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probiotic lactobacillus strains protect against myelosuppression and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.this work evaluated the capacity of two probiotic strains, lactobacillus casei crl431 and lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1506, to protect against myelosuppression and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide (cy)-treated mice. changes in mature granulocytes and progenitor cells in bone marrow (bm) and blood were studied. in addition, the ability of probiotics to accelerate the recovery of the immune response against the opportunistic pathogen candida albicans was evaluated. we demonstrated for the firs ...201424975836
probiotics for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia.ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) is common in intensive care units (icus). some evidence indicates that probiotics may reduce the incidence of vap. several additional published studies have demonstrated that probiotics are safe and efficacious in preventing vap in icus. we aimed to systematically summarise the results of all available data to generate the best evidence for the prevention of vap.201425344083
probiotic modulation of dendritic cell function is influenced by ageing.dendritic cells (dcs) are critical for the generation of t-cell responses. dc function may be modulated by probiotics, which confer health benefits in immunocompromised individuals, such as the elderly. this study investigated the effects of four probiotics, bifidobacterium longum bv. infantis ccug 52486, b. longum sp 07/3, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (l.gg) and l. casei shirota (lcs), on dc function in an allogeneic mixed leucocyte reaction (mlr) model, using dcs and t-cells from young and older ...201424094416
bacterial counts from five over-the-counter probiotics: are you getting what you paid for?there is concern that the bacterial colony counts present at the time of manufacture and listed on the probiotic package may not be reflective of the numbers viable colonies at the time of purchase and patient consumption thereby diminishing efficacy. we performed a colony count study of three separate samples of five different probiotics purchased from three different stores: bifidobacterium infantis (align(®)); lactobacillus acidophilus cl1285(®) and lactobacillus casei lbc80r(®) (bio-k+(®)); ...201424184290
immunostimulatory cpg motifs in the genomes of gut bacteria and their role in human health and disease.toll-like receptor (tlr) signalling plays an important role in epithelial and immune cells of the intestine. tlr9 recognizes unmethylated cpg motifs in bacterial dna, and tlr9 signalling maintains the gut epithelial homeostasis. here, we carried out a bioinformatic analysis of the frequency of cpg motifs in the genomes of gut commensal bacteria across major bacterial phyla. the frequency of potentially immunostimulatory cpg motifs (all cpg hexamers) or purine-purine-cg-pyrimidine-pyrimidine hexa ...201424255136
characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from infant faeces as potential probiotic starter cultures for fermented sausages.a total of 109 lactic acid bacteria isolated from infant faeces were identified by partial 16s rrna, cpn60 and/or phes sequencing. lactobacillus was the most prevalent genus, representing 48% of the isolates followed by enterococcus (38%). lactobacillus gasseri (21%) and enterococcus faecalis (38%) were the main species detected. a further selection of potential probiotic starter cultures for fermented sausages focused on lactobacillus as the most technologically relevant genus in this type of p ...201424290655
pathogen exclusion properties of canine probiotics are influenced by the growth media and physical treatments simulating industrial processes.manufacturing process used in preparation of probiotic products may alter beneficial properties of probiotics. the effect of different growth media and inactivation methods on the protective properties of canine-originated probiotic bacteria against adhesion of canine enteropathogens was investigated.201424779583
lactobacillus rhamnosus l34 and lactobacillus casei l39 suppress clostridium difficile-induced il-8 production by colonic epithelial cells.clostridium difficile is the main cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and colitis known as c. difficile-associated disease (cdad).with increased severity and failure of treatment in cdad, new approaches for prevention and treatment, such as the use of probiotics, are needed. since the pathogenesis of cdad involves an inflammatory response with a massive influx of neutrophils recruited by interleukin (il)-8, this study aimed to investigate the probiotic effects of lactobacillus spp. on the suppre ...201424989059
effect of a mixture of bovine milk oligosaccharides, lactobacillus rhamnosus ncc4007 and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on catch-up growth of intra-uterine growth-restricted rats.to investigate the effect of a nutritional mixture (bovine milk oligosaccharides, lactobacillus rhamnosus ncc4007, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid) on growth of intrauterine growth-restricted (iugr) rats.201423834457
probiotics and virulent human rotavirus modulate the transplanted human gut microbiota in gnotobiotic pigs.we generated a neonatal pig model with human infant gut microbiota (hgm) to study the effect of a probiotic on the composition of the transplanted microbiota following rotavirus vaccination and challenge. all the hgm-transplanted pigs received two doses of an oral attenuated rotavirus vaccine. the gut microbiota of vaccinated pigs were investigated for effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) supplement and homotypic virulent human rotavirus (hrv) challenge. high-throughput sequencing of v4 r ...201425349634
biosorption of al(+3) and cd(+2) by an exopolysaccharide from lactobacillus rhamnosus.the aim of this study was to assess the removal of cd(2+) and al(3+) from aqueous solutions by an exopolysaccharide (eps) from lactobacillus rhamnosus e/n. the biosorption kinetics of eps for cd(2+) and al(3+) were studied by equilibrium dialysis after incubation from 0 h to 58 h. the actual concentrations of cd(2+) and al(3+) in external solutions were measured by a fluorescence method after complexation with 8-hydroxyquinoline. binding of metal ions by eps was observed, with maximum adsorption ...201425308465
kinetic model-based feed-forward controlled fed-batch fermentation of lactobacillus rhamnosus for the production of lactic acid from arabic date juice.arabic date is overproduced in arabic countries such as saudi arabia and iraq and is mostly composed of sugars (70-80 wt%). here we developed a fed-batch fermentation process by using a kinetic model for the efficient production of lactic acid to a high concentration from arabic date juice. first, a kinetic model of lactobacillus rhamnosus grown on date juice in batch fermentation was constructed in excel so that the estimation of parameters and simulation of the model can be easily performed. t ...201424100793
altered transcription of murine genes induced in the small bowel by administration of probiotic strain lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001.lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 is a probiotic strain reported to increase resistance to epithelium-adherent and -invasive intestinal pathogens in experimental animals. to increase understanding of the relationship between strain hn001 and the bowel, transcription of selected genes in the mucosa of the murine small bowel was measured. mice previously naive to lactobacilli (lactobacillus-free mice) were examined after daily exposure to hn001 in drinking water. comparisons were made to results from ...201424584241
insight into the draft genome sequence of human isolate lactobacillus rhamnosus lr231, a bacterium with probiotic potential.lactobacillus rhamnosus strain lr231 was isolated from the feces of healthy human subjects. it is observed to be a potential probiotic strain, having a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against a wide range of human pathogens and food pathogens. here, we provide the 2.59-mb draft genome sequence of l. rhamnosus lr231.201424578273
the influence of probiotics on zebrafish danio rerio innate immunity and hepatic stress.in this study, the effects of probiotic administration on zebrafish danio rerio intestinal innate immunity and hepatic stress were evaluated. zebrafish adults were treated for 10 days with the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus imc 501(®). to assess the effects at the molecular level, the mrna levels of genes involved in the innate immune system, stress response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. an increase of biomarkers related to innate imm ...201424564619
effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus la68 on the immune system of c57bl/6 mice upon oral administration.probiotic bacteria have been used in human nutrition for centuries and are now attracting more attention. in order to examine the immunological aspects of probiotic consumption, lactobacillus rhamnosus la68 was orally administrated using gavage to healthy c57bl/6 mice. after one month splenocytes were isolated, and analysed by flow cytometry. the magnitude of splenocyte proliferation upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan and cytokine levels (ifn-γ, il-6, il-10 and il-17) was ...201424559976
draft genome sequence of lactobacillus rhamnosus 2166.in this report, we present a draft sequence of the genome of lactobacillus rhamnosus strain 2166, a potential novel probiotic. genome annotation and read mapping onto a reference genome of l. rhamnosus strain gg allowed for the identification of the differences and similarities in the genomic contents and gene arrangements of these strains.201424558254
controlled release of lactobacillus rhamnosus biofilm probiotics from alginate-locust bean gum microcapsules.chitosan-coated alginate microcapsules containing high-density biofilm lactobacillus rhamnosus have been previously shown to exhibit higher freeze drying- and thermal-tolerance than their planktonic counterparts. however, their cell release profile remains poor due to the capsules' susceptibility to the gastric environment. herein the effects of adding locust bean (lb) and xanthan (xt) gums to alginate (agn) capsules on the stress tolerance and cell release profiles in simulated gastrointestinal ...201424528770
spray-dried chestnut extract containing lactobacillus rhamnosus cells as novel ingredient for a probiotic chestnut mousse.consumers' demand for innovative probiotic products has recently increased. in previous studies, chestnuts were evaluated as substrate for the growth of lactobacilli and chestnut extract was found to enhance acid tolerance of probiotic strains. the main objectives of this study were to evaluate the suitability of chestnut extract as carrier for spray drying of two probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus strains and to develop a probiotic food chestnut based.201424517262
protective effects of probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus imc501 in mice treated with phip.the aim of the present study was to investigate the antigenotoxic properties of the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus imc501; dna damage was induced by one representative food mutagen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (phip). mice were treated orally with suspensions of lactobacilli for 10 days before administration of food mutagen. during the treatment, the abundance of lactobacilli in feces, as assessed by qpcr analysis, increased, whereas β-glucuronidase and n-acetyl-β-glucosam ...201424346468
the effect of alginate and chitosan concentrations on some properties of chitosan-coated alginate beads and survivability of encapsulated lactobacillus rhamnosus in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and during heat processing.in this study, chitosan-coated alginate beads were produced with different concentrations of chitosan and alginate to evaluate the survival of encapsulated lactobacillus rhamnosus gg during exposure to adverse conditions in gastrointestinal simulated juice and heat processing.201424343670
effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus cgmcc1.3724 supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women.the present study investigated the impact of a lactobacillus rhamnosus cgmcc1.3724 (lpr) supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women over 24 weeks. in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial, each subject consumed two capsules per d of either a placebo or a lpr formulation (1.6 × 10(8) colony-forming units of lpr/capsule with oligofructose and inulin). each group was submitted to moderate energy restriction for the first 12 weeks followed by 12 weeks of wei ...201424299712
single-cell force spectroscopy of pili-mediated adhesion.although bacterial pili are known to mediate cell adhesion to a variety of substrates, the molecular interactions behind this process are poorly understood. we report the direct measurement of the forces guiding pili-mediated adhesion, focusing on the medically important probiotic bacterium lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg). using non-invasive single-cell force spectroscopy (scfs), we quantify the adhesion forces between individual bacteria and biotic (mucin, intestinal cells) or abiotic (hydroph ...201424296882
mn(2+) and mg(2+) synergistically enhanced lactic acid production by lactobacillus rhamnosus ftdc 8313 via affecting different stages of the hexose monophosphate pathway.the study aimed to evaluate the effects of mn(2+) and mg(2+) on lactic acid production using response surface methodology and to further study their effects on interactions between the enzymes and substrates along the hexose monophosphate pathway using a molecular modelling approach.201424267975
obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors in house mice are attenuated by a probiotic (lactobacillus rhamnosus gg).two experiments examined probiotic pretreatment (lactobacillus rhamnosus gg) on obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd)-like behavior induction by ru 24969 in balb/cj house mice. in the first experiment, two groups were defined by their daily pretreatment by oral gavage of either (a) l. rhamnosus (1×10⁹ cfu/day) or (b) the saline vehicle. both a 2- and 4-week probiotic pretreatment attenuated ocd-like behavior induction (increased perseverative open-field locomotion, stereotypic turning, and marble ...201424257436
cariogenic effects of probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in a dental biofilm model.probiotic bacteria have been suggested to inhibit streptococcus mutans (sm) and thus prevent dental caries. however, supporting evidence is weak and probiotic species might be cariogenic themselves. thus, we compared and combined the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) with sm and analysed the resulting mineral loss (δz) in dental tissues. we simulated three biofilm compositions (sm, lgg, sm × lgg), two lesion sites (smooth enamel, dentin cavity) and two nutrition supply frequencies (twic ...201424480927
food matrices and cell conditions influence survival of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg under heat stresses and during storage.the present study evaluated impact of moisture content and cell conditions on survival of probiotic strain, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, under lethal heat stresses and during long-term storage using freeze-dried cells and oils as matrices. viable cell counts of freeze-dried l. rhamnosus gg cells suspended in oils had only 1-log-reduction after 5min at 80°c and approximately 3-log-reduction after 20min, while no or very few viable cells were recorded for freeze dried cells suspended in buffer and ...201424480189
lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 decreases the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice and preterm piglets: evidence in mice for a role of tlr9.necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal disease in premature infants and develops partly from an exaggerated intestinal epithelial immune response to indigenous microbes. there has been interest in administering probiotic bacteria to reduce nec severity, yet concerns exist regarding infection risk. mechanisms of probiotic activity in nec are unknown although activation of the microbial dna receptor toll-like receptor-9 (tlr9) has been postulated. we no ...201424742987
orthogonal array deciphering mrs medium requirements for isolated lactobacillus rhamnosus zy with cell properties characterization.lactobacillus rhamnosus is a well-known lactic acid bacterium (lab), but a new zy strain was isolated for the first time from commercial probiotic powder recently. although many studies have focused on developing cost-effective media for the production of lab, the de man, rogosa and sharpe (mrs) medium is still the most common medium for bioprocesses. the aim of the current study is to decipher the composition of mrs based on a statistical approach, which will allow a higher biomass of lactobaci ...201424721122
lactobacillus rhamnosus gg protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.experimental evidence revealed that obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) is linked to changes in intestinal permeability and translocation of bacterial products to the liver. hitherto, no reliable therapy is available except for weight reduction. within this study, we examined the possible effect of the probiotic bacterial strain lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) as protective agent against experimental nafld in a mouse model.201424475018
probiotics in the prevention of recurrences of bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women during their fertile years. bv prevalence runs from 10%-50%, in part due to the high rate of recurrence after standard treatment. women with bv may experience a decreased quality of life and are at risk of serious obstetric complications. limited data are available regarding optimal management strategies for preventing recurrence of bv, emphasizing the importance of the availability of a comprehensive source of scien ...201424473986
probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibits the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps.neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) are an essential component of the antimicrobial repertoire and represent an effective means by which neutrophils capture, contain, and kill microorganisms. however, the uncontrolled or excessive liberation of nets also damages surrounding cells and can contribute to disease pathophysiology. alterations in the gut microbiota, as well as the presence of local and systemic markers of inflammation, are strongly associated with the manifestation of a spectrum of ...201424465012
prebiotics and probiotics: the prevention and reduction in severity of atopic dermatitis in children.the purpose of this review was to identify whether supplementation with prebiotics and/or probiotics help prevent the development or reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis in children less than three years of age. since 1997, immunostimulatory supplements, such as prebiotics and probiotics, have been investigated. various supplementations include probiotics (single strain or mix), probiotics with formula, probiotics mix with prebiotics, and prebiotics. in this narrative review, we examined 13 ...201424463205
commensal and probiotic bacteria may prevent nec by maturing intestinal host defenses.necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is a devastating disease of prematurity with significant morbidity and mortality. immaturity of intestinal host defenses predisposes the premature infant gut to injury. an abnormal bacterial colonization pattern with a deficiency of commensal bacteria may lead to a further breakdown of these host defense mechanisms, predisposing the infant to nec. the presence of probiotic and commensal bacteria within the gut has been shown to mature the intestinal defense system ...201424440614
comparative genome analysis of lactobacillus rhamnosus clinical isolates from initial stages of dental pulp infection: identification of a new exopolysaccharide cluster.the human oral microbiome has a major role in oral diseases including dental caries. our studies on progression of caries infection through dentin and more recently, the invasion of vital dental pulp, detected lactobacillus rhamnosus in the initial stages of infection of vital pulp tissue. in this study employing current high-throughput next generation sequencing technology we sought to obtain insight into genomic traits of tissue invasive l. rhamnosus, to recognise biomarkers that could provide ...201424632842
lipopolysaccharide-induced profiles of cytokine, chemokine, and growth factors produced by human decidual cells are altered by lactobacillus rhamnosus gr-1 supernatant.the aim of this study was to assess the effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) and lactobacillus rhamnosus gr-1 supernatant (gr-1sn) on secretion profiles of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors from primary cultures of human decidual cells. lipopolysaccharide significantly increased the output of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [il]-1b, il-2, il-6, il-12p70, il-15, il-17a, interferon gamma [ifn-γ], and tumor necrosis factor [tnf]); anti-inflammatory cytokines (il-1rn, il-4, i ...201424429676
immunobiotic lactobacilli reduce viral-associated pulmonary damage through the modulation of inflammation-coagulation interactions.the exacerbated disease due to immune- and coagulative-mediated pulmonary injury during acute respiratory viruses infection results in severe morbidity and mortality. identifying novel approaches to modulate virus-induced inflammation-coagulation interactions could be important alternatives for treating acute respiratory viruses infections. in this study we investigated the effect of the probiotic strain lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1505 on lung tlr3-mediated inflammation, and its ability to modul ...201424394565
tolerability of a probiotic in subjects with a history of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonisation.methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a pathogen of major public health importance. colonisation precedes infection; thus reducing mrsa carriage may be of benefit for reducing infection. probiotics represent a novel approach to reducing mrsa carriage. we undertook a pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial of the tolerability and acceptability of probiotics for reducing nasal and intestinal carriage of mrsa. in addition, subjects were screened for vancomycin-resistant entero ...201425213147
lactobacillus rhamnosus gg inhibits the toxic effects of staphylococcus aureus on epidermal keratinocytes.few studies have evaluated the potential benefits of the topical application of probiotic bacteria or material derived from them. we have investigated whether a probiotic bacterium, lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, can inhibit staphylococcus aureus infection of human primary keratinocytes in culture. when primary human keratinocytes were exposed to s. aureus, only 25% of the keratinocytes remained viable following 24 h of incubation. however, in the presence of 10(8) cfu/ml of live l. rhamnosus gg, t ...201425015889
assessment of synergistic combination potential of probiotic and bacteriophage against antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus exposed to simulated intestinal conditions.this study was designed to evaluate the combined effect of probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus and bacteriophage sa11 on the control of antibiotic-sensitive staphylococcus aureus (assa) and antibiotic-resistant s. aureus (arsa) under the simulated intestinal conditions. the survivability of assa and arsa were determined in the simulated phosphate-buffered saline (pbs)-, trypticase soy broth (tsb)-, and milk-based gastric juices adjusted to ph 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 at 37 °c for 30 min. the inhibitory e ...201425015717
the potential probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus ctc1679 survives the passage through the gastrointestinal tract and its use as starter culture results in safe nutritionally enhanced fermented sausages.the human-derived potential probiotic strain lactobacillus rhamnosus ctc1679 was used as a starter culture in reduced fat and sodium low-acid fermented sausages (fuets) to assess its ability to survive through the gastrointestinal tract (git) in a human intervention study consisting of 5 healthy volunteers who consumed 25 g fuet a day for 21 days. faecal samples were analysed during and after consumption. l. rhamnosus ctc1679 produced a transient colonisation of the human git and persisted durin ...201424998181
towards a better understanding of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg--host interactions.lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) is one of the most widely used probiotic strains. various health effects are well documented including the prevention and treatment of gastro-intestinal infections and diarrhea, and stimulation of immune responses that promote vaccination or even prevent certain allergic symptoms. however, not all intervention studies could show a clinical benefit and even for the same conditions, the results are not univocal. clearly, the host phenotype governed by age, genetics ...201425186587
study of the lactobacillus rhamnosus lcr35® properties after compression and proposition of a model to predict tablet stability.the beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human health are now widely acknowledged, and this has prompted growing interest in research and development in the pharmaceutical field. however, to be viable when they reach their target, the bacteria must be able to survive during the manufacturing process and the biological pathway. tablet form best meets the requirements for protecting acid labile drugs, but the tableting process could be an additional stress for the bacteria. this study evalu ...201425128853
the influence of shear on the metabolite yield of lactobacillus rhamnosus biofilms.a tubular recycle bioreactor was employed to ensure homogeneous shear conditions on the biofilm surface. superficial liquid velocities of 0.19 ms(-1), 0.37 ms(-1), 0.55 ms(-1) and 3.65 ms(-1) were used. the highest velocity resulted in negligible cell attachment (chemostat) while the ratio of attached-to-total cell mass escalated as the superficial velocity decreased. the lactic acid yield on glucose increased from 0.75 g g(-1) to 0.90 g g(-1) with declining shear while the corresponding acetoin ...201424994037
effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg on hepatic and serum lipid profiles in zebrafish exposed to ethanol.zebrafish is a powerful tool in pharmacological research and useful to identify new therapies. probiotics can offer therapeutic options in alcoholic liver disease. this study was done in two independent experiments: first, we confirmed the intestinal colonization of probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) after ethanol exposure. second, four groups were performed: control (c), probiotic (p), ethanol (e), and probiotic+ethanol (p+e). liver histology, hepatocytes morphometry, hepatic and serum ...201424987799
probiotic properties of pediococcus strains isolated from jeotgals, salted and fermented korean sea-food.three pediococcus pentosaceus strains were isolated from jeotgals, salted and fermented korean sea-foods, and their probiotic potentials were examined. after 2 h exposure to ph 3.0, p. pentosaceus f66 survived with the survival ratio of 32.6% followed by p. pentosaceus d56 (17.2%) and p. pentosaceus a24 (7.5%). p. pentosaceus f66 also survived better (26.6%) than p. pentosaceus a24 (13.7%) and p. pentosaceus d56 (5.8%) after 2 h exposure to 0.3% bile salts. three strains grew slowly on mrs broth ...201424979684
epithelial adhesion mediated by pilin spac is required for lactobacillus rhamnosus gg-induced cellular responses.lactobacillus rhamnosus gg is a widely used probiotic, and the strain's salutary effects on the intestine have been extensively documented. we previously reported that strain gg can modulate inflammatory signaling, as well as epithelial migration and proliferation, by activating nadph oxidase 1-catalyzed generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). however, how strain gg induces these responses is unknown. here, we report that strain gg's probiotic benefits are dependent on the bacterial-epithel ...201424928883
a comparative study of the effect of probiotics on cariogenic biofilm model for preventing dental caries.dental caries is induced by oral biofilm containing streptococcus mutans. probiotic bacteria were mainly studied for effect on the gastrointestinal tract and have been known to promote human health. however, the information of probiotics for oral health has been lack yet. in this study, we investigated influence of various probiotics on oral bacteria or cariogenic biofilm and evaluated candidate probiotics for dental caries among them. the antimicrobial activity of the spent culture medium of pr ...201424919536
probiotic-associated aspiration pneumonia due to lactobacillus rhamnosus.lactobacilli are low-virulence, commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts and are commonly used as "probiotic supplements." herein, we describe an episode of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis with bacterial superinfection secondary to administration of lactobacillus rhamnosus in an 11-month-old female with trisomy 21.201424899028
activation of epidermal growth factor receptor mediates mucin production stimulated by p40, a lactobacillus rhamnosus gg-derived protein.the mucus layer coating the gastrointestinal tract serves as the first line of intestinal defense against infection and injury. probiotics promote mucin production by goblet cells in the intestine. p40, a lactobacillus rhamnosus gg-derived soluble protein, has been shown to transactivate the egf receptor (egfr) in intestinal epithelial cells, which is required for inhibition of apoptosis and preservation of barrier function in the colon, thereby ameliorating intestinal injury and colitis. becaus ...201424895124
minireview: gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ.the concept that the gut microbiota serves as a virtual endocrine organ arises from a number of important observations. evidence for a direct role arises from its metabolic capacity to produce and regulate multiple compounds that reach the circulation and act to influence the function of distal organs and systems. for example, metabolism of carbohydrates results in the production of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate and propionate, which provide an important source of nutrients as well a ...201424892638
tolerability of a probiotic in subjects with a history of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonisation.methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a pathogen of major public health importance. colonisation precedes infection; thus reducing mrsa carriage may be of benefit for reducing infection. probiotics represent a novel approach to reducing mrsa carriage. we undertook a pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial of the tolerability and acceptability of probiotics for reducing nasal and intestinal carriage of mrsa. in addition, subjects were screened for vancomycin-resistant entero ...201424889890
modulation of the inflammation-coagulation interaction during pneumococcal pneumonia by immunobiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1505: role of toll-like receptor 2.the present study evaluated the effect of nasally given lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1505 on the immunocoagulative response during pneumococcal infection in immunocompetent mice. in addition, we aimed to gain insight into the mechanism involved in the immunomodulatory effect of the l. rhamnosus crl1505 strain by evaluating the role of tlr2. results showed that nasally given l. rhamnosus crl1505 effectively regulates inflammation and hemostatic alterations during the pneumococcal infection. immunob ...201424888715
immunobiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus strains differentially modulate antiviral immune response in porcine intestinal epithelial and antigen presenting cells.previous findings suggested that lactobacillus rhamnosus crl1505 is able to increase resistance of children to intestinal viral infections. however, the intestinal cells, cytokines and receptors involved in the immunoregulatory effect of this probiotic strain have not been fully characterized.201424886142
impact of emergency department probiotic treatment of pediatric gastroenteritis: study protocol for the progut (probiotic regimen for outpatient gastroenteritis utility of treatment) randomized controlled trial.the burden of acute gastroenteritis on children and their families continues to be enormous. probiotics, defined as viable microbial preparations that have a beneficial effect on the health of the host, represent a rapidly expanding field. although clinical trials in children with gastroenteritis have been performed, most have significant flaws, and guidelines do not consistently endorse their use.201424885220
biochemical characterization of the major n-acetylmuramidase from lactobacillus buchneri.bacterial cell wall hydrolases are essential for peptidoglycan remodelling in regard to bacterial cell growth and division. in this study, peptidoglycan hydrolases (pghs) of different lactobacillus buchneri strains were investigated. first, the genome sequence of l. buchneri cd034 and l. buchneri nrrl b-30929 was analysed in silico for the presence of pghs. of 23 putative pghs with different predicted hydrolytic specificities, the glycosyl hydrolase family 25 domain-containing homologues lbgh25b ...201424858286
viability of the lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 probiotic strain in swiss- and dutch-type cheese and cheese-like products.the objective of this study was to determine the viability of the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 in swiss-type and dutch-type cheese and cheese-like products (milk fat is substituted by stearin fraction of palm fat) during manufacture, ripening, and storage. the use of the probiotic l. rhamnosus hn001 in dutch-type cheese and cheese-like products significantly (p = 0.1) changed their chemical composition (protein and fat content) and an insignificant increase (approximately 1.6% in chee ...201424784351
preliminary evaluation of probiotic properties of lactobacillus strains isolated from sardinian dairy products.twenty-three lactobacillus strains of dairy origin were evaluated for some functional properties relevant to their use as probiotics. a preliminary subtractive screening based on the abilities to inhibit the growth of microbial pathogens and hydrolyze conjugated bile salts was applied, and six strains were selected for further characterization including survival under gastrointestinal environmental conditions, adhesion to gut epithelial tissue, enzymatic activity, and some safety properties. all ...201425054135
removal of paralytic shellfish toxins by probiotic lactic acid bacteria.paralytic shellfish toxins (psts) are non-protein neurotoxins produced by saltwater dinoflagellates and freshwater cyanobacteria. the ability of lactobacillus rhamnosus strains gg and lc-705 (in viable and non-viable forms) to remove psts (saxitoxin (stx), neosaxitoxin (neostx), gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (gtx2/3), c-toxins 1 and 2 (c1/2)) from neutral and acidic solution (ph 7.3 and 2) was examined using hplc. binding decreased in the order of stx ~ neostx > c2 > gtx3 > gtx2 > c1. removal of stx and ...201425046082
effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus on allergic march model by suppressing th2, th17, and tslp responses via cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) tregs.allergic march (am) is characterized by the progression of clinical signs of atopic dermatitis (ad) to allergic asthma or rhinitis, but its pathogenesis is not completely understood. we developed mouse model of am with three 1-week exposures (separated by 2-week interval) to an ova or saline (control) followed by ova challenge. the development of am was confirmed by phenotypes of ad and allergic asthma. increases in il-4, il-17, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) responses were associated w ...201424769377
probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gr-1 supernatant prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth and reduces inflammation in pregnant cd-1 mice.the objective of this study was to determine the effect of probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gr-1 supernatant (gr-1 sn) on lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth (ptb) and outputs of cytokines, chemokines, and progesterone in pregnant cd-1 mice.201424486224
stability of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in prebiotic edible films.the concept of prebiotic edible films as effective vehicles for encapsulating probiotic living cells is presented. four soluble fibres (inulin, polydextrose, glucose-oligosaccharides and wheat dextrin) were selected as prebiotic co-components of gelatine based matrices plasticised with glycerol and used for the immobilisation of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg. the addition of prebiotics was associated with a more compact and uniform film structure, with no detectable interspaces or micropores; probi ...201424767059
functional identification of conserved residues involved in lactobacillus rhamnosus strain gg sortase specificity and pilus biogenesis.in gram-positive bacteria, sortase-dependent pili mediate the adhesion of bacteria to host epithelial cells and play a pivotal role in colonization, host signaling, and biofilm formation. lactobacillus rhamnosus strain gg, a well known probiotic bacterium, also displays on its cell surface mucus-binding pilus structures, along with other lpxtg surface proteins, which are processed by sortases upon specific recognition of a highly conserved lpxtg motif. bioinformatic analysis of all predicted lpx ...201424753244
the gut-brain axis rewired: adding a functional vagal nicotinic "sensory synapse".it is generally accepted that intestinal sensory vagal fibers are primary afferent, responding nonsynaptically to luminal stimuli. the gut also contains intrinsic primary afferent neurons (ipans) that respond to luminal stimuli. a psychoactive lactobacillus rhamnosus (jb-1) that affects brain function excites both vagal fibers and ipans. we wondered whether, contrary to its primary afferent designation, the sensory vagus response to jb-1 might depend on ipan to vagal fiber synaptic transmission. ...201424719355
bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in very-low-birth-weight neonates: a randomized clinical trial.nec is a common and severe complication in premature neonates, particularly those with very-low-birth-weight (vlbw, <1500 g at birth). probiotics including lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) proved effective in preventing nec in preterm infants in several rcts.201424709463
partial characterization and immunostimulatory activity of exopolysaccharides from lactobacillus rhamnosus kf5.lactobacillus rhamnosus kf5, a strain newly isolated from the faeces of a healthy human volunteer, has been shown to produce the exopolysaccharides (eps) in skim milk. two eps fractions were separated from the fermented skim milk by removing proteins, ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography. fraction s1, with a low average molecular weight of 1.36 × 10(4)da, was composed of glucose, arabinose, glucosamine, galactosamine and galactose in an approximate molar ratio ...201424702917
dietary supplementation with lactobacilli improves emergency granulopoiesis in protein-malnourished mice and enhances respiratory innate immune response.this work studied the effect of protein malnutrition on the hemato-immune response to the respiratory challenge with streptococcus pneumoniae and evaluated whether the dietary recovery with a probiotic strain has a beneficial effect in that response. three important conclusions can be inferred from the results presented in this work: a) protein-malnutrition significantly impairs the emergency myelopoiesis induced by the generation of the innate immune response against pneumococcal infection; b) ...201424691464
probiotic attributes of autochthonous lactobacillus rhamnosus strains of human origin.the study was aimed at evaluating the probiotic potential of indigenous autochthonous lactobacillus rhamnosus strains isolated from infant feces and vaginal mucosa of healthy female. the survival of the selected strains and the two reference strains (l. rhamnosus gg and l. casei actimel) was 67-81 % at ph 2 and 70-80 % after passage through the simulated gastrointestinal fluid. these strains are able to grow in the presence of 4 % bile salt, 10 % nacl, and 0.6 % phenol. the cell surface of l. rh ...201424682879
development of a locally sustainable functional food based on mutandabota, a traditional food in southern africa.a probiotic dairy product was developed on the basis of a traditional dish called mutandabota to enable resource-poor populations in southern africa to benefit from a functional food. mutandabota is widely consumed in rural southern africa, making it an ideal food matrix to carry probiotics. first, a process to produce probiotic mutandabota was designed. raw cow milk was boiled and subsequently cooled to ambient temperature (25°c). next, dry pulp from the fruit of the baobab tree (adansonia digi ...201424630646
probiotic administration attenuates myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure after myocardial infarction in the rat.probiotics are extensively used to promote gastrointestinal health, and emerging evidence suggests that their beneficial properties can extend beyond the local environment of the gut. here, we determined whether oral probiotic administration can alter the progression of postinfarction heart failure.201424625365
probiotics, feeding tolerance, and growth: a comparison between hiv-exposed and unexposed very low birth weight infants.the aim of this study was to compare the effect of administration of probiotics on feeding tolerance and growth outcomes of hiv-exposed (but uninfected) versus hiv non-exposed preterm infants. the null hypothesis of this study states that there will be no difference in the feeding tolerance and growth outcomes for both probiotic-exposed and unexposed premature very low birth weight infants.201424613436
protection of l. rhamnosus by spray-drying using two prebiotics colloids to enhance the viability.protection of probiotics by substances considered as prebiotics can be an alternative to increase their viability in the large intestine. the objective of this study was to use two wall materials (native rice starch and inulin) without bonding agent to protect lactobacillus rhamnosus during spray-drying and determine the viability of the microorganism under two storage conditions. for spray-drying conditions tested in this work the product yield with native rice starch (nrs) ranged between 65% a ...201424507301
transcriptomic clues to understand the growth of lactobacillus rhamnosus in cheese.lactobacillus rhamnosus is a non-starter lactic acid bacterium that plays a significant role during cheese ripening, leading to the formation of flavor. in long-ripened cheeses it persists throughout the whole time of ripening due to its capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. the versatile adaptability of l. rhamnosus to different ecosystems has been associated with the capacity to use non-conventional energy sources, regulating different metabolic pathways. however, the molecul ...201424506811
immune response and intestinal permeability in children with acute gastroenteritis treated with lactobacillus rhamnosus gg: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.probiotics have a possible role in the treatment of pediatric acute gastroenteritis. we report the effect of the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) on intestinal function, immune response, and clinical outcomes in indian children with cryptosporidial or rotavirus diarrhea.201424501384
live and heat-killed lactobacillus rhamnosus gg upregulate gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in 5-fluorouracil-pretreated caco-2 cells.this study investigates whether post-chemotherapeutic use of live and heat-killed lactobacillus rhamnosus gg can modulate the expression of three pro-inflammatory cytokines in 5-fluorouracil (5-fu)-induced intestinal mucositis in vitro.201424500789
lactobacillus gg restoration of the gliadin induced epithelial barrier disruption: the role of cellular polyamines.celiac disease is characterized by enhanced intestinal paracellular permeability due to alterations of function and expression of tight junction (tj) proteins including zo-1, claudin-1 and occludin. polyamines are pivotal in the control of intestinal barrier function and are also involved in the regulation of intercellular junction proteins. different probiotic strains may inhibit gliadin-induced toxic effects and the lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (l.gg) is effective in the prevention and treatment ...201424483336
engineered lactobacillus rhamnosus gg expressing igg-binding domains of protein g: capture of hyperimmune bovine colostrum antibodies and protection against diarrhea in a mouse pup rotavirus infection model.rotavirus-induced diarrhea causes more than 500,000 deaths annually in the world, and although vaccines are being made available, new effective treatment strategies should still be considered. purified antibodies derived from hyperimmune bovine colostrum (hbc), from cows immunized with rotavirus, were previously used for treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children. a combination of hbc antibodies and a probiotic strain of lactobacillus (l. rhamnosus gg) was also found to be more effective than h ...201424291196
ehealth: low fodmap diet vs lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in irritable bowel syndrome.to investigate the effects of a low fermentable, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols diet (lfd) and the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) in irritable bowel syndrome (ibs).201425473176
no evidence of harms of probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg atcc 53103 in healthy elderly-a phase i open label study to assess safety, tolerability and cytokine responses.although lactobacillus rhamnosus gg atcc 53103 (lgg) has been consumed by 2 to 5 million people daily since the mid 1990s, there are few clinical trials describing potential harms of lgg, particularly in the elderly.201425438151
randomized open-label pilot study of the influence of probiotics and the gut microbiome on toxic metal levels in tanzanian pregnant women and school children.exposure to environmental toxins is a 21st century global health problem that is often the result of dietary intake. although efforts are made to reduce dietary toxin levels, they are often unsuccessful, warranting research into novel methods to reduce host exposure. food-grade microbes that can be delivered to the gastrointestinal tract and that are capable of sequestering toxins present a safe and cost-effective intervention. we sought to investigate the potential for probiotic-supplemented yo ...201425293764
draft genome sequences and description of lactobacillus rhamnosus strains l31, l34, and l35.lactobacillus rhamnosus is a facultative, lactic acid bacterium in the phylum firmicutes. lactobacillus spp. are generally considered beneficial, and specific strains of l. rhamnosus are validated probiotics. we describe the draft genomes of three l. rhamnosus strains (l31, l34, and l35) isolated from the feces of thai breastfed infants, which exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. the three genomes range between 2.8 - 2.9 mb, and contain approximately 2,700 protein coding genes.201425197459
genomic characterization of non-mucus-adherent derivatives of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg reveals genes affecting pilus biogenesis.lactobacillus rhamnosus gg is one of the best-characterized lactic acid bacteria and can be considered a probiotic paradigm. comparative and functional genome analysis showed that l. rhamnosus gg harbors a genomic island including the spacba-srtc1 gene cluster, encoding the cell surface-decorating host-interacting pili. here, induced mutagenesis was used to study pilus biogenesis in l. rhamnosus gg. a combination of two powerful approaches, mutation selection and next-generation sequencing, was ...201425192985
severe oral infection due to lactobacillus rhamnosus during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia.we report a case of severe oral infection with a high fever due to lactobacillus rhamnosus during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. the patient did not improve on treatment with meropenem, clindamycin, or vancomycin until neutrophil recovery. since l. rhamnosus gg is used in dairy products, and the patient ingested dairy products daily before starting chemotherapy, we suspected an association between the ingestion of dairy products and the development of infection. pulsed-field ...201425115834
phenotypical analysis of the lactobacillus rhamnosus gg fimbrial spafed operon: surface expression and functional characterization of recombinant spafed pili in lactococcus lactis.a noticeable genomic feature of many piliated gram-positive bacterial species is the presence of more than one pilus-encoding operon. paradigmatically, the gut-adapted lactobacillus rhamnosus gg strain contains two different fimbrial operons in its genome. however, whereas one of these operons (called spacba) is encoding for the functionally mucus-/collagen-binding spacba pilus, for the other operon (called spafed) any native expression of the spafed-called pili is still the subject of some unce ...201425415357
reduced neonatal regulatory t cell response to microbial stimuli associates with subsequent eczema in high-risk infants.regulatory t cells (treg) play an essential role in early immune programming and shaping the immune response towards a pro-allergic or tolerant state. we evaluated cord blood treg and cytokine responses to microbial and non-microbial stimuli in infants at high risk of allergic disease and their associations with development of allergic disease in the first year.201425376403
survival of pathogenic and lactobacilli species of fermented olives during simulated human digestion.the present survey uses a dynamic gastric and small intestinal model to assess the survival of one pathogenic (escherichia coli o157:h7 edl 933) and three lactobacilli bacteria with probiotic potential (lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, l. pentosus tomc-lab2, and l. pentosus tomc-lab4) during their passage through the human gastrointestinal tract using fermented olives as the food matrix. the data showed that the survival of the e. coli strain in the stomach and duodenum was very low, while its transi ...201425352842
optimization of culture conditions for exopolysaccharide production by a probiotic strain of lactobacillus rhamnosus e/n.the effects of culture conditions on exopolysaccharides (eps) production by a probiotic lb. rhamnosus e/n have been studied using the plackett-burman design. process optimization was performed in stationary cultures to maximize the production of eps. in order to verify the optimal conditions, an analysis was performed of eps production in fermentation culture. batch fermentation was carried out at working volume of 2.51. the optimal temperature, ph, carbon source, and nitrogen source conditions ...201425115122
the effect of cell surface components on adhesion ability of lactobacillus rhamnosus.the aim of this study was to analyze the cell envelope components and surface properties of two phenotypes of lactobacillus rhamnosus isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract. the ability of the bacteria to adhere to human intestinal cells and to aggregate with other bacteria was determined. l. rhamnosus strains e/n and pen differed with regard to the presence of exopolysaccharides (eps) and specific surface proteins. transmission electron microscopy showed differences in the structure of ...201425090959
the effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus hsryfm 1301 on the intestinal microbiota of a hyperlipidemic rat model.growing evidence indicates that intestinal microbiota regulate our metabolism. probiotics confer health benefits that may depend on their ability to affect the gut microbiota. the objective of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation with the probiotic strain, lactobacillus rhamnosus hsryfm 1301, on the gut microbiota in a hyperlipidemic rat model, and to explore the associations between the gut microbiota and the serum lipids.201425300818
probiotic edible films as a new strategy for developing functional bakery products: the case of pan bread.in the present paper, a novel approach for the development of probiotic baked cereal products is presented. probiotic pan bread constructed by the application of film forming solutions based either on individual hydrogels e.g. 1% w/w sodium alginate (alg) or binary blends of 0.5% w/w sodium alginate and 2% whey protein concentrate (alg/wpc) containing lactobacillus rhamnosus gg, followed by an air drying step at 60 °c for 10 min or 180 °c for min were produced. no visual differences between the ...201425089068
probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) and prebiotic prevent neonatal inflammation-induced visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats.increasing evidence indicates a positive effect of probiotics on the nervous system. the objective of this study was to determine if probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) and/or prebiotics polydextrose/galactooligosaccharide (pdx/gos) can alter the colonic sensitivity in a neonatal rat model of chronic visceral hyperalgesia and to determine whether altered sensitivity is associated with changes in neurotransmitter levels in the brain.201425298006
lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in the middle ear after randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled oral administration.probiotics may have potency in reducing upper respiratory infections, in particular in children. we studied findings from middle ear effusion (mee) samples after randomized, placebo-controlled 3-week oral administration of probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (l.201425085073
a comparative pan-genome perspective of niche-adaptable cell-surface protein phenotypes in lactobacillus rhamnosus.lactobacillus rhamnosus is a ubiquitously adaptable gram-positive bacterium and as a typical commensal can be recovered from various microbe-accessible bodily orifices and cavities. then again, other isolates are food-borne, with some of these having been long associated with naturally fermented cheeses and yogurts. additionally, because of perceived health benefits to humans and animals, numerous l. rhamnosus strains have been selected for use as so-called probiotics and are often taken in the ...201425032833
characterization of mutual relations between geotrichum candidum and lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in milk: a quantitative approach.the growth interactions between geotrichum candidum and lactobacillus rhamnosus gg were studied in milk. the effect of temperature on the growth rate of the fungus was modelled using the cardinal temperature model with inflection. the secondary modelling was applied also on the other data set containing the growth rates of g. candidum in co-culture with a commercial starter culture. the low temperature in combination with l. rhamnosus gg in co-culture showed the most negative effect on the growt ...201423733814
prebiotic and probiotic supplementation prevents rhinovirus infections in preterm infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.simple and safe strategies for the prevention of viral respiratory tract infections (rtis) are needed.201424131826
effects of lactobacillus plantarum a7 with probiotic potential on colon cancer and normal cells proliferation in comparison with a commercial strain.several beneficial effects have been attributed to the probiotic lactic acid bacteria. it was determined that lactobacilli can exert antiproliferative effects on the various cancer cell lines including colon cancer. effects of lactic acid bacteria on colon cancer may vary from strain to strain and there is a need to find the new probiotic strains with tumor suppressing properties through in vitro studies.201425729553
distinct immunomodulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell responses to lactobacillus plantarum wcfs1 by two different polysaccharides isolated from lactobacillus rhamnosus lock 0900.the structures of polysaccharides (ps) isolated from lactobacillus rhamnosus lock 0900 and results from stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bm-dc) and human embryonal kidney (hek293) cells stably transfected with toll-like receptors (tlr) upon exposure to these antigens were studied. l. rhamnosus lock 0900 produces ps that differ greatly in their structure. the polymer l900/2, with a high average molecular mass of 830 kda, is a branched heteropolysaccharide with a unique re ...201425107979
efficacy of probiotic therapy on atopic dermatitis in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.to evaluate a therapeutic efficacy of probiotics mixture (probiotics) in the treatment of children with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (ad).201424843795
use of microparticulated whey protein concentrate, exopolysaccharide-producing streptococcus thermophilus, and adjunct cultures for making low-fat italian caciotta-type cheese.low-fat caciotta-type cheeses were manufactured with partially skim milk (fat content of ~0.3%) alone (lfc); with the supplementation of 0.5% (wt/vol) microparticulated whey protein concentrate (mwpc) (lfc-mwpc); with mwpc and exopolysaccharides (eps)-producing streptococcus thermophilus st446 (lfc-mwpc-eps); and with mwpc, eps-producing strain st446, and lactobacillus plantarum lp and lactobacillus rhamnosus lra as adjunct cultures (lfc-mwpc-eps-a). the non-eps-producing isogenic variant strept ...201424183686
prebiotic and synbiotic effects on rats fed malted barley with selected bacteria strains.butyric acid, one of the key products formed when β-glucans are degraded by the microbiota in the colon, has been proposed to be important for colonic health. glutamine bound to the fibre may have similar effects once it has been liberated from the fibre in the colon. both β-glucans and glutamine are found in high amounts in malted barley. lactobacillus rhamnosus together with malt has been shown to increase the formation of butyric acid further in rats.201425317120
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