Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| massive haemorrhage due to rectosigmoid ulcers in a patient with extensive burns. | a 36-year-old white-skinned male was admitted with 45.5 per cent burns, mostly of full skin thickness. severe rectal bleeding from rectal ulcerations developed on postburn day 12. various conservative attempts at management failed, and after multiple transfusions, abdominoperineal resection was carried out with eventual complete recovery. complications during his acute phase included pseud. aeruginosa sepsis and clostridium difficile diarrhoea. extensive skin grafts were required. the cause of t ... | 1992 | 1590937 |
| evaluation of a new commercial clostridium difficile toxin a enzyme immunoassay using diarrhoeal stools. | a new, commercially available enzyme immunoassay for the detection of toxin a in stool specimens, the premier clostridium difficile toxin a test (meridian diagnostics), was evaluated using 228 diarrhoeal stool specimens. using a cytotoxin assay on hela cells as the reference method, this new test resulted in a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 95%. using the presence or absence of a toxigenic strain in the stools as the reference method, the sensitivity was similar to that of the cytotoxin ... | 1992 | 1597202 |
| susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to tosufloxacin. | the in vitro activity of tosufloxacin against anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides spp. and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. this activity was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. tosufloxacin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol were the most active agents tested. tosufloxacin has an ... | 1992 | 1597207 |
| influence of cefpirome on pharyngeal and faecal flora after single and multiple intravenous administrations of cefpirome to healthy volunteers. | the effect of single and multiple 2 g doses of i.v. cefpirome on pharyngeal and faecal flora was studied in ten male volunteers. there was no effect on pharyngeal flora. after a single dose, cefpirome had no effect on faecal flora but numbers of escherichia coli were reduced below the detection limit during multiple dose treatment. no strains of clostridium difficile were selected in this study and only a slight increase in the numbers of candida spp. were found. cefpirome, therefore, has little ... | 1992 | 1601763 |
| comparative sequence analysis of the clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | the six clones ptb112, ptb324, ptbs12, pcd122, pcd14 and pcd13 cover the tox locus of clostridium difficile vpi 10463. this region of 19 kb of chromosomal dna contains four open reading frames including the complete toxb and toxa genes. the two toxins show 63% amino acid (aa) homology, a relatedness that had been predicted by the cross-reactivity of some monoclonal antibodies (mab) but that is in contrast to the toxin specificity of polyclonal antisera. a special feature of toxa and toxb is thei ... | 1992 | 1603068 |
| microbic superinfection in relapse of inflammatory bowel disease. | to assess the association between symptomatic relapse of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and superinfection with enteropathogenic microorganisms, we determined prospectively the incidence of infections with enteropathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and helminths in patients with confirmed longstanding ibd. sixty-four patients with ibd (49 with crohn's disease [cd] and 15 with ulcerative colitis [uc]) were consecutively enrolled in the study when relapse occurred. multiple biopsies for histological a ... | 1992 | 1607606 |
| surgical abdomen due to clostridium difficile-induced colitis. | 1992 | 1612351 | |
| morphological changes of cultured endothelial cells after microinjection of toxins that act on the cytoskeleton. | clostridium novyi alpha-toxin and c. difficile toxins a and b (all 200 to 300 kda) and c. botulinum c2-i toxin (50 kda) caused a delayed and persistent retraction and rounding of microinjected cells. microinjected phalloidin acted fast and reversibly. unlike c2-i toxin, phalloidin passed through the intercellular junctions. specific antitoxin applied to the medium did not prevent the action of microinjected c. novyi or c. difficile toxin b. microinjected antitoxin protected against the toxins ap ... | 1992 | 1612768 |
| [bacterial gastrointestinal infections: acute gastroenteritis]. | the diagnosis of bacterial gastrointestinal infections is based on anamnesis, clinical signs and simple examinations of feces (fecal leucocytes, occult blood). thereby it can be decided, whether a microbial identification by culture or an antibiotic therapy is indicated. in case of noninvasive infections mediated by enterotoxins, an oral substitution of liquid will suffice. an antibiotic therapy is indicated in case of severe, febrile dysentery, shigellosis, cholera, typhoid fever as well as sev ... | 1992 | 1615459 |
| review of the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefprozil, a new oral cephalosporin. | cefprozil is a newer oral cephalosporin with a spectrum of activity against organisms that include gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. a review of published data shows that cefprozil is active (susceptibility, less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml; moderate susceptibility, 16 micrograms/ml; resistance, greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) against gram-positive species such as streptococci, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci, and listeria monocytogenes; it may have marginal activi ... | 1992 | 1617037 |
| typing of toxic strains of clostridium difficile using dna fingerprints generated with arbitrary polymerase chain reaction primers. | clostridium difficile is the causative agent for pseudomembranous colitis in humans. toxic strains of c. difficile produce two toxins, toxin a and toxin b. a reliable and definitive method of typing the toxic strains of c. difficile is needed since nosocomial cross infection is a primary concern in hospitals and other health care facilities. a method for typing toxic strains of clostridium difficile using arbitrary polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers is presented in this study. the c. diffic ... | 1992 | 1624110 |
| sensitivity in culture of epithelial cells from rhesus monkey kidney and human colon carcinoma to toxins a and b from clostridium difficile. | the effect of toxins a and b from clostridium difficile on human colon carcinoma cells (ht-29, epithelial), rhesus monkey kidney cells (ma-104, epithelial) and green monkey kidney cells (vero, fibroblast) was studied. both toxins caused rounding of ht-29 cells and rounding with projections remaining attached to the substrate in ma-104 and vero cells; however, the sensitivity to each toxin varies considerably. toxin a was detected in ng by vero, pg by ht-29 and fractions of pg by ma-104 cells; fo ... | 1992 | 1626323 |
| comparison of the vidas clostridium difficile toxin a immunoassay with c. difficile culture and cytotoxin and latex tests. | the vidas clostridium difficile toxin a immunoassay (cda) is a new, automated, enzyme-linked fluorescent-antibody assay for detection of c. difficile toxin a antigen in stool specimens. simultaneous, parallel testing was performed by using the vidas cda, the culturette brand cdt latex test for c. difficile antigens, and conventional laboratory cell culture tests for c. difficile, cytotoxicity and c. difficile culture. one hundred ninety-four consecutive fresh soft or liquid stool samples submitt ... | 1992 | 1629341 |
| [antibiotic-induced diarrhea and its prevention]. | 1992 | 1631462 | |
| a rapid test for c. difficile. | 1993 | 10148873 | |
| anaerobic bacteria in orofacial abscesses. | obligate anaerobic bacteria were cultured from 15 orofacial abscesses. bacteroides species constituted 43 per cent, clostridium 21 per cent, fusobacterium 14 per cent, peptostreptococci 11 per cent, peptococci 7 per cent and veillonella 4 per cent of the isolates. this study confirms the polymicrobial nature of orofacial infections. sensitivity to antibiotics was unpredictable. clostridium difficile, clostridium tetani, peptostreptococcus productus and veillonella parvula showed resistance to so ... | 1993 | 9508939 |
| typing of clostridium difficile strains by pcr-amplification of variable length 16s-23s rdna spacer regions. | to develop a rapid and accurate method of typing large numbers of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile, four regions of the rrna operon [a, 15-1407 and b, 907-1407 (16s-16s); c, 1392-507 and d, 907-507 (16s-23s)] were enzymically amplified from 24 strains. when region a was hybridized to hindiii-digested genomic dna isolated from c. difficile strains, all of the variable length restriction fragments hybridized. when region b was hybridized to hindiii-digested genomic dna isolated from c. d ... | 1993 | 7510324 |
| comparison of delmée and polish serogroup-specific clostridium difficile strains. | in this study we compared delmée and polish serogroup-specific clostridium difficile strains by slide agglutination, observation of flagella and sds-page protein patterns. among delmée serogroup specific strains we observed flagella in groups a, d and k. among polish serogroup-specific clostridium difficile strains we did not observe flagella. the polish serogroup-specific strains gave different protein patterns compared to delmée strains. sds-page protein pattern analyses of polish serogroup-sp ... | 1993 | 7516616 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a stimulates enzyme secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini. | although cl difficile bacteremia and the presence of antibodies to toxin a (txa) have been reported, little information is available at present on txa effect on the functional properties of various visceral organs. we have, therefore, examined the in vitro effects of txa on amylase and trypsin secretion from rat isolated pancreatic acini. dispersed rat pancreatic acini were exposed for 60 min to different concentrations of highly purified txa and the rate of amylase, trypsin and ldh release were ... | 1993 | 7520960 |
| identification of a clostridium cocleatum strain involved in an anti-clostridium difficile barrier effect and determination of its mucin-degrading enzymes. | we isolated gram-positive circular bacterium hb1 from intestinal microflora showing resistance to colonization by clostridium difficile in mice (su et. al., 1986a,b). we studied its enzymatic capacity to degrade mucin the first potential barrier to implantation of strains in the intestine. its biochemical characteristics, terminal metabolites and the electrophoretic profiles of proteins and dna-dna homology indicated that it was a strain of clostridium cocleatum. this strain displayed numerous g ... | 1993 | 7504316 |
| diagnosis and monitoring of clostridium difficile infections with the polymerase chain reaction. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis. we have developed an assay system for the rapid direct detection of toxigenic c. difficile in human stool samples. after dna extraction, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification is undertaken with primers targeting specific sequences in the c. difficile 16s rrna gene. next, toxigenic strains of c. difficile are distinguished from nontoxigenic strains by pcr amplification of toxin a and/or b gene sequences. t ... | 1993 | 7686782 |
| in vitro activity of dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot, two new glycylcyclines, against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot against 350 anaerobic bacterial strains including anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, other bacteroides species and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. their activity was compared with that of minocycline, doxycycline, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. dmg-mino and dmg-dm dot and imipenem were the most active agents test ... | 1993 | 7802861 |
| effects of purified clostridium difficile toxin a in the small intestine of the rat in vivo. | the action of highly purified clostridium difficile toxin a was studied in the jejunum of rats in vivo. c. difficile toxin a reversed dose-dependently net fluid absorption into net fluid secretion, accompanied by an increase in prostaglandin e2 but not 5-hydroxytryptamine output into the gut lumen. accordingly, indomethacin but not the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists ketanserin plus tropisetron were able to inhibit toxin a-induced fluid secretion. atropine and hexamethonium were without ... | 1993 | 7909488 |
| clostridium difficile in a department of surgery. | the colonization and transmission of clostridium difficile strains was investigated at the department of surgery. anaerobes were isolated from fecal samples of 27 patients among 308 investigated (mean age: 59.5 years). the majority of them (22 out of 27 patients) received anti-microbial agents prior to investigation for clostridium difficile. eighteen of them had undergone various surgical procedures including laparotomies. only four clostridium difficile positive patients had diarrhea, but pseu ... | 1993 | 8072320 |
| infection due to clostridium difficile among elderly residents of a long-term-care facility. | in a study of the epidemiology of infection due to clostridium difficile at long-term-care facilities, we conducted point-prevalence surveys and obtained stool samples from residents receiving antibiotics and from those developing diarrhea during 1 year at a 350-bed nursing home and an adjoining 280-bed chronic-care hospital. c. difficile and/or its cytotoxin was detected in 236 specimens from 94 residents. only 16 (17%) of these 94 individuals had diarrhea at the time c. difficile was detected. ... | 1993 | 7903557 |
| oral immunoglobulin a supplement in treatment of clostridium difficile enteritis. | 1993 | 8095616 | |
| [clostridium difficile in early childhood ulcerative pancolitis]. | ulcerative colitis is a rare disease in young infants. less than one per cent of cases occur during the first two years of life. we describe a male child who developed frequent bloody diarrhea at the age of 20 months. more common causes like infections or gastrointestinal food allergy were excluded. endoscopy and histopathological evaluations revealed ulcerative colitis of the entire colon. treatment with sulfasalazine and prednisone resulted in a clinical remission after seven weeks. the follow ... | 1993 | 8101635 |
| comparison of typing methods for clostridium difficile isolates. | a simple discriminative typing method for clostridium difficile has been developed. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins and restriction enzyme analysis are relatively simple techniques but are difficult to evaluate, especially the restriction enzyme analysis. immunoblotting and restriction fragment length polymorphism typing facilitate simple discrimination of patterns. | 1993 | 8103774 |
| a molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from humans, animals and their environments. | it is generally accepted that most patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea acquire the organism from the environment. recently we demonstrated that household pets may constitute a significant reservoir of c. difficile through gastrointestinal carriage in up to 39% of cats and dogs. these findings suggested that direct transmission from household pets, or contamination of the environment by them, may be a factor in the pathogenesis of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. to investi ... | 1993 | 8104816 |
| clostridium difficile colonization in residents of long-term care facilities: prevalence and risk factors. | to determine the period prevalence of clostridium difficile disease and asymptomatic carriage in the residents of long-term care facilities (ltcf) and to characterize the risk factors for colonization or associated disease. | 1993 | 8104968 |
| effect of ceftibuten on the normal intestinal microflora. | 14 healthy volunteers were given 400 mg ceftibuten orally once daily for ten days. stool specimens were collected before, during and after ceftibuten administration. ceftibuten was well absorbed; on average 123 mg was excreted in urine 0-6 h after dosing, while only two volunteers had detectable concentrations of ceftibuten in faeces (< or = 3.2 mg/kg). there was an overgrowth of enterococci during the administration period, while the numbers of escherichia coli and anaerobic cocci were reduced. ... | 1993 | 8132366 |
| comparison of four methods in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | nine hundred forty-five stool specimens from patients suspected of having clostridium difficile disease were examined using a cell culture cytotoxicity assay (cta), two enzyme immunoassay (eia) kits (cytoclone for toxins a and b; vidas for toxin a) and a latex agglutination assay (cdt). one hundred nineteen specimens had positive titers (> or = 90) in the cta; clinical review of 16 discordant samples and 49 controls supported the significance of 90 as the positive cut-off titer. the performance ... | 1993 | 8112366 |
| effect of okadaic acid on the cytotoxic activity of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. | clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l, which are immunologically related toxins, possess a cytotoxic activity inducing depolymerization of microfilaments and cellular retraction of cell bodies that are different for toxin b- and toxin-l-treated cells. the biological mechanisms responsible for these effects are unknown, but a previous study revealed that both toxins induce modification of phosphorylation of cellular proteins extracted from toxin b- and toxin l-treated ce ... | 1993 | 8167958 |
| [susceptibility of clostridium difficile strains to teicoplanin and ramoplanin]. | the in vitro activity of teicoplanin and ramoplanin against 113 clostridium difficile strains isolated from different origins was determined. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antibiotics were determined by the agar dilution method. mic of teicoplanin and ramoplanin were twofold lower for clostridium difficile strains isolated from patient with pseudomembranous colitis. no correlation between the origin of the strains toxigenicity and susceptibility to teicoplanin and ramoplanin wa ... | 1993 | 8189828 |
| saccharomyces boulardii for clostridium difficile-associated enteropathies in infants. | based on experimental evidence in animals showing that the oral administration of saccharomyces boulardii is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality due to clostridium difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis, we conducted an open trial to examine the effects of the living yeast, given as primary therapy, in a selected group of infants and children with persistent intestinal symptoms related to toxinogenic c. difficile overgrowth. over a period of 10 consecutive months, we studied 19 eli ... | 1993 | 8315551 |
| [nosocomial infections. some aspects]. | nosocomial infection is not a recent problem. however, it presents nowadays as a serious issue, not only due to the associated morbidity and mortality but also due to the economic burden on hospitals. the increased susceptibility of patients and the increased resistance to antibiotics by bacterial agents are important factors in the present situation. among the different nosocomial pathogens, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile are two of the most distressing fo ... | 1993 | 8317232 |
| signal transduction pathways and cellular intoxication with clostridium difficile toxins. | in cultured cells the cytopathic effects (cpe) of clostridium difficile toxins a and b are superficially similar. the irreversible cpes involve a reorganization of the cytoskeleton, but the molecular details of the mechanism(s) of action are unknown. as part of the work to elucidate the events leading to the cpe, cultured cells were preincubated with agents known to either stimulate or inhibit some major signal transduction pathways, whereupon toxin was added and the development of the cpe was f ... | 1993 | 8320269 |
| activation of cellular phospholipase a2 by clostridium difficile toxin b. | c. difficile toxin b is a potent cytotoxin known to disrupt the microfilaments of cultured cells. we have recently shown also increased phospholipase a2 activity in cells treated with toxin b. the activity was detected as a toxin-induced, dose-dependent release of 14c-arachidonic acid from prelabeled fibroblasts. here is shown that the toxin elicited a 14c-arachidonic acid release in a cell mutant resistant to the toxin b effect on the microfilaments. the toxin-induced release was further charac ... | 1993 | 8320270 |
| the microecology of clostridium difficile. | an understanding of the microecology of clostridium difficile provides for a better understanding of the disease that this organism causes. c. difficile is not a significant component of the microflora in the colon of healthy adult humans or animals; however, it can establish large populations in antibiotic-treated or gnotobiotic animals and in infants before they acquire a complete flora. major factors that determine whether or not disease develops are: (1) the size of the c. difficile populati ... | 1993 | 8324122 |
| purification of a functional receptor for clostridium difficile toxin a from intestinal brush border membranes of infant hamsters. | a receptor for clostridium difficile toxin a was purified from brush border membranes (bbms) from the small intestine of infant hamsters. the bbms were solubilized with triton x-114, and the solubilized receptor was purified with use of a toxin a immobilized affinity-chromatography column and differential temperature elution. sds-page and silver staining of the purified receptor revealed numerous high-molecular-weight bands. however, ligand blotting analysis with 125i-toxin a used as the probe i ... | 1993 | 8324123 |
| role of the laboratory in investigations of clostridium difficile diarrhea. | the laboratory diagnosis of acute diarrhea due to clostridium difficile can be based solely on the demonstration of either cytotoxin or enterotoxin in the stool. this and other noncultural methods, however, fail to provide isolates from which useful data can be obtained. outbreaks can be recognized only by comparison of isolated strains. a dual approach of toxin detection and isolation is therefore recommended. | 1993 | 8324124 |
| elevated levels of serum immunoglobulins in asymptomatic carriers of clostridium difficile. | serum levels of iga, igm, and polyvalent immunoglobulins reactive with clostridium difficile were determined by elisa for asymptomatic carriers (n = 5), symptomatic individuals (n = 21), and a pool of 30 "normal" individuals. mean iga concentrations expressed as optical density (od +/- sd) were significantly higher (p < .001) for asymptomatic carriers (1.252 +/- 0.516) than for symptomatic patients (0.374 +/- 0.145). mean serum igm levels also were significantly higher (p < .001) for carriers (1 ... | 1993 | 8324125 |
| use of heat shock for culturing clostridium difficile from rectal swabs. | 1993 | 8324126 | |
| antibacterial activity of meropenem and selected comparative agents against anaerobic bacteria at seven north american centers. | the antibacterial activity of meropenem and comparative agents against approximately 1,000 anaerobes was determined using the disk dilution methods recommended by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls). the organisms represented 27 species of six genera and included the most common pathogens. meropenem and imipenem were the most active drugs and were comparable in overall activity, generally exhibiting an mic90 of < or = 1 micrograms/ml. in contrast, the mics of cefoxit ... | 1993 | 8324148 |
| the friendly anaerobes. | anaerobic bacteria include the most pathogenic of microorganisms. their primary function, however, is hardly to cause illness. they rarely are involved in epidemics or in clinically significant infections. some organisms, e.g. lactobacilli, control the normal vaginal ecosystem, and the intestinal anaerobes probably are instrumental in restraining the growth of clostridium difficile in human carriers. the main role of anaerobes appears to be the provision of catabolic enzymes for organic compound ... | 1993 | 8324162 |
| optimal methods for identifying clostridium difficile infections. | the major controversy in the diagnosis of symptomatic gastrointestinal infection due to clostridium difficile is whether laboratory evidence of the c. difficile organism in culture is sufficient or if evidence of one of the c. difficile toxins in stool should be required. cultures performed properly on selective media currently are the most sensitive method for detection of c. difficile, whereas the cell cytotoxin assay for detection of toxin b is the most specific. stool specimens from patients ... | 1993 | 8324164 |
| clostridium difficile-associated reactive arthritis in an hla-b27 negative male. | 1993 | 8331275 | |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxins in stools. comparison between a new enzyme immunoassay for toxin a and other routine tests. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a (enterotoxin) using a monoclonal antibody is described. no cross-reaction was observed with any of the clostridium species tested except for toxigenic clostridium difficile. one hundred and eight stool specimens from hospitalized patients harbouring c. difficile in their intestine and 43 samples negative for c. difficile isolation were studied to compare this test with a cytotoxicity assay, the isolation ... | 1993 | 8339887 |
| reactive arthritis associated with clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. | reactive arthritis is associated with several gastrointestinal pathogens, particularly shigella, salmonella, campylobacter, and yersinia. another, less well recognized bowel infection leading to reactive arthritis is pseudomembranous colitis, caused by clostridium difficile. an illustrative case is presented, and the clinical features and characteristics of all reported patients with this association are reviewed. the pathogenesis of the reactive arthritis seems to be related to an immunological ... | 1993 | 8342048 |
| intestinal carriage of clostridium difficile in neonate dogs. | a total of 70 puppies and their dams, distributed in 14 litters, were submitted to weekly fecal examinations for c. difficile during the first 10 weeks after birth. during the study, 94.3% of the puppies and 42.9% of the dams harboured c. difficile at least once in their feces. we calculated that 58% of the puppies carried toxigenic c. difficile at least once during the survey. in the puppies, c. difficile carriage rates ranging from 3.1% to 67.1% were observed at different moments of the observ ... | 1993 | 8342371 |
| the role of the clinical microbiology laboratory in the management of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | nosocomial diarrhea due to infection with c. difficile is a major health care problem, causing 20% to 30% of institutionally acquired diarrhea and affecting up to 8% of hospitalized patients. the clinical microbiology laboratory should be able to provide both diagnostic and epidemiologic services for institutions where this disease occurs. diagnostic testing includes culture for isolation of toxigenic c. difficile and detection of either toxin a or b from stool specimens. epidemiologic services ... | 1993 | 8345170 |
| enterotoxigenic bacteria in the sudden infant death syndrome. | faecal samples from 123 infants who died with sudden infant death syndrome (sids) and from a comparative group of 52 age-matched babies were analysed for toxigenic bacteria and their toxins. serum samples from the sids infants were also analysed for these toxins. a significantly higher proportion of toxigenic bacteria and their toxins were found in faecal samples of sids babies than in samples from the comparative group. these toxins were also found in serum from the sids babies. clostridium per ... | 1993 | 8345506 |
| [diarrhea following antibiotic treatment, clostridium difficile, and quinolones]. | 1993 | 8347715 | |
| the etiology and management of diarrhea in the gynecologic oncology patient. | we determined the etiology and evaluated the usefulness of diagnostic tests in 42 gynecologic oncology patients with diarrhea. | 1993 | 8349164 |
| characterization, cloning, and in vitro expression of the extremely thermostable glutamate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, es4. | glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon es4 (optimal growth temperature 98 degrees c and maximum growth temperature 110 degrees c) was purified to homogeneity. the purified native enzyme had an m(r) of 270,000 +/- 5,000 and was shown by gel filtration and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be a hexamer with identical subunits of m(r) = 46,000 +/- 3,000. the hexameric subunit composition was also evident from electron micrographs, which show a triangular antiprism ... | 1993 | 8349661 |
| clostridium difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy: a review. | colitis and infection due to clostridium difficile have been reported in patients receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy for cancer without prior antibiotic treatment. chemotherapeutic agents can alter the normal bowel flora and cause extensive intestinal inflammatory changes, potentiating both the growth of c. difficile and its production of toxin. this review includes all 23 known reported cases of c. difficile infection associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy and examines the pathogenesis, ... | 1993 | 8353229 |
| clostridia-associated enterocolitis in adult horses and foals. | a review of the literature describing clostridia-associated enterocolitis is presented. the bacteria, their toxins, and possible factors that interact to contribute to the pathogenesis of enterocolitis are described. clinical signs associated with clostridia-associated enterocolitis, methods of diagnosis, treatments, and preventive strategies are discussed. | 1993 | 8358653 |
| clostridium difficile: clinical disease and diagnosis. | clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a spectrum of disease ranging from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. although the disease was first described in 1893, the etiologic agent was not isolated and identified until 1978. since clinical and pathological features of c. difficile-associated disease are not easily distinguished from those of other gastrointestinal diseases, including ulcerative colitis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and crohn' ... | 1993 | 8358706 |
| comparison of vidas clostridium difficile toxin-a assay and premier c. difficile toxin-a assay to cytotoxin-b tissue culture assay for the detection of toxins of c. difficile. | damage to the intestinal mucosa by clostridium difficile (cd) is toxin mediated. two enzyme immunoassays (eias) for toxin-a detection, the automated vitek immunodiagnostic assay system cda (vidas cda), and the premier toxin a (premier) were tested for their ability to detect toxin a in 301 stool samples and compared with an in-house tissue culture assay for toxin b (tca). of these 301 samples, 49 were tca positive and 252 were tca negative. agreement between vidas cda and tca on the initial run ... | 1993 | 8359010 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in fecal samples by colony blot hybridization. | a hybridization assay for detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in fecal samples was developed and compared with the classical tissue culture cytotoxicity assay. a dna fragment probe specific for the toxin b gene of clostridium difficile was synthesized by the polymerase chain reaction and labelled with digoxigenin. fecal samples were cultured for 24 hours, replica-plated and hybridized with the probe. the hybridization assay had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 96.7%, positive predi ... | 1993 | 8359169 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a elicits ca(2+)-independent cytotoxic effects in cultured normal rat intestinal crypt cells. | in rat intestinal crypt cells, clostridium difficile toxin a induces (i) early cytoskeletal alterations involving the whole population and (ii) late effects in 30 to 40% of the cells, consisting mainly of surface blebbing and nuclear fragmentation. all these effects were ca2+ independent and were not abolished by protein synthesis inhibitors. | 1993 | 8359922 |
| shedding of clostridium difficile, fecal beta-lactamase activity, and gastrointestinal symptoms in 51 volunteers treated with oral cefixime. | microbial changes including the shedding of clostridium difficile, fecal beta-lactamase activity, and gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed in 51 healthy volunteers given 200 mg of cefixime twice daily for 8 days. the number of organisms of the family enterobacteriaceae (means +/- standard deviations) dropped from 6.9 +/- 1.1 to 3.9 +/- 1.8 log cfu/g of feces (p < 0.01), whereas counts of enterococci rose from 7.0 +/- 1.5 to 9.0 +/- 1.0 log cfu/g of feces (p < 0.01). both counts returned to th ... | 1993 | 8363371 |
| diagnostic tests for clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis: past, present and future. | 1993 | 8374085 | |
| quantitative cultures of the mucosal-associated bacteria in the mechanically prepared colon and rectum. | little is known about the mucosal microflora of the colon and rectum at the time of elective surgery. our objective was to determine the concentrations of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria associated with the mucosa of the mechanically prepared large bowel. ten patients were studied after a standard polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage preparation. no patient had taken antibiotics in the preceding four weeks. sterile wire brushes passed through the colonoscope during advancement were used to cult ... | 1993 | 8375226 |
| pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis is an inflammatory disease of the colon and rectum characterized by the development of elevated mucosal plaques. it usually is associated with antibiotic therapy and is caused by elaboration of toxin from the anaerobic bacterium, clostridium difficile. the hallmark of treatment is orally administered vancomycin or metronidazole. the mortality rate is high in patients whose condition is not diagnosed and appropriately treated. emergency surgery occasionally is needed for ... | 1993 | 8378829 |
| ischemic colitis in a patient with crohn's disease taking an oral contraceptive and an ergotamine alkaloid. | a 22-year-old woman developed transient left-sided ischemic colitis with submucosal oedema and bleeding, six weeks after an uneventful right hemicolectomy for crohn's disease. the thrombogenic properties of the contraceptive pill and the concomitant use of an ergotamine alkaloid were thought to be the cause of this complication in a patient at risk. an increase of procoagulant activity and underlying vascular injury has been described in crohn's disease. | 1993 | 8388603 |
| development of a rapid and efficient restriction endonuclease analysis typing system for clostridium difficile and correlation with other typing systems. | a hindiii restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) typing system for total genomic clostridium difficile dna including a rapid and efficient method of dna extraction and a scheme for organizing unique electrophoretic dna band patterns was developed. rea typing was performed by two extraction methods for 1,965 c. difficile isolates obtained from patients with symptomatic c. difficile disease, asymptomatic patients who were c. difficile culture positive, and environmental surfaces. this isolate col ... | 1993 | 8394378 |
| ketotifen inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in rat ileum. | clostridium difficile toxin a is the principal mediator of inflammatory enterocolitis in experimental animals. the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of ketotifen, an anti-inflammatory drug, on toxin a-induced enterotoxicity in rat ileum. | 1993 | 8395445 |
| clostridium difficile--the only important nosocomial gastrointestinal pathogen in developed countries. | 1993 | 8400339 | |
| clostridium difficile enteritis in a canadian tertiary care hospital. | nosocomial clostridium difficile enteritis causes epidemic and endemic infection. the authors report the incidence of c difficile enteritis in a tertiary care hospital. the overall incidence rate over two years in the authors' institution was 22.2 cases per 100,000 in-patient-days; this rate appeared to decline over the study period (from 30.0 cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 11.2 at study end in 1992). continued surveillance will determine whether this is a durable trend. an average of 5.25 cases p ... | 1993 | 8400341 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis. a cause of intramural gas. | 1993 | 8404420 | |
| improvement of clostridium difficile isolation by heat-shock and typing of the isolated strains by sds-page. | clostridium difficile plays an essential role in causing pseudomembranous colitis. we looked for the presence of these bacteria in the stools of 169 hospitalized patients and 38 nurses from wards with cases of diarrhea (207 subjects). the study was divided into three parts. in the first part, we compared three methods for isolating clostridium difficile from stool samples: pre-selection with heat-shock, direct plating on cycloserine-cefotaxime-fructose agar (ccfa) and culturing in a selective br ... | 1993 | 8405320 |
| approach to acute diarrhea in the elderly. | diarrhea is a common problem among the elderly that can have catastrophic results. atherosclerosis predisposes older adults to morbid sequelae from dehydration resulting from diarrhea. deaths related to diarrheal illnesses are recognized among older adults living in the community as well as among those confined to nursing homes. outbreaks have most often been associated with excess deaths from diarrhea among nursing-home patients. although most cases of dehydration from diarrhea result from gast ... | 1993 | 8406728 |
| clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is now regarded as the most prevalent nosocomial pathogen, infecting as many as a quarter of hospitalized patients. the pathophysiology of infection with this unusual enteric pathogen involves alteration of the normal enteric flora by antibiotics, ingestion of spores, and colonization by c. difficile. the organism then releases potent exotoxins that produce an inflammatory colitis and diarrhea. a spectrum of host responses occurs, ranging from the asymptomatic carrier state ... | 1993 | 8406734 |
| use of an enzyme-linked immunoassay for clostridium difficile serogrouping. | an enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) with 11 clostridium difficile serogroup-specific antisera was applied for serogrouping of c. difficile colonies from 314 consecutive positive fecal samples. two hundred forty-nine strains (79%) were correctly serogrouped, 57 (18%) belonged to serogroups other than the 11 which were evaluated and gave a negative reaction with all antisera, and 8 isolates (2.5%) did not react with their corresponding antisera. elisa is a rapid and reliable method for serogroupi ... | 1993 | 8408581 |
| diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy is almost always due to an overgrowth of clostridium difficile. if untreated, pseudomembranous colitis can lead to severe diarrhea, hypovolemic shock, toxic dilatation of the colon, cecal perforation, hemorrhage, and death. however, c difficile-associated colitis can mimic the more common "benign" antibiotic-associated diarrhea that is not caused by c difficile. an algorithm for diagnosis management of hospitalized patients with antibio ... | 1993 | 8416409 |
| postoperative clostridium difficile gastroenteritis. | clostridium difficile gastroenteritis can be the cause of an enigmatic postoperative syndrome of high temperature and marked leukocytosis, out of proportion to the initially mild constitutional symptoms. patients may suffer delayed onset of diarrhea, which will test positive for the c. difficile enterotoxin by latex agglutination. we report 5 cases of c. difficile gastroenteritis that occurred within a 2-year period. we believe that the combination of preoperative bowel preparation, and intraope ... | 1993 | 8417199 |
| purification and characterisation of intracellular toxin a of clostridium difficile. | after sonic disintegration of clostridium difficile cells, intracellular toxin a was purified to homogeneity by thyroglobulin affinity chromatography (tgac) followed by anion-exchange (mono q) by fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc). high haemagglutinating (ha) activity was detected in tgac-unbound fractions (2(9)/50 microliters), but not in tgac thermal eluates (2(0)/50 microliters). the low ha titre of the thermal eluates was markedly increased to 2(5)/50 microliters after dialysis agains ... | 1993 | 8418298 |
| role of infectious agents in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis in india. a study of clostridium difficile. | fifty patients with idiopathic ulcerative colitis--25 with acute exacerbation of the disease (group i) and 25 in quiescent phase (group ii)--were studied. none of the patients had a history of recent exposure to antimicrobial drugs or hospitalization. evidence of infection with protozoal and bacterial agents and/or presence of clostridium difficile toxin was demonstrated in eight (32%) patients in group i and one (4%) patient in group ii (group i vs. group ii, p < 0.05; chi 2 test with yate's co ... | 1993 | 8421140 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of a segment of the toxin a gene was used to detect toxigenic clostridium difficile directly from stool specimens of patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. although pcr-inhibitory substances were recognized in dna prepared from stool specimens, the inhibitory substances were eliminated by using an ion-exchange column after phenol-chloroform extraction. eventually, 39 stool specimens were evaluated by pcr. pcr results for detection of toxigenic ... | 1993 | 8421180 |
| comment to knoop et al. (1990) febs letters 267, 9-12, toxin b of clostridium difficile does not have enolase activity. | 1993 | 8422931 | |
| purification and characterization of clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase. | recombinant clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (l-glutamate:nad oxidoreductase, ec 1.4.1.2) was purified 177-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity with a 62% recovery through a four-step procedure involving gel filtration and ion-exchange and dye affinity chromatography. the approximate molecular weights of the native enzyme by gel filtration and subunits by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were consistent with a hexameric structure for the purified enzyme. the ... | 1993 | 8424683 |
| in-vitro and in-vivo characterisation of resistance to colonisation with clostridium difficile. | in hamsters, resistance to colonisation by clostridium difficile appears to be mediated by micro-organisms that are present in the gut in relatively low concentrations. small amounts of normal caecal contents inhibited the growth of c. difficile when added to cultures in vitro or given to animals which had been treated with clindamycin. filtrates of caecal contents, frozen and thawed contents and contents diluted to 0.1% wet weight lost their inhibitory properties. however, caecal contents retai ... | 1993 | 8429534 |
| characterisation of clostridium difficile strains by polymerase chain reaction with toxin a- and b-specific primers. | a total of 218 clostridium difficile strains was examined for production of toxin a by elisa, production of toxin b by a cytotoxin assay and the presence of toxin a and b gene-associated sequences by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). after saturation amplification with toxin b-specific primers, the characteristic amplification product (591 bp) was detected in all 184 toxigenic strains examined. pcr with toxin a-specific primers gave positive results with all but one of the toxigenic strains. ... | 1993 | 8429535 |
| surgical management and radiological characteristics of bronchogenic cysts. | forty-two patients with bronchogenic cysts were treated over a 30-year period (1962 to 1991). the location was mediastinal in 37 and intrapulmonary in 5. cysts were symptomatic in 21 patients (50%) and complications occurred in 11 (26%). the complications included infection in 5 patients, hemorrhage into the cyst in 2 patients, dysphagia due to esophageal compression in 2, adenocarcinoma arising from a bronchogenic cyst in an 8 1/2-year-old girl, and an esophagobronchopleurocutaneous fistula as ... | 1993 | 8431062 |
| effects of clostridium difficile toxin b on human monocytes and macrophages: possible relationship with cytoskeletal rearrangement. | toxin b from clostridium difficile is cytopathic in vitro for various types of cells, including polymorphonuclear cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. since intestine lamina propria is rich in macrophages, we studied the effect of toxin b on human monocytes and on human macrophages generated in vitro by long-term culture of purified circulating blood monocytes. upon addition of toxin b, human monocytes exhibited few modifications whereas macrophages adopted a stellate morphology, with rounding up ... | 1993 | 8432590 |
| enzymatic reactions of clostridium difficile in aerobic and anaerobic environments with the rapid-ana ii identification system. | the rapid-ana ii anaerobic identification system (innovative diagnostic systems, inc., atlanta, ga.) was used to determine whether the incubation environment affects enzyme detection. twenty strains of clostridium difficile were tested in aerobic, anaerobic, and low-co2 anaerobic incubation environments. the percentages of enzymes detected in reactions with the following substrates were noted in the three incubation environments: phenylalanine-beta-naphthylamide, aerobic, 0%; anaerobic, 35%; low ... | 1993 | 8432813 |
| mammalian epithelial cell line kit for detection of clostridium difficile toxin. | the performance characteristics of a mammalian epithelial (mep) cell line kit (cytotoxi test; advanced clinical diagnostics, toledo, ohio) for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin was compared with that of conventional tissue culture assays with human embryonic lung (hel) cells in shell vials and human foreskin fibroblasts (hffs) in test tubes. one hundred forty-nine stool samples were tested. the mep cells were at least as sensitive as the hel cells for use in c. difficile toxin detecti ... | 1993 | 8432817 |
| typing of clostridium difficile by western immunoblotting with 10 different antisera. | western blotting (immunoblotting) with antisera against each of 10 reference serogroups was evaluated as a means of typing clostridium difficile. a total of 164 clinical isolates of c. difficile were tested. variations in band profiles in each serogroup were used to type isolates into subserogroups. this technique was useful for an epidemiological investigation. | 1993 | 8432828 |
| inactivation of clostridium difficile spores by disinfectants. | the current study was designed to evaluate the activity of glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants against clostridium difficile using the association of official analytical chemists' (aoac) sporicidal test. this study was undertaken because gastrointestinal endoscopes that may be contaminated with c difficile spores are most commonly disinfected between patients using glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants. | 1993 | 8432966 |
| [can antibiotic-associated diarrhea be prevented?]. | post-antibiotic diarrhea is common but rarely serious. the chief cause is changes in the normal intestinal flora. decrease in the number of bacteria leads to maldigestion of carbohydrates, resulting in osmotic diarrhea. disappearance of the flora encourages the emergence of resistant strains, e.g. clostridium difficile. general measures concern the prescription of antibiotics and the use of probiotics. the latter restore and replace the normal flora and prevent more than half of all cases of dia ... | 1993 | 8442650 |
| the prevalence and nosocomial acquisition of clostridium difficile in elderly hospitalized patients. | rectal swabs obtained from 10 of 49 chronic-care geriatric patients were positive for clostridium difficile, for a prevalence rate of 20.4%. simultaneous sampling of 29 patients in an acute geriatric ward revealed four colonized patients, for a prevalence rate of 13.7%. a prospective study of c. difficile colonization in 100 consecutive patients admitted to an acute geriatric ward was carried out. all patients were sampled upon admission and biweekly during hospitalization. two patients (2%) wer ... | 1993 | 8446550 |
| trés difficile. | 1993 | 8454879 | |
| production of monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile cytotoxin using immunosorbent binding bioassay procedure. | in the following study, a novel screening approach was used to develop monoclonal antibodies specific for toxin b of clostridium difficile. the approach, which consisted of an immunosorbent binding bioassay (isbba), is based on antigen immunocapture by monoclonal antibodies and detection of biological activity. our results showed isbba, which uses unpurified antigen, to be more sensitive than the neutralization assay and elisa for the detection of toxin b antibody. | 1993 | 8456445 |
| demonstration of toxin a and b by polymerase chain reaction and mccoy cell assay in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from denmark. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for demonstration of gene fragments of clostridium difficile was established. one hundred and sixty-eight clinical isolates of c. difficile from three population groups were tested for production of cytotoxins by mccoy cell line assay (mca) and for fragments of toxin a and b genes by pcr. the fragments for pcr amplification were at the 5' end of the toxin genes, which was found to be specific for c. difficile. full agreement between the pcr and mca results was f ... | 1993 | 8457321 |
| comparison of cefoxitin and ceftizoxime in a hospital therapeutic interchange program. | to determine whether (a) ceftizoxime can replace cefoxitin in the prevention and treatment of various infections in a major teaching hospital, (b) a previously applied two-stage intervention program is an effective method of instituting a therapeutic interchange of ceftizoxime for cefoxitin and (c) the replacement of cefoxitin with ceftizoxime results in a more cost-effective therapy. | 1993 | 8457957 |
| specific detection of toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile in stool specimens. | clostridium difficile is the infectious agent responsible for antibiotic-associated colitis. we report the use of the polymerase chain reaction technique to identify toxigenic strains of c. difficile in human stool specimens. a set of primers based on the nucleotide sequence of the toxin b gene, which amplified a 399-bp fragment from isolates producing toxin b, was designed. we examined 28 known toxigenic strains, which were all positive by this assay. dnas from the nontoxigenic strains examined ... | 1993 | 8458943 |
| comparison of enterotoxin production, cytotoxin production, serogrouping, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of clostridium difficile strains isolated from aids and human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. | we analyzed and compared clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheic stools of 49 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative and 50 aids patients. our results suggest that distribution patterns of serogroups are different in these two populations. serogroup c (which has been previously reported to be very resistant to antimicrobial agents) represents 66.0 and 18.4% of the isolates from aids and hiv-negative patients, respectively (p < 0.001); the selection of serogroup c could be expl ... | 1993 | 8458977 |
| identification and characterization of adhesive factors of clostridium difficile involved in adhesion to human colonic enterocyte-like caco-2 and mucus-secreting ht29 cells in culture. | experiments reported in this communication showed that the highly toxinogenic cd 79685, cd 4784, and wilkins clostridium difficile strains and the moderately toxinogenic fd strain grown in the presence of blood adhere to polarized monolayers of two cultured human intestinal cell lines: the human colonic epithelial caco-2 cells and the human mucus-secreting ht29-mtx cells. scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bacteria interacted with well-defined apical microvilli of differentiated caco ... | 1993 | 8459765 |
| in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of t-3761, a new quinolone derivative. | t-3761, a new quinolone derivative, showed broad and potent antibacterial activity. its mics for 90% of the strains tested were 0.20 to 100 micrograms/ml against gram-positive bacteria, including members of the genera staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterococcus; 0.025 to 3.13 micrograms/ml against gram-negative bacteria, including members of the family enterobacteriaceae and the genus haemophilus; 0.05 to 50 micrograms/ml against glucose nonfermenters, including members of the genera pseudom ... | 1993 | 8460909 |