Publications

kinetics of growth and toxigenicity of clostridium botulinum in experimental wound botulism.	an animal model of wound botulism was developed in mice using an inoculum of clostridium botulinum type a spores. the number of c. botulinum in infected wounds was quantitated by culturing on egg yolk agar, and the level of c. botulinum toxin in infected wound tissue was measured by a bioassay in mice and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. all infected mice receiving no further treatment developed neuroparalytic symptoms consistent with botulism after an incubation period of ca. 48 h, and ...	1985	3894236
a sensitive and useful radioimmunoassay for neurotoxin and its haemagglutinin complex from clostridium botulinum.	a sensitive radioimmunoassay for the detection of botulinum toxin, produced by clostridium botulinum, was developed. this employs homogeneous botulinum neurotoxin type a and its 125i-labelled derivative of high specific radioactivity, rather than its complex with haemagglutinin as used hitherto. the sensitivity of the assay is 1 ng of neurotoxin per ml, which is equivalent to 80 ld50 units (half-lethal doses) in mice. neurotoxin and its complex with haemagglutinin were measurable with equal sens ...	1985	3895579
bovine botulism associated with broiler litter waste.		1985	3895716
inactivation of clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin by trypsin and purification of two tryptic fragments. proteolytic action near the cooh-terminus of the heavy subunit destroys toxin-binding activity.	limited treatment of clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin with trypsin resulted in the cleavage of the heavy (95000 da) subunit at approximately the mid-position and a loss of toxic activity. the rate of toxicity loss was considerably faster than that of mid-chain cleavage; thus a loss of toxicity in excess of 90% was accompanied by only 30-35% mid-chain cleavage of the heavy subunit. a study of the binding of 125i-labelled neurotoxin to rat brain synaptosomes showed the loss of toxicity on t ...	1985	3896784
[results of bacteriologic studies on sudden unexpected infant death with special reference to infant botulism].		1985	3902000
[toxin production and phage in clostridium botulinum].		1985	3908743
[specific antitoxic therapy of botulism].		1985	3909448
germination of spores from clostridium botulinum b-aphis and ba410.	the germination of spores from clostridium botulinum b-aphis and ba410 was examined. in a complex medium, heat activation of spores from both strains doubled the germination rates and was required for germination in the presence of 2% nacl. in a defined medium (ctb [d. b. rowley and f. feeherry, j. bacteriol. 104:1151-1157, 1970]), the parent strain b-aphis germinated at a rate of 0.77% min-1 in the absence of nacl and was not affected by 2% nacl. a salt-tolerant derivative, strain ba410, germin ...	1985	3909964
solubilization and partial properties of receptor substance for bacteriophage alpha 2 induced from clostridium botulinum type a 190l.	bacteriophage alpha 2, one of the two inducible phages from clostridium botulinum type a 190l, had a latent period of 55 min and an average burst size of 75 in c. botulinum type a hall used as the host bacterium. the phage particles were adsorbed on the cell walls extracted with hot trichloroacetic acid (tca-walls). the receptor substance for the phage was solubilized from the tca-walls with achromopeptidase and fractionated by gel filtration on sephadex g-150. the fraction having the highest le ...	1985	3913846
monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for type a clostridium botulinum toxin is comparable to the mouse bioassay.	a monoclonal antibody (ba11) has been produced against clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin by the fusion of myeloma cells (p3 ns1/1-ag4-1) with spleen cells from balb/c mice immunized with botulinum type a neurotoxoid. the antibody bound specifically to botulinum type a neurotoxin, showing no cross-reactivity with types b and e botulinum toxins or with any of several other bacterial toxins tested. the monoclonal antibody did not bind to botulinum type a neurotoxin which had been denatured wi ...	1985	3927840
inhibition of germinant binding by bacterial spores in acidic environments.	commitment to germinate occurred in both clostridium botulinum and bacillus cereus spores during 0.5 min of exposure to 100 mm l-alanine or l-cysteine, measured by the inability of germination inhibitors (d form of amino acid) to inhibit germination. spore germination at ph 4.5 was inhibited because the germinant did not bind to the trigger sites. c. botulinum spores exposed to 100 mm l-alanine or l-cysteine at ph 4.5 remained sensitive to d-amino acid inhibition at ph 7, indicating that no germ ...	1985	3931549
multiple modes of inhibition of spore germination and outgrowth by reduced ph and sorbate.	germination and outgrowth of three strains of clostridium botulinum in pyeg medium were measured by phase contrast microscopy. reduction in ph from 7 to 5.5 completely inhibited germination of strain 12885a, reduced the extent of germination of strain 62a and had no effect on the extent of germination of strain 53b. at ph 5.5, 225 mg/l of undissociated sorbic acid had no effect on the germination of strain 53b, while at ph 6.5, 225 mg/l of undissociated sorbic acid completely inhibited germinati ...	1985	3936834
treatment of facial spasm with oculinum (clostridium botulinum toxin): a preliminary report.		1986	3946586
purification and characterization of hemagglutinin of clostridium botulinum type c strain stockholm.		1986	3546890
[first outbreak of botulism caused by clostridium botulinum subtype af].	in december 1982 an outbreak of foodborne botulism presumably produced by the ingestion of home-made pickled trout occurred in san rafael, province of mendoza, argentina. the toxin detected in blood serum and feces samples of the sole affected patient was preliminarily typed as a plain type a. a strain of clostridium botulinum was isolated from feces which, after culture by the dialysis method, produced 1 x 10(7) ld50/mouse per ml. quantitative neutralization tests carried out at different level ...	1986	3317514
clostridium botulinum type b toxicosis in a herd of cattle and a group of mules.	clostridium botulinum type b toxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of generalized weakness and death in a group of cows and mules fed from the same batch of rye silage. one severely affected cow was treated and recovered, as did other less severely affected cows. all affected mules died. the remaining cattle in the herd were then vaccinated before continued feeding of the silage.	1986	3512502
biochemical classification of clostridium botulinum type c and d strains and their nontoxigenic derivatives.	the biochemical properties of 11 toxigenic and 10 nontoxigenic type c and d strains of clostridium botulinum were studied. all of the strains examined were motile and hemolytic and produced lipase and liquid gelatin. fermentation of several sugars and the production of lecithinase, indole, and hydrogen sulfide varied with the strain. the strains were classified into four groups based on their sugar fermentation profiles. the resulting classification was identical to the classification which had ...	1986	3513703
two fatal cases of type e adult food-borne botulism with early symptoms and terminal neurologic signs.	type e botulism, one of the least common forms of botulinal intoxication on the east coast of the united states, is described for two elderly patients with chronic underlying disease. both patients consumed tainted kapchunka, a salted, ungutted whitefish. gastrointestinal symptoms and signs were prominent, but neurologic complaints, although noted soon after the consumption of the fish in one patient, did not progress until late in the course of the patient's illness. one patient exhibited both ...	1986	3514662
characterization of an organism that produces type e botulinal toxin but which resembles clostridium butyricum from the feces of an infant with type e botulism.	the apparent causative organism from the only reported case of type e infant botulism was isolated and characterized. except for its ability to produce type e botulinal toxin, this organism (strain 5262) would be unquestionably identified as clostridium butyricum. this is the second time an organism resembling a defined clostridium species other than a member of the c. botulinum group has been implicated in infant botulism.	1986	3517043
[botulism in the infant. presentation of a case].	first case reported in our country with infant botulism is described in a 5 month old infant. clinical and electrodiagnostic abnormalities are the only relatively specific findings in infant botulism, which were seen in this infant, but it requires isolation of "c. botulinum" for diagnosis confirmation. "c. botulinum" type b spores were identified in stool samples from this infant. it has been described frequently isolation of "c. botulinum" from honey specimens that had been fed to infants who ...	1986	3518560
effect of water activity and ph on growth and toxin production by clostridium botulinum type g.	the combined effect of water activity (aw) and ph on growth and toxin production by clostridium botulinum type g strain 89 was investigated. the minimum aw at which growth and toxin formation occurred was 0.965, for media in which the ph was adjusted with either sodium chloride or sucrose. the minimum ph (at the optimum aw) for growth and toxin production of c. botulinum type g was found to be 5.6. optimum conditions for toxin activation were a trypsin concentration of 0.1%, a ph of the medium o ...	1986	3518631
adp-ribosylation of nonmuscle actin with component i of c2 toxin.	c2 toxin elaborated by clostridium botulinum type c is composed of two dissimilar protein components, designated components i and ii. component i of the toxin caused adp-ribosylation of a protein of mr 45,000 in chicken tissue homogenates and also purified nonmuscle but not muscle actin. the endogenous adp-ribosylation of intracellular actin with c2 toxin was correlated with the morphological change in intact culture cells caused by the toxin. these results indicate that the biological activity ...	1986	3518719
molecular pharmacology of botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin.		1986	3521461
infant botulism: a rare entity in canada?		1986	3521822
infant botulism: anticipating the second decade.		1986	3522756
botulism in an adult associated with food-borne intestinal infection with clostridium botulinum.		1986	3523248
infant botulism in adults.		1986	3523249
[botulism].	in view of large-scale outbreaks of botulism among waterfowl and farm animals in the netherlands, studies were done designed to estimate the risks incurred by man. the presence of c. botulinum in the environment as well as contamination cycles and the potential for multiplication were studied. raw materials used in the production of food were frequently found to be contaminated with types of c. botulinum pathogenic for man. the growth of c. botulinum in foods and meat preservatives other than ni ...	1986	3526634
identification and grouping of clostridium botulinum strains by numerical analysis of their electrophoretic protein patterns.	strains of clostridium botulinum type a, type e and both non-proteolytic and proteolytic types b and f were characterized by their electrophoretic protein patterns. as the protein pattern changes during sporulation, special attention was paid to the prevention of sporulation by selecting an appropriate medium (strasdine's medium plus 1% w/v glucose) and a scheme of repeated subculturing. ribosomal proteins, evolutionarily conservative and hence relatively similar in all types of bacteria, were r ...	1986	3528110
infant botulism. three cases in a small town.	through dec 31, 1985, there have been six cases of infant botulism reported in colorado. three of these infants have lived in the same town of 800 people in western colorado. two of these three infants developed infant botulism within a six-month period in late 1981. the infants lived approximately 400 m apart; they had used the same crib at the time each developed botulism. a specimen from the crib yielded clostridium botulinum, as did four soil samples from the town and house-dust samples from ...	1986	3529934
lyophilized airborne clostridium botulinum spores as inocula that intestinally colonize antimicrobially pretreated adult mice.	adult mice, made susceptible to clostridium botulinum by feedings of metronidazole, were immobilized with an anesthetic and held for 30 min in isolators in which a fine powder of lyophilized pathogen spores was made airborne. exposed mice were surface decontaminated before being kept for 2 days in holding isolators. mice were intestinally colonized by the pathogen. colonization rates were related to spore numbers (10(4) to 10(7) type a or b) seeded into isolators.	1986	3531017
the effect of citric acid on growth of proteolytic strains of clostridium botulinum.	in strictly anaerobic conditions in a culture medium adjusted to ph 5.2 with hcl and incubated at 30 degrees c, inocula containing less than 10 vegetative bacteria of clostridium botulinum zk3 (type a) multiplied to give greater than 10(8) bacteria per ml in 3 d. growth from an inoculum of between 10 and 100 spores occurred after a delay of 10-20 weeks. citric acid concentrations of 10-50 mmol/l at ph 5.2 inhibited growth from both vegetative bacteria and spore inocula, a concentration of 50 mmo ...	1986	3531139
[e type botulism in china].		1986	3536123
molecular characterization of a protein, insoluble at low temperature, produced by clostridium botulinum type g.	a preliminary study of a low-toxicity protein, called cryoprotein, produced by clostridium botulinum type g, led to a better characterization of this substance and to discriminate its relationship with type g botulinum toxin. this sparingly soluble protein has been characterized as an aggregated form of a soluble precursor with an mr of 170,000. this phenomenon is temperature-dependent. the monomeric protein is usually contaminated with a lower mr form (150,000) quite probably originated by a li ...	1986	3538716
blocking of antibody passive hemagglutination reaction (bl-abhap) as a test for in vitro recognition of type-specific soluble antigens of clostridium botulinum.	the blocking of hemagglutination reaction (bl-abhap) was used as a new indicating version of the hap-test applied for rapid, type-specific in vitro identification of the cl. botulinum a, b, e and f toxic culture supernatants. the laboratory diagnostic system based on the described method and a special computation table is proposed for simple indicating set with 30 minutes results reading of the test.	1986	3539066
rapid method for purification of clostridium botulinum type c neurotoxin by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc).	the culture supernatant of clostridium botulinum type c, concentrated by addition of rna, acid precipitation and subsequent protamine treatment was used as starting material for rapid purification of l toxin (mol. wt. ca. 500k) and m toxin (mol. wt. ca. 350k) of c1 neurotoxin by ion-exchange chromatography on a mono s column by fast performance liquid chromatography (fplc). l and m toxins were highly purified further by gel permeation chromatography through a tsk g3000sw column at ph 6.0 by high ...	1986	3542554
nad-glycohydrolase activity of botulinum c2 toxin: a possible role of component i in the mode of action of the toxin.	c2 toxin (c2t) elaborated by clostridium botulinum types c and d is composed of two separate protein components, designated components i and ii, which individually have little activity, but, when mixed and treated with trypsin, exert the potent activity. the present study provides the evidence that component i of the toxin catalyzes the hydrolysis of nad into nicotinamide and adp-ribose, whereas component ii does not, indicating that component i of c2t has nad-glycohydrolase activity, which abil ...	1986	3023308
anaerobic infections in childhood.	bacteroides melaninogenicus and bacteroides oralis are predominant anaerobes in orofacial infections and aspiration pneumonia. fusobacterium species are common pathogens in aspiration pneumonia, brain abscesses and orofacial infections. clostridium perfringens can cause bacteremia and wound infections. clostridium botulinum can produce a paralytic toxin that causes a paralytic syndrome in infants. clostridium difficile can cause diarrhea or antibiotic-associated colitis.	1986	2876620
production of toxin by clostridium botulinum type a strains cured by plasmids.	twelve strains of clostridium botulinum type a and seven strains of clostridium sporogenes were screened for plasmids by agarose gel electrophoresis of cleared lysates of cells from 5 ml of mid-log-phase culture. nine type a strains had one or more plasmids of 4.3, 6.8, or 36 megadaltons (mda); several strains showed a large plasmid of 61 mda, but it was not consistently recovered. four c. sporogenes strains had one or more plasmids of 4.3, 5.6 or 36 mda. isolates obtained from cultures of plasm ...	1986	3082278
heterogeneities of two components of c2 toxin produced by clostridium botulinum types c and d.	botulinum c2 toxin (c2t) is composed of two dissimilar protein components, designated components i and ii, which are linked with neither covalent nor noncovalent bonds. the heterogeneity of these two components of c2t produced by clostridium botulinum type c and d strains was examined. of 21 strains examined, 19 strains produced the two components, while the others produced neither component i nor component ii. the 19 producers of c2t could be divided into three groups based on the differences i ...	1986	3086490
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection and differentiation of clostridium botulinum toxins type a and b.	affinity chromatography has been used for a two-step purification of commercial horse botulinum antitoxic globulins type a and b. the first step performed using ch-sepharose 4b conjugated to toxin type a (or b), permitted the removal of non-botulinal antibodies from antitoxic globulin type a (or b). the anti-botulinal antibodies obtained from the first step were cross-absorbed in the second affinity chromatography using ch-sepharose 4b conjugated to toxin b (for the purification of antibodies to ...	1986	3095433
the use of monoclonal antibodies to analyze the structure of clostridium botulinum type e derivative toxin.	six monoclonal antibodies against clostridium botulinum type e derivative toxin were prepared. three of the five binding to the heavy chain neutralized the derivative toxin; the other one binding to the light chain did not. immunoblotting analysis with the monoclonal antibodies showed that the fragment obtained by tryptic digestion consisted of the light chain and part of the heavy chain (h-1 fragment) linked together by a disulfide bond(s) and that the antigenic determinants common between type ...	1986	2423459
determination of soluble antigens of clostridium botulinum a by chemiluminescent--immunosorbent assay (clisa).	the chemiluminescent--immunosorbent assay (clisa) was adopted for cl. botulinum a soluble toxic antigens determination. luminol (abei) labelled botulinum antitoxin globulins showed a strongly positive specific immunochemiluminescent reactions with the native botulinum toxin preparations coupled (adsorbed) on polystyrene balls. the sensitivity of the reaction reached 20 dlm/ml (5,000 light impulses per 40 sec) in comparison with 2 x 10(6) dlm (57,000 impulses), control preparations (1,500 impulse ...	1986	2431667
activation of clostridium botulinum type e toxin purified by two different procedures.	clostridium botulinum type e toxin was purified from culture supernates and from cell extracts by two methods. the specific activity [2 x 10(4) mouse ld50 (mg protein)-1] of the toxin purified from cell extract under slightly acidic conditions was lower than that [3 x 10(5) ld50 (mg protein)-1] of the toxin purified from culture supernate under slightly alkaline conditions. both toxin preparations were activated by trypsin treatment, but to different extents, the degree of activation of the toxi ...	1986	2432159
tlc immunostaining characterization of clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin binding to gangliosides and free fatty acids.	the receptor structure of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type a was analysed by tlc immunostaining. gq1b was found to be the most potent receptor, and the neurotoxin also bound to gt1b and gd1a, but not to gm3, gm2, gm1, gd3, gd1b and gt1a. optimum binding of neurotoxin to the ganglioside appeared in 0.01 m phosphate buffer (ph 7.2) containing 0.2% nacl. higher and lower nacl concentrations diminished neurotoxin binding to the ganglioside. in addition, the neurotoxin was able to bind to free f ...	1986	3709810
two cases of type e infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic clostridium butyricum in italy.	the first two confirmed cases of type e infant botulism occurred in two 16-week-old girls in rome, italy. the original diagnosis for the first patient was intestinal blockage due to an ileocecal invagination, which was treated surgically. postoperatively, the patient became unresponsive and required ventilatory assistance. a diagnosis of infant botulism was then made. the second infant presented to the same hospital 7 1/2 months later with profound weakness, hypotonicity, mydriasis, and areflexi ...	1986	3722863
botulinum c2 toxin adp-ribosylates actin.	adp-ribosylation of regulatory proteins is an important pathological mechanism by which various bacterial toxins affect eukaryotic cell functions. while diphtheria toxin catalyses the adp-ribosylation of elongation factor 2, which results in inhibition of protein synthesis, cholera toxin and pertussis toxin adp-ribosylate ns and ni, respectively, the gtp-binding regulatory components of the adenylate cyclase system, thereby modulating the bidirectional hormonal regulation of the adenylate cyclas ...	1986	3736664
individual variation in botulism.	mice were treated per os with one oral ld100 of toxic filtrate from a culture of clostridium botulinum type c. the period between dosing and the first appearance of clinical signs varied greatly (2-31 h) from one animal to another. the duration of the pre-clinical and clinical phases together ranged from 5.5 to greater than 55 h. the duration of the clinical phase alone ranged from 1.25 to greater than 24 h, except for a minority of mice in which death occurred suddenly from apparent heart failu ...	1986	3741778
botulinum neurotoxin type b. its purification, radioiodination and interaction with rat-brain synaptosomal membranes.	neurotoxin from clostridium botulinum type b was purified to homogeneity by by affinity and ion-exchange chromatography; specific neurotoxicity of this protein (mr of approximately equal to 155 000) following trypsinisation attained a level of 2 x 10(8) mouse ld50 units/mg protein. 125i-iodination of the toxin to high specific radioactivities (19-63 tbq/mmol) yielded typically greater than 65% of its original toxicity; dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, after trypsin ...	1986	3753681
binding of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin to gangliosides.	the binding characteristics of clostridium botulinum neurotoxins of types b, c1, and f to gangliosides was studied by thin layer chromatography plate and microtiter plate methods at low (10 mm nacl in 10 mm tris-hcl buffer, ph 7.2) or high (150 mm nacl in 10 mm tris-hcl buffer, ph 7.2) ionic strengths and at 0 or 37 degrees c. the three types of toxins bound exclusively to three kinds of gangliosides, gd1a, gd1b, and gt1b, in both the thin layer chromatography plate and the microtiter plate meth ...	1986	3759936
evidence for direct binding of clostridium botulinum type e derivative toxin and its fragments to gangliosides and free fatty acids.	clostridium botulinum type e derivative toxin and its heavy chain bound to gangliosides gt1b, gd1a and gq1b and saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids with chain lengths of 14-20 carbons. the l-h-1 fragment lacking the carboxyl-terminal portion of the heavy chain bound to free fatty acids but not to gangliosides. these observations led us to a new hypothesis on the mechanism of binding between botulinum toxin and gangliosides; the carboxyl-terminal portion (h-2 fragment) of the heavy chain b ...	1986	3778479
botulism in a patient with jejunoileal bypass.	a 45-year-old woman was diagnosed as having the unclassified form of botulism. her intestines may have been predisposed to colonization with clostridium botulinum because of a jejunoileal bypass procedure that had been done several years earlier. one other similar case has been reported.	1986	3789680
in vitro assays for botulinum toxin and antitoxins.	clostridium botulinum produces several powerful neuroparalytic toxins which, although rare in food-poisoning instances, are generally fatal. a considerable amount of effort has therefore been made by the food industry to ensure that food treatment processes adequate to prevent growth and toxin production by cl. botulinum. laboratory mice and guinea-pigs are presently used extensively both for the assay of botulinum toxins and for the development and assessment of vaccines used to protect laborat ...	1986	3792644
[type-c botulism in dogs].	twelve dogs died from an outbreak of type-c botulism. the origin of the outbreak was found to consist in feeding the dogs broiler carcasses contaminated with clostridium botulinum type-c. high concentrations of toxin type-c could be detected in the stomach contents. botulism in dogs was only fatal when large amounts of toxin had been produced.	1986	3798437
[growing clostridium on nutritional media with polyacrylamide gel].		1986	2908416
botulism in a dog--first confirmed case in new zealand.	during an outbreak of suspected botulism in waterfowl on hamilton lake an eight year old entire male dog was admitted to a hamilton veterinary clinic. the dog was unable to stand upon admission and showed a partial lower motor neuron dysfunction characteristic of botulism. treatment consisted of antibiotics and intensive supportive therapy. complications resulted in the dog being destroyed ten days after commencement of treatment. analysis of a serum sample taken antemortem, confirmed the presen ...	1986	16031313
adp-ribosylation by type c1 and d botulinum neurotoxins: stimulation by guanine nucleotides and inhibition by guanidino-containing compounds.	we recently reported that type d botulinum neurotoxin adp-ribosylates a specific protein of mr 21,000 in membrane fractions of various tissues (ohashi, y. and narumiya, s. (1987) j. biol. chem. in press). we examined similar enzyme activities in other types (types a, b, c1 and e) of botulinum neurotoxins. of these, only type c1 toxin showed the activity similar to type d toxin and adp-ribosylated the same mr 21,000 protein in membranes of mouse brain. no enzyme activities were detected in type a ...	1987	3827891
a 50-kda fragment from the nh2-terminus of the heavy subunit of clostridium botulinum type a neurotoxin forms channels in lipid vesicles.	1. a 50-kda fragment representing the nh2-terminus of the heavy subunit of botulinum type a neurotoxin was found, at low ph, to evoke the release of k+ from lipid vesicles loaded with potassium phosphate. similar k+ release was also observed with the intact neurotoxin, its heavy chain and a fragment consisting of the light subunit linked the 50-kda nh2-terminal heavy chain fragment. the light subunit alone, however, was inactive. 2. in addition to k+, the channels formed in lipid bilayers by bot ...	1987	2441987
clostridium botulinum type c produces a novel adp-ribosyltransferase distinct from botulinum c2 toxin.	the culture medium of certain strains of clostridium botulinum type c contains two separable adp-ribosyltransferases. besides the adp-ribosylation of actin due to botulinum c2 i toxin, a second microbial enzyme causes the mono-adp-ribosylation of a eukaryotic protein with a molecular mass of about 20 kda found in platelets, neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells, s49 lymphoma cells, chick embryo fibroblasts and sperm. the eukaryotic substrate is inactivated by heating and trypsin treatment. in cont ...	1987	3100333
adp-ribosylation of specific membrane proteins in pheochromocytoma and primary-cultured brain cells by botulinum neurotoxins type c and d.	type c1 and d toxins produced by clostridium botulinum caused adp-ribosylation of a protein of 24 kda in membrane preparations of rat clonal pheochromocytoma cells (pc12) and of proteins of 25 and 26 kda in neuron-rich culture of fetal rat brain cells. the adp-ribosylation reaction was dependent on the presence of mgcl2, gtp and gtp gamma s. the results obtained suggested that the adp-ribosylation reaction is responsible for the development of the biological activity of the botulinum neurotoxins ...	1987	3108037
effect of thermal treatments in oils on bacterial spore survival.	the heat resistance of bacillus cereus f4165/75, clostridium sporogenes pa 3679 and cl. botulinum 62a spores suspended in buffer (ph 7.2), olive oil and a commercial oil (a mixture of rapeseed oil and soy oil) was investigated. linear survivor curves were obtained with b. cereus spores in the three menstrua and with 62a and pa 3679 spores suspended in buffer. however, the inactivation kinetics of the clostridial spores suspended in oils were concave upward with a characteristic tailing-off for 6 ...	1987	3114210
tailing of survivor curves of clostridial spores heated in edible oils.	tailing of survivor curves was observed for clostridium sporogenes pa 3679 and cl. botulinum 62a spores heated whilst suspended in edible oils, but not for the same spores suspended in buffer (ph 7.2) or mineral oil or for bacillus cereus f4165/75 spores suspended in buffer or oils. the tailing cannot be ascribed to a genetic or developmental heterogeneity in the resistance of the spore population or to a heterogeneity of the treatment severity during heating. heat adaptation due to the release ...	1987	3114211
isolation of clostridium botulinum type g from swiss soil specimens by using sequential steps in an identification scheme.	after clostridium botulinum type g organisms and toxin were identified in necropsy specimens in cases of unexplained death in adults and infants (o. sonnabend, w. sonnabend, r. heinzle, t. sigrist, r dirnhofer, and u. krech, j. infect. dis. 143:22-27, 1981), extensive research to detect c. botulinum type g in soil samples from switzerland was done. a total of 41 specimens from virgin soil and from cultivated land were examined for the presence of c. botulinum type g and other toxin types. becaus ...	1987	3116935
antimicrobial activity of lysozyme against bacteria involved in food spoilage and food-borne disease.	egg white lysozyme was demonstrated to have antibacterial activity against organisms of concern in food safety, including listeria monocytogenes and certain strains of clostridium botulinum. we also found that the food spoilage thermophile clostridium thermosaccharolyticum was highly susceptible to lysozyme and confirmed that the spoilage organisms bacillus stearothermophilus and clostridium tyrobutyricum were also extremely sensitive. several gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens isolated f ...	1987	3118808
botulinum adp-ribosyltransferase c3 but not botulinum neurotoxins c1 and d adp-ribosylates low molecular mass gtp-binding proteins.	botulinum adp-ribosyltransferase c3 modified 21-24 kda proteins in a guanine nucleotide-dependent manner similar to that described for botulinum neurotoxin c1 and d. whereas gtp and gtp gamma s stimulated c3-catalyzed adp-ribosylation in the absence of mg2+, in the presence of added mg2+ adp-ribosylation was impaired by gtp gamma s. c3 was about 1000-fold more potent than botulinum c1 neurotoxin in adp-ribosylation of the 21-24 kda protein(s) in human platelet membranes. antibodies raised agains ...	1987	3119367
factors affecting the toxicity of rotting carcasses containing clostridium botulinum type c.	mice killed shortly after receiving 1300-3000 spores of clostridium botulinum type c per os were incubated at one of four chosen temperatures together with bottles of cooked meat medium seeded with a similar inoculum. after incubation the rotting carcasses were homogenized. sterile membrane filtrates of the homogenates (10-20.8%, w/v) and pure cultures were then titrated for toxicity. a temperature of 37 degrees c produced less toxicity in most carcasses than in cultures. at 30 degrees c, howeve ...	1987	3297745
[botulism in nursing infants].		1987	3299240
inhibition of type a and type b (proteolytic) clostridium botulinum by sorbic acid.	the effect of sorbic acid in the ph range 4.9 to 7.0 on the probability p of growth of a single vegetative bacterium of proteolytic strains of clostridium botulinum has been determined by comparison of the most probable number count of the bacteria in media at ph 4.9 to 7.0 containing a series of concentrations of potassium sorbate and in a nutrient medium at ph 6.8 to 7.0. the media were maintained under strictly anaerobic conditions at a redox potential equivalent to lower than -350 mv at ph 7 ...	1987	3300545
a food-poisoning incident caused by clostridium botulinum toxin a in japan.	food poisoning caused by clostridium botulinum toxin a occurred in japan. eleven (31%) of 36 patients from 14 different areas died of botulism. most of the patients had eaten commercial fried lotus-rhizome solid mustard without heating. the food, which implicated one of the special local products used for gifts in kumamoto, was found to have been produced by a manufacturer in kumamoto prefecture. in fukuoka prefecture, two of three patients died on days 4 and 8 after eating the food; they had ty ...	1987	3301378
kinetics study of immunological response to clostridium botulinum toxin.	a double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of humoral antibody to type a botulinal toxin was developed. this assay was used to study the kinetics of antibody response of a volunteer to botulinal toxoid. the circulating type a antitoxin was first detected by the elisa 2 weeks after the first booster injection of the toxoid. the antibody titer stayed level until the second booster at 12 weeks. the titer then continued to rise throughout the remaining study period. th ...	1987	3301895
the effect of sodium chloride and temperature on the rate and extent of growth of clostridium botulinum type a in pasteurized pork slurry.	a selective medium was used to enumerate clostridium botulinum growing in the presence of natural spoilage organisms in a model cured pork slurry. the growth responses of a mixed spore inoculum of six strains of cl. botulinum type a were studied at 15 degrees, 20 degrees and 27 degrees c with 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 or 4.5% (w/v) salt added (aw range 0.961-0.990). gompertz and logistic curves, which have a sigmoid shape, were fitted to the data and lag times, growth rates, generation times and time to max ...	1987	3305458
oral dosing of mice with clostridium botulinum type c cultures and culture filtrates.	in two of 14 tests in which adult mice were dosed per os, whole broth culture of clostridium botulinum type c was more lethal than culture sterilised by membrane filtration. the results indicated that occasionally--though not usually--significant bacterial multiplication and toxigenesis occurred in the gut.	1987	3306852
rapid in vivo assay method for type g botulinal toxin.	the survival time (st) dose-response curve for clostridium botulinum type g toxin was determined in mice and evaluated as a rapid assay method. as it occurs with other botulinal toxin types, the results showed a linear relationship between the logarithm of the injected dose and the logarithm of st. the slope of the st dose-response curve for type g toxin differed significantly from those for type a or subtype af toxins. this parameter was altered when trypsin-activated type g toxin was used. the ...	1987	3307234
[active immunization of poultry against botulism].		1987	3307751
some n-acyl-d-amino acid derivatives having antibotulinal properties.	several n-acyl derivatives of d-tryptophan, d-alanine, d-methionine, d-valine, and d-aspartic acid were synthesized in high yields using the succinimidyl ester method and examined for their antibotulinal properties. in conjunction with 60 ppm of sodium nitrite, sorbyl-d-tryptophan, sorbyl-d-alanine, myristoyl-d-aspartic acid, and glycyl-d-alanine were highly inhibitory. in the absence of sodium nitrite, the n-acyl derivatives of the d-amino acids were not inhibitory. on its own, 60 ppm of sodium ...	1987	3311323
characterization of proteins, insoluble at low temperature, produced by clostridium botulinum type c and c. subterminale. their antigenic relationship with a similar protein synthesized by c. botulinum type g.	the production of a protein insoluble at low temperature ("cryoprotein"), by cultures of clostridium botulinum type g has been shown to be a metabolic characteristic also shared by c. botulinum type c and by c. subterminale. these new cryoproteins have been purified and some of their chemical and immunological properties studied. it was found that both proteins were chemically very similar among themselves and to the cryoprotein isolated from c. botulinum type g. all these proteins are formed by ...	1987	3314259
the large intestine as the site of clostridium botulinum colonization in human infant botulism.		1987	3316418
adp-ribosylation of a 21-24 kda eukaryotic protein(s) by c3, a novel botulinum adp-ribosyltransferase, is regulated by guanine nucleotide.	besides botulinum c2 toxin, clostridium botulinum type c produces another adp-ribosyltransferase, which we termed 'c3'. adp-ribosyltransferase c3 has a molecular mass of 25 kda and modifies 21-24 kda protein(s) in platelet and brain membranes. c3 was about 1000 times more potent than botulinum c1 toxin in adp-ribosylation of membrane proteins. c3-catalysed adp-ribosylation of the 21-24 kda protein(s) was decreased by stable guanosine triphosphates, with the potency order gtp[s] much greater than ...	1987	3122724
intestinal toxicoinfection by clostridium botulinum type f in an adult. case associated with guillain-barré syndrome.	a 27-year-old man with type f botulism (classification undetermined) had two episodes of botulinum toxaemia with identification of botulinum toxin and clostridium botulinum organisms in faecal specimens during a three-month stay in hospital. between these clinical episodes neither toxin nor cl botulinum could be demonstrated. the illness was severe with quadriplegia, respiratory insufficiency, and bowel paralysis. in addition the patient had sensory abnormalities and a raised protein in the cere ...	1987	2880164
role of the heavy and light chains of botulinum neurotoxin in neuromuscular paralysis.	botulinum neurotoxin (nt) is synthesized by clostridium botulinum in any of seven antigenically distinct forms called types a-g. nt, when fully active, is a dichain protein, composed of two polypeptides, a heavy (h) and a light (l) chain (approximately 100,000 and approximately 50,000 da, respectively) that are held together by noncovalent bonds and at least one disulfide bond. two types of dichain nt, a and b, and their respective h and l chains were applied to nerve-muscle (nm) preparations (p ...	1987	3029090
the propagation of feline panleukopenia virus in micro-carrier cell culture and use of the inactivated virus in the protection of mink against viral enteritis.	using microcarrier cell culture for the production of virus antigen, a formalin-inactivated feline panleukopenia virus vaccine was evaluated for protection of mink against specific mink enteritis virus infection. the vaccine showed a good immunogenic effect in mink when used either alone or in combination with clostridium botulinum type c-toxoid and/or pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine. a single vaccination induced persistent immune responses for periods of at least 1 year, as evaluated by elisa an ...	1987	3037766
some preliminary studies on low incidence of infant botulism in the united kingdom.		1987	3546387
occurrence of toxigenic clostridium botulinum type c in the soil of wetlands in saskatchewan.	mouse-lethal toxin identified as that of clostridium botulinum type c by antitoxin neutralization was present in cultures of 38.0% of 326 soil samples collected from 28 wetlands in saskatchewan. there was no difference in prevalence of toxicity between samples collected in spring and summer, and no relationship was evident between the occurrence of toxicity and water salinity, marsh type or water depth. there was a strong association between the prior occurrence of avian botulism in a marsh and ...	1987	3546742
search for clostridium botulinum in the south orkney and falkland islands.		1987	3318091
evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for detecting type a clostridium botulinum toxin produced in pure culture and an inoculated model cured meat system.	a monoclonal antibody-based amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method for detecting clostridium botulinum type a toxin was evaluated for its ability to detect the toxin in the supernatant fluid of pure cultures and after growth from cl. botulinum spores inoculated into pork slurries. slurries containing nacl (1.5-4.5% w/v) and polyphosphate (0.3% w/v) were either unheated or heated, 80 degrees c/5 min + 70 degrees c/2 h, before storage at 15 degrees, 20 degrees or 27 degrees c. ...	1987	3323154
examination of feces and serum for diagnosis of infant botulism in 336 patients.	in the 12-year period 1975 to 1987, feces from 336 infants were examined for botulinal neurotoxin and clostridium botulinum. all the infants had illnesses which prompted their physicians to consider infant botulism in the diagnosis. stool specimens from 113 of the infants yielded organisms that produced botulinal neurotoxins assumed to be responsible for the illness. the types of botulinal toxin in the confirmed cases were distributed as follows: 38 a, 69 b, 2 atypical b, 1 e, 1 f, 1 a + b, and ...	1987	3323228
the combined effect of sub-optimal temperature and sub-optimal ph on growth and toxin formation from spores of clostridium botulinum.	low-acid foods (ph greater than or equal to 4.5) are not sufficiently acidic to prevent growth of clostridium botulinum in otherwise optimal conditions. the combination of sub-optimal ph and sub-optimal temperature may, however, result in a very significant reduction in the risk of growth of this bacterium compared with the risk in optimal conditions. the combined effect of incubation temperatures of 12 degrees and 16 degrees c and ph values between 5.2 and 5.5 on growth and toxin production fro ...	1987	3326865
antibody response to bacterial antigens covalently bound to biodegradable polymerized serum albumin beads.	model vaccines have been made by covalently linking clostridium botulinum type d toxin and klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide antigen to polymerized rabbit serum albumin beads. when injected into rabbits these bead vaccines induced an enhanced production of specific humoral antibody without causing adverse reactions. the adjuvant effect is due to a slow release from the bead structure and offers an alternative to oil emulsions and mineral salt adsorbents.	1987	3326866
binding and cytotoxic effects of clostridium botulinum type a, c1 and e toxins in primary neuron cultures from foetal mouse brains.	binding of purified clostridium botulinum type a, c1 and e toxins to cultured cells was studied by an immunocytochemical method. type a and c1 toxins bound strongly to neuron cultures prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type e toxin was weak. none of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. the heavy-chain component of the type c1 toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. type c1 toxin also bound only to cell lines of neurona ...	1987	3329217
[the isolation and identification of a clostridium botulinum type d strain].		1987	3329425
[on contamination of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria in honey under the japanese pharmacopoeia].		1987	3329550
response of tissue-cultured cynomolgus monkey kidney cells to botulinum c2 toxin.	c2 toxin (c2t) elaborated by clostridium botulinum types c and d is composed of two nonlinked protein components, designated components i and ii. the toxin, a mixture of untrypsinized component i and trypsinized component ii, induced marked morphological changes of tissue-cultured cynomolgus monkey kidney cells; the characteristic response of the cells to the toxin was rounding, which increased proportionally to log dose of the toxin. the components alone and a combination of untrypsinized compo ...	1987	3332909
inhibition of clostridium botulinum 62a by fumarates and maleates and relationship of activity to some physicochemical constants.	a series of n-monoalkyl maleates and n-mono-, di-, and methyl n-alkyl fumarates were prepared, 18 esters of each, with r = ch3 to c18h37. their activity against clostridium botulinum was determined in culture medium. the n-monoalkyl maleates and fumarates possessed significant activity, particularly those esterified with higher c13 to c18 alcohols. somewhat lower activity was exhibited by methyl n-alkyl fumarates, while symmetrical esters, di-n-alkyl fumarates, were almost inactive. an attempt w ...	1987	3548589
effects of irradiation on growth and toxigenicity of clostridium botulinum types a and b inoculated onto chicken skins.	this study was conducted to examine the effects of 0.3-mrad irradiation on growth and toxigenicity of clostridium botulinum types a and b on chicken skins. irradiation followed by aerobic or anaerobic incubation at 30 degrees c extended the shelf life of skin samples and delayed growth and toxin production by c. botulinum. during 2 weeks of incubation at 10 degrees c, the irradiated and nonirradiated c. botulinum spores failed to grow or produce toxin.	1987	3548590
poultry waste associated type c botulism in cattle.	botulism in uk cattle has been confirmed by demonstrating type c botulinum toxin in sera from affected animals. evidence is presented indicating the source of intoxication to be poultry carcasses containing type c clostridium botulinum and its toxin. the organism was also found in poultry litter and in alimentary tract samples from slaughtered animals. the implications of these findings are discussed.	1987	3549339
inactivation of clostridial ferredoxin and pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase by sodium nitrite.	clostridial ferredoxin and pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity was investigated after in vitro or in vivo treatment with sodium nitrite. in vitro treatment of commercially available clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin with sodium nitrite inhibited ferredoxin activity. inhibition of ferredoxin activity increased with increasing levels of sodium nitrite. ferredoxin was isolated from normal c. pasteurianum and clostridium botulinum cultures and from cultures incubated with 1,000 micrograms ...	1987	3555332
binding ability of clostridium botulinum neurotoxin to the synaptosome upon treatment of various kinds of the enzymes.	the binding ability of cl. botulinum neurotoxin to synaptosomes upon treatment with various enzymes (neuraminidase, trypsin, and beta-bungarotoxin containing phospholipase a2 activity) was studied. when synaptosomes were treated with neuraminidase, their ability to bind toxin decreased; trypsin and beta-bungarotoxin had slightly week or no effect. the decrease in toxin-binding ability of synaptosomes was paralleled by a release of sialic acid from the synaptosomes by the neuraminidase treatment. ...	1987	3566763
activation of botulinum c2 toxin by trypsin.	c2 toxin (c2t) elaborated by clostridium botulinum types c and d is composed of two dissimilar protein components, designated components i and ii. the biological activity of c2t is enhanced by treating the toxin with trypsin. this activation of c2t is observed as a result of mixing untrypsinized component i and trypsinized component ii but not as a result of mixing trypsinized component i and untrypsinized component ii. the data presented here show that the maximum lethality of c2t, determined b ...	1987	3570475
[binding and degenerative effect of clostridium botulinum type a, c and e toxins on cultured neurons].	binding of purified clostridium botulinum type a, c1, and e toxins to cultured cells was studied by biotinylated antitoxin-avidin (fitc) method. type a and c toxins were bound strongly to the neuron culture prepared from brains of fetal mice, but type e toxin was weakly bound. no fluorescence was observed on the feeder layer which was composed of nonneuronal cells. type c toxin was bound to cell lines of neuronal origin, and its heavy chain component but not light chain component contributed to ...	1987	3610033
botulism as a sequel to open castration in a horse.	clostridium botulinum and type-b c botulinum toxin were isolated from a necrotic wound that developed subsequent to castration in a 2-year-old thoroughbred gelding. the horse had clinical signs of botulism and was successfully treated with wound debridement, c botulinum type-b antitoxin, potassium penicillin, and supportive care.	1987	3610782