Publications

ataxia with isolated vitamin e deficiency is caused by mutations in the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein.	ataxia with isolated vitamin e deficiency (aved) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease which maps to chromosome 8q13. aved patients have an impaired ability to incorporate alpha-tocopherol into lipoproteins secreted by the liver, a function putatively attributable to the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-ttp). here we report the identification of three frame-shift mutations in the alpha ttp gene. a 744dela mutation accounts for 68% of the mutant alleles in the 17 families an ...	1995	7719340
nightingale's spiritual philosophy and its significance for modern nursing.	in her manuscript, suggestions for thought, nightingale attempted to integrate science and mysticism. she wrote that the universe is the incarnation of a divine intelligence that regulates all things through law. for nightingale, the laws of science are the "thoughts of god." because of her deep conviction about universal law, she did not believe in miraculous intervention as an answer to prayer. human beings must discover the laws of god and apply them for health and wholeness. prayer is attuni ...	1995	7721325
biotypes of oral candida albicans isolates in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from diverse geographic locations.	oral candida albicans isolates from hiv-infected individuals in hong kong, australia, germany and england were characterised using a biotyping system based on enzyme profiles, carbohydrate assimilation patterns and boric acid resistance of the yeasts. a total of 44 biotypes were found amongst the 117 oral c. albicans isolates examined. the major biotype a1r accounted for 17.9% of all isolates while the second commonest biotype was a1s (11.1% of isolates). whereas these two biotypes were isolated ...	1995	7722918
canine atopic disease: the prevalence of positive intradermal skin tests at two sites in the north and south of great britain.	results of intradermal skin test responses to the same panel of 53 allergens were compared in 118 dogs with atopic disease presented at two geographical centres, edinburgh (87 cases) and london (31 cases). the allergens most commonly positive at both centres were human dander and dermatophagoides farinae, but positive tests to all of the allergens used occurred in at least one case. the mean number of allergens to which positive tests resulted in atopic dogs was 5.126 (edinburgh) and 5.129 (lond ...	1995	7747407
haplotype analysis of the delta 2642 and (cag)n polymorphisms in the huntington's disease (hd) gene provides an explanation for an apparent 'founder' hd haplotype.	the discovery of the intragenic delta 2642 deletion/insertion polymorphism in the huntington's disease (hd) gene provides a tool to explore hd evolution, as the deletion is rare in normal chromosomes but overrepresented in hd chromosomes. thus, delta 2642 deletion alleles were thought to mark normal chromosomes that are particularly prone to becoming hd chromosomes. we have examined this polymorphism in a range of human and non-human primate populations. our results suggest that the deletion eve ...	1995	7757068
detection and characterisation of bisegmented double-stranded rna viruses (picobirnaviruses) in human faecal specimens.	the prevalence of picobirnaviruses (pbvs) in human stools was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) analysis of 832 faecal specimens collected between 1982 and 1993 from patients in various clinical groups. similar prevalences (9-13%) were detected in patients with or without gastroenteritis and throughout the age range of 3 to > 65 years. two methods for the extraction of nucleic acid, a phenol/chloroform method and a guanidinium thiocynate (gtc)/silica method, were compared ...	1995	7775930
sequence variation in the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolates in the uk.	the sequence variation in a 934 base-pair region of the gene encoding the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase of five human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3) isolates was determined together with that of a prototype uk strain. all of the clinical isolates were from the manchester area of the uk and were obtained in 1990, 1991 and 1993. the gene segment was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using hpiv3-specific oligonucleotide primers. the nucleotide homology of the strains was high, around 99 ...	1995	7781737
serological studies of influenza viruses in pigs in great britain 1991-2.	samples from a sow serum bank representative of the pig population of great britain collected during 1991-2, were examined for antibodies to influenza a, b and c viruses, using viruses which had been isolated from a variety of hosts. for influenza a viruses there was evidence of the continued circulation of classical swine h1n1 virus (26%) seroprevalence), and human h3n2 viruses (39%) which are antigenically most closely-related to a/port chalmers/1/73 virus. in addition antibodies were detected ...	1995	7781739
combined clinical and virological surveillance of influenza in winters of 1992 and 1993-4.		1995	7633235
influenza types and patient population.		1995	7637520
cryptosporidiosis reservoir in wild brown rats (rattus norvegicus) in the uk.	rats (n = 73) were trapped from nine rural farms around oxfordshire and faeces were examined using the auramine-phenol and the modified ziehl-neelsen techniques. cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were detected in the faeces from 46 (63%) rats. this suggests that wild rats represent a risk to human and livestock health through the carriage and transmission of this zoonotic protozoan.	1995	7641834
detecting deletions in the critical region for lissencephaly on 17p13.3 using fluorescent in situ hybridisation and a pcr assay identifying a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism.	during a study of lissencephaly in england and wales, 23 children were identified with this diagnosis. they were classified as follows: three children had miller-dieker syndrome (mds), 13 had isolated lissencephaly sequence (ils), two had type ii lissencephaly, and five children were reclassified as focal or diffuse cortical dysplasia. microdeletions of chromosome 17p13.3, also known as the miller-dieker critical region, have been associated with both mds and ils. we used the commercially availa ...	1995	7643355
a survey of semen donation: phase ii--the view of the donors.	this report presents the findings of phase ii of the survey of semen donation commissioned by the human fertilization and embryology authority (hfea), the purpose of which was to obtain information about the motivations and attitudes of semen donors in comparison with a matched group of non-donors. a total of 14 centres licensed by the hfea to conduct donor insemination participated in the investigation. at each centre, all men who attended for their first or second appointment between 1st novem ...	1995	7650150
review of the organized support network for infertility patients in licensed units in the uk.	in acknowledging that 'counselling is generally recognized as beneficial', the human fertilization and embryology authority (hfea) code of practice requires that all infertility units provide counselling facilities to be available for patients. in this study, we intended to evaluate the support and counselling services made available by the licensed units in the uk. a questionnaire consisting of 30 questions was designed and sent to every licensed treatment unit in the uk. the data were coded on ...	1995	7650151
reduction in mortality associated with influenza vaccine during 1989-90 epidemic.	influenza epidemics are associated with excess winter mortality. risk factors for influenza complications and death include chronic illness and living in residential care. in the uk uptake of influenza vaccine among high-risk groups is only 10-40%, partly because of scepticism about vaccine efficacy. we have assessed the efficacy of influenza vaccine in reducing mortality from certified influenza by a case-control study of subjects aged 16 years or older who died between nov 4, 1989, and feb 23, ...	1995	7651002
salmonella in humans, england and wales: quarterly report.		1995	7663609
suicide deaths in england and wales, 1982-92: the contribution of occupation and geography.	following two previous articles which described changes that are occurring in suicide rates and trends in factors known to be associated with suicides, this article examines in greater depth the effect of occupation and geography on suicide mortality. for both men and women the highest risk occupations are mostly in social class i or ii. the occupations at highest risk, which include several medical-related professions, and the method of suicide they choose, suggest that easy access to means of ...	1995	7664129
update: influenza activity--united states and england, 1995-96 season.	in cooperation with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, and state and local health departments, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. this report summarizes influenza surveillance activities in the united states and england from september 17 through november 11, 1995.	1995	7476840
the child is father of the man. wordsworth's ode: intimations of immortality and his secret sharers.	william wordsworth's "ode: intimations of immortality" is manifestly about both the poet's loss of inspirational perceptive powers and emotional intensity with age, and the compensations of maturity. it also refers to the poet's fear that he might lose his "secret sharers," real or fantasied, consciously or unconsciously conceived parent substitutes for whom and with whom one creates. wordsworth anticipated that with his upcoming marriage he would lose his sister dorothy and his close friend and ...	1995	7480414
influenza immunization status and viral respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic airflow limitation.		1995	7480990
a molecular and serologic study of the envelope gene of the british isolate: hiv-1 gb8.	the entire envelope gene of a british hiv-1 isolate, gb8, was cloned, sequenced and aligned with those of the reference strains mn, sf2 and iiib/lai. three of the viruses (mn, iiib/lai, gb8) and their recombinant gp120s, were then characterised using an extensive panel of human hiv-1 positive sera and mapped neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mabs). overall, the gb8 env-gene translation product shares 84% homology with those of the reference strains. across the v3 region homology was greater be ...	1995	7483788
distribution of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus at time of first symptom in an urban area.	to determine the geographical distribution of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) in a defined geographical area in the east midlands, uk, and, in particular, to search for spatial variation in cases that may implicate the role of environmental factors in sle aetiology.	1995	7492238
the prevention of human transmission of gastrointestinal infections, infestations, and bacterial intoxications. a guide for public health physicians and environmental health officers in england and wales. a working party of the phls salmonella committee.		1995	7496433
influenza surveillance: 1995/96.		1995	7496437
automatism re-visited: post-traumatic automatism as a defence to a serious criminal charge.	a case is described of a policeman who assaulted the man he was arresting after receiving a concussive blow to the head. the defence argued he was suffering from post-traumatic automatism and after juries were unable to agree a verdict in two trials he was acquitted. aspects of post-traumatic automatism in english law are described and theories of the neurology of concussion and aggressive behaviour are discussed. guidelines are proposed for the evaluation of cases of post-traumatic automatism.	1995	7500857
cover (cover of vaccination evaluated rapidly): 32.		1995	7531568
a collaborative case control study of sporadic hepatitis a in england.	a case control study of sporadic hepatitis a was carried out in 201 districts in england from july 1990 to june 1991. the aims were to determine the risk factors associated with the infection and to identify individuals or groups who might benefit from prophylactic measures, such as human normal immunoglobulin or hepatitis a vaccine. factors associated with risk of hepatitis a included travel abroad (odds ratio (or) 19.8; 95% confidence interval (ci) 4.87-80.6), a household contact with hepatiti ...	1995	7536590
molecular epidemiology of hepatitis c virus infection amongst intravenous drug users in rural communities.	the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection amongst a group of intravenous drug users (ivdus) resident in west suffolk (east anglia, england) was investigated and compared with the prevalence of infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). in addition, both the level of hcv persistence, as defined by detection of viral rna, and the hcv genotypes present in this population were determined. it was found that hcv antibodies were present in 59% of those test ...	1995	7542693
uses and misuses of serum hcg--a clinical audit.	a 24-hour laboratory-based service was established in the city hospital, birmingham, england, in 1987 for semi-quantitative serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) assay and specific clinical criteria for requests were agreed. however, a 309% increase in workload between 1988 and 1992 prompted a detailed clinical audit of this service. during a representative month only 35% of 142 requests conformed to the agreed criteria. those for routine diagnosis of pregnancy, threatened miscarriage, and ' ...	1995	7549603
virological surveillance of influenza in england and wales: results of a two year pilot study 1993/94 and 1994/95. phls influenza subcommittee.	ten public health laboratories and a group of collaborating general practitioners were recruited to participate in a two year pilot study of virological surveillance of influenza in england and wales, which was carried out during the winters of 1993/94 (first year) and 1994/95 (second year). the study was designed to facilitate rapid diagnosis and reporting of the results from the specimens submitted each week. nose and throat swabs were obtained from 240 patients seen by general practitioners i ...	1995	7550585
influenza a: a school outbreak to start the term.		1995	7550594
colour vision. dalton's eyes and monkey genes.	recent molecular genetic studies show how changes in the protein component of a visual pigment alters its absorbance; they also explain the abnormal colour vision of one of the great pioneers of visual science.	1995	7552161
genetic analysis of 20 families with autosomal dominant adult polycystic kidney disease from south west thames region.	twenty families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease from s. w. thames region were analysed using markers for chromosome 16p13.3, the site of the common mutation (pkd1). six families gave a negative lod-score for 3'hvr, the most informative distal marker. this could be explained in four cases by recombination events. of the two families where this was not an explanation, one, of italian origin, was unequivocally unlinked for all markers, and the other was more likely to be non-pkd1 ...	1995	7554361
an investigation assessing the fraction of human immunodeficiency virus infection attributable to ethnic group variations in risk.	considerable speculation and a recent publication has suggested that much of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) infection in the subset of the uk population represented by women having babies in metropolitan london is substantially imported from africa. other data are supportive of this hypothesis. ades et al. (1992) concluded that the fraction of hiv seroprevalence, identified in a large london-based study using neonatal blood from the dried blood spots on guthrie cards, attributable to m ...	1995	7558545
population laboratories and health needs assessment.	in the 1960s walter holland established a series of epidemiological studies in a defined geographical population in southeast london. this endeavour was an example of the ambition held by generations of epidemiologists to study human populations under actual conditions of community life. early examples of american population laboratories were mainly concerned with studies of aetiology whereas p.c. (post-cochrane) studies have aimed to identify both aetiological factors and to assess need for eff ...	1995	7558554
adenovirus cross-infection: a continuing problem.	nosocomial outbreaks of epidemics of adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis are frequently reported even though the simple measures to prevent or limit such occurrences are well documented. there have been two such outbreaks associated with the accident and emergency department (a&e) of a large, urban eye hospital in recent years. in the first--involving at least 200 cases--there was a delay of two months in initiation of control measures, with consequent potentiation and prolongation of the outbreak. ...	1995	7560960
enzyme immunoassay using baculovirus-expressed human calicivirus (mexico) for the measurement of igg responses and determining its seroprevalence in london, uk.	the use of an enzyme immunoassay (eia) employing a baculovirus-expressed recombinant human calicivirus (mexico virus, mxv) for the detection of igg-specific antibodies is described. mxv appeared to be related antigenically to a strain of small round structured virus, srsv/uk4/leeds/91, which had previously been shown by solid phase immune electron microscopy (spiem) to be related to snow mountain agent (sma). one other outbreak which occurred in san anita, usa in 1980 and was due to consumption ...	1995	7561789
teenage pregnancy: a comparative study of teenagers choosing termination of pregnancy or antenatal care.	a comparative study of 167 pregnant teenagers in devon attending either antenatal booking clinics or for national health service (nhs) termination of pregnancy was carried out to determine differences in their characteristics, use and experience of local family planning services. teenagers presenting for termination of pregnancy were younger and more likely to say that they had wished to avoid getting pregnant. whether the teenager was in a stable relationship was strongly associated with the ou ...	1995	7562806
no association between prenatal exposure to influenza and autism.	we examined the relationship between the number of autistic patients, obtained from the register of the national autism society (nas), born each month between january 1953 and december 1988 in england, and the occurrence of influenza epidemics one to nine months before birth. the relative risk of developing autism, for exposure to influenza during gestation, was assessed by a poisson regression model. our results indicate that exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation is not associated wi ...	1995	7572261
the commemoration of surgical teachers.	this address was given at a biennial meeting of the michael e. debakey international surgical society. surgical teachers are commemorated by the imitation of their pupils in accord with the human tendency to model ourselves after our heroes. the modeling is not merely a search for technical mastery but an emulation of virtues beyond the purely scientific. the lecture addresses the nature of teachers and teaching, the role of teachers as exemplars or heroes, the reasons why we commemorate certain ...	1995	7575128
influenza.		1995	7577431
prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics and risk of mental retardation.	this study was undertaken to determine whether prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics increases the risk of mental handicap. the monthly birth frequencies of 827 first-admission individuals (mean age at admission 13 years) with a primary diagnosis of non-specific mental retardation, discharged from psychiatric hospitals in england and wales, were examined in relation to the monthly death rates from influenza over the period 1953-1980. the relative risk of developing mental handicap when expose ...	1995	7578289
spatial heterogeneity, nonlinear dynamics and chaos in infectious diseases.	there is currently considerable interest in the role of nonlinear phenomena in the population dynamics of infectious diseases. childhood diseases such as measles are particularly well documented dynamically, and have recently been the subject of analyses (of both models and notification data) to establish whether the pattern of epidemics is chaotic. though the spatial dynamics of measles have also been extensively studied, spatial and nonlinear dynamics have only recently been brought together. ...	1995	7582203
do patients need to remain in bed following embryo transfer? the birmingham experience of 103 in-vitro fertilization cycles with no bed rest following embryo transfer.	since the early days of human in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, rest in bed for hours immediately following the transfer has been advocated and widely practised. however, there is no scientific validation for this practice which is both time-consuming for the patient and increases space occupancy in the hospital or clinic. we report here on a study of 103 in-vitro fertilization cycles with no bed rest in hospital following the embryo transfer. the mean number of embryos transferred was ...	1995	7593509
development of an elisa to detect mx virus, a human calicivirus in the snow mountain agent genogroup.	mx virus is a snow mountain agent (sma) genogroup human calicivirus (hucv) identified in a mexican child with diarrhoea. an elisa using hyperimmune antisera to the recombinant mx virus (rmx) capsid was developed to detect sma genogroup hucvs in stool specimens. the rmx elisa detected the prototype mx virus, sma, and hawaii agent (ha), but not norwalk virus (nv) or sapporo virus. twenty-three diarrhoea stool specimens from children attending day care centres in norfolk, virginia, were positive by ...	1995	7595381
escherichia coli o157 infection associated with a farm visitor centre.	during the summer of 1994, four cases of bloody diarrhoea and/or haemolytic uraemic syndrome were reported to the consultants in communicable disease control in nottingham and leicester. one case was an adult, and there were three children aged 2 to 4 years. the initial investigation failed to reveal any common foodstuff as the cause of the outbreak, but all four cases had attended a farm visitor centre in leicestershire in the three weeks before they became ill. a further three cases were found ...	1995	7606276
the paul kallós memorial lecture. from slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis to leukotriene c4 synthase.	the hypothesis of 35 years ago that slowreacting substance of anaphylaxis would prove to be a pathobiologic mediator of reversible airway disease in the human has been validated. the multidisciplinary approach required to achieve this goal has been particularly prominent and consistent for the entire period in the program described in this presentation.	1995	7613129
stroke patients' views on their admission to hospital.	to explore which components of care were valued by patients admitted to hospital following a stroke.	1995	7613315
genetic linkage analysis in hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome.	hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome (hnpcc) is the most common cause of familial colorectal cancer. molecular genetic studies of hnpcc have shown evidence of locus heterogeneity, and mutations in four genes (hmsh2, hmlh1, hpms1, and hpms2) which encode components of the mismatch enzyme repair system may cause hnpcc. to determine the extent and nature of locus heterogeneity in hnpcc, we performed genetic linkage studies in 14 hnpcc families from eastern and north-western england. linka ...	1995	7616541
lack of evidence for an association between the frequency of mutants or translocations in circulating lymphocytes and exposure to radon gas in the home.	radon measurements in the living room and main bedroom of 41 houses in the town of street, somerset, england have been made. exposure levels, weighted using the formula of the uk national radiological protection board, of 19-484 bq m-3 (about half > 100 bq m-3) were found. blood samples were obtained from a total of 66 occupants in these homes, and the frequency of genetic alterations in lymphocytes was estimated using two different end points. gene mutations at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphor ...	1996	8532838
linkage study of the d5 dopamine receptor gene (drd5) in multiplex icelandic and english schizophrenia pedigrees.	the authors investigated the possibility that genetic variation or mutation of the dopamine d5 receptor gene might modify susceptibility to schizophrenia.	1996	8540565
respiratory syncytial virus activity and flu-like illness.		1996	8581119
salm-net facilitates collaborative investigation of an outbreak of salmonella tosamanga infection in europe.	twenty-eight cases of salmonella tosamanga infection were identified in six western european countries during the first half of 1995. salm-net, a european system for collaborative surveillance of gastrointestinal infection, detected the outbreak and coordinated its investigation. there were 28 cases, 14 of each sex, with a broad age distribution. interviews with cases to identify common food and other exposures failed to generate a working hypothesis. the initial cluster occurred in a period of ...	1996	8680500
decreased fertility in britain compared with finland.	there has been much interest in the apparent decrease in semen quality. because the evidence for such a decrease is open to criticism, a different type of evidence is needed. finland seems to have escaped this decrease, as well as other disorders of the male reproductive tract, notably testicular cancer. if there has been a true decrease, the implications for fertility are unknown.	1996	8684104
behavioural risk factors for hiv infection amongst blood donors in london.	this paper compares the prevalence of risk factors for sexual acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus infection (hiv-1) among blood donors with the risk in the general population. sexual behaviour data collected as part of a cross-sectional survey of central london blood donors were compared, after indirect standardization for age and sex, with those collected among greater london participants of the national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles (natssal). overall, male blood donors had ...	1996	8696445
a comparison of referral patterns and characteristics of patients with first episode symptomatic genital hsv-1 and hsv-2 infections in sheffield.	to ascertain factors associated with hsv-1 and hsv-2 isolates in patients attending a genitourinary medicine clinic with symptomatic first episode genital herpes (fegh).	1996	8707325
doubling back on dennis potter's doubles: the invisible man and the invisible woman.		1996	8713833
a study of fraxe in mentally retarded individuals referred for fragile x syndrome (fraxa) testing in the united kingdom.	the folate-sensitive fragile site fraxe is located in proximal xq28 of the human x chromosome and lies approximately 600 kb distal to the fragile x syndrome (fraxa) fragile site at xq27.3. the cytogenetic expression of fraxe is thought to be associated with mental handicap, but this is usually mild compared to that of the more common fragile x syndrome that is associated with the expression of the fraxa fragile site. the exact incidence of fraxe mental retardation is uncertain. we describe here ...	1996	8651274
structural variation in the alleles of a short tandem repeat system at the human alpha fibrinogen locus.	this paper reports the sequences of 22 alleles identified at the humfga (human alpha fibrinogen) short tandem repeat locus in the british caucasian and afro-caribbean populations. alleles at the lower end of the observed size range were found to increase in size by 4-bp increments with the repeat unit following the pattern tc(tctt)n. however, 5 alleles were identified that differed in size by 2 bp from the 4 bp increment as a result of the deletion of a tc dinucleotide, or the addition of a tt d ...	1996	8652421
herpes simplex virus infection in women: viral subtypes and epidemiological features in a district hospital.		1996	8655178
riddle of the tenth man.		1996	8657267
riddle of the tenth man.		1996	8657268
media coverage of the child b case.	the case of a girl with leukaemia, known as child b, hit the headlines in march 1995 when her father refused to accept the advice of doctors who counselled against further treatment and took cambridge and huntingdon health authority to court for refusing to fund chemotherapy and a second bone transplant for her in the private sector. british national newspapers varied greatly in the way they covered the case. some paid little attention to clinical considerations and presented the case as an exam ...	1996	8664671
a school outbreak of parvovirus b19 infection investigated using salivary antibody assays.	an outbreak of parvovirus b19 infection at a primary school was investigated using saliva samples. antibody capture immunoassays for salivary b19 igg and igm were developed using a recombinant b19 antigen and monoclonal antibody to b19 virus. evaluation of the salivary igg assay using paired serum and saliva samples from 43 staff at st thomas' hospital showed that it had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95%. evaluation of the salivary b19 igm assay using 87 paired blood and saliva samp ...	1996	8666078
consent to medical treatment by older children in english & scottish law.		1996	8666731
[the man behind the syndrome: william john adie. he won an involuntary victory in an academic dispute].		1996	8667835
mortality from scrotal cancer in metal machinists in england and wales, 1979-80 and 1982-90.	the hazard of scrotal cancer from cutting oils was first recognized in the 1950s, and led to various control measures including the introduction of solvent refined oils, use of splash guards, provision of protective clothing and washing facilities and education of workers to encourage early detection and treatment of tumours. to assess how effective these controls have been, we have analyzed occupational mortality from scrotal cancer in england and wales during 1979-80 and 1982-90. over this 11- ...	1996	8672799
the south african malady.		1996	8673106
the gorilla and the question of human origins: the brain controversy.		1996	8675985
control of hydatid disease in wales.	to evaluate the success of the south powys hydatid control programme by analysis of trends in cystic disease in humans and sheep and dog infestation.	1996	8597734
creutzfeldt-jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. risk to human population is remote.		1996	8616366
influenza 1995/96.		1996	8624553
impact of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus on mortality in england and wales from january 1975 to december 1990.	the effects of influenza a and b and rsv on mortality in england and wales were assessed by regression analysis for the period 1975-90. morbidity data from sentinel practices were used to calculate 4-weekly rates of aggregated upper respiratory tract infections (urti); phls laboratory reports were used as indices of infection, and 4-weekly death rates from all causes, excluding childbirths, were used to study relationships with mortality. deaths correlated strongly with influenza a and b reports ...	1996	8626004
oral contraceptives and cervical cancer--further findings from the oxford family planning association contraceptive study.	in 1983, we reported results from the oxford family planning association contraceptive study regarding the association between oral contraceptives (ocs) and cervical neoplasia, after a 10 year follow-up of a cohort of 17,000 women. further findings from this study are reported here after an additional 12 years of follow-up. a nested case--control design was used in which cases were all women diagnosed under 45 years of age with invasive carcinoma (n = 33), carcinoma in situ (n = 121) or dysplasi ...	1996	8630295
affected sib-pair and mutation analyses of the high affinity ige receptor beta chain locus in italian families with atopic asthmatic children.	previous studies reported linkage between maternally inherited atopy and the beta subunit of the high affinity ige receptor (fc epsilon ri-beta) located on chromosome 11q13. we have investigated 45 italian families with atopic asthmatic children, for a total of 213 subjects, including 148 patients. genotyping was carried out with two microsatellite dna markers: one (fc epsilon ri-beta ca) located inside the gene, and one (ci11-319 ca) closely linked to it. affected sib-pair analysis in families ...	1996	8630620
frequency of ki-ras mutations and dna alkylation in colorectal tissue from individuals living in manchester.	most human colorectal cancers arise through the accumulation of a series of genetic alterations such as point mutations within the ki-ras and p53 genes, but the chemical carcinogens that may be implicated in these events are still unidentified. in a previous study, we showed that dna from human colorectal tissue contained o6-methyldeoxyguanosine (o6-medg), a promutagenic lesion arising from exposure to as yet unidentified methylating agents. to address whether such exposure may result in oncogen ...	1996	8634090
costs and cost effectiveness of cardiovascular screening and intervention: the british family heart study.	to measure costs and cost effectiveness of the british family heart study cardiovascular screening and intervention programme.	1996	8634617
molecular re-investigation of patients with huntington's disease in wessex reveals a family with dentatorubral and pallidoluysian atrophy.	dentatorubral and pallidolysian atrophy (drpla), a neurological disorder thought to be rare in european populations, is caused by a triplet repeat expansion in the b37 gene on chromosome 12. this disorder can phenotypically mimic huntington's disease (hd) which is also caused by a repeat expansion. we have analysed 139 affected individuals for the hd triplet repeat expansion and found 132 patients had one normal and one expanded allele. two patients had an expansion on both chromosomes and five ...	1996	8557266
lung function in lancashire cotton and man made fibre spinning mill operatives.	this survey was conducted to investigate current lung function levels in operatives working with cotton and man made fibres. dust concentrations, smoking history, and occupational details were recorded so that factors influencing lung function could be identified.	1996	8563857
the organisms reported to cause infective myocarditis and pericarditis in england and wales.	it is difficult to acquire an overall perspective of the range of organisms responsible for infective myocarditis or pericarditis, and their relative importance, as most studies have involved only case reports or case series of a single organism. this study analyses reports to the communicable disease surveillance centre, of the public health laboratory service. reports where myocarditis or pericarditis was included as the main clinical features between 1990 and 1993 were studied. between 1990 a ...	1996	8793712
natural history of trisomy 18.	it has been suggested that survival in babies with trisomy 18 may be better than previously recognised, and that cardiac surgery may be justified. a population based study spanning seven years in one english health region is presented. the fetal prevalence at 18 weeks was 1 in 4274 and birth prevalence 1 in 8333 live births. trisomy 18 was detected antenatally in 43% of cases, but almost 90% of those born without a diagnosis were known to be growth retarded in utero. more than 50% of liveborn in ...	1996	8795354
brief communication: when adam delved ... an activity-related lesion in three human skeletal populations.	a rare, activity-related lesion, the clay-shoveller's fracture, was identified during osteological analysis in three human populations dating from the roman to the later medieval period in england, circa fourth to 14th centuries a.d. the prevalence of this fracture in these populations suggests an osteological indicator for several possible manual activities, but also one that may be the result of a long-standing human subsistence adaptation requiring digging in the soil. since males as opposed ...	1996	8798998
study on occurrence of human calicivirus (mexico strain) as cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of calicivirus-associated diarrhoea in the united kingdom, 1983-1995.	the use of a recently developed eia using antisera raised against purified baculovirus expressed recombinant mexico virus (rmx) capsid protein is described for screening for human calicivirus in stools. the results show that mx-like viruses have been circulating in the uk periodically since 1983 and were an occasional cause of sporadic cases of diarrhoea in infants and outbreaks of infection among elderly patients in hospitals and old people's homes. further evidence is presented that some strai ...	1996	8801289
viral meningitis in england and wales.		1996	8803314
no aggregate change in homosexual hiv risk behaviour among gay men attending the gay pride festivals, united kingdom, 1993-1995.	to examine aggregate changes in homosexual hiv risk-taking among gay men attending the gay pride festival in the united kingdom over a 3-year period during which hiv prevention activity targeted at this population increased considerably.	1996	8805869
recent research in dna repair, mutation and recombination: a report of the dna repair network meeting, held at city university, london on 18 december 1995.	the now traditional one day christmas dna repair meeting was held at city university, london for the third year in succession. with over 130 participants and a programme consisting of a total of 24 pre-offered presentations the meeting reached record dimensions. attendees were from 24 institutions throughout the united kingdom, and with several distinct research groups contained within the large contingents from the icrf clare hall laboratories and the mrc cell mutation unit in brighton, this in ...	1996	8814334
strength of association between human illness and water: revised definitions for use in outbreak investigations.		1996	8820156
wild brown rats (rattus norvegicus) as a zoonotic risk on farms in england and wales.	fear of wild rats as carriers of disease is embedded within our culture. surprisingly little is actually known about parasites in wild rat populations. in recent studies aimed to rectify this omission, farms in england and wales were surveyed to identify parasite species present in the rat populations. rats were found to be infected with numerous zoonotic parasites, including cryptosporidium, pasteurella [correction of pasturella], listeria, yersinia, coxiella, and hantavirus. these findings sug ...	1996	8820193
introduction of the human horsley-clarke stereotactic frame.	it is well known that the horsley-clarke frame was developed and first used by robert henry clarke and the pioneer neurosurgeon victor horsley in 1906 for making lesions in the central nervous system of animals. the horsley-clarke frame was extensively used throughout the next 4 decades for excitation and lesion production in animals. aubrey mussen, a student of clarke, designed a stereotactic apparatus for use in humans, but no procedures were actually performed with the instrument. it is less ...	1996	8837810
reduced expression of hla-b35 in schizophrenia.	the frequencies of hla class i (hla-a, b, c) and class ii (hla-dr, dq) antigens were measured in 107 unrelated schizophrenic subjects and the results compared with 264 controls from south-east scotland and a second control group of 133 individuals from north-east england. the expression of hla-b35 was significantly reduced in the schizophrenic population compared to both control populations and these differences remained significant after correction for multiple testing. linkage of schizophrenia ...	1996	8840390
experience of human lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) in an east london hospital.	we describe the experience of the royal london hospital with human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) related disease. twelve patients presented from 1988-1993, nine of them in 1993. none were born in the u.k. and 11 were of west indian origin. ten had overt lymphomas, one tropical spastic paraparesis/htlv-1 associated myelopathy (tsp/ham) and one atypical lymphocytosis and strongyloidiasis. five presented acutely ill to casualty and three died shortly after presentation. four had been re ...	1996	8852549
computer assisted learning (cal) of oral manifestations of hiv disease.	general dental practitioners (gdps) in the uk may wish additional education on relevant aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease. the aim of the present study was to develop and assess a computer assisted learning package on the oral manifestations of hiv disease of relevance to gdps. a package was developed using a commercially-available software development tool and assessed by a group of 75 gdps interested in education and computers. fifty-four (72%) of the gdps completed a self- ...	1996	8854425
human resource management in general practice: survey of current practice.	the organization and management of general practice is changing as a result of government policies designed to expand primary health care services. one aspect of practice management which has been underresearched concerns staffing: the recruitment, retention, management and motivation of practice managers.	1996	8855013
potential and the early human.	some form of potential or "capacity" is often seen as evidence of human moral status. opinions differ as to whether the potential of the embryo should be regarded as such evidence. in this paper, i discuss some common arguments against regarding the embryo's potential as a sign of human status, together with some less common arguments in favour of regarding the embryo's potential in this way.	1996	8863147
investigation of an interleukin-4 promoter polymorphism for associations with asthma and atopy.	the cytokine cluster located on chromosome 5 has been shown by linkage studies to play a role in the genetic determination of circulating immunoglobulin e (ige) levels in atopic subjects. in the study presented here, the reported chromosome 5 linkage has been investigated in two sets of subjects. the first consisted of a general population sample of 230 nuclear families (n = 1004) from busselton, a small west australian country town. the second group consisted of 124 unrelated atopic asthmatics ...	1996	8863163
managing policy research in nursing.	this paper draws on the author's experience as a liaison officer in the department of health, england, to explore the topic of using research in policy making. the relationship between the worlds of the researcher and the policy maker is discussed, and an example, the research initiative on human resources and effectiveness, is chosen to illustrate how research topics are formulated.	1996	8876426
analysis of polyglutamine-coding repeats in the tata-binding protein in different human populations and in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder.	a new class of disease (including huntington disease, kennedy disease, and spinocerebellar ataxias types 1 and 3) results from abnormal expansions of cag trinucleotides in the coding regions of genes. in all of these diseases the cag repeats are thought to be translated into polyglutamine tracts. there is accumulating evidence arguing for cag trinucleotide expansions as one of the causative disease mutations in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. we and others believe that the tata-bin ...	1996	8886170
amniocentesis. the experience in a district hospital.	the aim of this audit was to evaluate the effect of the introduction of biochemical screening for downs syndrome (triple test i.e., serum alphafetoprotein [afp], human chorionic gonadotrophin [hcg], and unconjugated oestriol [ue3] on amniocentesis at whipps cross hospital.	1996	8894318
varicella-zoster virus epidemiology--a changing scene?	chickenpox is a relatively mild disease in healthy children but may be life threatening in immuno-suppressed patents, neonates, and normal adults, especially smokers-for whom the risk of varicella pneumonia is high. the epidemiology of chickenpox appears to be changing: there has been an unexplained upward shift in the age distribution of cases over the last 20 years. this is reflected by increased consultations for chickenpox in general practices and more deaths in england and wales. on the bas ...	1996	8896538
pcdds and pcdfs in milk from farms in derbyshire, u.k.	as part of a programme to establish the background levels of pcdd/fs in milk in the u.k., samples of cows' milk were collected from farms in derbyshire in 1990 and 1991. the concentrations of pcdd/fs in the samples from two farms in the bolsover area of derbyshire were found to be significantly elevated compared with the normal range for pcdd/fs in milk in the u.k. details of the findings and the actions taken as a result are given. the concentrations of pcdd/fs in milk from those farms previous ...	1996	8907222