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identification of differentially expressed genes in monochamus alternatus digested with azadirachtin.the pine sawyer beetle monochamus alternatus hope, a major forest insect pest, is the primary vector of the destructive forest pest pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. azadirachtin, an active compound of neem, is biologically interesting because it represents a group of important, successful botanical pesticides. we provide insight into the molecular effects of azadirachtin on m. alternatus at the transcriptional level to provide clues about possible molecular-level targets and to es ...201627629396
management of chinese rose beetle (adoretus sinicus) adults feeding on cacao (theobroma cacao) using insecticides.the chinese rose beetle (adoretus sinicus burmeister (coleoptera: scarabaeidae)) is an introduced, widely-established pest in hawai'i. the adult beetles feed on the leaves of cacao (theobroma cacao l.), which can lead to defoliation and even death of young trees. we evaluated the impact of five commercially available products with different active ingredients (imidacloprid, azadirachtin, beauveria bassiana (bals.-criv.) vuill., kaolin clay, and pyrethrin) and the presence or absence of weed mat ...201627348004
biosynthesis of anti-proliferative gold nanoparticles using endophytic fusarium oxysporum strain isolated from neem (a. indica) leaves.here we report a simple, rapid, environment friendly approach for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) fungal endophyte, which based upon morphological and cultural characteristics was eventually identified as fusarium oxysporum. the aqueous precursor (haucl4) solution when reacted with endophytic fungus resulted in the biosynthesis of abundant amounts of well dispersed gold nanoparticles of 10-40 nm with an average size of 22nm. these biosynthesized gold ...201626876519
enhanced production of pectinase by aspergillus terreus ncft 4269.10 using banana peels as substrate.aspergillus terreus ncft4269.10 was implemented in solid-state (ssf) and liquid static surface fermentation (lssf) for biosynthesis of pectinase. amongst various substrates, like, mustard oil cake, neem oil cake, groundnut oil cake, black gram peels, green gram peels, chickling vetch peels/grass pea peels wheat bran, pearl millet residues, finger millet waste, broken rice, banana peels (bp), apple pomace (ap) and orange peels, banana peel (musa paradisiaca l.; family: musaceae) was most suitable ...201628330106
botanical and biological pesticides elicit a similar induced systemic response in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) secondary metabolism.natural pesticides have attracted substantial interest due to the increase in organic agriculture and enhanced attention to environmental pollution. plant growth promoting bacteria (pgpb) are applied for both disease control and growth enhancement; pgpbs are known to elicit induced systemic response (isr) in plants. however, less is known about the effect of botanical pesticides, such as the azadirachtin-containing neem extracts, on plant metabolism. this study aimed to investigate the effects o ...201627251587
bark extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: evaluation of antimicrobial activity and antiproliferative response against osteosarcoma.in the current investigation we report the biosynthesis potentials of bark extracts of ficus benghalensis and azadirachta indica for production of silver nanoparticle without use of any external reducing or capping agent. the appearance of dark brown color indicated the complete nanoparticle synthesis which was further validated by absorbance peak by uv-vis spectroscopy. the morphology of the synthesized particles was characterized by field emission- scanning electron microscopy (fe-sem) and ato ...201626478285
antibacterial efficacy of neem (azadirachta indica) extract against enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study.debridement and disinfection of the root canal is a crucial step in the success of endodontic treatment. several antimicrobial agents alone or in combination are used to achieve this. the objective of this in vitro study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of neem (azadirachta indica) extract against enterococcus faecalis.201627794147
evaluation of the antibacterial efficacy of azadirachta indica, commiphora myrrha, glycyrrhiza glabra against enterococcus faecalis using real time pcr.to compare the antibacterial efficacy of azadirachta indica (neem), commiphora myrrha (myrrh), glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) with 2% chlorhexidine (chx) against e. faecalis by using real time pcr.201627386000
neemazal ® as a possible alternative control tool for malaria and african trypanosomiasis?research efforts to identify possible alternative control tools for malaria and african trypanosomiasis are needed. one promising approach relies on the use of traditional plant remedies with insecticidal activities.201627146309
neem oil and crop protection: from now to the future.a major challenge of agriculture is to increase food production to meet the needs of the growing world population, without damaging the environment. in current agricultural practices, the control of pests is often accomplished by means of the excessive use of agrochemicals, which can result in environmental pollution and the development of resistant pests. in this context, biopesticides can offer a better alternative to synthetic pesticides, enabling safer control of pest populations. however, l ...201627790224
epigenetic activation of antibacterial property of an endophytic streptomyces coelicolor strain azra 37 and identification of the induced protein using maldi tof ms/ms.the endophytic streptomyces coelicolor strain azra 37 was isolated from the surface sterilized root of azadirachta indica a. juss., commonly known as neem plant in india. since only a few reports are available regarding epigenetic modulations of microbial entities, s. coelicolor was treated with different concentrations of 5-azacytidine for this purpose and evaluated for its antibacterial potential against five human pathogenic bacteria (aeromonas hydrophila ims/gn11, enterococcus faecalis ims/g ...201626844762
rapid, bioassay-guided process for the detection and identification of antibacterial neem oil compounds.bioassay guidance was used along the whole process including method development, isolation and identification of antibacterial neem (azadirachta indica) oil compounds. the biomonitoring was performed by direct bioautography (db), a combination of thin-layer chromatography (tlc) and antimicrobial detection. db of neem oil showed one antibacterial zone that was not uv-active; therefore, the tlc separation was improved under db control. the chromatographic zone that exhibited activity against bacil ...201626951543
green-synthesised nanoparticles from melia azedarach seeds and the cyclopoid crustacean cyclops vernalis: an eco-friendly route to control the malaria vector anopheles stephensi?the impact of green-synthesised mosquitocidal nanoparticles on non-target aquatic predators is poorly studied. in this research, we proposed a single-step method to synthesise silver nanoparticles (ag np) using the seed extract of melia azedarach. ag np were characterised using a variety of biophysical methods, including uv-vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. in laboratory assays on anopheles steph ...201626679526
of spheres and squares: can sloterdijk help us rethink the architecture of climate science?this article explores how different visions and values of science translate into different architectural shapes. i bring peter sloterdijk's 'spherology' to bear on my ethnographic fieldwork at the neem ice core base in greenland, a significant node in the global infrastructure of climate science. i argue that the visual form of the geodesic dome of the camp materializes specific values and visions of this branch of paleoclimate science, which i elaborate vis-a-vis the pragmatic claims of the sci ...201628025912
erratum to: apoptosis mediated leishmanicidal activity of azadirachta indica bioactive fractions is accompanied by th1 immunostimulatory potential and therapeutic cure in vivo. 201627234305
ethnobotanical uses of neem (azadirachta indica a.juss.; meliaceae) leaves in bali (indonesia) and the indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties.neem (azadirachta indica; meliaceae) is widely known for its cold pressed seed oil, mainly used as insecticide, but also for cosmetic, medicinal and agricultural uses. the seed oil is widely employed in the indian subcontinent, and the leaves seem to have a lower relevance, but the ethnobotanical information of bali (indonesia) considers the utilisation of leaves for medicinal properties.201627178630
absence of cd4(+) t cell help generates corrupt cd8(+) effector t cells in sarcoma-bearing swiss mice treated with nlgp vaccine.one of the prime objectives of cancer immunology and immunotherapy is to study the issues related to rescue and/or maintenance of the optimum effector cd8(+) t cell functions by minimizing tumor-induced negative factors. in this regard the influence of host intrinsic cd4(+) helper t cells towards generation and maintenance of cd8(+) effector t cells appears controversial in different experimental settings. therefore, the present study was aimed to re-analyze the influence of cd4(+) helper t cell ...201627178306
an improved genome assembly of azadirachta indica a. juss.neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.), an evergreen tree of the meliaceae family, is known for its medicinal, cosmetic, pesticidal and insecticidal properties. we had previously sequenced and published the draft genome of a neem plant, using mainly short read sequencing data. in this report, we present an improved genome assembly generated using additional short reads from illumina and long reads from pacific biosciences smrt sequencer. we assembled short reads and error-corrected long reads using ...201627172223
mycotoxin contamination in stored maize and groundnuts based on storage practices and conditions in subhumid tropical africa: the case of kilosa district, tanzania.experiments were conducted to assess the influence of storage practices on mycotoxin incidences in stored maize and groundnuts in kilosa district, eastern central tanzania. factorial experiments were used to test the effects of processing, storage conditions, and protectants at 3-month intervals for 12 weeks. temperature and relative humidity data were recorded by using data loggers. the differences among the treatment means were compared using tukey's honestly significant difference test at 5% ...201628221960
nimbolide inhibits androgen independent prostate cancer cells survival and proliferation by modulating multiple pro-survival signaling pathways.prostate cancer is the most prominent cancer in men, experiencing a relapse in disease often express high serum tnf-α levels. it has been correlated with increased cell survival and proliferation of prostate cancer cells. previous studies reported that nimbolide, a terpenoid derived from the leaves and flowers of neem tree inhibits cancer growth through selective modulation of cell signaling pathways linked to inflammation, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis.201627889231
allergic contact dermatitis caused by argan oil, neem oil, and mimosa tenuiflora. 201627870098
azadiradione ameliorates polyglutamine expansion disease in drosophila by potentiating dna binding activity of heat shock factor 1.aggregation of proteins with the expansion of polyglutamine tracts in the brain underlies progressive genetic neurodegenerative diseases (nds) like huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxias (sca). an insensitive cellular proteotoxic stress response to non-native protein oligomers is common in such conditions. indeed, upregulation of heat shock factor 1 (hsf1) function and its target protein chaperone expression has shown promising results in animal models of nds. using an hsf1 sensitive c ...201627835876
neem leaf glycoprotein regulates function of tumor associated m2 macrophages in hypoxic tumor core: critical role of il-10/stat3 signaling.heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (tme), broadly divided into tumor core and peripheral sub-microenvironments, differentially polarize normal macrophages into a different form known as tumor associated m2 macrophages (m2tams) to promote tumor growth. in view of the extensive immune-editing role of nlgp, here, we have observed that nlgp is effective to convert m2tams (cd11b(+)f4/80(high)) to m1 (cd11b(+)f4/80(low)) more prominently in tumor core, along with downregulation of other m2 associate ...201627776244
green synthesis, characterization and drug delivery applications of a novel silver/carboxymethylcellulose - poly(acrylamide) hydrogel nanocomposite.biodegradable polymeric hydrogels are a unique class of macromolecular networks that can hold a large fraction of an aqueous solvent within their structures. they are particularly suitable for biomedical applications including controlled drug delivery, because of their ability to stimulate biological tissues. many hydrogel-based networks have been designed and fabricated to meet the needs of pharmaceutical and medical fields. the investigation deals with the environment friendly synthesis of bio ...201626546239
azadirachtin, a neem-derived biopesticide, impairs behavioral and hematological parameters in carp (cyprinus carpio).azadirachtin (aza) is a promisor biopesticide used in organic production and aquaculture. although this compound is apparently safe, there is evidence that it may have deleterious effects on fish. behavioral and hematological tests are grouped into a set of parameters that may predict potential toxicity of chemical compounds. here, we investigate the effects of aza, in the commercial formulation neenmax(™) , on carp (cyprinus carpio) by defining lc50 (96 h), and testing behavioral and hematologi ...201625847134
biodiesel from plant seed oils as an alternate fuel for compression ignition engines-a review.the modern scenario reveals that the world is facing energy crisis due to the dwindling sources of fossil fuels. environment protection agencies are more concerned about the atmospheric pollution due to the burning of fossil fuels. alternative fuel research is getting augmented because of the above reasons. plant seed oils (vegetable oils) are cleaner, sustainable, and renewable. so, it can be the most suitable alternative fuel for compression ignition (ci) engines. this paper reviews the availa ...201627743330
neem oil poisoning - case report of an adult with toxic encephalopathy. 201627728581
synergistic antidiabetic activity of vernonia amygdalina and azadirachta indica: biochemical effects and possible mechanism. 201627720513
a comparative evaluation on antimicrobial effect of honey, neem leaf extract and sodium hypochlorite as intracanal irrigant: an ex-vivo study.the major determinant of the success of root canal treatment depends on meticulous disinfection of the root canal using intracanal irrigants. the most commonly used root canal irrigant is sodium hypochlorite which has disadvantages of cytotoxicity and unpleasant taste. so there is a need to identify a more biocompatible root canal irrigant.201627656571
canadian arctic sea ice reconstructed from bromine in the greenland neem ice core.reconstructing the past variability of arctic sea ice provides an essential context for recent multi-year sea ice decline, although few quantitative reconstructions cover the holocene period prior to the earliest historical records 1,200 years ago. photochemical recycling of bromine is observed over first-year, or seasonal, sea ice in so-called "bromine explosions" and we employ a 1-d chemistry transport model to quantify processes of bromine enrichment over first-year sea ice and depositional t ...201627650478
the effect of green synthesized cuo nanoparticles on callogenesis and regeneration of oryza sativa l.in this study, we have investigated the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (cuo-nps) on callogenesis and regeneration of oryza sativa l (super basmati, basmati 2000, basmati 370, and basmati 385). in this regard, cuo-nps have been bio-synthesized via azadirachta indica leaf extract. scanning electron microscope (sem) analysis depicts average particle size of 40 ± 5 nm with highly homogenous and spherical morphology. x-ray diffraction (xrd) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir) hav ...201627630655
synthesis, characterization, biocompatible and anticancer activity of green and chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles - a comparative study.silver nanoparticles (agnps) are superior cluster of nanomaterials that are recently recognized for their different applications in various pharmaceutical and clinical settings. the objective of this work deals with novel method for biosynthesis of agnps using azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract as reducing agent. these bio and chemical synthesized nanoparticles were characterized with the help of uv-vis spectroscopy, nanotarc, dynamic light scattering (dls), zeta potential (zp), transmission ...201627621034
damage patterns, monitoring, and management of procontarinia mangiferae (diptera: cecidomyiidae) in pakistan.since 2005, mango has been damaged by a group of new pests, the gall midges, in all mango-growing areas of pakistan. little is known about these pests in pakistan. in this report, we present information on the occurrence, damage patterns, methods for monitoring, and management of procontarinia mangiferae (felt), a mango gall midge found in the country. at the study site (rahim yar khan, a district of the province punjab, pakistan), the pest was active from january/february to april as eggs, larv ...201627616764
toxic effects of the neem oil (azadirachta indica) formulation on the stink bug predator, podisus nigrispinus (heteroptera: pentatomidae).this research investigated the effects of neem oil on mortality, survival and malformations of the non-target stink bug predator, podisus nigrispinus. neurotoxic and growth inhibitor insecticides were used to compare the lethal and sublethal effects from neem oil on this predator. six concentrations of neem oil were topically applied onto nymphs and adults of this predator. the mortality rates of third, fourth, and fifth instar nymphs increased with increasing neem oil concentrations, suggesting ...201627596436
allometric models and aboveground biomass stocks of a west african sudan savannah watershed in benin.the estimation of forest biomass changes due to land-use change is of significant importance for estimates of the global carbon budget. the accuracy of biomass density maps depends on the availability of reliable allometric models used in combination with data derived from satellites images and forest inventory data. to reduce the uncertainty in estimates of carbon emissions resulting from deforestation and forest degradation, better information on allometric equations and the spatial distributi ...201627594897
the antioxidant potential of azadirachta indica ameliorates cardioprotection following diabetic mellitus-induced microangiopathy.cardiac complications associated with diabetes mellitus have become major cause of concern. antidiabetic drugs, with varied mode of action, are although available, apprehensions exist for their limited action or side effects upon prolonged use. efforts are therefore inclined toward finding other alternatives. the present study was, thus, undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective effect of azadirachta indica (ai) on microangiopathic changes in rat model of diabetes.201627563227
a new sucrase enzyme inhibitor from azadirachta indica.sucrase enzyme inhibitor considered as an oral anti-diabetic therapy that delays the absorption of eaten carbohydrates, reducing the postprandial glucose and insulin peaks to reach normoglycemia.201627563214
reconstructing the last interglacial at summit, greenland: insights from gisp2.the eemian (last interglacial, 130-115 ka) was likely the warmest of all interglacials of the last 800 ka, with summer arctic temperatures 3-5 °c above present. here, we present improved eemian climate records from central greenland, reconstructed from the base of the greenland ice sheet project 2 (gisp2) ice core. our record comes from clean, stratigraphically disturbed, and isotopically warm ice from 2,750 to 3,040 m depth. the age of this ice is constrained by measuring ch4 and δ(18)o of o2, ...201627528680
head lice in progress: what could/should be done-a report on an in vivo and in vitro field study.head lice infections are a growing problem in the light of increasing migration of large population as well as the increasing current refugee flows and concomitant poor hygienic conditions. these infections are associated with a significantly reduced quality of life and frequent medical consultations. the approved drugs for the treatment of head lice infections have some disadvantages in the treatment despite their good efficacy. in addition to irritant-toxic substances that can cause adverse re ...201627481171
evaluation of nano structured slow release fertilizer on the soil fertility, yield and nutritional profile of vigna radiata.the excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides has distorted soil composition, fertility and integ-rity with relevant and non-desirable environmental and ecological consequences. a strategy was designed to prepare a nano structured slow release fertilizer system that delivers nutrients and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria simultaneously. slow release nano phosphate and potash fertilizer was prepared by blending the nano emulsion of fertilizer with neem cake and pgpr.201627465293
synthesis of iron nanoparticles using azadirachta indica extract and its catalytic activity toward nitrophenol reduction.a simple, hasty and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles has been developed using the medicinally important azadirachta indica extract, which act as both reducing and stabilizing agent. the formation and morphological properties of iron nanoparticles as a function of metallic precursor and azadirachta indica extract concentration have been investigated. the influence of solvent over the size and texture of iron nanoparticles has also been evaluated in detail. the thermal ...201627455665
melanogenesis-inhibitory activities of isomeric c-seco limonoids and deesterified limonoids.treatment of eight c-seco limonoids including six of salannin-type, 1 - 6, and two of nimbin-type, 7 and 8, with a combination of bf3 · et2 o and iodide ion yielded the isomeric c-seco derivatives, i.e., six isosalannins, 1a - 6a, and two isonimbins, 7a and 8a, respectively. ohchinin (1) was further subjected to lialh4 reduction which yielded a deesterified trihydroxy limonoid, nimbidinol (9). in addition, ten limonoids including seven of azadirone-type, 10 - 16, and three of gedunin-type, 17 - ...201627450797
comparative analysis of the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway in azadirachta indica and melia azedarach by rna-seq.azadirachta indica (neem) is the only source of azadirachtin, which is known for its insecticide activity. melia azedarach is a related species of a. indica, widely distributed in the south of china. in this study, the leaf transcriptomes of these two meliaceae plants were sequenced. more than 40 million clean reads were generated from each library. about 80 % of a. indica reads were mapped to the neem genome, while 93 % of m. azedarach reads were mapped to its assembled transcripts and unigenes ...201627390659
azadirachta indica triterpenoids promote osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro and in vivo.terpenoids were isolated using chromatographic purification through solvent purification technique and identified as azadirone (1), epoxyazadiradione (2) azadiradione (3) gedunin (4) nimbin (5) salannin (6) azadirachtin a (7) and azadirachtin b (8) from azadirachta indica. out of eight compounds, only three compounds had osteogenic activity and enhanced osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralization in osteoblast cells. active compounds stimulated osteogenic genes alp, runx-2 and o ...201627317644
sequestering of as(iii) and as(v) from wastewater using a novel neem leaves/mnfe2o4 composite biosorbent.an arsenic biosorbent comprising neem leaves (nl) and mnfe2o4 particles was developed and its removal potential was investigated. physicochemical analysis of the nl/mnfe2o4 composite (mnl) was performed for the brunauer, emmett and teller surface area, fourier transform infrared spectra (ft-ir), and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive x-ray (edx). the following parameters were optimized: ph, biosorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and initial arsenic concentration. the optimum ph ...201627284978
nimbolide inhibits nuclear factor-кb pathway in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages and alleviates experimental colitis in mice.nimbolide is a limonoid extracted from neem tree (azadirachta indica) that has antiinflammatory properties. the effect of nimbolide on the nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) pathway in intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), macrophages and in murine colitis models was investigated. the iec colo 205, the murine macrophage cell line raw 264.7, and peritoneal macrophages from interleukin-10-deficient (il-10(-/-) ) mice were preconditioned with nimbolide and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (tn ...201627270592
combination of nimbolide and tnf-α-increases human colon adenocarcinoma cell death through jnk-mediated dr5 up- regulation.tumor necrosis factor (tnf-α), an inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, has previously been used in anti-cancer therapy. however, the therapeutic applications of tnf-α are largely limited due to its general toxicity and anti-apoptotic influence. to overcome this problem, the present study focused on the effect of active constituents isolated from a medicinal plant on tnf-α-induced apoptosis in human colon adenocar ...201627268643
cytotoxic effects of neem oil in the midgut of the predator ceraeochrysa claveri.studies of morphological and ultrastructural alterations in target organs have been useful for evaluating the sublethal effects of biopesticides regarded as safe for non-target organisms in ecotoxicological analyses. one of the most widely used biopesticides is neem oil, and its safety and compatibility with natural enemies have been further clarified through bioassays performed to analyze the effects of indirect exposure by the intake of poisoned prey. thus, this study examined the cellular res ...201626520254
the bioefficacy of crude extracts of azadirachta indica (meliaceae) on the survival and development of myiasis-causing larvae of chrysomya bezziana (diptera: calliphoridae).myiasis is a type of parasitosis originating from the invasion of tissues of live humans and other vertebrates by dipteran larvae. the old world screwworm fly—chrysomya bezziana—is known worldwide in the tropical regions for causing myiasis among man and domestic animals, thereby leading to health hazards and severe economic losses to the dairy farmers. management techniques for controlling populations of the fly are needed to minimize these losses. plant-derived materials have been increasingly ...201626494546
blue emitting zno nanostructures grown through cellulose bio-templates.this paper presents a green and cost-effective recipe for the synthesis of blue-emitting zno nanoparticles (nps) using cellulose bio-templates. azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract prepared in different solvents were used as biological templates to produce nanostructures of wurtzite zno with a particle size ~12-36 nm. a cellulose-driven capping mechanism is used to describe the morphology of zno nps. the scanning electron microscopy (sem), transmission electron microscopy (tem), x-ray diffract ...201626597927
effect of feeding neem (azadirachta indica) and acacia (acacia senegal) tree foliage on nutritional and carcass parameters in short-eared somali goats.the study was conducted to determine the effects of dried foliage of acacia senegal and neem (azadirachta indica) tree supplementations on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth, and carcass parameters in short-eared somali goats. twenty male intact short-eared somali goat yearlings with an average live weight of 16.2 ± 1.08 (mean ± sd) were assigned to four treatment groups, which comprised a basal diet of hay alone (t1) and supplementation with the tree foliages. supplements consisted nee ...201626563272
desacetyl nimbinene inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis through reactive oxygen species mediated mechanisms.accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) has been implicated in induction of apoptosis and regulation of key signaling molecules in cancer cells. phytochemicals are potent source of anticancer drugs as wells as potential inducers of ros. neem (azadirachta indica) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases. the main objective of this study is to investigate the anticancer effect of desacetyl nimbinene (dan; an active ingredient of neem) against breast cancer. normal and ...201626637227
mechanism of neem limonoids-induced cell death in cancer: role of oxidative phosphorylation.we have previously reported that neem limonoids (neem) induce multiple cancer cell death pathways. here we dissect the underlying mechanisms of neem-induced apoptotic cell death in cancer. we observed that neem-induced caspase activation does not require bax/bak channel-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, permeability transition pore, and mitochondrial fragmentation. neem enhanced mitochondrial dna and mitochondrial biomass. while oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) complex-i ...201626627937
ultrasound-assisted extraction of azadirachtin from dried entire fruits of azadirachta indica a. juss. (meliaceae) and its determination by a validated hplc-pda method.azadirachta indica a. juss., also known as neem, is a meliaceae family tree from india. it is globally known for the insecticidal properties of its limonoid tetranortriterpenoid derivatives, such as azadirachtin. this work aimed to optimize the azadirachtin ultrasound-assisted extraction (uae) and validate the hplc-pda analytical method for the measurement of this marker in neem dried fruit extracts. box-behnken design and response surface methodology (rsm) were used to investigate the effect of ...201626717816
nimbolide-induced oxidative stress abrogates stat3 signaling cascade and inhibits tumor growth in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model.prostate cancer (pca) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. currently available therapies for metastatic pca are only marginally effective, hence novel treatment modalities are urgently required. considerable evidence(s) suggest that deregulated activation of oncogenic transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of pca. thus, agents that can abrogate stat3 activation could form the bas ...201626649526
azadirachtin(a) distinctively modulates subdomain 2 of actin - novel mechanism to induce depolymerization revealed by molecular dynamics study.azadirachtin(a) (aza), a potential insecticide from neem, binds to actin and induces depolymerization in drosophila. aza binds to the pocket same as that of latrunculin a (lat), but lat inhibits actin polymerization by stiffening the actin structure and affects the adp-atp exchange. the mechanism by which aza induces actin depolymerization is not clearly understood. therefore, different computational experiments were conducted to delineate the precise mechanism of aza-induced actin depolymerizat ...201626646738
natural agents used in chemoprevention of aerodigestive and gi cancers.aerodigestive cancers are on an increasing level in both occurrence and mortality. a major cause in many of these cancers is disruption of the inflammatory pathway, leading to increased cell proliferation, and epigenetic silencing of normal regulatory genes. here we review the research on several natural products: silibinin, silymarin, quercetin, neem & nimbolide, gingerol, epigallatecatechin-3- gallate, curcumin, genistein and resveratrol conducted on aerodigestive cancers. these types of cance ...201627134816
use of plant extracts for tea pest management in india.india is the second largest producer of black tea in the world. the biggest challenge for tea growers of india nowadays is to combat pests and diseases. tea crop in india is infested by not less than 720 insect and mite species. at least four sucking pests and six chewing pests have well established themselves as regular pests causing substantial damage to this foliage crop. various synthetic pesticides are widely used for the management of tea pests in india. applications of such large quantity ...201627102124
lack of genotoxic potential of pesticides, spinosad, imidacloprid and neem oil in mice (mus musculus).pesticides, spinosad, imidacloprid and neem oil are widely used both in residential and agricultural environments because of its broad spectrum insecticidal activity and effectiveness. the present study was undertaken to estimate genotoxicity of formulations of some pesticides in mice. three pesticides of diverse group studied were spinosad (45% w/v), imidacloprid (17.8%, w/v) and neem oil. animals were exposed 37, 4.5 and 50 mg kg⁻¹ b.wt. for spinosad, imidacloprid and neem oil, respectively, t ...201627097450
morphological and biochemical changes in azadirachta indica from coal combustion fly ash dumping site from a thermal power plant in delhi, india.the foliar and biochemical traits of azadirachta indica a. juss from fly ash (fa) dumping site in badarpur thermal power plant (btpp) new delhi, india was studied. three different experimental sites were selected at different distances from the thermal power plant. ambient suspended particulate matter (spm) and plant responses such as leaf pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), total chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal index (si), stomatal conductance (sc), intercel ...201627077968
azadirachta indica plant-assisted green synthesis of mn3o4 nanoparticles: excellent thermal catalytic performance and chemical sensing behavior.the leaf extract of azadirachta indica (neem) plant was utilized as reducing agent for the green synthesis of mn3o4 nanoparticles (nps). the crystalline analysis demonstrated the typical tetragonal hausmannite crystal structure of mn3o4, which confirmed the formation of mn3o4 nps without the existence of other oxides. green synthesized mn3o4 nps were applied for the catalytic thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (ap) and as working electrode for fabricating the chemical sensor. the exce ...201627038784
therapeutics role of azadirachta indica (neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment.neem (azadirachta indica) is a member of the meliaceae family and its role as health-promoting effect is attributed because it is rich source of antioxidant. it has been widely used in chinese, ayurvedic, and unani medicines worldwide especially in indian subcontinent in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. earlier finding confirmed that neem and its constituents play role in the scavenging of free radical generation and prevention of disease pathogenesis. the studies based on anima ...201627034694
anticancer properties of nimbolide and pharmacokinetic considerations to accelerate its development.nimbolide is one of the main components in the leaf extract of azadirachta indica (a. indica). accumulating evidence from various in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that nimbolide possesses potent anticancer activity against several types of cancer and also shows potential chemopreventive activity in animal models. the main mechanisms of action of nimbolide include anti-proliferation, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, and modulation of carcinogen-metabolizing ...201627027349
potential of neem (azadirachta indica l.) for prevention and treatment of oncologic diseases.throughout time, plants have often displayed medicinal properties that have been underscored. we often derive medicines involved in treating cancer from components in plants. azadirachta indica, commonly known as "neem", has been used to treat different ailments in many asian countries. due to its widespread beneficial uses, a. indica has often been referred to as "the wonder tree" or "nature's drug store". various parts of this plant, including, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, bark and o ...201627019417
therapeutic and safety evaluation of combined aqueous extracts of azadirachta indica and khaya senegalensis in chickens experimentally infected with eimeria oocysts.coccidiosis is a disease of economic importance in poultry causing morbidity and mortality. reports show that azadirachta indica and khaya senegalensis have been used individually in the treatment of avian coccidiosis. we thus investigated the efficacy and safety of the combined aqueous extracts of these plants for the treatment of experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens using oocyst count, oxidative stress biomarkers, serum biochemistry, histology, and haematological parameters. ...201626989496
gedunin inhibits pancreatic cancer by altering sonic hedgehog signaling pathway.the lack of efficient treatment options for pancreatic cancer highlights the critical need for the development of novel and effective chemotherapeutic agents. the medicinal properties found in plants have been used to treat many different illnesses including cancers. this study focuses on the anticancer effects of gedunin, a natural compound isolated from azadirachta indica.201626988754
designing and screening of universal drug from neem (azadirachta indica) and standard drug chemicals against influenza virus nucleoprotein.different strains of influenza virus are affecting a large number of people worldwide. many synthetic antiviral medicines are available for influenza virus in the market. but still there is a need for the development of universal drugs against these strains of influenza virus.201627986088
nimbolide, a neem limonoid inhibits phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase to activate glycogen synthase kinase-3β in a hamster model of oral oncogenesis.glycogen synthase kinase-3β (gsk-3β), a serine/threonine kinase is frequently inactivated by the oncogenic signalling kinases pi3k/akt and mapk/erk in diverse malignancies. the present study was designed to investigate gsk-3β signalling circuits in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba)-induced hamster buccal pouch (hbp) carcinogenesis model and the therapeutic potential of the neem limonoid nimbolide. inactivation of gsk-3β by phosphorylation at serine 9 and activation of pi3k/akt, mapk/erk ...201626902162
morphological alterations in salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (acari: ixodidae) exposed to neem seed oil with known azadirachtin concentration.neem (azadirachta indica) has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide due to its repellent properties and recognized effects on the morphology and physiology of arthropods, including ticks. therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the effects of neem seed oil enriched with azadirachtin on salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, targets of great veterinary interest because of their ability to transmit pathogens to dogs. for this, r. sanguineus semi-engorged females were subj ...201626852009
neem leaf glycoprotein promotes dual generation of central and effector memory cd8(+) t cells against sarcoma antigen vaccine to induce protective anti-tumor immunity.we have previously shown that neem leaf glycoprotein (nlgp) mediates sustained tumor protection by activating host immune response. now we report that adjuvant help from nlgp predominantly generates cd44(+)cd62l(high)ccr7(high) central memory (tcm; in lymph node) and cd44(+)cd62l(low)ccr7(low) effector memory (tem; in spleen) cd8(+) t cells of swiss mice after vaccination with sarcoma antigen (sarag). generated tcm and tem participated either to replenish memory cell pool for sustained disease f ...201626851529
knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding cervical cancer among rural community women in northeast thailand.cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy among women worldwide, and women of reproductive age in thailand. however, information on the behavior regarding cervical cancer in rural community thailand is sparse.201626838259
nimbolide inhibits pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis through ros-mediated apoptosis and inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.the mortality and morbidity rates of pancreatic cancer are high because of its extremely invasive and metastatic nature. its lack of symptoms, late diagnosis and chemo-resistance and the ineffective treatment modalities warrant the development of new chemo-therapeutic agents for pancreatic cancer. agents from medicinal plants have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in various human cancers. nimbolide, an active molecule isolated from azadirachta indica, has been reported to exhibit several medici ...201626804739
gedunin abrogates aldose reductase, pi3k/akt/mtor, and nf-κb signaling pathways to inhibit angiogenesis in a hamster model of oral carcinogenesis.aberrant activation of oncogenic signaling pathways plays a central role in tumor development and progression. the aim of this present study was to investigate the chemopreventive effects of the neem limonoid gedunin in the hamster model of oral cancer based on its ability to modulate aldose reductase (ar), phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (pi3k)/akt, and nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb) pathways to block angiogenesis. administration of gedunin suppressed the development of hbp carcinomas by inhibit ...201626342697
effect of initial temperature treatment on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of azadirachta indica a. juss.the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of initial temperature treatment on phytochemical and antioxidant potential of commercially important plant azadirachta indica a. juss. the leaves were differentially treated after harvest at temperatures 4, -20, and 110 °c and at room temperature, separately. it was found that a quick drying process at 110 °c followed by air-drying helped in maximum retention of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, which was significantly higher t ...201626467740
in vitro screening of natural feed additives from crustaceans, diatoms, seaweeds and plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation.eight natural products from animal, unicellular algae, brown seaweed and plant origins were chosen according to their theoretical antimicrobial activity: diatomaceous earths (de), insoluble chitosan (ichi), soluble chitosan (chi), seaweed meal (swm), ascophyllum nodosum (asc), laminaria digitata (lam), neem oil (noil) and an ivy fruit extract rich in saponins (ivy). dose-response incubations were conducted to determine their effect on rumen fermentation pattern and gas production, while their an ...201626441121
steroidal glycoalkaloids: chemical defence of edible african nightshades against the tomato red spider mite, tetranychus evansi (acari: tetranychidae).tetranychus evansi is an invasive pest of solanaceous crops in africa, and in the field it differentially attacks edible african nightshades. the chemical basis for the differential attack on these plant species is largely unknown. using bioassays and chemical analysis, we investigated the differential bioactivity of leaf extracts of three edible african nightshade species, solanum sarrachoides, s. scabrum and s. villosum, on adult t. evansi females.201626299255
effect of natural compounds on fusarium graminearum complex.a search is underway for new solutions to counter farm loss caused by fungal contamination of grains, since the active agents of fungicides can remain in the environment and contribute to the development of resistant and toxigenic species. in this study, the antifungal activity of natural compounds (γ-oryzanol, phenolic extract of neem seeds and of rice bran) was assessed on three toxigenic strains of fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat, rice and barley. their efficacy was compared to that ...201626699689
efficacy of thai neem oil against aedes aegypti (l.) larvae.trees with larvicidal activity may be found in thailand. we conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy and length of efficacy of thai neem (azadirachta siamensis) oil emulsion and an alginate bead of thai neem oil formulation against early fourth stage aedes aegypti larvae using a dipping test. the thai neem oil emulsion had significantly greater larvicidal activity than the alginate bead formulation at 12 to 60 hours post-exposure (p < 0.01). the thai neem oil formulation resulted in 100% mo ...201627405123
characterization and mosquitocidal potential of neem cake-synthesized silver nanoparticles: genotoxicity and impact on predation efficiency of mosquito natural enemies.mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) serve as important vectors for a wide number of parasites and pathogens of huge medical and veterinary importance. aedes aegypti is a primary dengue vector in tropical and subtropical urban areas. there is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly mosquitocides. in this study, silver nanoparticles (agnp) were biosynthesized using neem cake, a by-product of the neem oil extraction from the seed kernels of azadirachta indica. agnp were characterized using a variety of ...201626573518
phytoremediation potential of chromium-containing tannery effluent-contaminated soil by native indian timber-yielding tree species.twenty-six native indian tree species that are used for the enhanced tree cover program of the forest department (government of tamilnadu, india) were screened for phytoremediation of tannery effluent-contaminated soil containing high chromium content. out of 26 tree species tested, 10 timber-yielding tree species were selected for further phytoremediation monitoring. after a series of treatments with tannery effluent sludge, the chromium content was measured in the plant parts. the saplings of ...201626177918
evaluation of medicinal plants and colloidal silver efficiency against vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in litopenaeus vannamei cultured at low salinity.in shrimp aquaculture, reduction in the use of synthetic antibiotics is a priority due to the high incidence of resistant bacteria (vibrio) in the white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei. an increasing number of studies show bactericidal activity of natural treatments in aquaculture. the effectiveness of neem (azadirachta indica) and oregano (lippia berlandieri) aqueous extracts and colloidal silver against v. parahaemolyticus were evaluated in low salinity shrimp culture. results show that aqueous ex ...201627901504
quantitative ethnomedicinal survey of medicinal plants given for cardiometabolic diseases by the non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of tiruvallur district, tamil nadu, india.the burden of cardiometabolic diseases such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, visceral obesity and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and the use of traditional medicine for the management of such diseases are high in india; hence there is a need to document and analyze such therapies.201627090346
large scale screening of ethnomedicinal plants for identification of potential antibacterial compounds.the global burden of bacterial infections is very high and has been exacerbated by increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics. antibiotic resistance leads to failed treatment of infections, which can ultimately lead to death. to overcome antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to identify new antibacterial agents. in this study, a total of 662 plant extracts (diverse parts) from 222 plant species (82 families, 177 genera) were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar cup plate method ...201626985889
restoration of degraded soil in the nanmangalam reserve forest with native tree species: effect of indigenous plant growth-promoting bacteria.restoration of a highly degraded forest, which had lost its natural capacity for regeneration, was attempted in the nanmangalam reserve forest in eastern ghats of india. in field experiment, 12 native tree species were planted. the restoration included inoculation with a consortium of 5 native plant growth-promoting bacteria (pgpb), with the addition of small amounts of compost and a chemical fertilizer (npk). the experimental fields were maintained for 1080 days. the growth and biomass varied d ...201627195310
anthelmintic potential of calotropis procera, azadirachta indica and punica granatum against gastrothylax indicus.anthelmintic activity of both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of calotropis procera flowers, azadirachta indica leaves and punica granatum fruit peel in comparison with albendazole was evaluated through in vitro studies by the worm motility inhibition assay. significant anthelmintic effects (p < 0.0005) were observed on live gastrothylax indicus worm as evident from their mortality at 4 h post exposure to both ethanolic and aqueous extracts. phytochemical analysis of extracts revealed the presenc ...201627876922
evaluation of anthelmintic activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against the gastrointestinal nematode, haemonchus contortus.the present study focuses on the in vitro anthelmintic activity of silver nanoparticles (agnps) synthesized using the aqueous extract of azadirachta indica against haemonchus contortus. the synthesized agnps were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (uv-vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (sem), transmission electron microscopy (tem) and x-ray diffraction (xrd) studies. the uv-vis spectrum exhibited a sharp peak at 420 nm, which was validated by electron microscopy, indicating t ...201627374616
antiviral phytochemicals identification from azadirachta indica leaves against hcv ns3 protease: an in silico approach.hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a major health problem across the world affecting the people of all age groups. it is the main cause of hepatitis and at chronic stage causes liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. various therapeutics are made against hcv but still there is a need to find out potential therapeutics to combat the virus. the goal of this study is to identify the phytochemicals of azadirachta indica leaves having antiviral activity against hcv ns3 protease through molecular dockin ...201626274064
evaluation of antiviral activity of plant extracts against foot and mouth disease virus in vitro.the aim of this study was to evaluate antiviral activity of chloroformic leaves extracts of three plants: azadirachta indica, moringa oleifera and morus alba against foot and mouth disease virus using mtt assay (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). antiviral and cytotoxic activity of each extract was evaluated as cell survival percentage and results were expressed as means ± s.d. the concentrations which resulted in cell survival percentages of greater than 50% are co ...201627393440
facile green fabrication of nanostructure zno plates, bullets, flower, prismatic tip, closed pine cone: their antibacterial, antioxidant, photoluminescent and photocatalytic properties.green synthesis of multifunctional zinc oxide nanoparticles (nps) with a variety of morphologies were achieved by low temperature solution combustion route employing neem (azadirachta indica) extract as fuel. the nanoparticles were characterized by pxrd, ftir, xps, raman and uv-visible spectroscopic studies. the morphologies were studied by sem and tem analysis. the nps were subjected for photoluminescence, photocatalytic, antibacterial and antioxidant activity studies. pxrd pattern confirmed th ...201626241826
immuno-pathological studies on broiler chicken experimentally infected with escherichia coli and supplemented with neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extract.the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of neem leaf extract (nle) supplementation on immunological response and pathology of different lymphoid organs in experimentally escherichia coli challenged broiler chickens.201627536035
preliminary phytochemical screening, antibacterial potential and gc-ms analysis of two medicinal plant extracts.the presence study was aimed to catalyze the primary metabolites and their confirmation by using gc-ms analysis and antibacterial potential of leaf extract of two important medicinal plant viz., eucalyptus and azadirachta indica. the antibacterial potential of the methanol leaf extract of the studied species was tested against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiellap neumoniae, streptococcus pyogens, staphylococcus aureus using by agar well diffusion method. the higher zone of inhib ...201627166527
a solvent induced crystallisation method to imbue bioactive ingredients of neem oil into the compact structure of poly (ethylene terephthalate) polyester.neem oil, a natural antibacterial agent from neem tree (azadarichtaindica) has been used to impart antibacterial activity to polyester fabrics. solvent induced polymer modification method was used and that facilitated the easy entry of neem molecules into the compact structure of polyethylene terephthalate (pet) polyester. the polyester fabric was treated with trichloroacetic acid-methylene chloride (tcamc) solvent system at room temperature prior to treatment with neem oil. the concentration of ...201627127070
in vitro and ex vivo activity of an azadirachta indica a.juss. seed kernel extract on early sporogonic development of plasmodium in comparison with azadirachtin a, its most abundant constituent.neemazal(®) (na) is a quantified extract from seed kernels of neem, azadirachta indica a.juss. (meliaceae), with a wide spectrum of biological properties, classically ascribed to its limonoid content. na contains several azadirachtins (a to l), azadirachtin a (azaa) being its main constituent. azaa has been shown to inhibit microgamete formation of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei, and na was found to completely inhibit the transmission of plasmodium berghei to anopheles stephensi ...201627912876
transmission blocking effects of neem (azadirachta indica) seed kernel limonoids on plasmodium berghei early sporogonic development.azadirachta indica, known as neem tree and traditionally called "nature's drug store" makes part of several african pharmacopeias and is widely used for the preparation of homemade remedies and commercial preparations against various illnesses, including malaria. employing a bio-guided fractionation approach, molecules obtained from a. indica ripe and green fruit kernels were tested for activity against early sporogonic stages of plasmodium berghei, the parasite stages that develop in the mosqui ...201627642038
in vivo and in vitro effectiveness of azadirachta indica-synthesized silver nanocrystals against plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum, and their potential against malaria mosquitoes.malaria transmission is a serious emergence in urban and semiurban areas worldwide, becoming a major international public health concern. malaria is transmitted through the bites of anopheles mosquitoes. the extensive employ of synthetic pesticides leads to negative effects on human health and the environment. recently, plant-synthesized nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective mosquitocides. in this research, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnp) using the azadirachta indica se ...201627234530
evaluation of herbal antimalarial mama decoction-amodiaquine combination in murine malaria model.co-administration of amodiaquine with mama decoction (md), an herbal antimalarial drug comprising the leaves of mangifera indica l. (anacardiaceae), alstonia boonei de wild (apocynaceae), morinda lucida benth (rubiaceae) and azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae) was investigated. the practice of concurrent administration of herbal medicines with orthodox drugs is currently on the increase globally.201627057621
study on antimicrobial potential of neem oil nanoemulsion against pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in labeo rohita.presence of several biochemical constituents in neem makes it an efficient antimicrobial agent for pathogenic diseases. the current investigation was aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of neem nanoemulsion as a control measure for pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in freshwater fish labeo rohita. the median lethal concentration (lc50) for the neem oil and neem nanoemulsion was 73.9 and 160.3 mg/l, respectively. the biomarker enzymes of treated fish tissues showed a significant difference i ...201624502533
efficacy of 10% whole azadirachta indica (neem) chip as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in chronic periodontitis: a clinical and microbiological study.anti-microbial therapy is essential along with conventional therapy in the management of periodontal disease. instead of systemic chemical agents, herbal products could be used as antimicrobial agents. herbal local drug delivery systems are effective alternative for systemic therapy in managing the chronic periodontal disease. in this study, 10% neem oil chip was used as a local drug delivery system to evaluate the efficacy in the periodontal disease management.201627054855
phenol-rich compounds sweet gel: a statistically more effective antibiotic than cloxacillin against pseudomonas aeruginosa.the purpose of this study was to obtain a natural antibiotic from phenol-rich compounds; for the dressing and the treatment of chronic wounds.201627695634
intracellular, biofilm-inhibitory and membrane-damaging activities of nimbolide isolated from azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae) against meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.staphylococcus aureus is a leading aetiologic agent of nosocomial- and community-acquired infectious diseases worldwide. the public health concern regarding staphylococcal infections is inflated by the increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains, e.g. multidrug- and meticillin-resistant s.aureus (mdr mrsa). this study was designed to evaluate the intracellular killing, membrane-damaging and biofilm-inhibitory activities of nimbolide isolated from azadirachta indica against mdr mrsa. in ...201627553840
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