Publications

rapid and sensitive viral culture method for human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 142 consecutive patients with antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) were cultured for hiv-1. all 72 patients with symptoms of hiv-1 infection were culture positive, as were 69 of 70 asymptomatic patients. of the 142 patients, 132 (93%) were culture positive within 10 days after initiation of the culture.	1988	3165981
intrathecal humoral immunologic response in neurologically symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	we analyzed the intrathecal humoral immunologic response in 42 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. eighteen patients had clinical neurologic abnormalities, while the remaining 24 patients were neurologically symptom-free. nine of the neurologically symptomatic patients at early infection had slight neurologic dysfunction; in nine other subjects at late infection, the neurologic impairment was moderate or severe. when compared with symptom-free patients, neurologically symptomat ...	1988	3166115
evaluation of three commercial kits for the confirmation of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1).		1988	3166415
effects of multiple freeze thaws and various temperatures on the reactivity of human immunodeficiency virus antibody using three detection assays.	the effects of multiple freeze-thaw cycles and various temperatures (-20 degrees c, 4 degrees c, 25 degrees c, 37 degrees c) on the reactivity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies were evaluated using current elisa, recombinant, and western blot methodologies. twenty consecutive freeze-thaw cycles and storage of specimens at -20 degrees c and 4 degrees c for 57 days resulted in no loss of hiv antibody reactivity nor false positive samples. maintenance of clinical specimens at 25 degr ...	1988	3166465
testing for human immunodeficiency virus in substance abuse treatment.		1988	3166488
effect of continuous intravenous infusion of zidovudine (azt) in children with symptomatic hiv infection.	to produce concentrations of zidovudine (azt) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid that would provide constant inhibition of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), we gave azt by continuous intravenous infusion to 21 children ranging in age from 14 months to 12 years who had acquired hiv infection through transfusions or perinatally. all patients were symptomatic before azt treatment (class p2 of the centers for disease control); 13 (62 percent) had evidence of neurodevelopmental ab ...	1988	3166511
tryptophan degradation in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus.	tryptophan and kynurenine were measured retrospectively in sera of 11 male patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection (walter reed stages 4 and 6). tryptophan levels are significantly reduced to less than 50% in patients with hiv infection and kynurenine levels significantly elevated when compared to sex and age matched controls. the decrease of tryptophan levels might contribute to neurologic symptoms often associated with hiv infection. since interferon-gamma induces d ...	1988	3166737
cystic parotid lesions in patients at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	twenty-three patients at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presented with cystic lesions of the parotid gland. fourteen patients had unilateral parotid cysts and nine had bilateral enlargement. ten patients were positive for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), three were negative for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus, and ten refused testing. fine-needle aspiration cytology and computed tomography were helpful in making the diagnosis of benign lymphoe ...	1988	3166761
hiv infection associated with symptoms indistinguishable from functional psychosis.	patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), who present with or develop psychotic symptoms, almost invariably have evidence of cognitive impairment. three psychotic patients, one with aids, and two with aids-related complex (arc), who showed no evidence of cognitive impairment, are reported. it is suggested that the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) may produce symptoms indistinguishable from those seen in the functional psychoses.	1988	3167439
two cases of hypomania in aids.	hiv disease often leads to neuropsychiatric disturbance, either through direct infection of the brain by the virus or through cns disease secondary to immunodeficiency. neuropsychiatric complications of aids and aids-related disorders may present clinically as acute or chronic organic mental syndromes, or may mimic functional psychiatric illness, in particular depression, anxiety, or psychotic states. two cases of hypomanic states in homosexual men suffering from aids are reported. neither of th ...	1988	3167473
nutritional status of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	nutritional status may be an important factor in the prognosis of morbidity and mortality. we assessed the nutritional status of individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (as confirmed by western blot) and of patients with aids, by determining the concentration in serum of total protein, albumin, prealbumin (transthyretin), and retinol-binding protein. hiv-seropositive individuals showed no significant difference from normal volunteers in values for prealbumin, albumin, and ...	1988	3168203
prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in borno state of nigeria.		1988	3168871
a synergism of plagues: "planned shrinkage," contagious housing destruction, and aids in the bronx.	techniques adapted from population and community ecology, quantitative geography, and epidemiology are applied to ecosystem and environmental index data on the bronx in an attempt to understand the origins and potential impacts of rampant spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and its sequelae of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in that borough: recent work by drucker and vermund (1987), ("estimating prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in urban areas with high rat ...	1988	3168963
are serological tests of value in diagnosing and monitoring response to treatment of syphilis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus?	to assess the value of serological tests in diagnosing and monitoring the response to treatment of syphilis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), case notes of eight homosexual men with a history of treated syphilis, positive reactions to serological tests for syphilis, and documented subsequent conversion to hiv seropositivity were studied. no change was noted in serological markers of syphilis after hiv infection. the case notes of one man with primary syphilis, fou ...	1988	3169751
aids related changes in pattern of sexually transmitted disease (std) in an std clinic in copenhagen.	testing for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was introduced in 1984 in this major sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic in copenhagen, which is attended by about 10,000 new patients each year. from 1984 to 1987 the proportion of patients examined for antibodies to hiv rose from 6% to 32%. the overall incidence of hiv antibody positivity decreased from 30% in 1984 to 3% in 1987, the combined result of decreased positivity in high risk patients tested and increased screeni ...	1988	3169758
gummatous penile ulceration and generalised lymphadenopathy in homosexual man: case report.	a case of granulomatous penile ulceration associated with generalised lymphadenopathy in a homosexual man aged 43 is presented. his serum gave positive results to tests for syphilis, but was negative for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). his condition responded briskly to treatment with procaine penicillin, and we conclude that the clinical features were attributable to infection with treponema pallidum.	1988	3169760
a project in zambia: talking to children about aids.	early in 1987, it became clear to this individual that children were a high priority group for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) education. preparation for providing aids education in zambia included reading as much as possible about aids and aids education in schools, contacting the health education unit at the ministry of health for their permission and advice, and making posters and preparing a list of 10 basic questions about aids. the 1st talks were at a boys' technical school an ...	1988	3169780
hypocomplementemia and human immunodeficiency virus infection. clinical correlates and relationships to circulating immune complex and immunoglobulin g levels.	the levels of c4 and c3 were measured and related to other immunological and clinical parameters in 44 patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. circulating immune complexes (c1q-cic) as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing monoclonal antibody with specificity for bound clq, and serum immunoglobulin g (igg) concentrations were assessed simultaneously. clinical parameters assessed included: (1) the presence of specific anti-infective medications; (2) th ...	1988	3170007
performance and reliability of five commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits in screening for anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody in high-risk subjects.	anti-human immunodeficiency virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits marketed by electro-nucleonics inc. (eni), genetic systems corp. (gsc), organon teknika inc. (oti), ortho diagnostic systems inc. (odsi), and wellcome diagnostics (wd) were evaluated by using 289 randomly selected serum samples from a high-risk population and 53 serum samples likely to produce false-positive results. the radioimmunoprecipitation assay was used as the reference test. sensitivities ranged from 96.51% (odsi, w ...	1988	3170712
increasing intrathecal lymphocytosis and immunoglobulin g production in neurologically asymptomatic hiv-1 infection.	cerebrospinal fluid from 34 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) seropositive patients, only four of whom had hiv-related neurological symptoms, was examined by cytology, protein quantification, isoelectric focusing and specific serological tests. csf lymphocytosis and evidence of intrathecal igg production, found in 21 and 20 respectively of the 34 patients, correlated significantly with the duration of the infection. increasing igg index was found in two patients with repeated csf examinations ...	1988	3170722
recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee, centers for disease control. prevention and control of influenza.	these recommendations update information on the vaccine and antiviral agent available for controlling influenza during the 1988-89 influenza season (superseding mmwr 1987;36:373-380,385-387). changes include statements about 1) updating of the influenza strains in the trivalent vaccine for 1988-89, 2) increased emphasis on the need for vaccination of health-care workers, 3) prevention of influenza in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, and 4) dosage considerations for aman ...	1988	3171036
the relationship and biology of human retroviruses.		1988	3171130
a quality assurance program for human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity screening of dried-blood spot specimens.		1988	3171134
hepatitis d virus and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in parenteral drug abusers who are hepatitis b surface antigen positive.	we studied unselected, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag)-positive parenteral drug abusers for antibody to hepatitis d virus (anti-hd) and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the prevalences of anti-hd and antibody to hiv were 67% and 58%, respectively, and there was no association between positivity for these two markers. in a logistic regression model, anti-hd was associated with older age (p = .001), longer duration of drug abuse (p = .045), and the presence of liver disease (p = ...	1988	3171227
aids two months after primary human immunodeficiency virus infection.		1988	3171228
serological markers of human immunodeficiency virus infection in african patients with aids: are they different from markers found in patients from other countries?		1988	3171232
in vitro effectiveness of a combination of zidovudine and ansamycin against human immunodeficiency virus.		1988	3171233
the morphology of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) by negative staining.	we have examined preparations of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 by negative staining electron microscopy. hiv-2 cultures contained large numbers of 130-200 nm particles containing a 130-nm-long by 30-70 nm-wide core. this core is probably of conical or pear-shaped morphology. some particles exhibited a short fringe that could be seen to comprise a regular arrangement of repeating subunits when visualised end on. identical particles were found in hiv-1 cultures but in much lower ...	1988	3171554
synthesis and anti-hiv activity of different sugar-modified pyrimidine and purine nucleosides.	a series of base-modified pyrimidine 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides and 3'-substituted purine and pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication in mt-4 cells. the following pyrimidine derivatives emerged as the most potent and/or selective inhibitors of hiv-induced cytopathogenicity (in order of decreasing selectivity: 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt), 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine ( ...	1988	3172142
isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrills in africa and its relationship to other human and simian immunodeficiency viruses.	two isolates of simian retrovirus related to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were obtained from apparently healthy mandrills, papio (mandrillus) sphinx, in western equatorial africa. this virus, designated sivmnd (simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrills), appeared morphologically similar to hiv by electron microscopy, showed mg2+-dependent reverse transcriptase activity, and induced cytopathic effect in human cd4-positive cells. western blotting (immunoblotting) analyses revealed tha ...	1988	3172337
differences in cytopathogenicity and host cell range among infectious molecular clones of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 simultaneously isolated from an individual.	a cytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolate containing multiple virus genotypes was molecularly cloned, and the biological activity of six randomly selected clones was assessed by transfection into human lymphoid or glial cell lines. five infectious clones of hiv-1, termed n1t-a through -e, were isolated in this manner. clones n1t-a, -b, -c, and -e could be distinguished by restriction endonuclease mapping whereas clones n1t-b and -d had identical maps with the enzymes used. ...	1988	3172338
simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys.	simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was isolated from the total peripheral blood mononuclear cell population and the monocyte-macrophage adherent cell population of three seropositive green monkeys originating from kenya. siv from these african green monkeys (sivagm) was isolated and continuously produced with the molt-4 clone 8 (m4c18) cell line but not with a variety of other cells including hut-78, h9, cem, mt-4, u937, and uncloned molt-4 cells. once isolated, these sivagm isolates were found ...	1988	3172340
prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in a colposcopy clinic.		1988	3172396
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) detection by molecular hybridization.		1988	3172444
[false positive result for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus in q fever].		1988	3172896
[antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus in patients with behçet's disease].		1988	3172922
[intrafamilial horizontal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus in an area of low incidence].		1988	3172926
[serum immunoglobulins and human immunodeficiency virus].		1988	3172939
diethanolamine fusidate has no in-vitro activity against the human immunodeficiency virus.		1988	3173182
prevalence of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in the australian population.	a random, stratified sample of 2601 adult australians from all states and territories was interviewed about knowledge of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). after the interview, an anonymous questionnaire on the prevalence of practices that are associated with risk of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was left with the respondents; 60.2% of these questionnaires were returned. data from this survey suggest that the prevalences of male homosexual behaviour, prostitute contact ...	1988	3173193
influence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing on sexual behaviour in a "high-risk" population from a "low-risk" city.	a survey was undertaken of homosexual and bisexual men in brisbane to establish whether knowledge of their human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-antibody status had influenced any sexual behaviour that was likely to spread hiv type 1 (hiv-1). of the 318 respondents, 123 respondents knew their hiv serological status, and 13 of these were hiv seropositive. of the 195 respondents who previously had not been tested, 10 individuals proved to be hiv seropositive. eighty-two per cent of subjects stated th ...	1988	3173194
inhibition (in vitro) of replication and of the cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus by an extract of the culture medium of lentinus edodes mycelia.	an extract of culture medium of lentinus edodes mycelia (lem) was prepared. this was further fractionated by 50% ethanol precipitation and both the resulting product, e-p-lem, and lem were studied to evaluate their effect on the activity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in vitro. the experiments were performed using either a cell-free infection system with mt-4 cells, or a cell-to-cell infection system with molt-4 cells, which induces multinucleated giant cells very efficiently. e-p-lem alm ...	1988	3173237
human immunodeficiency virus diseases in minnesota. medical care and related health services.		1988	3173294
expression of hbv surface antigen or hiv envelope protein using recombinant adenovirus vectors.	recombinant adenoviruses were constructed that contained either the hbsag coding sequence or the hiv envelope protein coding sequence. the recombinant adenoviruses can replicate normally in cultured human cells. cells infected with the adenovirus-hbv recombinant secreted hbsag into the tissue culture medium. this hbsag had immunological and physical properties similar to those of the 22-nm particles found in human serum. expression of hiv envelope protein in cells infected with the adenovirus-hi ...	1988	3173369
ethical considerations of human investigation in developing countries: the aids dilemma.	in the efforts to develop a vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), attention has focused on sub-saharan africa, where large populations at risk for hiv infection could be studied easily. cross cultural bioethics must be examined to address the ethical implications and cultural obstacles of such research. autonomy and informed consent are difficult to achieve in cultures with limited personal choice. in some cultures, individual personhood is secondary to social relationships in the t ...	1988	3173436
[human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection: psychiatric aspects].		1988	3173512
incidence of human immunodeficiency virus antigenaemia in patients on haemodialysis.		1988	3173604
placental alterations and fetal conditions in relation to the presence of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in pregnant mothers.		1988	3174164
oligodeoxynucleoside phosphoramidates and phosphorothioates as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus.	modified oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to rna of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) were tested for their ability to inhibit virally induced syncytium formation and expression of viral p24 protein. the modifications of oligomers include replacement of backbone phosphodiester groups with phosphorothioates and various phosphoramidates. all oligomers were found to be active. oligomers with complete replacement of phosphodiesters with phosphoramidate or phosphorothioate groups were more ac ...	1988	3174622
inhibition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus by oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonates.	antisense oligodeoxynucleotides containing internucleoside methylphosphonate linkages were examined for their ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-induced syncytium formation and virus expression. hiv inhibitory activity was found to be dependent on both chain length and the number of phosphonate residues. introduction of 18 phosphonate groups in an oligomer of chain length 20 significantly increased hiv inhibitory activity relative to the parent oligonucleotide, whereas 5 such ...	1988	3174646
htlv-i: to test or not to test.		1988	3175660
guidelines for the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection in adolescents.	although adolescents account for only 0.4% of reported cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in the united states, they are sexually active and, therefore, at risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. to address issues of hiv control in adolescents, we developed guidelines that emphasize education and medical care and deemphasize antibody testing. for adolescents known to be infected with hiv, we recommend no restrictions on access to educational or treatme ...	1988	3176470
cognitive changes as early signs of hiv infection.	neuropsychological examination was performed on 13 patients and 10 matched controls to assess the brain involvement of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. hiv-infected patients showed a significant decline in visuomotor, visuoconstructive and practical abilities as well as in motor-free visuospatial performance and repeating a long sentence. these findings could not be explained by the concomitant mental depression of these patients. neither were they associated with any ...	1988	3176882
microglia in the giant cell encephalitis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: proliferation, infection and fusion.	the autopsied brains of three homosexual men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), progressive encephalopathy and widespread multinucleated giant cell encephalitis were investigated by lectin and immunohistochemical methods to ascertain the cellular distribution of a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) core protein, p25. abundant viral antigen was present in all brains, limited to perivascular macrophages, microglial and multinucleated cells, some bearing elongated cytoplasmic processe ...	1988	3176903
human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing.		1988	3177166
human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men.	because of past multiple exposures to contaminated coagulation factor concentrates, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among adult hemophilic men in the united states is reported to range from 75 to 90 percent. the risk of hiv transmission through a long-term monogamous heterosexual contact can be estimated by studying the spouses of hemophilic subjects since these couples generally do not abuse intravenous drugs, usually maintain stable monogamous relationships, and ...	1988	3177394
brainstem ocular motility defects and aids.	ocular motility manifestations of focal brainstem dysfunction were the initial clinical features in three patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. these included conjugate gaze palsy with ipsilateral facial paresis, bilateral abducens palsy and a gaze paresis, and homolateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and abducens nerve paresis. two patients had focal brainstem lesions as evidenced on neuroimaging. the third showed concurrent infection with treponema pallidum.	1988	3177562
the san francisco men's health study: continued decline in hiv seroconversion rates among homosexual/bisexual men.	the incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been monitored since 1984 in an area probability sample of homosexual/bisexual men drawn from a six-kilometer square area of san francisco where the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) has been most severe. annualized hiv seroconversion rates in previously uninfected cohort members have declined by 88 per cent from 5.9 per cent during the first six months of 1985 to 0.7 per cent during the last six months ...	1988	3177723
is parotid lymphadenopathy a new disease or part of aids?	this report describes a series of 15 patients who presented with masses in the tail of the parotid gland which proved at biopsy to be benign hyperplastic lymphadenopathy similar to lymphoepithelial hyperplasia. there were 11 male and 4 female patients. all had a history of intravenous drug use. ten patients complained of pain. six patients had smaller masses on the contralateral side of the gland, whereas seven patients had minor axillary adenopathy. needle aspiration was performed in 12 patient ...	1988	3177755
hyper-ige and human immunodeficiency virus infection.	a 39-year-old black male who is an intravenous drug abuser developed certain clinical manifestations that were consistent with the hyper-ige syndrome. these included an extremely elevated ige (greater than 2000 iu/ml), extensive eczematoid dermatitis, and recurrent soft tissue infections. he had no history of atopic disease as a child. immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a significant decrease in helper (cd 4) cells with a normal concentration of suppressor (cd ...	1988	3177968
human immunodeficiency virus-neutralizing serum samples in healthy control subjects with resolved subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.		1988	3178259
human immunodeficiency virus infection in hemodialysis patients.		1988	3178386
fuchsin acid selectively inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) replication in vitro.	fuchsin acid, an anionic dye, is a selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) in vitro. its 50% effective dose for inhibition of hiv-1-induced cytopathogenicity in mt-4 cells and hiv-1 antigen expression in hut-78 cells is 42 and 16 microm, respectively. these values are comparable to those of suramin, the first compound shown to be a selective inhibitor of hiv-1. however, fuchsin acid is less cytotoxic than suramin. the selectivity index of fuchsin aci ...	1988	3178818
comparative activity of 2',3'-saturated and unsaturated pyrimidine and purine nucleosides against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.		1988	3178868
preparation of virus-free pyridoxylated hemoglobin from the blood of hbv or htlv-i healthy carriers.	one of our major aims was to find ways to utilize outdated or virus-contaminated blood. pyridoxylated hemoglobin (plp-hb), a possible substitute for red cells as an artificial oxygen carrier was prepared from outdated human blood. by conjugation with polyethylene glycol (peg), the biological half life was increased about 3 folds at 82% blood replacement in rats without significant side effects in vivo or in vitro. we next tried to prepare virus-free peg-plp-hb from hbv or htlv-i positive blood. ...	1988	3179462
statement on screening of international travellers for infection with human immunodeficiency virus. why is hiv screening of international travellers ineffective and impractical.		1988	3179541
lymphadenopathy in hiv (htlv-iii/lav) infected subjects: the role of virus and follicular dendritic cells.	studies of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) associated lymphadenopathy by histopathology and immunopathology showed conspicuous changes of follicular b-cell areas from a marked hyperplasia to complete involution. immunohistochemistry showed a corresponding increase in follicular dendritic reticulum cells (fdrc) followed by progressive destruction of these cells during involution, concomitant with invasion of follicles by t-cells. hiv gag antigens were predominantly associated with fdrc in hype ...	1988	3180126
atypical presentation of hodgkin's disease in a patient at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	hodgkin's disease (hd) has been reported in association with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) only occasionally, and these patients seemed to have aggressive unusual hd. we report an additional case of hd in a 50-year-old homosexual man with a marked change of his clinical course after the development of seropositivity to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). in 1978, hd stage iiia, nodular sclerosing type, was diagnosed and treated with splenectomy and total nodal radiotherapy, which ...	1988	3180129
prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody in u.s. active-duty military personnel, april 1988.		1988	3180797
functional domains required for tat-induced transcriptional activation of the hiv-1 long terminal repeat.	the transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type i involves the interaction of both viral and cellular proteins. the viral protein tat is important in increasing the amount of viral steady-state mrna and may also play a role in regulating the translational efficiency of viral mrna. to identify distinct functional domains of tat, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the tat gene was performed. point mutations of cysteine residues in three of the four cys-x-x-cys se ...	1988	3181132
mutational analysis of the 5' non-coding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effects of secondary structure on translation.	the first 111 nt from the 5' end of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) mrnas are shown to have a strong inhibitory effect on the translation of mrna in in vitro translation extracts as well as in xenopus oocytes. mutations in the sequence of the 5' untranslated region (utr) designed to disrupt predicted secondary structure of this region relieve the inhibition. inhibition is restored by mutations that reconstruct the predicted secondary structure. the accessibility of the 5'-terminal ca ...	1988	3181141
human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among prisoners in northeastern italy.		1988	3182093
langerhans' cells are an actual site of hiv-1 replication.	human epidermal langerhans' cells (lc) are hla-dr+/dq+, cd1+, cd4+ dendritic antigen-presenting leukocytes. based on the observation that in certain human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infected individuals, lc are the only epidermal cells to react with monoclonal antibodies against hiv-1 isolate termed human t-lymphotropic virus iiib/83 core proteins p17 and p24, we have proposed that lc can serve as a target for hiv-1. this contention was strengthened by the ultrastructural finding of h ...	1988	3182233
four cases of vesicular lesions in adults caused by enterovirus infections.	echovirus types 4 and 33 and coxsackievirus type b1 were recovered from vesicular lesions in four adults. patient 1 had cutaneous localized vesicles, patient 2 had a recurrent cutaneous vesicle, and patients 3 and 4 had mucosal vesicles. three of the patients were suspected of having herpesvirus lesions. one of the patients was a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive man, and the enterovirus infection was the first clinical manifestation. our results underline the importance of virolo ...	1988	3183002
the microbial causes of diarrhoea in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.	diarrhoea is common in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). we sought the cause of diarrhoea in all hiv antibody-positive patients with diarrhoea who presented at st stephen's hospital, london over a period of 15 months. altogether, 441 specimens from 179 patients were examined. infective causes were found in 86 (48%) patients. protozoa were the most common infecting organisms (30% patients). of these, cryptosporidium sp. was the most frequent (9.5% patients), followed ...	1988	3183401
failure to find antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type i in libya.		1988	3183413
rapid rebound of serum human immunodeficiency virus antigen after discontinuing zidovudine therapy.		1988	3183424
class-specific antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	we characterized the effect of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv) on levels of total immunoglobulins and pneumococcal vaccine-specific immunoglobulins in 28 heterosexual and 25 homosexual men seronegative for hiv; 27 asymptomatic, seropositive homosexual men; and 21 patients with aids. total serum igg levels were increased in both hiv-seropositive groups compared with the hiv-seronegative men (p less than .001). total igm levels, however, were elevated only in the asymptoma ...	1988	3183430
human immunodeficiency virus as a possible cofactor in the development of fulminant hepatitis b in intravenous drug abusers.	fulminant hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection is often attributable to co-infection with the delta agent. however, delta produces a variable pattern of illness in hbsag-positive addicts. it is often not detectable in fulminant cases of hepatitis b, and other cofactors have been conjectured regarding the pathogenesis of fulminant hbv disease. we present the case of an intravenous drug abuser with severe hepatitis b and concomitant infection with human immunodeficiency virus. we conclude that dual i ...	1988	3183532
heat-shock induction of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.	rat cell lines were established in which the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene under control of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) long terminal repeat (ltr) was stably integrated. the cell lines showed a repressed phenotype for cat expression, but could be induced for it by inhibition of protein synthesis, as well as by heat-shock and chemical inducers of the cellular stress response, such as sodium arsenite, 8-hydroxyquinoline and the heavy metals cadmium and copper. a ...	1988	3183632
monte carlo simulation of the heterosexual selective spread of the human immunodeficiency virus.	the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) by heterosexual intercourse, during the first 2 years following the introduction of the virus among a sexually active and unprotected group of men and women, is modelled by monte carlo simulation. a beta distribution of the infectee's risks of infection per infected partner-month is assumed, with the same coefficient of variation as used in previous studies for risk of conception (natural fecundability), but with a mean of 0.04 per infected partne ...	1988	3183636
recombinant dna related to hepatitis b and human immunodeficiency viruses in mononuclear cells of patients with aids.	sixty-eight of 73 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection were positive when tested for the presence of hepatitis b virus (hbv)-related dna sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) by the dot blot method. twenty-two of the positive dnas were examined by southern hybridization and all exhibited a 3.2 kb extrachromosomal dna fragment that hybridized to hbv dna. this dna was isolated from agarose gels and cloned into the ecori site of pbr322 dna. the cloned dna (ph ...	1988	3183638
leads from the mmwr. trends in human immunodeficiency virus infection among civilian applicants for military service--united states, october 1985-march 1988.		1988	3184379
outcome of patients with human immunodeficiency virus on maintenance hemodialysis.	fifty-one adults with hiv infection, including 20 chronic hemodialysis patients with superimposed hiv infection and 31 patients with hiv-associated nephropathy requiring chronic maintenance hemodialysis were followed to evaluate survival on outpatient dialysis in relation to the clinical stage of the hiv infection. regardless of when they contracted the infection, aids patients who required maintenance hemodialysis had a poor prognosis. all 17 patients who developed aids died after a mean of 93 ...	1988	3184600
hiv infection: educational programs and policies for school personnel.	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) challenges schools as the frontline defense against this epidemic. school personnel should become knowledgeable about human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and get involved in presenting quality hiv/aids education programs. this paper provides an epidemiological update on aids as it relates to the school-age population. evidence establishing modes of transmission is emphasized, and recommendations are presented for handling students infected with ...	1988	3184878
thrombocytopenia and human immunodeficiency virus in children.	thrombocytopenia occurs in 13% of children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. the clinical and laboratory course of 19 children infected with hiv with thrombocytopenia is described. bone marrow aspirates showed normal to increased numbers of megakaryocytes. levels of antiplatelet antibodies were increased in 80% of the children and circulating immune complexes were found in 74%. clinically significant hemorrhage leading to anemia occurred in five patients, and cns ble ...	1988	3186382
trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by the hepatitis b virus x protein.	human immunodeficiency virus 1 has been implicated as the main etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. however, other infectious agents may accelerate the progression of this disease. in particular, hepatitis b virus has been suggested as one such cofactor. therefore, we have investigated the effects of hepatitis b virus gene products on expression of the human immunodeficiency virus i in transient transfection studies of jurkat lymphoblastic t cells, using as reporter the chl ...	1988	3186723
[reversal of positive serology for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). apropos of 2 case reports].	the medical history and laboratory data of two persons who have been in contact with hiv-i positive carrier individuals are reported. the serologic data of successive serum samples collected from these persons were first negative, then positive (including antibodies directed against gag and env gene products), and finally negative for presence of anti-hiv-i antibodies. physical examination and other laboratory data, including absolute number of cd4 lymphocytes/mm3, were within the normal range i ...	1988	3187480
hiv testing in glasgow genito-urinary medicine clinics 1985-1987.	between 1 march 1985 and 28 february 1987, 1659 patients attending glasgow genito-urinary medicine (gum) clinics were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). forty (2.4%) were positive. thirty-seven of these were homosexual (36/37) or bisexual (1/37) males. the overall prevalence of antibodies to hiv in this group was 3.9% (37/940) and showed no significant increase over the two year period. following the extensive media campaign in october 1986, the total numbers tested eac ...	1988	3187497
a larger spectrum of severe hiv-1--related disease in intravenous drug users in new york city.	increasing mortality in intravenous (iv) drug users not reported to surveillance as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) has occurred in new york city coincident with the aids epidemic. from 1981 to 1986, narcotics-related deaths increased on average 32% per year from 492 in 1981 to 1996 in 1986. this increase included deaths from aids increasing from 0 to 905 and deaths from other causes, many of which were infectious diseases, increasing from 492 to 1091. investigations of these deaths su ...	1988	3187532
primary tuberculous liver abscess associated with the human immunodeficiency virus.	extrapulmonary tuberculosis has been noted to occur frequently in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). tuberculous liver abscesses are rare. the following case report describes a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody who exemplifies this unusual manifestation of mycobacterial infection.	1988	3188233
association of thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (ttp) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.		1988	3189314
human immunodeficiency virus infection in the republic of panama.	thirty-one documented acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) cases occurred in panama during 1984-1987. twenty-three (74%) patients were homosexual males and all but 2 patients recognized prior to june 1987 have died. to identify risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 287 male homosexual residents of panama city were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. nine had human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody. travel to the united states, homosexual relations with united states ...	1988	3189701
megestrol acetate for treatment of cachexia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.		1988	3190032
myopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) but not with zidovudine.		1988	3190033
zidovudine for the treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). a prospective study. the swiss group for clinical studies on the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).	to determine the effect of zidovudine on platelet counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated thrombocytopenia.	1988	3190058
uridine reverses the toxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in normal human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in vitro without impairment of antiretroviral activity.	we evaluated the effects of natural purine and pyrimidine nucleosides on protection from or reversal of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt) cytotoxicity in human bone marrow progenitor cells by using clonogenic assays. the selectivity of the "protection" or "rescue" agents was examined in evaluating the antiretroviral activity of azt in combination with these modulating agents and of azt alone. following exposure of human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells for 2 h to 5 microm azt (70% inhibito ...	1988	3190201
salivary gland lymph nodes. the site of lymphadenopathies and lymphomas associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	normally, lymph nodes are intimately associated with the salivary glands, particularly the parotid gland. several lymph nodes are embedded in the parotid gland, other lymph nodes are adjacent to the submaxillary gland, and ectopic salivary gland acini and ducts are commonly present in cervical lymph nodes. these salivary gland lymph nodes may become the primary site of the benign lymphadenopathy and the malignant lymphomas characteristically associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inf ...	1988	3190409
differential modulation of host cell and hiv gene expression by combinations of avarol and azt in vitro.	human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gene expression is modulated by some virus-encoded proteins, possibly acting at multiple levels of control, which are also known to be involved in the regulation of gene expression in uninfected cells (transcriptional, post-transcriptional, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and translational control). two anti-hiv-1 drugs, avarol and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, which inhibit viral replication by differential mechanisms, were used to study the role of cytopl ...	1988	3190740
seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency viruses in africa.	the first generation of serological tests for anti-hiv-1 gave so many false positives with african sera that it was wrongly postulated that the virus was endemic in africa. as there is no simian or other virus sufficiently closely related to hiv-1 as to suggest a recent common ancestor, the evolution of hiv-1 is obscure and there is no current evidence to support the hypothesis of an african origin. however, the similarity of hiv-2 to siv and its geographical distribution do suggest an evolution ...	1988	3191207