as well as mycoplasma that most frequently contaminate transplantable human cell lines of normal and malignant origin with the aim of decontamination.201323805670
microbial and vaginal determinants influencing mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum genital colonization in a population of female patients.mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum are associated with chorioamnionitis, preterm delivery and pelvic inflammatory disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible risk factors of co-colonization by m. hominis in patients already colonized by u. urealyticum and compare demographic parameters, vaginal ph and microbiota of women colonized by u. urealyticum or m. hominis. a total of 452 patients positive for u. urealyticum or m. hominis were analysed, 421 (93.1%) of whom were p ...201324008852
bacterial modulation of human fetal membrane toll-like receptor expression.preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes (pprom) occurs in 30-40% of spontaneous preterm births (ptb) and is associated with intra-amniotic infection and inflammation. the membranes may sense and respond to microbes via toll-like receptors (tlrs); however, little is known about their expression and regulation in this tissue. the objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of tlrs 1-10 in fetal membranes after exposure to pathogens associated with intra-amniotic infection and ptb.201322967004
[diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis].bacterial vaginosis is a common, complex clinical syndrome characterized by alterations in the normal vaginal flora. when symptomatic, it is associated with a malodorous vaginal discharge and on occasion vaginal burning or itching. under normal conditions, lactobacilli constitute 95% of the bacteria in the vagina. bacterial vaginosis is associated with severe reduction or absence of the normal h2o2-producing lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and gardnerella vaginalis, atopobium v ...201324073569
possible involvement of mycoplasma hominis in inhibiting the formation of biofilms by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec).here we examined the involvement of mycoplasma hominis in the formation of biofilms by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) strain cft073. initially, we thought that m. hominis does not affect the fitness of upec, including the growth and production of signaling molecules, such as autoinducer-2 and indole. we found, however, that the presence of m. hominis significantly decreased the degree of biofilm formation by upec cft073 (approximately a 60% reduction for 10(5) ccu/ml of m. hominis as comp ...201324096662
improved method for expression and isolation of the mycoplasma hominis arginine deiminase from the recombinant strain of escherichia coli.arginine deiminase is a promising anticancer drug active against melanoma, hepatocarcinoma and other tumors. recombinant strains of escherichia coli that express arginine deiminase from pathogenic bacteria mycoplasma have been developed. however, production costs of heterologous arginine deiminase are high due to use of an expensive inducer and extraction buffer, as well as using diluted culture for enzyme induction. we report on a new advanced protocol for mycoplasma hominis arginine deiminase ...201323928331
mycoplasma agalactiae mag_5040 is a mg2+-dependent, sugar-nonspecific snase recognised by the host humoral response during natural infection.in this study the enzymatic activity of mycoplasma agalactiae mag_5040, a magnesium-dependent nuclease homologue to the staphylococcal snase was characterized and its antigenicity during natural infections was established. a uga corrected version of mag_5040, lacking the region encoding the signal peptide, was expressed in escherichia coli as a gst fusion protein. recombinant gst-mag_5040 exhibits nuclease activity similar to typical sugar-nonspecific endo- and exonucleases, with dna as the pref ...201323469065
pregnancy-induced changes in immune protection of the genital tract: defining normal.both the state of pregnancy as well as disruption of vaginal flora and immune mediators may increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus-1 acquisition. the objective of this study was to define immune changes in lower genital and systemic immunity associated with normal pregnancy.201323313311
fetal membrane biomarker network diversity and disease functions induced by intra-amniotic pathogens.intra-amniotic pathogens and by-products activate innate immune responses encompassing multitudes of signaling molecules and pathways that can result in spontaneous preterm birth (ptb). this study investigates fetal membrane response to bacterial stimulation using a bioinformatics approach.201323216633
[leading role of infection in formation of placental insufficiency].evaluate the role of endotoxinemia in pregnancy complicated with placental insufficiency.201324341208
microbiological etiology of bacterial prostatitis in general hospital and primary care clinic in korea.the national institutes of health classification of prostatitis reported the proportion of chronic bacterial prostatitis, especially category ii, at 3% to 10%. because of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnosis technique, chronic prostatitis syndrome (cps) with a known bacterial origin has increased recently. in this study, we evaluated the proportion of chronic bacterial prostatitis in a general hospital and a primary care clinic (pcc) in addition to the distribution of the microorganism ...201324223415
performance of anyplex™ ii multiplex real-time pcr for the diagnosis of seven sexually transmitted infections: comparison with currently available methods.the real-time pcr assay is the most sensitive test for screening and diagnosing sexually transmitted infections (stis) and has made diagnosing these infections easier for clinicians. the aim of this study was to investigate the reliability, accuracy, and usefulness of the real-time multiplex pcr assay for the detection of seven sexually transmitted microorganisms in clinical samples.201324095619
epidemiological trends of sexually transmitted infections among women in cheonan, south korea, 2006-2012.a lack of investigation in specific regions has impeded the understanding of epidemiological trends in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis) in south korea. to help fill this research gap, this study used multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) to determine the prevalence of stis detected in clinical specimens collected from women in cheonan, south korea between august 2006 and november 2012, and analyzed the prevalence of stis according to age, bacterial pathogen, and time ...201323966022
co-infections with ureaplasma parvum, mycoplasma hominis and chlamydia trachomatis in a human immunodeficiency virus positive woman with vaginal discharge.a 30-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 infected woman presented with vaginal discharge and associated vulval irritation. the vaginal swabs tested positive for ureaplasma parvum and mycoplasma hominis by both culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the specimen also tested positive for chlamydia trachomatis deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) by cryptic plasmid and omp1 gene pcr assays. the patient was successfully treated with azithromycin based on the antibiotic susceptibility testing ...201323867681
bacterial infections of the lower genital tract in fertile and infertile women from the southeastern poland.the objective of the study was to investigate the detection rates of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, gardnerella vaginalis, escherichia coli, streptococcus agalactiae and enterococcus faecalis, showing no clinical signs of an ongoing, acute inflammatory state of the vagina and/or the cenrvix, in fertile and infertile women.201323819400
sequences of multiple bacterial genomes and a chlamydia trachomatis genotype from direct sequencing of dna derived from a vaginal swab diagnostic specimen.ultra-deep illumina sequencing was performed on whole genome amplified dna derived from a chlamydia trachomatis-positive vaginal swab. alignment of reads with reference genomes allowed robust snp identification from the c. trachomatis chromosome and plasmid. this revealed that the c. trachomatis in the specimen was very closely related to the sequenced urogenital, serovar f, clade t1 isolate f-sw4. in addition, high genome-wide coverage was obtained for prevotella melaninogenica, gardnerella vag ...201323647919
bacteriological agents which play a role in the development of infertility.this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of the bacterial agents chlamydia trachomatis (c. trachomatis), neisseria gonorrhoeae (n. gonorrhoeae), mycoplasma hominis (m. hominis) and ureaplasma urealyticum (u. urealyticum) and the conditions which may play a role in the development of female infertility, in the county of iaşi in north-eastern romania. cervical and blood samples were collected from 176 infertile women and 45 pregnant women in the third trimester. classical methods and ...201323529298
chronic scrotal pain syndrome (csps): the widespread use of antibiotics is not justified.data supporting the widespread use of antibiotics in patients with chronic scrotal pain syndrome (csps) are not available. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of bacteria in the genitourinary tract in patients presenting with csps. from july 2005 to july 2007 we prospectively enrolled patients presenting with csps in our outpatient clinic. the evaluation consisted of a detailed patient's history, physical examination and ultrasound examination of the scrotum. a blood ...201323258645
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among hiv-infected women in brazil.this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis) and associated risk factors in hiv-infected pregnant women followed for prenatal care in salvador, bahia. this was a cross-sectional study of 63 women seeking prenatal care at a reference center. participants were interviewed regarding socio-epidemiological and clinical history, and were tested for hbsag, anti-hcv, anti htlv i/ii, vdrl, chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasm ...201323168304
simultaneous direct identification of genital microorganisms in voided urine using multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assays.our aim was to develop and evaluate sensitive methods that would allow simultaneous direct identification of multiple potential pathogens in clinical specimens for diagnosis and epidemiological studies, using a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assay. we have previously developed assays suitable for detection of bacterial respiratory and systemic pathogens. in this chapter we describe, in detail, a method developed to identify 14 genital microorganisms, for use in epidemiological studies of ...201323104293
[mycoplasma and chlamydia as ethiological factors of bronchial asthma in terms of ethnogenesis].the study of the prevalence and clinical peculiarities of mycoplasmosis and chlamydiosis in patients with different pathogenic forms of bronchial asthma (ba) taking into account ethnicity of a patient.201324340964
evaluation of the relationship between preeclampsia and seropositivity of infectious disease in maternal plasma.the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between maternal infections and preeclampsia.201323868638
unique vaginal microbiota that includes an unknown mycoplasma-like organism is associated with trichomonas vaginalis infection.the prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis infection is highest in women with intermediate nugent scores. we hypothesized that the vaginal microbiota in t. vaginalis-infected women differs from that in t. vaginalis-uninfected women.201323482642
human papillomavirus and other genital infections in indigenous women from paraguay: a cross-sectional analytical study.the incidence of cervical cancer in paraguay is among the highest in the world, with the human papillomavirus (hpv) being a necessary factor for cervical cancer. knowledge about hpv infection among indigenous women is limited. this cross-sectional study analyzed the frequency of hpv and other genital infections in indigenous paraguayan women of the department of presidente hayes.201324206645
rapid pcr detection of mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, and ureaplasma parvum.objective. we compared laboratory developed real-time pcr assays for detection of mycoplasma hominis and for detection and differentiation of ureaplasma urealyticum and parvum to culture using genitourinary specimens submitted for m. hominis and ureaplasma culture. methods. 283 genitourinary specimens received in the clinical bacteriology laboratory for m. hominis and ureaplasma species culture were evaluated. nucleic acids were extracted using the total nucleic acid kit on the magna pure 2.0. 5 ...201326904723
host cell responses to persistent mycoplasmas--different stages in infection of hela cells with mycoplasma hominis.mycoplasma hominis is a facultative human pathogen primarily associated with bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease, but it is also able to spread to other sites, leading to arthritis or, in neonates, meningitis. with a minimal set of 537 annotated genes, m. hominis is the second smallest self-replicating mycoplasma and thus an ideal model organism for studying the effects of an infectious agent on its host more closely. m. hominis adherence, colonisation and invasion of hela cells ...201323326599
[diagnosis of mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma parvum y ureaplasma urealyticum in patients with bacterial vaginosis].an observational descriptive study to determine the frequency of mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma parvum and ureaplasma urealyticum isolates in patients with bacterial vaginosis was carried out in 296 patients who had vaginal secretion and were seen at two hospitals. the diagnosis was based on amsel's criteria. endocervical swabs were taken from women positive to this disease for m. hominis and ureaplasma spp. diagnosis by traditional methods. polymerase chain reaction identified u. parvum and u. ...201323427443
epidemiologic factors and urogenital infections associated with preterm birth in a midwestern u.s. population.to correlate epidemiologic factors with urogenital infections associated with preterm birth.201425437726
unusually low prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples from infertile men and healthy controls: a prevalence study.to detect mycoplasma genitalium in urine samples of infertile men and men without any signs of infection in order to investigate whether m. genitalium and other genital mycoplasmas (mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma spp) are found more often in urine samples of infertile men than in asymptomatic controls and to determine resistance to macrolides.201425157184
molecular detection of chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted bacteria in semen of male partners of infertile couples in tunisia: the effect on semen parameters and spermatozoa apoptosis markers.this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasmas, and ureaplasmas in semen samples of the male partners of infertile couples and to investigate whether chlamydia trachomatis could initiate apoptosis in human spermatozoa. a total of 85 males partners of infertile couples undergoing routine semen analysis according to world health organization guidelines were included. specimens were examined for the presence of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoea ...201425019616
highly specific and efficient primers for in-house multiplex pcr detection of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum.although sophisticated methodologies are available, the use of endpoint polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect 16s rdna genes remains a good approach for estimating the incidence and prevalence of specific infections and for monitoring infections. considering the importance of the early diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections (stis), the development of a sensitive and affordable method for identifying pathogens in clinical samples is needed. highly specific and efficient primers for a mu ...201424997675
antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of ureaplasma species and mycoplasma hominis in pregnant women.genital mycoplasmas colonise up to 80% of sexually mature women and may invade the amniotic cavity during pregnancy and cause complications. tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy and erythromycin is often used to treat patients. however, increasing resistance to common antimicrobial agents is widely reported. the purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of genital mycoplasmas in pregnant women.201424679107
nonthermal plasma affects viability and morphology of mycoplasma hominis and acholeplasma laidlawii.to study the effects exerted by argon microwave nonthermal plasma (ntp) on cell wall-lacking mollicutes bacteria.201424517235
term and preterm labour are associated with distinct microbial community structures in placental membranes which are independent of mode of delivery.infection is considered a possible trigger for preterm labour, supported by evidence showing the presence of bacteria in the placenta and placental membranes from preterm births. in this study, 16s rdna pyrosequencing was used to identify bacteria in placental membranes. caesarean sections and vaginal deliveries at term were found to harbour common genera. mycoplasma hominis, aerococcus christensenii, gardnerella vaginalis and fusobacterium nucleatum were either only present in preterm membranes ...201425458966
characterization of the vaginal microbiota of healthy canadian women through the menstrual cycle.the vaginal microbial community plays a vital role in maintaining women's health. understanding the precise bacterial composition is challenging because of the diverse and difficult-to-culture nature of many bacterial constituents, necessitating culture-independent methodology. during a natural menstrual cycle, physiological changes could have an impact on bacterial growth, colonization, and community structure. the objective of this study was to assess the stability of the vaginal microbiome of ...201425053998
reporting detection of chlamydia trachomatis dna in tissues of neonatal death cases.to determine whether c. trachomatis was present in neonates with infection, but without an isolated pathogen, who died during the first week of life.201424184305
molecular investigation of menstrual tissue for the presence of chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum and mycoplasma hominis collected by women with a history of infertility.at present, routine laboratory investigation of the infectious agents implicated in female genital infections is mainly based on culture/direct fluorescence antibody (dfa) (immunofluorescence antibody test) results of cervicovaginal secretions. in this study the use of the menstrual tissue is introduced for the molecular detection of pathogens which are implicated in female infertility.201424118383
usefulness of quantifying leukocytes in first-voided urine to predict positivity for chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic men at high risk for chlamydial infection.chlamydia trachomatis causes acute non-gonococcal urethritis, but some infected men are asymptomatic. we examined leukocytes in uncentrifuged first-voided urine (fvu) from asymptomatic men at high risk for chlamydial infection by automated urine particle analyzers to assess whether the quantification of urinary leukocytes could predict chlamydial infection in these men. we enrolled 209 asymptomatic men, whose female sexual partners had been diagnosed as having a genital chlamydial infection. the ...201425156010
sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.prostate cancer (pc) is the second most incident cancer and the sixth cause of death by cancer in men worldwide. despite extensive research efforts, no modifiable risk factors have been consistently identified for pc risk. a number of studies have focused on possible relationships between sexually transmitted infections (stis) and pc. we performed a meta-analysis to explore the association between infection caused by neisseria gonorrheae, treponema pallidum, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas va ...201424986642
distribution and perinatal transmission of bacterial vaginal infections in pregnant women without vaginal symptoms.we evaluated the distribution and vertical transmission of bacterial vaginal infections in asymptomatic pregnant women.201424552584
cervical cytopathological findings in korean women with chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum infections.this is to investigate the cervical cytological abnormalities associated with chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma genitalium, and ureaplasma urealyticum infections on routine screen. a total of 714 subjects who had undergone cervical pap smears and concomitant analyses for cervical infections were included by a retrospective search. the frequencies of reactive cellular change (rcc) and squamous epithelial abnormalities were significantly higher in chlamydia positive subjects th ...201424526918
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