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evaluation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection by gp 43 intradermal test in rural settlements in central-west brazil.epidemiological studies of paracoccidioidomycosis have been based on surveys achieved with intradermal tests, and paracoccidioidin is the most common antigen used in most cases. the glycoprotein of 43-kda (gp43) has been used in intradermal tests. it is the most antigenic component of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and it provides greater specificity to evaluate infection for this fungus. in this study, the prevalence of p. brasiliensis infection was estimated with intradermal tests involving gp ...201323612867
early endosome antigen 1 (eea1) decreases in macrophages infected with paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, endemic in latin america. p. brasiliensis has been observed in epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro, as well as within the macrophages. the identification of the mechanism by which it survives within the host cell is fertile ground for the discovery of its pathogenesis since this organism has the ability to induce its own endocytosis in epithelial cells and most likely i ...201323566224
evaluation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in dairy goats.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis that affects mainly rural workers in brazil and other latin american countries. the participation of domestic and wild animal species in the ecoepidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis is not well understood. the objective of this study was to evaluate p. brasiliensis infection in dairy goats. the humoral immune response to the gp43 antigen, the main antigen used for paracoccidioidomycosis serodiag ...201323572299
tridimensional ultrastructure and glycolipid pattern studies of trypanosoma dionisii.trypanosoma (schizotrypanum) dionisii is a non-pathogenic bat trypanosome closely related to trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chaga's disease. both kinetoplastids present similar morphological stages and are able to infect mammalian cells in culture. in the present study we examined 3d ultrastructure aspects of the two species by serial sectioning epimastigote and trypomastigote forms, and identified common carbohydrate epitopes expressed in t. dionisii, t. cruzi and leishmania major. ...201323933185
mimicry epitope from ehrlichia canis for interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein 201-216 prevents autoimmune uveoretinitis by acting as altered peptide ligand.we report here identification of novel mimicry epitopes for interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (irbp) 201-216, a candidate ocular antigen that causes experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (eau) in a/j mice. one mimicry epitope from ehrlichia canis (ehc), designated ehc 44-59, induced cross-reactive t cells for irbp 201-216 capable of producing t helper (th)1 and th17 cytokines, but failed to induce eau in a/j mice. in addition, animals first primed with suboptimal doses of irbp 201-216 ...201324029580
concomitant fungal and mycobacterium bovis infections in beef cattle in kenya.bovine tuberculosis is an important zoonosis and accurate diagnosis is important for its surveillance. post-mortem diagnosis may, however, be compromised by lesions caused by other pathogens. in an investigation on its prevalence in slaughter cattle in kenya, mycobacterium bovis and dimorphic fungi were inadvertently identified separately or concurrently in tuberculous lesions. beef carcasses were inspected for lesions in two abattoirs in nairobi. tissues with lesions were collected and transpor ...201323902371
the antimicrobial activity of lapachol and its thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives.lapachol was chemically modified to obtain its thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives. these compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against several bacteria and fungi by the broth microdilution method. the thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone derivatives of lapachol exhibited antimicrobial activity against the bacteria enterococcus faecalis and staphylococcus aureus with minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 0.05 and 0.10 µmol/ml, respectively. the thiosemicarbazone and s ...201323778660
inhibition of pbgp43 expression may suggest that gp43 is a virulence factor in paracoccidioides brasiliensis.glycoprotein gp43 is an immunodominant diagnostic antigen for paracoccidioidomycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. it is abundantly secreted in isolates such as pb339. it is structurally related to beta-1,3-exoglucanases, however inactive. its function in fungal biology is unknown, but it elicits humoral, innate and protective cellular immune responses; it binds to extracellular matrix-associated proteins. in this study we applied an antisense rna (arna) technology and agrobacterium t ...201323874627
serological survey of paracoccidioidomycosis in cats.the objective of the present study was to evaluate infection of cats by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. serum samples of 136 cats from rural (n = 86) and urban areas (n = 50) were analyzed by indirect elisa and immunodiffusion test using p. brasiliensis gp43 and exoantigen as antigens, respectively, and an overall reactivity of 31.6 % was observed by elisa although no reactivity was detected by immunodiffusion. the positivity observed in animals living in rural areas (48.8 %) with free access to ...201323912468
the immunomodulatory effect of plant lectins: a review with emphasis on artinm properties.advances in the glycobiology and immunology fields have provided many insights into the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in the immune system. we aim to present a comprehensive review of the effects that some plant lectins exert as immunomodulatory agents, showing that they are able to positively modify the immune response to certain pathological conditions, such as cancer and infections. the present review comprises four main themes: (1) an overview of plant lectins that exert immunomo ...201323299509
neutrophils in oral paracoccidioidomycosis and the involvement of nrf2.neutrophils have been implicated in granuloma formation in several infectious diseases, in addition to their main phagocytic and pathogen destruction role. it has been demonstrated that nrf2 regulates antioxidant protection in neutrophils, attenuating inflammation without compromising the hosts bacterial defense. in this study, we analyzed the presence of neutrophils in paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycosis (pcm), as well as the immunoexpression of nrf2. thirty-nine cases of oral pcm were classi ...201324204715
new developments of rnai in paracoccidioides brasiliensis: prospects for high-throughput, genome-wide, functional genomics.the fungal genome initiative of the broad institute, in partnership with the paracoccidioides research community, has recently sequenced the genome of representative isolates of this human-pathogen dimorphic fungus: pb18 (s1), pb03 (ps2) and pb01. the accomplishment of future high-throughput, genome-wide, functional genomics will rely upon appropriate molecular tools and straightforward techniques to streamline the generation of stable loss-of-function phenotypes. in the past decades, rnai has e ...201425275433
paracoccidioides brasiliensis pbp27 gene: knockdown procedures and functional characterization.paracoccidioides brasiliensis pbp27 gene encodes a protein localized in both the fungal cytoplasm and cell wall. the parasitic infectious form produces this protein preferentially with the gene's expression varying between the fungus phylogenetic species. the biological function of the native p27 has yet to be determined during either growth of the yeast or host infection. therefore, in this study, through the use of antisense rna technology and agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, ...201424118983
dimorphic fungal osteoarticular infections.the objective of this investigation was to review the clinical manifestations, management, and outcome of osteoarticular infections caused by dimorphic fungi. we exhaustively reviewed reports of bone and joint infections caused by dimorphic fungi published between 1970 and 2012. underlying conditions, microbiological features, histological characteristics, clinical manifestations, antifungal therapy, and outcome were analyzed in 222 evaluable cases. among 222 proven cases (median age 41 years [i ...201424939620
dual localization of mdj1 in pathogenic fungi varies with growth temperature.paracoccidioides brasiliensis and p. lutzii are temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi that cause paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). previously, we characterized the pbmdj1 gene. this gene encodes p. brasiliensis chaperone mdj1, which in yeast is a mitochondrial member of the j-domain family, whose main function is to regulate cognate hsp70 activities. we produced rabbit polyclonal antibody antirecombinant pbmdj1 (rpbmdj1), which labeled the protein not only in mitochondria but also at the cell wall o ...201424577000
highlights in pathogenic fungal biofilms.a wide variety of fungi have demonstrated the ability to colonize surfaces and form biofilms. most studies on fungal biofilms have focused on candida albicans and more recently, several authors have reported the involvement of other genera of yeasts and candida species, as well as of filamentous fungi in the formation of biofilms, including: cryptococcus neoformans, cryptococcus gattii, rhodotorula species, aspergillus fumigatus, malassezia pachydermatis, histoplasma capsulatum, paracoccidioides ...201424252828
thermally dimorphic human fungal pathogens--polyphyletic pathogens with a convergent pathogenicity trait.fungi are adept at changing their cell shape and developmental program in response to signals in their surroundings. here we focus on a group of evolutionarily related fungal pathogens of humans known as the thermally dimorphic fungi. these organisms grow in a hyphal form in the environment but shift their morphology drastically within a mammalian host. temperature is one of the main host signals that initiates their conversion to the "host" form and is sufficient in the laboratory to trigger es ...201425384771
recombinant paracoccin reproduces the biological properties of the native protein and induces protective th1 immunity against paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.paracoccin is a dual-function protein of the yeast paracoccidioides brasiliensis that has lectin properties and n-acetylglucosaminidase activities. proteomic analysis of a paracoccin preparation from p. brasiliensis revealed that the sequence matched that of the hypothetical protein encoded by padg-3347 of isolate pb-18, with a polypeptide sequence similar to the family 18 endochitinases. these endochitinases are multi-functional proteins, with distinct lectin and enzymatic domains.201424743161
importance of the association of molecular and immunological diagnosis in immunocompetent patient with histoplasma capsulatum and cryptoccocus neoformans infection: a case report.this case reports an immunocompetent 29-year-old woman with suspected pneumonia, suggestive of fungal infection. immunoblotting analysis reactivity against histoplasma capsulatum and paracoccidioides brasiliensis were observed. nested-pcr in blood employing species-specific primers was positive for h. capsulatum and cryptococcus neoformans. the evaluation of paucisymptomatic patients with positive results for h. capsulatum and c. neoformans could be relevant for the prevention as well as the pos ...201425180029
in vitro studies of the activity of dithiocarbamate organoruthenium complexes against clinically relevant fungal pathogens.the in vitro antifungal activity of nine dirutheniumpentadithiocarbamate complexes c1-c9 was investigated and assessed for its activity against four different fungal species with clinical interest and related to invasive fungal infections (ifis), such as candida spp. [c. albicans (two clinical isolates), c. glabrata, c. krusei, c. parapsolisis, c. tropicalis, c.dubliniensis (six clinical isolates)], paracoccidioides brasiliensis (seven clinical isolates), cryptococcus neoformans and sporothrix s ...201424879585
the impact of proteomics on the understanding of functions and biogenesis of fungal extracellular vesicles.several microbial molecules are released to the extracellular space in vesicle-like structures. in pathogenic fungi, these molecules include pigments, polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins, which traverse the cell wall in vesicles that accumulate in the extracellular space. the diverse composition of fungal extracellular vesicles (ev) is indicative of multiple mechanisms of cellular biogenesis, a hypothesis that was supported by ev proteomic studies in a set of saccharomyces cerevisiae strains w ...201423583696
monoclonal antibodies to heat shock protein 60 induce a protective immune response against experimental paracoccidioides lutzii.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is an endemic mycosis in latin america. pcm is primarily caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis and less frequently by the recently described, closely related species paracoccidioides lutzii. current treatment requires protracted administration of systemic antibiotics and relapses may frequently occur despite months of initial therapy. hence, there is a need for innovative approaches to treatment. in the present study we analyzed the impact of two monoclonal antibod ...201425161111
paracoccidioidomycosis simulating brain tumor.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. involvement of the central nervous system (cns) occurs in about 10% of cases.201425298916
efficacy of voriconazole in experimental rat paracoccidioidomycosis.amphotericin b, azole or sulfamide drugs are used for treatment of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. among the azole drugs, voriconazole was active in vitro against paracoccidioides brasiliensis and showed efficacy in the treatment of patients infected with this fungus.in the present study the antifungal activity of voriconazole and of other drugs was compared in a rat model of paracoccidioidomycosis.201423563830
ribosomal dna nanoprobes studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.paracoccidioides brasiliensis (p. brasiliensis) is a thermo-dimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis. brazil epidemiological data shows that endemic areas are the subtropical regions, especially where agricultural activities predominate such as the southeast, south, and midwest. there are several tests to diagnose paracoccidioidomycosis, but they have many limitations such as low sensitivity, high cost, and a cross-reacting problem. in this work, gold nanoprobes were used to identify ...201424036304
paracoccidioides lutzii sp. nov.: biological and clinical implications.paracoccidioides lutzii, formerly known as 'pb01-like' strains in the p. brasiliensis complex, is proposed as a new species based on phylogenetic and comparative genomics data, recombination analysis, and morphological characteristics. conidia of p. lutzii are elongated, different from those of p. brasiliensis. p. lutzii occurs in the central and northern regions of brazil. studies comparing p. brasiliensis and p. lutzii may have significant clinical consequences for the diagnosis and treatment ...201423768243
paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).the objective of this study was to evaluate the infection of domestic rabbits by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. initially two rabbits were experimentally infected with p. brasiliensis and the humoral immune response was evaluated by elisa using gp43 as antigen. the two animals showed igg response against gp43 although no signs of disease were observed. the seroepidemiological study was carried out in 170 rabbits (free range n = 81 and caged n = 89) living in an endemic area for human paracoccidi ...201424125519
α-(1,4)-amylase, but not α- and β-(1,3)-glucanases, may be responsible for the impaired growth and morphogenesis of paracoccidioides brasiliensis induced by n-glycosylation inhibition.the cell wall of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which consists of a network of polysaccharides and glycoproteins, is essential for fungal pathogenesis. we have previously reported that n-glycosylation of proteins such as n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase is required for the growth and morphogenesis of p. brasiliensis. in the present study, we investigated the influence of tunycamicin (tm)-mediated inhibition of n-linked glycosylation on α- and β-(1,3)-glucanases and on α-(1,4)-amylase in p. brasilien ...201424155051
the complex task of choosing a de novo assembly: lessons from fungal genomes.selecting the values of parameters used by de novo genomic assembly programs, or choosing an optimal de novo assembly from several runs obtained with different parameters or programs, are tasks that can require complex decision-making. a key parameter that must be supplied to typical next generation sequencing (ngs) assemblers is the k-mer length, i.e., the word size that determines which de bruijn graph the program should map out and use. the topic of assembly selection criteria was recently re ...201425262360
an optimized one-tube, semi-nested pcr assay for paracoccidioides brasiliensis detection.herein, we report a one-tube, semi-nested-polymerase chain reaction (otsn-pcr) assay for the detection of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.201424474025
immunoblotting of soluble antigens in paracoccidioides brasiliensis culture.this study investigated the major soluble antigens produced by paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb339) cultured in solid sabouraud (ph 5.6 and 8.5), sabouraud plus brain heart infusion and liquid tomato juice-enriched complex medium media at intervals of 3 days over 30 days by immunoblotting and concluded that, to optimize the source of each antigen, both time and growth conditions should be considered.201424451019
detection of antibodies against paracoccidioides brasiliensis in free-range domestic pigs (sus scrofa).paracoccidioidomycosis, caused by the thermodimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is a human systemic mycosis prevalent in latin america. paracoccidioidomycosis affects mainly male rural workers, causing granulomatous lesions in several organs such as the lungs, liver and spleen. the participation of other animal species in the fungus epidemiology is not well understood. the objective of this study was to evaluate the infection of free-range domestic pigs by p. brasiliensis. serum samp ...201424436011
paracoccidioidomycosis mimicking squamous cell carcinoma on the dorsum of the tongue and review of published literature.paracoccidioidomycosis is a disease that is endemic to southern and southeastern brazil, caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the most common clinical oral manifestation is the presence of multiple granulomatous ulcers with hemorrhagic dots, located mainly on the lips, palate, and buccal mucosa. however, the disease can manifest atypically as a single ulcer, mimicking oral squamous cell carcinoma (scc) or tuberculosis.201424718811
paracoccidioidomycosis in mexico: clinical and epidemiological data from 93 new cases (1972-2012).paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is an endemic systemic infection in several countries of latin america. the few registered cases in mexico most likely do not reflect the real frequency. disseminate the epidemiological and clinical data of unreported cases of pcm in mexico from 1972 until 2012 is the aim of this work. epidemiological and clinical information of non-published cases of pcm was requested from the principal mycological diagnosis centres in mexico. a total of 93 cases were received. the ...201424698656
human neutrophils produce il-12, il-10, pge2 and ltb4 in response to paracoccidioides brasiliensis. involvement of tlr2, mannose receptor and dectin-1.the functions of phagocytic cells against pathogens are initiated by the interaction between membrane receptors and molecular structures which compose the cell wall of these microorganisms. thus our study aimed to identify the neutrophil receptors involved in the recognition of different strains of paracoccidioides brasiliensis and the consequent modulation of immune response through the production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. neutrophils did not produce tnf-alfa in response to both ...201424680480
dectin-1 induces m1 macrophages and prominent expansion of cd8+il-17+ cells in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.dectin-1, the innate immune receptor that recognizes β-glucan, plays an important role in immunity against fungal pathogens. paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, has a sugar-rich cell wall mainly composed of mannans and glucans. this fact motivated us to use dectin-1-sufficient and -deficient mice to investigate the role of β-glucan recognition in the immunity against pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. initially, we verified that p. brasiliensis infectio ...201424604821
paracoccidioidomycosis in a western brazilian amazon state: clinical-epidemiologic profile and spatial distribution of the disease.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic infection caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. pcm is considered one of the most important systemic mycoses in latin america.201424603739
wild animals as sentinels of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil.paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a dimorphic pathogenic fungus, causes the principal form of systemic mycosis in brazil. the literature furnishes only limited data on the ecology of this fungus in the state of rio grande do sul, the southernmost state of brazil. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of fungal infection in wild animals, using serological tests and using the animals as sentinels of the presence of p. brasiliensis in three specified mesoregions of rio grande do sul ...201424570039
therapeutic administration of recombinant paracoccin confers protection against paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection: involvement of tlrs.paracoccin (pcn) is an n-acetylglucosamine-binding lectin from the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. recombinant pcn (rpcn) induces a t helper (th) 1 immune response when prophylactically administered to balb/c mice, protecting them against subsequent challenge with p. brasiliensis. in this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of rpcn in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) and the mechanism accounting for its beneficial action.201425474158
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase controls fungal loads and immunity in paracoccidioidomicosis but is more important to susceptible than resistant hosts.paracoccidioidomycosis, a primary fungal infection restricted to latin america, is acquired by inhalation of fungal particles. the immunoregulatory mechanisms that control the severe and mild forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are still unclear. indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido), an ifn-γ induced enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan metabolism, can control host-pathogen interaction by inhibiting pathogen growth, t cell immunity and tissue inflammation.201425411790
[paracoccidioidomycosis of the external ear].paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection common in latin america. cutaneous involvement is frequent and usually affects multiple sites, being most frequently associated with lesions of the oropharyngeal mucosa. the cutaneous form on its own is rare.201425209814
correlation between histopathological and ft-raman spectroscopy analysis of the liver of swiss mice infected with paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in latin america. the main entrance of the fungus is the airway. it primarily occurs in the lung, but in its disseminated form may affect any organ. the liver is one of the organs afflicted by this disease and its homeostasis may be impaired. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the evolution of paracoccidioidomycosis in the liver of swiss mice and correlate morphological factors with the expression of gp43 and with physicoche ...201425181524
paracoccidioides lutzii plp43 is an active glucanase with partial antigenic identity with p. brasiliensis gp43.paracoccidioides brasiliensis and p. lutzii cause paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). p. brasiliensis main diagnostic antigen is glycoprotein gp43, and its peptide sequence is 81% identical with a p. lutzii ortholog here called plp43. p. lutzii ("pb01-like") apparently predominates in midwestern/northern brazil, where high percentages of false-negative reactions using p. brasiliensis antigens have recently been reported. the aim of this work was to produce recombinant plp43 to study its antigenic iden ...201425166744
exploring potential virulence regulators in paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates of varying virulence through quantitative proteomics.few virulence factors have been identified for paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis. in this study, we quantitatively evaluated the protein composition of p. brasiliensis in the yeast phase using minimal and rich media to obtain a better understanding of its virulence and to gain new insights into pathogen adaptation strategies. this analysis was performed on two isolates of the pb18 strain showing distinct infection profiles in b10.a mice. using liquid chromatograp ...201425145636
immunization with p10 peptide increases specific immunity and protects immunosuppressed balb/c mice infected with virulent yeasts of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by paracoccidioides spp. a peptide from the major diagnostic antigen gp43, named p10, induces a t-cd4(+) helper-1 immune response in mice and protects against intratracheal challenge with virulent p. brasiliensis. previously, we evaluated the efficacy of the p10 peptide alone or combined with antifungal drugs in mice immunosuppressed and infected with virulent isolate of p. brasiliensis. in the present work, our data suggest that ...201425135302
the relation between foxp3⁺ regulatory t cells and fungal density in oral paracoccidioidomycosis: a preliminary study.regulatory t (treg) cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), but data on the role of treg cells in the context of oral pcm are still scarce. the objectives of this study were to investigate the density of foxp3(+) t regulatory cells in oral pcm and to correlate the results with the density of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the lesions. cases of chronic oral pcm seen between 2000 and 2008 were included in this study. the diagnosis of all lesions was ...201425124479
glycolipid sensing and innate immunity in paracoccidioidomycosis.distinct glycolipid profiles are described in microorganisms, which have been shown to modulate the innate immune system. we tested the hypothesis that glycosphingolipids from paracoccidioides brasiliensis have immunomodulatory properties on monocytes and dendritic cells of two groups of healthy individuals, one cured of paracoccidioidomycosis in the past (cur-i) and the other nonexposed to p. brasiliensis (hne-i). two classes of glycosphingolipids purified from yeast cells were evaluated: a neu ...201425026908
interferon-gamma production by human neutrophils upon stimulation by il-12, il-15 and il-18 and challenge with paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidiodomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb), which is endemic in latin america. the host innate immune response against the fungus has been well characterized and several studies have shown the important role played by phagocytic cells. our laboratory has studied the relationship between human neutrophils (pmns)/pb, focusing the effector mechanisms of these cells against the fungus. however, in last years, studies have shown that in additio ...201425022968
[the natural habitat of the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, how to draw the limit between the rural and the urban environment?]. 201424967852
paracoccidioidomycosis in southern rio grande do sul: a retrospective study of histopathologically diagnosed cases.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis and is endemic to brazil. the aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of the pcm cases in the countryside south of rio grande do sul, brazil. the files from four histopathology laboratories located in the city of pelotas were obtained, and all of the epidemiological and clinical data from the pcm diagnosed cases were collected for analysis. a total of 123 pcm cases diagnosed be ...201424948940
radiochemical pharmacokinetic profile of p10 peptide with antifungal properties.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a chronic granulomatous disease that is caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. it is endemic in some countries of latin america and can cause a high-burden fungal infection with significant morbidity and mortality. the peptide p10, which demonstrates immune protection against experimental pcm, was radiolabeled with a radioisotope and evaluated in vivo. the radiolabeling was conducted to trace the pharmacokinetics of the molecule in ...201424934802
recognition of tlr2 n-glycans: critical role in artinm immunomodulatory activity.tlr2 plays a critical role in the protection against paracoccidioides brasiliensis conferred by artinm administration. artinm, a d-mannose-binding lectin from artocarpus heterophyllus, induces il-12 production in macrophages and dendritic cells, which accounts for the t helper1 immunity that results from artinm administration. we examined the direct interaction of artinm with tlr2using hek293a cells transfected with tlr2, alone or in combination with tlr1 or tlr6, together with accessory protein ...201424892697
dose response effect of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in an experimental model of arthritis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) and corresponds to prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america. the aim of the present work was to evaluate the dose response effect of the fungal yeast phase for the standardization of an experimental model of septic arthritis. the experiments were performed with groups of 14 rats that received doses of 103, 104 or 105 p. brasiliensis (pb18) cells. the fungi were injected in 50 µl of phosphate-buff ...201524879005
antifungal activity of 6-quinolinyl n-oxide chalcones against paracoccidioides.chalcones are an important class of natural compounds that have been widely applied as synthons in synthetic organic chemistry and possess diverse and interesting biological properties.201525362572
paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in small wild mammals.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis prevalent in brazil and other latin american countries. the etiological agents of pcm are the thermo-dimorphic fungi paracoccidioides brasiliensis and p. lutzii. taking into account that the natural habitat of paracoccidioides spp. is still undefined, domestic and wild animals could be useful as indicators of paracoccidioides spp. presence in endemic areas. the objective of this study was to evaluate the infection of small wild mammals by p. bra ...201526232125
knowledge-based reasoning to annotate noncoding rna using multi-agent system.noncoding rnas (ncrnas) have been focus of intense research over the last few years. since characteristics and signals of ncrnas are not entirely known, researchers use different computational tools together with their biological knowledge to predict putative ncrnas. in this context, this work presents ncrna-agents, a multi-agent system to annotate ncrnas based on the output of different tools, using inference rules to simulate biologists' reasoning. experiments with data from the fungus sacchar ...201526223200
role of protein kinase c in cytokine secretion by lung epithelial cells during infection with paracoccidioides brasiliensis.in this study, we investigated the role of protein kinases c (pkcs) in interleukin (il)-6 and il-8 secretion by human lung epithelial a549 cells during infection with the fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis. rottlerin and the broad spectrum pkc inhibitor go 6983 reduced cytokine levels in a549 cell-p. brasiliensis cultures. next, by western blot, we verified that infection with this fungus led to phosphorylation of pkc δ (thr(505)). by using a peptide inhibitor for pkc δ or pkc δ short ...201526152710
correction: paracoccidioides brasiliensis interferes on dendritic cells maturation by inhibiting pge2 production. 201526114288
validation and clinical application of a nested pcr for paracoccidioidomycosis diagnosis in clinical samples from colombian patients.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic and endemic mycosis, restricted to tropical and subtropical areas of latin america. the infection is caused by the thermal dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii. the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis is usually performed by microscopic examination, culture and immunodiagnostic tests to respiratory specimens, body fluids and/or biopsies; however these methods require laboratory personnel with experience and several days t ...201526100437
in vitro paracoccidioides brasiliensis biofilm and gene expression of adhesins and hydrolytic enzymes.paracoccidioides species are dimorphic fungi that initially infect the lungs but can also spread throughout the body. the spreading infection is most likely due to the formation of a biofilm that makes it difficult for the host to eliminate the infection. biofilm formation is crucial for the development of infections and confines the pathogen to an extracellular matrix. its presence is associated with antimicrobial resistance and avoidance of host defenses. this current study provides the first ...201526055497
influence of the paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14-3-3 and gp43 proteins on the induction of apoptosis in a549 epithelial cells.the fungal strain paracoccidioides brasiliensis remains viable inside of epithelial cells and can induce apoptosis in this population. however, until now, the molecules that participate in this process remained unknown. thus, this study evaluated the contribution of two p. brasiliensis molecules, the 14-3-3 and glycoprotein of 43 kda proteins, which had been previously described as extracellular matrix adhesins and apoptosis inductors in human pneumocytes. accordingly, epithelial cells were trea ...201526038961
pentoxifylline immunomodulation in the treatment of experimental chronic pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.pentoxifylline (ptx) is a methylxanthine compound with immunomodulatory and antifibrotic properties. the simultaneous use of ptx and antifungal therapy (itraconazole) has previously been evaluated in an experimental model of pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), a systemic fungal disease caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) and characterized by chronic inflammation and lung fibrosis that appears even after a successful course of antifungal therapy. the results revealed promp ...201526034509
corrigendum: importance of adhesins in virulence of paracoccidioides spp. 201525999940
importance of adhesins in virulence of paracoccidioides spp.members of the paracoccidioides genus are the etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). this genus is composed of two species: paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii. the correct molecular taxonomic classification of these fungi has created new opportunities for studying and understanding their relationships with their hosts. paracoccidioides spp. have features that permit their growth under adverse conditions, enable them to adhere to and invade host tissues and may c ...201525914695
melanin protects paracoccidioides brasiliensis from the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic inhibition and antifungal drugs.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a public health concern in latin america and south america that when not correctly treated can lead to patient death. in this study, the influence of melanin produced by paracoccidioides spp. on the effects of treatment with antimicrobial photodynamic inhibition (api) and antifungal drugs was evaluated. api was performed using toluidine blue (tbo) as a photosensitizer and a 630-nm light-emitting diode (led) light. the antifungals tested were itraconazole and ampho ...201525896704
tlr-4 cooperates with dectin-1 and mannose receptor to expand th17 and tc17 cells induced by paracoccidioides brasiliensis stimulated dendritic cells.the concomitant use of diverse pattern recognition receptors (prrs) by innate immune cells can result in synergistic or inhibitory activities that profoundly influence anti-microbial immunity. dectin-1 and the mannose receptor (mr) are c-type lectin receptors (clrs) previously reported to cooperate with toll-like receptors (tlrs) signaling in the initial inflammatory response and in the induction of adaptive th17 and tc17 immunity mediated by cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells, respectively. the protecti ...201525873917
serum antibody levels correlate with oral fungal cell numbers and influence the patients' response to chronic paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a neglected fungal disease that elicits an important granulomatous inflammatory reaction which aims to isolate the fungi and resolve the infection; besides the innate cellular response, the patients' sera may contain different levels of antibodies directed against pcm's pathogenic agent: paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb). the aim of the study was to assess the distinct serum antibody levels of 19 chronic pcm patients and to associate these levels to the granuloma ...201525851750
activity and in vivo tracking of amphotericin b loaded plga nanoparticles.the development of biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles has become an important strategy for optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of many classical drugs, as it may expand their activities, reduce their toxicity, increase their bioactivity and improve biodistribution. in this study, nanoparticles of amphotericin b entrapped within poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid and incorporated with dimercaptosuccinic acid (nano-d-amb) as a target molecule were evaluated for their physic-chemical characteristics ...201525827397
il-18 triggered by the nlrp3 inflammasome induces host innate resistance in a pulmonary model of fungal infection.pathogens are sensed by innate immune receptors that initiate an efficient adaptive immune response upon activation. the elements of the innate immune recognition process for paracoccidioides brasiliensis include tlr-2, tlr-4, and dectin-1. however, there are additional receptors necessary for the host immune responses to p. brasiliensis. the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (nlrs), which activate inflammasomes, are candidate receptors that deserve renewed investigation. a ...201525825440
paracoccidioides brasiliensis interferes on dendritic cells maturation by inhibiting pge2 production.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis, endemic in most latin american countries, especially in brazil, whose etiologic agent is the thermodimorphic fungus of the genus paracoccidioides, comprising cryptic species of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, s1, ps2, ps3 and paracoccidioides lutzii. the mechanisms involved in the initial interaction of the fungus with cells of the innate immune response, as dendritic cells (dcs), deserve to be studied. prostaglandins (pgs) are eicosanoids that ...201525793979
saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing gp43 protects mice against paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). it is believed that approximately 10 million people are infected with the fungus and approximately 2% will eventually develop the disease. unlike viral and bacterial diseases, fungal diseases are the ones against which there is no commercially available vaccine. saccharomyces cerevisiae may be a suitable vehicle for immunization against fungal infections, as they require the stimulation o ...201525790460
low-level laser therapy to the mouse femur enhances the fungicidal response of neutrophils against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.neutrophils (pmn) play a central role in host defense against the neglected fungal infection paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), which is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb). pcm is of major importance, especially in latin america, and its treatment relies on the use of antifungal drugs. however, the course of treatment is lengthy, leading to side effects and even development of fungal resistance. the goal of the study was to use low-level laser therapy (lllt) to stimulat ...201525675431
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for differentiation of the dimorphic fungal species paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii.isolates of paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii, previously characterized by molecular techniques, were identified for the first time by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). all isolates were correctly identified, with log score values of >2.0. thus, maldi-tof ms is a new tool for differentiating species of the genus paracoccidioides.201525631803
alternative oxidase plays an important role in paracoccidioides brasiliensis cellular homeostasis and morphological transition.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiologic agent of one of the most common systemic mycoses in latin america. as a dimorphic fungus, it must adapt to different environments during its life cycle, either in nature or within the host, enduring external stresses such as temperature or host-induced oxidative stress. in this study we addressed the role of alternative oxidase (pbaox) in cellular homeostasis during batch culture growth and the morphological transition of p. brasiliensis. using a pb ...201525631476
transposable elements and two other molecular markers as typing tools for the genus paracoccidioides.studies comparing paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii have shown that these fungi have significant genomic differences that may have implications in the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis caused by them. thus, molecular typing methods are required that can distinguish between various species of paracoccidioides. the aim of this study was to explore the potential use as molecular markers of the transposable elements trem a-h recently i ...201525541559
paracoccidioidomycosis in patients with lymphoma and review of published literature.this paper describes four new cases of lymphomas, two hodgkin lymphomas and two non-hodgkin lymphomas in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. all had mycosis diagnosed before lymphomas with paracoccidioides brasiliensis demonstrated in several lymph nodes, as seen in the disseminated form of the disease. when lymphoma was diagnosed, one patient was under regular paracoccidioidomycosis treatment and in clinic-serological remission for this disease, another was under regular treatment but with cl ...201525526930
immunization with recombinant pb27 protein reduces the levels of pulmonary fibrosis caused by the inflammatory response against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis in which the host response to the infectious agent typically consists of a chronic granulomatous inflammatory process. this condition causes lesions that impair lung function and lead to chronic pulmonary insufficiency resulting from fibrosis development, which is a sequel and disabling feature of the disease. the rpb27 protein has been studied for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment against pcm. previous studies from our laboratory have show ...201525487973
transcriptomic reprogramming of genus paracoccidioides in dimorphism and host niches.the thermodimorphic fungi paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii are the etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), the most important endemic systemic mycosis in latin america. paracoccidioides grows as saprophytic mycelia that produce infective conidia propagules, which are inhaled into the lungs where the fungus converts to the pathogenic yeast form. from the lungs, paracoccidioides may disseminate through blood and lymphatics to several other organs and tissues. dur ...201524560614
extra-pulmonary manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report.we present a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis/hiv coinfection which has been investigated because of chronic monoarthritis and mucocutaneous lesions. a biopsy of the synovial membrane and skin revealed structures consistent with paracoccidioides brasiliensis. at diagnosis, the count of cd4 + t cells was 44 cells/mm3. we emphasize the importance of clinical suspicion of paracoccidioidomycosis in patients with hiv/aids who live in or are from risk areas.201524626662
anti-metastatic immunotherapy based on mucosal administration of flagellin and immunomodulatory p10.current therapies against malignant melanoma generally fail to increase survival in most patients, and immunotherapy is a promising approach as it could reduce the dosage of toxic therapeutic drugs. in the present study, we show that an immunotherapeutic approach based on the use of the toll-like receptor (tlr)-5 ligand flagellin (salmonella typhimurium flici) combined with the major histocompatibility complex class ii-restricted p10 peptide, derived from the paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp43 m ...201525223833
difficulty in diagnosing oral paracoccidioidomycosis after topical nystatin usage.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is caused by a dimorphic fungus called paracoccidioides brasiliensis and is a disseminated, systemic disorder that involves the lungs and other organs but presents characteristic oral lesions as the prominent feature. this article reports an unusual case of a 56-year-old man who had symptomatic granulomatous lesions in the oral cavity. the patient had received a nystatin-based treatment that masked the presence of fungi and made the diagnosis of pcm difficult. althou ...201522313993
synchronous oral paracoccidioidomycosis and pulmonary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) and tuberculosis (tb) are chronic granulomatous infectious diseases, in which the main form of contraction is through inhalation of the microorganism-paracoccidioides brasiliensis and mycobacterium tuberculosis. oral involvement of pcm is observed in up to 70 % of the cases and usually presents clinically as ulcerations with granular surface showing tiny hemorrhagic areas. oral presentation of tb is rare with prevalence smaller than 0.5 % of all cases. clinical prese ...201525652419
experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in pregnant rats.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb), is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america. there are few reports in the literature about the disease damages during pregnancy and the consequences to the fetuses and breeding. this study evaluated the implications of pcm during pregnancy on offspring and mothers in wistar rats. groups of rats were submitted to systemic pb infection, by intraperitoneal infusion, and mated 30 days after t ...201527049707
paracoccidioides-host interaction: an overview on recent advances in the paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis and p. lutzii are etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), an important endemic mycosis in latin america. during its evolution, these fungi have developed characteristics and mechanisms that allow their growth in adverse conditions within their host through which they efficiently cause disease. this process is multi-factorial and involves host-pathogen interactions (adaptation, adhesion, and invasion), as well as fungal virulence and host immune response. i ...201526635779
lipoxin inhibits fungal uptake by macrophages and reduces the severity of acute pulmonary infection caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis.cysteinyl leukotrienes (cyslts) and lipoxins (lxs) are lipid mediators that control inflammation, with the former inducing and the latter inhibiting this process. because the role played by these mediators in paracoccidioidomycosis was not investigated, we aimed to characterize the role of cyslt in the pulmonary infection developed by resistant (a/j) and susceptible (b10.a) mice. 48 h after infection, elevated levels of pulmonary ltc4 and lxa4 were produced by both mouse strains, but higher leve ...201526635449
comparison of virulence between paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii using galleria mellonella as a host model.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis, endemic in latin america. the etiologic agents of this mycosis are composed of 2 species: paracoccidioides brasiliensis and p. lutzii. murine animal models are the gold standard for in vivo studies; however, ethical, economical and logistical considerations limit their use. galleria mellonella is a suitable model for in vivo studies of fungal infections. in this study, we compared the virulence of p. brasiliensis and p. lutzii in g. mellonella model. ...201526552324
the effects of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection on gm-csf- and m-csf-induced mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage from resistant and susceptible mice strains.considering the importance of macrophages as the first line of defense against fungal infection and the different roles played by the two m1- and m2-like polarized macrophages, we decided to evaluate the effects of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection on gm-csf- and m-csf-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages (bmm) from the a/j and b10.a mouse strains, an established model of resistance/susceptibility to pcm, respectively. upon differentiation, the generated gm- or m-bmms were characterized ...201526543326
functional analysis of paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14-3-3 adhesin expressed in saccharomyces cerevisiae.14-3-3 proteins comprise a family of eukaryotic multifunctional proteins involved in several cellular processes. the pb14-3-3 of paracoccidioides brasiliensis seems to play an important role in the paracoccidioides-host interaction. paracoccidioides brasiliensis is an etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, which is a systemic mycosis that is endemic in latin america. in the initial steps of the infection, paracoccidioides spp. synthetizes adhesins that allow it to adhere and invade host ce ...201526537993
high interleukin-4 expression and interleukin-4 gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to human paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is caused by dimorphic fungi from the paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex. previous studies have demonstrated that the severity of disease is associated with a t-helper 2 immune response characterised by high interleukin (il)-4 production. in the present study we analysed two polymorphisms in the il-4 gene (-590 c/t and intron-3 microsatellite) in 76 patients with pcm and 73 control subjects from an endemic area. the production of il-4 by peripheral blood mononucle ...201526517657
data in support of quantitative proteomics to identify potential virulence regulators in paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates.paracoccidioides genus are the etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), a systemic mycosis endemic in latin america. few virulence factors have been identified in these fungi. this paper describes support data from the quantitative proteomics of paracoccidioides brasiliensis attenuated and virulent isolates [1]. the protein compositions of two isolates of the pb18 strain showing distinct infection profiles were quantitatively assessed by stable isotopic dimethyl labeling and proteomic a ...201526501084
paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii, a secret love affair.to commemorate prof. carlos da silva lacaz's centennial anniversary, the authors have written a brief account of a few, out of hundreds, biological, ecological, molecular and phylogenetic studies that led to the arrival of paracoccidioides lutzii, hidden for more than a century within paracoccidioides brasiliensis. lacaz's permanent interest in this fungus, and particularly his conviction on the benefits that research on paracoccidioidomycosis would bring to patients, were pivotal in the develop ...201526465366
epidemiology of paracoccidioidomycosis.the epidemiological characteristics of paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed and updated. the new endemic areas in brazil were discussed in the section regarding the geographic distribution of the mycosis. subclinical infection with paracoccidioides brasiliensis was discussed on the basis of skin test surveys with antigens of the fungus, seroepidemiological studies, and disease cases outside latin america. large case series permitted a comparison of the prevalence of the mycosis in different regi ...201526465364
the power of the small: the example of paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia.research on paracoccidioides brasiliensis has centered in the yeast cell probably because of the lack of distinctive features in the mycelium. in 1942 and for the first time, lateral conidia were noticed in the fungus' hyphae. later on, brazilian, venezuelan and argentinean researchers described "aleurias" when the fungus was grown in natural substrates. in 1970 authors became interested in the conidia and were able to obtain them in large numbers and treat them as individual units. their shape ...201526465363
expression of dectin-1 and enhanced activation of nalp3 inflammasome are associated with resistance to paracoccidioidomycosis.dectin-1 is a pattern recognition receptor (prr) that recognizes β-glucans and plays a major role in the immunity against fungal pathogens. paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, has a sugar-rich cell wall mainly composed of mannans and glucans. to investigate the role of dectin-1 in the innate immunity of resistant (a/j) and susceptible (b10.a) mice to p. brasiliensis infection, we evaluated the role of curdlan (a dectin-1 agonist) and laminarin (a dectin- ...201526388856
extracellular vesicles from paracoccidioides pathogenic species transport polysaccharide and expose ligands for dc-sign receptors.extracellular vesicles (evs) mediate non-conventional transport of molecules across the fungal cell wall. we aimed at describing the carbohydrate composition and surface carbohydrate epitopes of evs isolated from the pathogenic fungi paracoccidioides brasiliensis and p. lutzii using standard procedures. total ev carbohydrates were ethanol-precipitated from preparations depleted of lipids and proteins, then analyzed by chemical degradation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic r ...201526387503
macrophage interaction with paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells modulates fungal metabolism and generates a response to oxidative stress.macrophages are key players during paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. however, the relative contribution of the fungal response to counteracting macrophage activity remains poorly understood. in this work, we evaluated the p. brasiliensis proteomic response to macrophage internalization. a total of 308 differentially expressed proteins were detected in p. brasiliensis during infection. the positively regulated proteins included those involved in alternative carbon metabolism, such as enzym ...201526360774
a gβ protein and the tupa co-regulator bind to protein kinase a tpk2 to act as antagonistic molecular switches of fungal morphological changes.the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) undergoes a morphological transition from a saprobic mycelium to pathogenic yeast that is controlled by the camp-signaling pathway. there is a change in the expression of the gβ-protein pbgpb1, which interacts with adenylate cyclase, during this morphological transition. we exploited the fact that the camp-signaling pathway of saccharomyces cerevisiae does not include a gβ-protein to probe the functional role of pbgpb1. we present da ...201526334875
neutrophil extracellular traps identification in tegumentary lesions of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis and different patterns of nets generation in vitro.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis, endemic in most latin american countries, especially in brazil. it is caused by the thermo-dimorphic fungus of the genus paracoccidioides (paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioides lutzii). innate immune response plays a crucial role in host defense against fungal infections, and neutrophils (pmns) are able to combat microorganisms with three different mechanisms: phagocytosis, secretion of granular proteins, which have antimicrobial p ...201526327485
rpbpga1 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis activates mast cells and macrophages via nfkb.the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the leading etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), a systemic granulomatous disease that typically affects the lungs. cell wall components of p. brasiliensis interact with host cells and influence the pathogenesis of pcm. in yeast, many glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored proteins are important in the initial contact with the host, mediating host-yeast interactions that culminate with the disease. pbpga1 is a gpi anchored protein lo ...201526317855
protection against paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in mice treated with modulated dendritic cells relies on inhibition of interleukin-10 production by cd8+ t cells.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic infection prevalent in latin american countries. disease develops after inhalation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia followed by an improper immune activation by the host leucocytes. dendritic cells (dcs) are antigen-presenting cells with the unique ability to direct the adaptive immune response by the time of activation of naive t cells. this study was conducted to test whether extracts of p. brasiliensis would induce maturation of dcs. we found that ...201526302057
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