Publications

[antigen detection in legionellosis: significance for early diagnosis].		1987	3317793
[is there a strategy for the prevention of legionella infection? experience in the netherlands].		1987	3317794
[the level of technology and new developments in hot water preparation].		1987	3317795
cofactor requirements for expression of lactoferrin bactericidal activity on enteric bacteria.		1987	3318290
treatment of respiratory tract infections with cephalosporin antibiotics.	infections of the respiratory tract are among the most common causes for antibiotic prescribing. their diagnosis within the community is generally limited to clinical criteria, and microbiological information is frequently lacking. hospitalised patients with respiratory tract infections are more likely to undergo diagnostic sampling, but difficulties remain in reliably defining a microbial aetiology, thereby providing a confident basis for antibiotic selection. in considering the role of the cep ...	1987	3319501
prevalence of anti-legionella pneumophila antibodies in various groups with different risk factors in seville (spain).	a study was undertaken to establish the background prevalence of antibodies to l. pneumophila in 324 persons from the area of seville, spain. the serum specimens were obtained from healthy volunteers divided into groups with different risk factors. the results were as follows: a prevalence of 1.96% in 51 persons working in a cooling-tower air conditioned building (group a), a prevalence of 25% in 36 persons working in a dry-heat air conditioned building (group b), a prevalence of 16% in 87 under ...	1987	3319673
legionella birminghamensis sp. nov. isolated from a cardiac transplant recipient.	a legionella-like organism, strain 1407-al-h, was isolated from a transbronchial lung biopsy specimen from a cardiac transplant recipient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. the strain grew on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar (bcye) but not on bcye in the absence of cysteine, and it showed gas-liquid chromatographic fatty acid profiles that were predominantly branch chained. strain 1407-al-h was antigenically distinct in slide agglutination tests from the 23 legionella species and 39 serog ...	1987	3320081
legionella micdadei and legionella dumoffii monoclonal antibodies for laboratory diagnosis of legionella infections.	two different monoclonal antibodies directed against legionella micdadei and l. dumoffii (genetic systems corp., seattle, wash.) were evaluated for their specificity and ability to detect l. micdadei and l. dumoffii in human and animal clinical samples and bacterial isolates in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. all three frozen sputum samples and all three formalin-fixed sputum and liver samples from patients with culture-documented l. micdadei pneumonia were positive when tested with the l. ...	1987	3320084
legionella species as hospital-acquired respiratory pathogens.	nosocomial pneumonia caused by legionella is an increasingly recognized entity. legionella sp responsible for documented nosocomial disease include legionella pneumophila, tatlockia micdadei, legionella bozemanii, legionella dumoffi and legionella oakridgensis. the clinical presentation is nonspecific although diarrhea occurs frequently. hyponatremia occurs significantly more frequently in legionnaires' disease than pneumonias caused by other agents. chest roentgenographic findings are nonspecif ...	1987	3321265
invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. clinical experience with eight haematologic patients.	eight patients with haematologic malignancies contracted fatal invasive aspergillosis during an outbreak. five patients were neutropenic. bronchofiberoscopic examination with microbiology specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage yielded aspergillus fumigatus in only 2/5 patients examined. the specific diagnosis reached during lifetime in 5 patients was based on a combination of invasive procedures (lung biopsy in 2, percutaneous lung puncture in 1), the presence of a lung abscess (3 patients), ...	1987	3321414
immunocytochemical demonstration of the association between legionella pneumophila, its tissue-destructive protease, and pulmonary lesions in experimental legionnaires' disease.	using immunocytochemical techniques at the light and electron microscope levels, legionella pneumophila and one of its extracellular proteases were located in the lungs of guinea pigs with experimental legionnaires' disease (ld). l. pneumophila was immunostained by several peroxidase- and gold-labelling methods for light and electron microscopy. the protease was immunolabelled in tissue fixed in carnoy's fluid at the light microscopical level and on broth-grown organisms at the ultrastructural l ...	1987	3323432
[interactions between macrophages and anti-infective agents].	direct effects of antimicrobial agents on macrophages functions are not well precised. however, antimicrobials can enhance phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages in vitro, at subinhibitory concentrations. this enhancement is related to the antibiotic effect. it is dependent of the nature of the antimicrobial agent, of the experimental procedure and some discrepancies appeared in the results. the precise mechanism, effect on the bacterial wall, or on the bacterial protein synthesis is uncertain. ...	1987	3325908
fatal legionella pneumonia: retrospective examination of lung tissue using direct and indirect fluorescent-antibody methods.	lung tissue sections of patients who died of pneumonia within one year were screened retrospectively for legionnaires' disease bacteria using simultaneously a direct fluorescent antibody test (dfa) and an indirect fluorescent antibody system (ifa). the ifa has shown to provide a rapid screen for the increasing number of known legionella species and serogroups recently. in 10/168 (6%) of our cases legionellae were the pneumonia causing agents detected with both methods. although we should have be ...	1987	3326372
carbohydrate profiling of bacteria by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: chemical derivatization and analytical pyrolysis.	carbohydrate profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for the identification and detection of bacteria. its increasing applicability in the microbiology laboratory is illustrated by three examples. in the first, differentiation of legionellae by their sugar composition was determined with alditol acetate derivatization followed by selected- ion monitoring. in the second example, a carbohydrate pyrolysis product from streptococcus agalactiae was used to differentiate g ...	1987	3326747
[new aspects of macrolides: contribution of roxithromycin].	roxithromycin (ru 28965) is a new semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. its antibacterial activity is of the same order as that of other macrolides, although its mic's against legionella pneumophila are lower. in double-blind comparative studies there was no significant difference in therapeutic effectiveness between roxithromycin and the reference antibiotics tested. however, this new macrolide exhibits exceptional pharmacological properties (prolonged half-life, excellent tissue penetrati ...	1987	3328252
sero-survey for legionella pneumophila antibodies--singapore experience.	one hundred and fifty blood bank donors were sero-surveyed for legionella antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence test using a polyvalent antigen group (1 to 4). 20% of the group surveyed had an antibody titre greater than or equal to 16 to the organism. this paper also reports a study on 166 hospitalised acute pneumonia patients. the sera from these patients were screened for l. pneumophila antibodies; 5 of the patients had significant antibody titre greater than or equal to 256 which is diag ...	1987	3328553
classification of the legionellae.	this article reviews the classification and identification of the 23 described species, the 11 unnamed species, and the 49 serogroups presently known in the family legionellaceae and the genus legionella. the events leading to the isolation and classification of the first species, legionella pneumophila, are summarized; these include the outbreak of legionnaires' disease at the 1976 american legion convention in philadelphia, the five outbreaks preceding the philadelphia outbreak, and the isolat ...	1987	3328889
the epidemiology of legionella pneumophila infections.	the study of outbreaks of legionella pneumophila has been essential in understanding the organism, the disease, and its pathogenesis. early epidemics defined the clinical spectrum: pontiac fever is an acute, self-limited, febrile illness with an attack rate of 95% to 100% and an incubation period of 36 hours. in contrast, legionnaires' disease is a life-threatening bronchopneumonia with an attack rate of 2% to 7% and an incubation period of two to ten days. three times as many males as females a ...	1987	3328890
pathogenesis and pathology of legionellosis.	infection with members of the genus legionella can produce a wide spectrum of disease ranging from a self-limiting febrile illness to life-threatening pneumonia. the primary site of infection in the pneumonic form of the disease appears to be the lung, but dissemination to other organs is possible. infection results in an intense alveolitis with infiltration by large numbers of mixed inflammatory cells. the legionellae are facultative intracellular pathogens which multiply within host phagocytic ...	1987	3328891
clinical and laboratory aspects of legionnaire's disease.	legionnaires' disease is an illness with protean manifestations that are due to infection with legionella pneumophila. it occurs both in epidemic and sporadic form and usually presents as an atypical pneumonia. relative bradycardia, abnormal liver function test results, and a patient presenting with an atypical pneumonia should alert the clinician to the possibility of legionella. the presence of systemic involvement, specifically neurological, gastrointestinal, and renal abnormalities, should f ...	1987	3328892
the laboratory diagnosis of legionnaires' disease.	legionnaires' disease can be diagnosed by culture, by direct detection of the bacterium or its products by using immunologic means, with a dna probe, and by serologic means. culture diagnosis is the most specific and sensitive test. legionellae can be isolated from sputum samples by using selective techniques. antibody detection is more suited for epidemiologic purposes than for use in individual cases. immunofluorescent microscopy is a useful and rapid means of diagnosis. alternative rapid and ...	1987	3328893
the radiologic manifestations of legionella pneumonia.	a number of radiologic features on chest x-ray may aid in diagnosis and management of the patient with legionella infection. the infiltrates in legionnaires' disease frequently progress despite initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. pleural effusion is common and occasionally seen even in the absence of lung field infiltrates. pleural-based infiltrates associated with pleuritic pain may mimic pulmonary embolism. circumscribed peripheral densities are commonly seen in immunosuppressed pati ...	1987	3328894
nosocomial legionnaires' disease.	members of the family legionellaceae have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens. bronchopneumonia is the typical illness and mimics other nosocomial pneumonias. on rare occasion, surgical wound infections may be due to legionellae. legionella pneumophila is the species causing most human illness, but other species may predominate in individual institutions. pneumonia is acquired by inhalation of environmental aerosols from water sources contaminated by legionella sp. in the hospital setting ...	1987	3328895
infections caused by the pittsburgh pneumonia agent.	of the legionellaceae family, pittsburgh pneumonia agent (tatlockia micdadei, legionella micdadei) is second only to legionella pneumophila in causing human pneumonia. in nosocomial infection, the patients tend to be immunosuppressed. the clinical presentation is nonspecific, although in immunosuppressed hosts the presentation may mimic that of pulmonary embolus (pleuritic chest pain, nonproductive cough, pleural-based densities on chest rontgenogram). the reservoir for the organism is water, an ...	1987	3328896
legionella-like organisms.	the family legionellaceae contains the new genus and species legionella pneumophila; organisms that resemble l pneumophila but differ in one or more phenotypes are called legionella-like organisms and constitute a growing list of new species now numbering over two dozen, and the characterization of additional species of legionellae continues to expand. similar to l pneumophila, some of these new species have additional serogroups within the species. these new species have varying degrees of clin ...	1987	3328897
therapeutic considerations in the treatment of legionella infections.	selection of therapy for legionella infections originated with the clinical observation after the 1976 philadelphia outbreak that patients treated with erythromycin or tetracycline did better than those who received cephalosporins or aminoglycosides. early in vitro antibiotic susceptibility studies suggested that rifampin and erythromycin were both active against legionella pneumophila. however, subsequent in vitro susceptibility studies to other antibiotics have produced variable results, depen ...	1987	3328898
manual of culture methodology for legionella.		1987	3328899
[legionella infection during southern travel--an underdiagnosed problem?].		1987	3330019
legionnaires' disease after bone marrow transplantation.	four patients developed legionnaires' disease after bone marrow transplantation. two cases occurred early after transplant and were considered as part of a hospital epidemic due to contamination of water supply. the other two cases were considered to be sporadic because they occurred 3-4 weeks after hospital discharge. the outcome was good in two patients. in the third patient, recurrent disease was probably due to acquired resistance to macrolides, and complete cure was achieved after treatment ...	1987	3332177
[where are we with the problem of legionellosis?].		1987	3332756
legionella infections.	legionnaires' disease is a distinct clinical entity caused by legionella pneumophila. following an epidemic of pneumonia in philadelphia in 1976, it was found that the bacterium had in fact been first isolated in 1947. other species of legionella have been identified, many of which are indistinguishable from l. pneumophila infection. legionella species also cause extrapulmonary infections and a mild nonpneumonic form of disease known in its epidemic form as pontiac fever.	1987	3332887
cloning and expression of a common legionella outer membrane antigen in escherichia coli.	a genomic library of legionella pneumophila was constructed by inserting l. pneumophila knoxville-1 strain (lpk-1) chromosome fragments into cosmid vector phc79. screening of the library with antibodies directed against a major outer membrane protein/lipopolysaccharide complex from lpk-1 resulted in the identification of six clones that reacted with the antiserum. western blot analysis indicated that a 19,000 dalton (19 kda) component was the reactive antigen in all of the clones. western blot a ...	1987	3333797
[natural inhibitors of the growth of legionellae].		1987	3111955
bacteriological and serological diagnosis of community-acquired acute pneumonia, specially legionnaire's disease. multicentric prospective study of 274 hospitalized patients.	in 1982 and 1983 a prospective study was carried out involving 274 adult patients hospitalized with community-acquired acute pneumonia. the results of the bacteriological and serological diagnoses are presented here. conventional and standardized bacteriological methods were used. all the serodiagnoses of ld were carried out with the 13 antigens produced by the "centre national de référence" (l. pneumophila 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; l. micdadei; l. bozemanii, l. dumoffii, l. jordanis; l. gormanii; l. lo ...	1987	3115004
discovery of occult legionella pneumonia in a long stay hospital: results of prospective serological survey.		1987	3115422
microbial ecology of legionella.		1987	3116104
community-acquired pneumonia in adults in british hospitals in 1982-1983: a survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors and outcome. the british thoracic society and the public health laboratory service.	four hundred and fifty-three adults in 25 british hospitals entered a prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia. a microbiological diagnosis was established in 67 per cent; streptococcus pneumoniae (34 per cent). mycoplasma pneumoniae (18 per cent) and influenza a virus (7 per cent) were the commonest microorganisms. our observations support the view that most of those in the microbiologically negative group (33 per cent) had s. pneumoniae infection. in addition to cultures of blood and ...	1987	3116595
aortic valve endocarditis associated with legionella infection after mycoplasma pneumonia.	a 38 year old woman with diabetes mellitus and bronchial asthma was admitted to hospital with pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae; she recovered promptly on erythromycin treatment. six weeks later she presented with aortic valve endocarditis without concurrent lung disease. a concurrent increase in titres of antibody to legionella bozemanii, l longbeachae, and l jordanis indicated a legionella infection. legionella infection should be considered, even in the absence of pneumonia, in cases ...	1987	3117081
the simultaneous direct detection of mycoplasma pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila antigens in sputum specimens by a monoclonal antibody immunoblot assay.	an immunoblot (western) assay was developed employing a species-specific monoclonal antibody to a 43 kda mycoplasma pneumoniae membrane polypeptide and a species-specific monoclonal antibody to 29 kda legionella pneumophila outer membrane protein. this assay could simultaneously detect these two different antigens directly in sputum. the 43 kda m. pneumoniae antigen was detected by this assay in each of three m. pneumoniae culture-confirmed sputum specimens. in addition, the 29 kda l. pneumophil ...	1987	3117890
[multiplication and killing temperatures of naturally occurring legionellas].	suspensions of legionellae and associated bacteria found in a hot water distribution system were maintained in the exponential phase of growth without addition of nutrients by constant agitation and oxygenation and by periodically transferring them to autoclaved tap water. the suspensions were exposed to different temperatures to determine growth and inactivation kinetics of legionellae kept under conditions similar to their natural environment. multiplication of the legionellae was found to occ ...	1987	3118611
fleroxacin (ro 23-6240): activity in vitro against 355 enteropathogenic and non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli and legionella pneumophila.	the antibacterial activity of fleroxacin (ro 23-6240, am-833), a new 6-fluoroquinolone, was determined against 149 strains of enteropathogenic bacteria (17 species) and 191 strains (28 species) of glucose non-fermentative gram-negative rods (excluding pseudomonas aeruginosa), and against 15 strains of legionella pneumophila. the cumulative susceptibility of these groups of bacteria to ro 23-6240 at the 2 mg/l level were 99.2%, 80.1 and 100% of tested strains, respectively.	1987	3119553
[enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for legionella pneumophila using outer membrane protein].		1987	3119737
cross-reactivity among legionella species and serogroups.	cross-reactions of 17 members of the family legionellaceae were studied by four different serological techniques: immunofluorescence (if), slide agglutination (sa), microagglutination (ma) and immunodiffusion (id), using antigens and rabbit antisera prepared in our laboratory. results obtained corresponded closely with those described by other authors, especially for if and sa. the 17 antigens were further tested by if with a panel of sera previously diagnosed as positive for legionella. a high ...	1987	3123264
[legionella pneumophila: seroepidemiologic studies of dentists and dental personnel in austria].	serum samples of 107 dentists, dental assistants, and dental technicians, working in practices or out-patient clinics, were examined with an indirect immunofluorescence test for antibodies to legionella pneumophila (sg1-sg6, polyvalent). serum samples of 106 non-medical workers served as a control. thirty-six (34%) employees of the dental personnel from 13 practices showed a positive reaction, 24 of these had a weakly reactive titer of 1:32 to 1:64 and 12 a higher titer of 1:128 to 1:256. dentis ...	1987	3124379
[diagnosis of the first case of legionella dumoffii pneumonia associated with igg-lambda type multiple myeloma in japan].		1987	3125286
heterogeneity of antibody response in infection with legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.	the antibody response of patients infected with legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in a common source outbreak was investigated. heat-killed antigens from l pneumophila serogroups 1-3 and 6-10, plus several other strains of l pneumophila, together with 13 other species of legionellas were used in an indirect fluorescence antibody test. formolised yolk sac antigens made from l pneumophila serogroups 1, 6, and 7 were also used. although antibodies were produced to several l pneumophila serogroups ...	1987	3294909
prevalence of anti-legionella antibodies in a healthy population and in patients with tuberculosis or pneumonia.	the prevalence of antibodies to 13 antigens of legionellaceae were compared in three populations: 583 blood donors, 140 tuberculosis patients and 66 patients with acute non legionellosis pneumonia. antibody levels were determined by indirect immunofluorescence (ifa) using formalized antigens prepared from bacteria developed in embryonated hen yolk sac. the very weak prevalence of anti l. pneumophila antibodies in a healthy population [almost nil for serogroups 2, 3, 4 and 5; 1.5% for serogroup 6 ...	1987	3295701
antimicrobial activity of electrolyzed saline solutions.	electrolysis of solutions containing certain electrolytes, through the use of novel electrodes, produces significant levels of ozone, oxygen, and chlorine at the anode. the process works at ordinary temperatures, and with dilute solutions. these solutions, after electrolysis, can be much more effective, by a factor of several hundred, against microorganisms than solutions containing comparable hypochlorite solutions.	1987	3296185
nosocomial legionnaires' disease following renal transplantation.	a cluster of five cases of legionnaires' disease in renal transplant patients is described. they were treated with erythromycin and rifampicin, and all five survived. two of them had rejected their grafts prior to their legionella pneumonia; two rejected their transplants after reduction of immunosuppressive therapy to combat the infection. l pneumophila was present in the water distribution system of the hospital. eradication measures included flushing the water pipes to the transplantation war ...	1987	3296350
[diagnosis of legionella pneumonia].		1987	3296499
[refractory respiratory tract infections. 9. chemotherapy of recent respiratory tract infections. b. legionnaire's disease].		1987	3298738
significance of non-pneumophila legionella species in adult community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonias.	the number of different legionella species is increasing at an impressive rate. in two prospective studies, one involving 110 intensive-care unit (icu) patients with mainly nosocomial pneumonias and the other 105 patients with community-acquired pneumonias, we investigated the incidence and significance of legionella pneumophila and non-pneumophila pneumonias on the basis of 17 different main serogroups. in the first study, 14 icu patients had 15 (13.6%) legionella pneumonias, which, in 5 cases ...	1987	3298828
isolation of legionella pneumophila from calves and the prevalence of antibodies in cattle, sheep, horses, antelopes, buffaloes and rabbits.	the lungs of 139 calves presented for autopsy and 29 healthy slaughtered calves were examined for legionella by culture and by direct immunofluorescence (dif) with fluorescein-conjugated antisera. about 17% of the cadaver lungs and 4% of lungs from slaughtered animals were positive by dif. legionella organisms were only isolated from the lungs of two cadavers (l. pneumophila, serogroup 1). in a prevalence study of antibodies to legionella in domestic and wild animals of various species, titers o ...	1987	3300013
[legionellosis in a sample of pneumonia patients at a lung clinic].	the legionellaceae as agents causing pneumonias are widespread distributed and lead to partially very serious diseases, particularly in predisposed persons with impaired resistance. two of 12 cases observed are reported casuistically. erythromycin as the drug of choice should be given already at suspicion. since legionellosis cannot be differentiated from pneumonias of other etiology on the basis of clinical findings alone, the authors refer to the importance of the relevant microbiologic method ...	1987	3300056
nucleic acid probes in clinical microbiology.	the infectious disease applications of nucleic acid probe have been described. in addition, the basic procedures of nucleic acid probe technology have been discussed, as have the factors affecting implementation of probe technology in diagnostic laboratories. despite the questions raised, nucleic acid probes will become part of the diagnostic laboratory in the near future. commercial interests are developing and marketing new probes, reagents, and kits which will expedite the employment of this ...	1987	3301212
[acute kidney failure requiring dialysis in legionella pneumonia].		1987	3301729
[ofloxacin (ru 43280). clinical study].	thirty-two patients were treated by ofloxacin on bacteriological documented infections. they were enterobacterias: n = 15 (mic less than or equal to 0.06 to 0.5 microgram/ml); pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter: n = 1 (mic 0.5 and 4 micrograms/ml); staphylococcus: n = 6 (mic less than or equal to 0.06 to 4 micrograms/ml); pneumococcus: n = 1; mycoplasma: n = 1; chlamydia psittaci: n = 2; legionella pneumophila: n = 1; rickettsias: n = 4 (three mediterranean fevers one query fever). ofloxac ...	1987	3302873
[legionella pneumonia in an autopsy study sample. on the diagnosis and pathology of legionellosis].		1987	3303009
early, aggressive open lung biopsy in heart transplant recipients.	fourteen open lung biopsies were done in 13 patients out of a total of 63 heart transplant recipients. all of the patients were receiving cyclosporine and azathioprine (imuran) and had received prophylactic antithymocyte globulin or murine antihuman mature t cell (okt3). eight of the patients were receiving steroids, and five of the patients had been weaned off steroids. a fever of greater than 38.5 degrees c was present in all 13 patients. hypoxia, defined as po2 less than 60 on room air, was p ...	1987	3305835
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 37-1987. a 50-year-old man with bilateral pneumonia and respiratory failure.		1987	3306377
acute bronchopulmonary infections: treatment with i.v. spiramycin.	this paper reports the results of an open study to assess the efficacy (433 patients) and tolerance (453 patients) of spiramycin adipate given by slow intravenous infusion to treat severe acute bronchopulmonary infections in adults. efficacy was good in 80.4% of patients. more specifically, high efficacy was obtained in 76.5% of 85 pneumococcal respiratory infections, 72% of 50 haemophilus influenzae and h. parainfluenzae infections, 100% of 18 mycoplasma infections, 100% of 16 chlamydia infecti ...	1987	3308147
fate of legionella pneumophila philadelphia-1 strain in resident, elicited, activated, and immune peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs.	legionella pneumophila is known to grow intracellularly in resident peritoneal macrophages of guinea pigs. the present study was done to determine what kinds of macrophage stimulants are able to activate guinea pig macrophages to inhibit intracellular growth of the organism. peritoneal macrophages were harvested from healthy guinea pigs, from guinea pigs injected intraperitoneally with proteose peptone (pp) or thioglycolate medium, from guinea pigs injected intraperitoneally with live mycobacter ...	1987	3308708
in vitro activation of the antibacterial activity of human pulmonary macrophages by recombinant gamma interferon.		1987	3100663
the microbiology of legionnaires' disease.		1987	3102737
false positivity of legionella serology in patients with cystic fibrosis.	respiratory deterioration accounts for the morbidity and mortality observed in patients with cystic fibrosis. the role of legionella in this deterioration was determined in a 2-year prospective study of 49 patients with cystic fibrosis and 19 sibling controls. sera were obtained from participants on enrollment and at quarterly intervals. legionella antibodies were measured in parallel using an indirect fluorescent assay. no seroconversions were observed. eleven of 49 patients with cystic fibrosi ...	1987	3106925
subtyping of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates by monoclonal antibody and plasmid techniques.	a group of environmental and clinical legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates was subtyped by monoclonal antibody dot immunoblotting and plasmid analysis. monoclonal antibody analysis defined seven subtypes within three major groups. plasmid analysis (including restriction endonuclease digestion) revealed 10 subtypes. by combining plasmid and monoclonal techniques, all 16 strains were shown to be distinct. plasmid profiles and monoclonal antibody reactivities of selected strains were stable ...	1987	2828413
modulation of human neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst by legionella pneumophila sonic extract.	the effect of legionella pneumophila sonic extract on human neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst was studied by superoxide anion release and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence assays. legionella pneumophila sonic extract by itself did not stimulate neutrophils and monocytes. the sonic extract at 8-2000 micrograms/ml primed neutrophils for enhanced superoxide release and, at 8-62.5 micrograms/ml, for enhanced chemiluminescence. monocytes were only primed for enhanced chemiluminescence at very ...	1987	2831044
[interaction of legionella pneumophila with human phagocytes].		1987	2836529
nosocomial outbreak of legionnaires' disease: molecular epidemiology and disease control measures.	molecular laboratory techniques were used to study the epidemiology of an outbreak of nosocomial legionnaires' disease. all patient isolates were legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and showed identical plasmid profiles and reactions with serogroup-specific monoclonal antibodies. l pneumophila was also cultured from four of five cooling tower water samples; however, the isolate from only one tower was serogroup 1 of the same subtype as patient isolates. since the cases were temporally clustered a ...	1987	3030951
the effect of antibiotics on the cell morphology of legionella pneumophila.	legionella pneumophila, in buffered yeast extract broth, was treated for 5 h at 37 degrees c with rosaramicin, erythromycin, cefotaxime, dibekacin, penicillin, methicillin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, ticarcillin, carbenicillin or polymyxin b at near-mic levels and above. electronmicroscopy demonstrated morphological changes to the bacteria in some, but not all, of the antibiotic-treated suspensions. penicillin, at 1000 micrograms/ml (40 x mic) but not less, produced smooth bubble-like structures on ...	1987	3031303
transposition of bacteriophage mu in the legionnaires disease bacterium.	legionnaires disease is an acute respiratory disease that is often fatal for immunocompromised patients. the causative agent of this disease, legionella pneumophila, is a gram-negative bacterium that is present in a variety of aquatic environments. l. pneumophila is a facultative intracellular parasite; it grows within human phagocytic cells and eventually causes their destruction. in contrast to many other intracellular parasites, l. pneumophila is a gram-negative bacterium that can be grown in ...	1987	3037523
prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community.	a prospective one-year study of community pneumonia was conducted in nottingham. 236 of 251 episodes of pneumonia (defined as an acute lower respiratory tract infection, for which antibiotics were prescribed, associated with new focal signs on examination of the chest) were investigated. acute radiographic changes were present in 93 (39%). a pathogen was identified in 129 (55%) episodes, with streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and influenza viruses those most frequently identified ...	1987	2882091
cross-reactions in legionella antisera with bordetella pertussis strains.	while preparing slide agglutination test antisera and immunofluorescence conjugates for the identification of legionella species and serogroups, we found that several of the reagents cross-reacted with bordetella pertussis strains. to determine the extent of this problem and to estimate the specificity of legionella reagents, we tested slide agglutination test antisera against 22 species and 35 serogroups with 92 bacterial strains representing 19 genera. the only cross-reactions observed were wi ...	1987	2883198
subgroups of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.		1987	2883420
nosocomial legionellosis associated with use of oxygen bubble humidifiers and underwater chest drains.	in 1 year 12 of 48 patients who developed fatal pneumonia following admission with non-respiratory disorders to the hospital molinette, torino, yielded legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 from lung at autopsy. patients were hospitalized on seven different wards for different conditions; only two of the wards had air conditioning but legionellas were not isolated from these. all patients were in poor health or immunocompromised. some patients had inhaled humidified oxygen from piped supplies and t ...	1987	2888811
[the legionellas--epidemiology, ecology, sources of infection and preventive measures].		1987	2952924
in vitro activity of a-56268 (te-031), a new macrolide antibiotic, compared with that of erythromycin and other antimicrobial agents.	a-56268 is a new macrolide antibiotic that resembles erythromycin in its spectrum of activity. a-56268 and erythromycin had identical activities against streptococcus pyogenes, group b, c, and g streptococci, and viridans group streptococci. erythromycin and a-56268 had similar activities against staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and group d enterococci. like erythromycin, a-56268 was ineffective in inhibiting oxacillin-resistant s. aureus, oxacillin-resistant, coagulase-n ...	1987	2955742
the antimicrobial activity of a-56268 (te-031) and roxithromycin (ru965) against legionella using broth microdilution method.		1987	2956231
[etiological structure of pneumonias in children and adults].	the bacteriological study of sputa, nasopharyngeal smears and bronchial washings taken from pneumonia patients has shown that the leading etiological agent was streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the diagnostic titre (10(7) bacteria per ml) in 78.1% of the cases. staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, enterobacteria and yeast-like fungi have been found to play an insignificant role in the etiology of acute pneumonia (2.5 +/- +/- 0.9%). the results of the serological diagnosis by means o ...	1987	2960106
[legionellas in the hospital].		1987	2962050
[legionellas in drinking, bathing and warm water].		1987	2962053
comparative in-vitro activity of a-56268 (te-031), a new macrolide antibiotic.	the comparative in-vitro activity of a-56268 (te-031), a new semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, was assessed against approximately 400 bacterial isolates. the new drug demonstrated excellent activity against penicillin-susceptible streptococci (mic90s less than or equal to 0.06 mg/l) and methicillin-susceptible staphylococci (mic90 = 0.25 mg/l). among other gram-positive organisms tested, a significant number were resistant to a-56268 as well as to erythromycin and clindamycin. a-56268 was at l ...	1987	2962974
[cytomegalovirus-associated superinfection of the lung following kidney transplantation].	in a kidney-transplant patient, there was superinfection of the lungs by klebsiella pneumoniae and legionella pneumophilia with multiple necroses in the course of a primary cytomegalovirus infection. in a later phase of the disease, there was an opportunistic colonization of the necrotic cavities and the adjacent lung tissue by aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans. the cytomegalovirus infection led to a pronounced cellular immunosuppression in the patient. this favored superinfections by b ...	1987	3026768
immunohistological detection of legionella pneumophila in lung sections.		1987	16811167
[legionnaires' disease with pancytopenia and isolation of legionella by hemoculture and bone marrow cultures].		1988	2964013
comparative in-vitro activities of a-56268 (te-031) and erythromycin against 306 clinical isolates.	the inhibitory (mic) and bactericidal (mbc) activities of a new macrolide a-56268 (te-031) against 306 clinical aerobic bacterial isolates was compared with that of erythromycin. the mic90/mbc90 ratios for a-56268 were: campylobacter jejuni 4/16, haemophilus influenzae 8/8-16, h. parainfluenzae 8/8-16, legionella pneumophila 0.06/0.5, methicillin-sensitive isolates of staphylococcus aureus 0.5/1, and coagulase negative staphylococci 1/8, methicillin resistant isolates of staph. aureus and coagul ...	1988	2968968
[an outbreak of legionella infection in armavir].	in march-april 1987 an outbreak of legionella infection was registered among 236 workers at a rubber factory in armavir. an ard-like syndrome and acute alveolitis were the main variants of the clinical course of the infection. legionella infection was diagnosed on the basis of a fourfold and greater increase in the titers of antibodies to l. pneumophila, serogroup 1, as determined in the indirect immunofluorescence test and enzyme immunoassay (eia). in urine samples obtained from patients legion ...	1988	2975449
an in-vitro evaluation of the cellular uptake and intraphagocytic bioactivity of clarithromycin (a-56268, te-031), a new macrolide antimicrobial agent.	erythromycin base and its 6-0-methyl derivative clarithromycin were actively accumulated 7.3 +/- 1.2-fold and 9.2 +/- 2-fold respectively by human neutrophils in vitro. the intraphagocytic bioactivities of the antimicrobial agents were investigated using the combination of a radioassay, colony counting method and a fluorescence microassay which facilitates the distinction between intracellular bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms. staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes and legionell ...	1988	2977384
efficacy of bromine biocide in cooling-water systems.		1988	2893119
production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide.	hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide (lps) were established. the specificity of the antibodies was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and elisa-inhibition experiments with lps and delipidated polysaccharide fragments (ps-1 and ps-2) prepared from b. pertussis lps. monoclonal antibody 9-1-h5 reacted with b. pertussis lps only, whereas monoclonal antibodies 6-4-h6 and 9-2-a8 reacted with ps-1 and ps-2 as well as b. ...	1988	2893806
opportunistic pneumonia caused by legionella bozemanii.		1988	2893891
legionella: a case for culture.		1988	2895869
nosocomial legionnaires' disease: a global perspective.	nosocomial legionnaires' disease is a worldwide problem. the lack of prospective surveys using sensitive diagnostic means, such as culture, has resulted in ignorance about the exact magnitude of the problem except at a handful of individual hospitals. contaminated hospital hot water systems, cooling towers, and non-sterile tap water used for respiratory therapy may all cause disease. culture diagnosis is the preferred method of case ascertainment, and provides bacterial isolates which can be use ...	1988	2896704
how to deal with a hospital outbreak of legionnaires' disease.	the outbreak of legionnaires' disease in glasgow royal infirmary is discussed together with the problems such an outbreak poses to the microbiologist. the importance of early diagnosis is stressed. the outbreak was managed by a team drawn up from various disciplines within the hospital. frank daily reports to the press, together with regular staff meetings with staff representatives helped to allay public anxiety. the subsequent maintenance and monitoring of the wet cooling tower required for th ...	1988	2896705
nosocomial legionnaires' disease--advances in diagnosis and typing.	the impact of new methodologies on the routine diagnosis of legionella pneumonia has been limited but the potential for advance is considerable. antigen detection immunoassays have not yet reached the stage where they are used in routine practice. monoclonal antibodies have been successfully used for direct fluorescence of bronchial aspirates. nucleic acid hybridization techniques have yet to find a role in diagnosis. serology remains the most commonly used method in the diagnosis of legionnaire ...	1988	2896706
legionella: a case for culture.		1988	2897532
legionella: a case for culture.		1988	2898691
evaluation of ultraviolet light for disinfection of hospital water contaminated with legionella.	an epidemic of nosocomial legionella micdadei pneumonia occurred among renal transplant patients in the university of virginia hospital between 1978 and 1982. although no further cases were diagnosed after 1982, filters and ultraviolet light (uvl) fittings were installed in 1985 as an attempt to disinfect water piped to rooms of transplant patients, because of concern about persistence of l micdadei in hospital water. water samples were obtained from eight uvl-treated rooms and eight control roo ...	1988	2901526
monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin.	hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) were established. the specificity of the antibodies was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), sandwich elisa, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electroblotting. the monoclonal antibody-based sandwich elisa was developed for detection of b. pertussis fha. the assay had a detection limit of b. pertussis fha in concentrations rang ...	1988	2903174
delayed seroconversion, legionnaires' disease, and age.		1988	2903394