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analysis of the bada stalk from bartonella henselae reveals domain-specific and domain-overlapping functions in the host cell infection process.human pathogenic bartonella henselae cause cat scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders. an important pathogenicity factor of b. henselae is the trimeric autotransporter adhesin bartonella adhesin a (bada) which is modularly constructed and consists of a head, a long and repetitive neck-stalk module with 22 repetitive neck/stalk repeats and a membrane anchor. the bada head is crucial for bacterial adherence to host cells, binding to several extracellular matrix proteins and for the ind ...201121981119
bacteriological and molecular identification of bartonella species in cats from different regions of china.with the improvements in diagnostic techniques, bartonella henselae (b. henselae) infection has recently been recognized to cause a widening spectrum of diseases. cats are the natural reservoir hosts of b. henselae. the current study aims to investigate the prevalence of b. henselae infection in the cat populations in china. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and bacterial cultures confirm that 12.7% of the tested cats were positive for the infection. old age and outdoor exposure were statistically ...201121909443
bartonella henselae engages inside-out and outside-in signaling by integrin β1 and talin1 during invasome-mediated bacterial uptake.the virb/d4 type iv secretion system (t4ss) of the bacterial pathogen bartonella henselae (bhe) translocates seven effector proteins (bepa-bepg) into human cells that subvert host cellular functions. two redundant pathways dependent on bepg or the combination of bepc and bepf trigger the formation of a bacterial uptake structure termed the invasome. invasome formation is a multi-step process consisting of bacterial adherence, effector translocation, aggregation of bacteria on the cell surface an ...201122045736
zoonotic bartonella species in fleas and blood from red foxes in australia.abstract bartonella are arthropod-borne, fastidious, gram-negative, and aerobic bacilli distributed by fleas, lice, sand flies, and, possibly, ticks. the zoonotic bartonella species, bartonella henselae and bartonella clarridgeiae, which are the causes of cat scratch disease and endocarditis in humans, have been reported from cats, cat fleas, and humans in australia. however, to date, there has been no report of b. henselae or b. clarridgeiae in australian wild animals and their ectoparasites. ...201121919728
bartonellae in animals and vectors in new caledonia.bartonellae are gram-negative facultative intracellular alpha-proteobacteria from the family bartonellaceae. the natural history of bartonellae consists of a reservoir/host, which is a vertebrate with chronic intravascular infection with sustained bacteremia, and a vector (usually an arthropod) that transfers the bacteria from the reservoir to a susceptible yet uninfected host. in order to reveal the sources and reservoirs of bartonella infection in animals and vectors in new caledonia, we colle ...201122018646
Transfer of R388 derivatives by a pathogenesis-associated type IV secretion system into both bacteria and human cells.Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are involved in processes such as bacterial conjugation and protein translocation to animal cells. In this work, we have switched the substrates of T4SSs involved in pathogenicity for DNA transfer. Plasmids containing part of the conjugative machinery of plasmid R388 were transferred by the T4SS of human facultative intracellular pathogen Bartonella henselae to both recipient bacteria and human vascular endothelial cells. About 2% of the human cells ex ...201121908662
onset of cutaneous vasculitis and exacerbation of iga nephropathy after bartonella henselae infection.bartonella henselae is the aetiological agent of cat-scratch disease. recently, there have been reports of other conditions associated with this bacterium, including leucocytoclastic vasculitis, thrombocytopenic purpura, maculopapular and urticarial eruptions, granuloma annulare, erythema nodosum, erythema marginatum and erythema annulare. we report the first case, to our knowledge, of the simultaneous occurrence of cutaneous vasculitis and nephrotic syndrome in a 65-year-old woman with iga neph ...201121981612
Detection of Bartonella henselae IgM in serum of experimentally infected and naturally exposed cats.Results of Bartonella henselae blood culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on blood, or IgG antibody assays do not always correlate with the presence or absence of clinical disease in cats, and B. henselae IgG antibodies in serum do not always correlate with bacteremia. However, little is known concerning Bartonella spp. IgM antibodies in naturally exposed cats.201122092615
[Comparison of the indirect immunofluorescence assay performance of bartonella henselae antigens obtained by co-cultivation in vero and HeLa cells].The laboratory diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infection is mainly based on serological testing by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Cell line co-cultivation with B.henselae and agar derivated antigens are the two major procedures used for evaluation of anti-Bartonella antibodies. Vero and Hep-2 cell lines are the most commonly used media for co-cultivation both in-house and commercial diagnostic kits production. However, HeLa cells which are easily supplied and grown, also can easily be ...201121935779
proteomic and bioinformatic analysis of outer membrane proteins of the protobacterium bartonella henselae (bartonellaceae).bartonella henselae, an infectious agent causing cat-scratch disease and vasculoproliferative disorders in humans, is a fastidious facultative intracellular pathogen. the outer membrane proteins of b. henselae are key molecules that play a primary role in host-cell interactions. we isolated b. henselae outer membrane proteins, using the ionic detergent n-lauroyl sarcosine sodium salt and sodium carbonate, purification by two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis, and protein identification ...201121948745
Cat Scratch Neuroretinitis: The Role of Acute and Convalescent Titers for Diagnosis.ABSTRACT: Cat scratch neuroretinitis (CSN) is a clinical diagnosis supported by serological testing. We present 2 cases of CSN in which initial acute titers were negative or equivocal for Bartonella henselae while convalescent titers were shown to be positive. We report these cases to emphasize that a single acute negative titer is insufficient to exclude the diagnosis of CSN and that convalescent titers should be obtained in patients for whom there is a high clinical suspicion of the disease.201121941214
vector-borne diseases in client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain.abstract the role of various vector-borne pathogens as a cause of disease in cats has not been clearly determined. the current study evaluated risk factors, clinical and laboratory abnormalities associated with ehrlichia spp., anaplasma spp., neorickettsia spp., leishmania spp., and bartonella spp. infection or exposure in 680 client-owned and stray cats from madrid, spain. our results indicate that a large portion (35.1%) of the cat population of madrid, spain, is exposed to at least one of t ...201122022820
emerging incidence of lyme borreliosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis in australia.borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease (ld), and babesia, bartonella, and ehrlichia species (spp.) are recognized tick-borne pathogens in humans worldwide. using serology and molecular testing, the incidence of these pathogens was investigated in symptomatic patients from australia.201122267937
cat-scratch disease in crete: an update.there are few epidemiological and clinical studies about the presence of cat scratch disease (csd) on the island of crete. the objective of this study was to analyze a large number of patients with suspected csd to define the frequency of bartonella infections in crete. from january 2005 to october 2008, we studied patients with suspected csd from hospitals in crete. sera of the referred patients were tested by immunofluorescence assay (ifa). for some patients, we also received lymph nodes and b ...201124470912
detection of bartonella henselae in defibrinated sheep blood used for culture media supplementation.bartonella henselae was detected in defibrinated sheep blood employed in supplementing a selective bacteria culture medium by nested pcr. we recommended that highly sensitive technical tests be run to ensure a sterile culture medium for bartonella spp. isolation, since infected blood samples used in preparation could lead to false-positive results.201124031650
complements do not lie.a 74-year-old patient presented with constitutional symptoms and was found to have acute kidney injury. he was known to have a prosthetic aortic valve. he was febrile with splenomegaly and vasculitic lesions on both hands. nephritic screen revealed strongly positive cytoplasmic-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-anca). differential diagnosis thus included a small vessel vasculitis or infective endocarditis. transoesophageal echocardiography demonstrated no vegetations and serial blood cult ...201122669953
molecular screening for bartonella henselae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato co-existence within ixodes ricinus populations in central and eastern parts of poland.the presented study aimed at establishing the prevalence and co-infection rates of bartonella henselae and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the central and eastern parts of poland. the common tick individuals were gathered in the years 2008-2009. questing ticks were sampled by dragging a white woollen flag over lower vegetation at 17 localities within diverse types of habitats: urban recreational green areas (city parks and squares), suburban forests and rur ...201223020038
[a 34-year-old woman with cat scratch disease who developed encephalopathy].we experienced a patient with cat-scratch disease (csd) who developed encephalopathy. the subject was a 34-year-old female who had been aware of a low-grade fever and swollen inguinal lymph nodes for 1 month. the subject's consciousness became impaired after a headache developed, accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomiting, and she subsequently sought medical consultation. no major abnormalities were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (mri) was normal. howe ...201222975857
population structure of bartonella henselae in algerian urban stray cats.whole blood samples from 211 stray cats from algiers, algeria, were cultured to detect the presence of bartonella species and to evaluate the genetic diversity of b. henselae strains by multiple locus vntr analysis (mlva). bartonella henselae was the only species isolated from 36 (17%) of 211 cats. b. henselae genotype i was the predominant genotype (64%). mlva typing of 259 strains from 30 bacteremic cats revealed 52 different profiles as compared to only 3 profiles using mlst. of these 52 prof ...201222956995
neuroretinitis caused by bartonella quintana.a 57-year-old woman presented to the eye clinic for impaired vision on the left eye persisting for three months. clinical examination revealed massive peripapillary exudate and stellate macular exudate, raising suspicion of a cat-scratch disease. tetracycline therapy was introduced, followed by azithromycin and topical corticosteroids. serologic testing for bartonella henselae and bartonella quintana was performed. in the first sample, bartonella quintana igg titer was 128, and igm titer 20, whe ...201222926397
perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in dogs infected with various vector-borne pathogens and in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.to determine the prevalence of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (panca) in dogs with confirmed or suspected immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (imha) or dogs infected with various vector-borne pathogens, including rickettsia rickettsii, bartonella henselae, bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii, ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi, and leishmania infantum.201222924722
beyond cat scratch disease: a case report of bartonella infection mimicking vasculitic disorder.cat scratch disease (csd) is a bacterial disease caused by bartonella henselae and it is mainly characterized by self-limiting lymphadenopathy in the draining site of a cat scratch or bite. we report a patient with history of fever, swelling lymph nodes, vasculitic-like skin lesions, and positivity of bartonella serology initially considered as expression of a disimmune disease.201222924138
[nontuberculous mycobacterial epitrochlear adenitis].we report the case of a 2-year-old girl referred for unilateral epitrochlear lymphadenitis caused by mycobacterium avium. adenitis is the most frequent presentation of non tuberculous mycobacteria in children. typical locations are the cervical, submandibular, axillar, inguinal, mediastinal, and parotid regions. to our knowledge, this is the first observation of an epitrochlear location. the diagnosis was made by evidencing the causal bacterium but also by the exclusion of other causes such as b ...201222920888
chronic bartonellosis in cats: what are the potential implications?bartonellae are small, vector-transmitted gram-negative intracellular bacteria that are well adapted to one or more mammalian reservoir hosts. cats are the natural reservoir for bartonella henselae, which is a (re-)emerging bacterial pathogen. it can cause cat scratch disease in humans and, in immunocompromised people, may lead to severe systemic diseases, such as bacillary angiomatosis. cats bacteraemic with b henselae constitute the main reservoir from which humans become infected. most cats n ...201222918844
evaluation of igg elisa using n-lauroyl-sarcosine-soluble proteins of bartonella henselae for highly specific serodiagnosis of cat scratch disease.conventional igg-elisa methods for diagnosing cat scratch disease (csd) caused by bartonella hensela are still poor in sensitivity and specificity, which generally employ bacterial whole-cell proteins or n-lauroyl-sarcosine-insoluble proteins as the antigen. by western blot analysis, we found that sarcosine-soluble fraction of proteins (ssp) showed highly specific reaction to immunofluorescence assay (ifa)-positive sera obtained from csd patients compared with the above antigens. clinical utilit ...201222902161
presumed choroidal neovascularization secondary to bartonella henselae. 201222883856
optimization of bartonella henselae multilocus sequence typing scheme using single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of solid sequence data.multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) is widely used to explore the population structure of numerous bacterial pathogens. however, for genotypically-restricted pathogens, the sensitivity of mlst is limited by a paucity of variation within selected loci. for bartonella henselae (b. henselae), although the mlst scheme currently used has been proven useful in defining the overall population structure of the species, its reliability for the accurate delineation of closely-related sequence types, betwee ...201222882849
neuroretinitis following bull ant sting.cat scratch disease causes the majority of cases of neuroretinitis. neuroretinitis is characterised by clinical features of papillitis, macular oedema and macular star. we report a case study of infection with bartonella henselae most likely transmitted by a bull ant sting. the patient presented with blurred vision and reduced visual acuity after being stung by an ant in her garden some 7 days earlier. further testing revealed positive serology to b henselae and the patient improved with appropr ...201222865803
bartonella henselae-mediated disease in solid organ transplant recipients: two pediatric cases and a literature review.bartonella henselae, the etiologic agent of cat-scratch disease, causes a well-defined, self-limited syndrome of fever and regional lymphadenopathy in immunocompetent hosts. in immunocompromised hosts, however, b. henselae can cause severe disseminated disease and pathologic vasoproliferation known as bacillary angiomatosis (ba) or bacillary peliosis. ba was first recognized in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. it has become more frequently recognized in solid organ transplant ...201222862881
isolated splenic peliosis in an immunocompromised patient.peliosis is a rare condition characterised by multiple cyst-like, blood-filled cavities within the parenchyma of solid organs, most commonly affecting the liver. isolated splenic peliosis is an even more unusual phenomenon. patients with aids may develop peliosis in association with bacillary angiomatosis. this is due to secondary infection with bartonella henselae or a similar organism, rochalimaea henselae.201222856444
candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum and mycoplasma haemocanis infections in dogs from the united states.mycoplasma haemocanis (mhc) and candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum (cmhp) have been described in dogs. historically, microscopic visualization of hemotropic mycoplasma spp. has occurred most often in immunocompromised or splenectomized dogs. the aim of this study was to determine the mhc and cmhp prevalences among dogs from the united states. novel 16s rrna and rnasep gene pcr assays were used to amplify hemotropic mycoplasma species dna for genbank sequence alignment. among the study populatio ...201222819621
bartonella henselae infection presenting with ocular and hepatosplenic manifestations in an immunocompetent child. 201222801097
cat-scratch disease and bone scintigraphy.cat-scratch disease is a bacterial infection caused by bartonella henselae. bone involvement is rare. we describe the case of a 7-year-old boy with a systemic form of the disease. he presented with a 15-day history of fever, altered general condition, weight loss and cough, associated with back pain, and right-sided coxalgia. bone scintigraphy with tc-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate showed spinal involvement, the iliac crest, the right ankle, and the right first metatarsal. magnetic resonance ...201222785507
[neurological symptoms with bartonella henselae infection: report on 2 pediatric cases].cat scratch disease (csd) is usually a benign, self-limited regional lymphadenopathy, caused by bartonella henselae. however, systemic complications have been described. we report on 2 children who developed neurological symptoms of acute encephalitis or neuroretinitis. cat scratch disease should be suspected when neurological symptoms of undetermined cause occur in children, whether or not anamnesis is significant.201222749487
new perspectives into bacterial dna transfer to human cells.the type iv secretion system (t4ss) virb/d4 of the facultative intracellular pathogen bartonella henselae is known to translocate bacterial effector proteins into human cells. two recent reports on dna transfer into human cells have demonstrated the versatility of this bacterial secretion system for macromolecular substrate transfer. moreover, these findings have opened the possibility for developing new tools for dna delivery into specific human cell types. dna can be introduced into these cell ...201222748513
ifn-β expression is directly activated in human neutrophils transfected with plasmid dna and is further increased via tlr-4-mediated signaling.upon lps binding, tlr4 activates a myd88-dependent pathway leading to the transcriptional activation of proinflammatory genes, as well as a myd88-independent/trif-dependent pathway, responsible for the transcriptional induction of ifn-β. previous findings delineated that human neutrophils are unable to induce the transcription of ifn-β in response to tlr4 stimulation. because neutrophils do not express protein kinase c ε, a molecule recently reported as essential for initiating the myd88-indepen ...201222730532
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii, bartonella species and haemoplasma infection in cats in south africa.vector-borne agents and toxoplasma gondii are common in cats, with many being zoonotic. the current study investigated the prevalence of selected infectious agents in cats from johannesburg, south africa, for which no published data exists. whole blood and sera were obtained from 102 cats with a variety of disease conditions. total dna was extracted from the blood and assayed using pcr techniques for mycoplasma haemofelis, candidatus m haemominutum, candidatus m turicensis, bartonella species, e ...201222729571
bartonella quintana-induced vulval bacillary angiomatosis.bacillary angiomatosis (ba) is an increasingly reported infection, mainly in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. different epidemiological risk factors are associated with the transmission of the causative agents, bartonella henselae and b. quintana. vulval ba is described rarely. two patients presented with a vulval mass (patient 1) and a verrucous vulval growth (patient 2), which were diagnosed clinically as tuberculosis and carcinoma, respectively. patient 1 also had pulmonary t ...201222653356
serum immunoglobulin g avidity test as a tool for improving diagnosis of cat scratch disease.cat scratch disease (csd) is a common cause of subacute infectious regional lymphadenitis, caused by bartonella henselae. presently, detection of anti-b. henselae antibodies by immunofluorescence antibody assay or enzyme immunoassay (eia) is the most widely used diagnostic test for csd, but both are limited in establishing the timing of infection with b. henselae. in the present work we developed an avidity test for anti-b. henselae immunoglobulin g (igg) based on eia to distinguish recent from ...201222607073
a genome-wide study of recombination rate variation in bartonella henselae.rates of recombination vary by three orders of magnitude in bacteria but the reasons for this variation is unclear. we performed a genome-wide study of recombination rate variation among genes in the intracellular bacterium bartonella henselae, which has among the lowest estimated ratio of recombination relative to mutation in prokaryotes.201222577862
[atypical presentation of hepatosplenic cat scratch disease in a 3-year-old child].cat scratch disease is caused by a facultative intracellular gram-negative bacteria, bartonella henselae. this disease is transmitted by cat scratches or bites. the typical form is a large and rough adenopathy, with no general signs. in a few cases, the symptoms are aspecific and various, which makes the diagnosis difficult. a 3-year-old child presented a prolonged fever with an aspecific skin eruption and hepatosplenic lesions seen 1 month after the beginning of the disease, which led to the di ...201222561046
bartonella henselae seroprevalence in cattle breeders and veterinarians in the rural areas of aydin and denizli, turkey.bartonella henselae infections are usually detected among people who have close contact with animals. veterinarians and cattle breeders, in particular, are considered as the risk groups for b. henselae infections. in this study, the seroprevalence of antibodies to b. henselae was investigated in these two groups of subjects in the two cities of aydin and denizli, which are located in the same region in the southwest of turkey. total antibodies to b. henselae were evaluated by indirect immunofluo ...201222489645
bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and bartonella henselae as potential causes of proliferative vascular diseases in animals.bartonella species are highly fastidious, vector borne, zoonotic bacteria that cause persistent intraerythrocytic bacteremia and endotheliotropic infection in reservoir and incidental hosts. based upon prior in vitro research, three bartonella sp., b. bacilliformis, b. henselae, and b. quintana can induce proliferation of endothelial cells, and each species has been associated with in vivo formation of vasoproliferative tumors in human patients. in this study, we report the molecular detection o ...201222450733
bartonella as a cause of mechanical prosthetic aortic root endocarditis.bartonella henselae infection is typically associated with cat scratch disease. this microorganism can also lead to culture-negative infective endocarditis in immunocompromised patients. we present a rare case of a previously healthy 65-year-old man with b. henselae-associated endocarditis of a prosthetic aortic root. all blood cultures, as well as cultures of the resected aortic valve vegetations, remained negative. polymerase chain reaction with specific bacterial primers with dna sequencing w ...201222450112
bartonella henselae infections in solid organ transplant recipients: report of 5 cases and review of the literature.bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis. the spectrum of disease, diagnosis, and management of b. henselae infection in solid organ transplant recipients has not been well characterized. we identified 29 cases of solid organ transplant recipients who had bartonella infection, 24 by a review of the english-language literature and 5 from our institution. localized cat scratch disease was found in 8 patients (28%), and disseminated infec ...201222391473
bartonella henselae prosthetic valve endocarditis in an adult patient with congenital heart disease: favorable outcome after combined medical and surgical management.bartonella spp. are a known cause of culture-negative endocarditis. we report a 42-year-old male with underlying surgically corrected congenital heart disease who was diagnosed with bartonella henselae endocarditis involving the right-ventricle-to-pulmonary-artery conduit.201222381119
staining of bartonella henselae with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester for tracking infection in erythrocytes and epithelial cells.bartonella infection (bartonella henselae in particular) is responsible for a widening spectrum of human diseases. the persistent colonization of erythrocytes is a feature of bartonella infection. endothelial and epithelial cells are also widely used to study the pathogenesis of bartonellosis in vitro. exploring a convenient method for visualizing the bacillus without affecting infectivity would be very interesting. carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (cfse) has been previously used ...201222374182
[spasmodic left waist pain in a six years old child--cat scratch disease].cat scratch disease is caused by bartonella henselae, a bacterium transmitted to humans from cats through a scratch or by fleas. in 90% of cases, the clinical presentation is that of classical cat scratch disease where an adjacent lymph node is infected. atypical manifestations include prolonged fever, liver and spleen abscesses, infective endocarditis, central nervous system involvement etc. we present a 6 years old girl who suffered from l2 vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess, initial ...201223350290
[investigation of bartonella henselae antibodies in serum and plasma samples of kidney transplant patients].solid organ transplantation is an important therapeutic choice to improve the life quality of patients with end-stage renal disease. renal transplant recipients have to take immunosuppressive therapy to prevent transplant rejection. however, this treatment increases susceptibility to infection. bartonella henselae causes systemic, disseminated and silent manifestations in healthy individuals, while the mortality rate is high in immunosuppressive patients in the case of untreated bartonellosis. t ...201223188571
bartonella henselae endocarditis of percutaneously implanted pulmonary valve.percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (ppvi) has revolutionized the management of right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction after repaired congenital heart disease. although the technology is considered to be safe with a relatively low complication rate, infection is a described complication, with five cases of culture-positive infective endocarditis of percutaneously implanted pulmonary valve having been reported to date worldwide. herein is reported the first ever case of culture-negativ ...201223167236
susceptibility of polish bartonella henselae strains.due to the fastidious nature of b. henselae and the limited number of available isolates worldwide, there are few data on its in vitro susceptibility to antibiotics. we determined the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of ten antimicrobial agents against 11 feline isolates of b. henselae by etest method. the lowest mics were obtained for rifampicin < or = 0.002 mg/l. mics of all isolates were < 0.016 mg/l for ampicilin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, tetracycline and ranged from 0.016 to 0.03 ...201223163214
cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis in renal transplant recipients: report of three new cases and literature review.bacillary angiomatosis (ba) is a rare vasculoproliferative disorder due to bartonella henselae (bh) or bartonella quintana. it can involve many organs, including the skin, and has been mainly reported in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. in organ transplant recipients (otr), this disorder remains misdiagnosed and therapeutic guidelines are nonexistent. we report 3 cases of ba with skin involvement in otr and review similar cases from the literature. ba manifests on the skin with ...201222316326
bartonella and bartonella infections in china: from the clinic to the laboratory.the current status of bartonella studies in mainland china is reviewed including both laboratory and ecological data and limited clinical data. detection and isolation of bartonella species from arthropods, pets and small wild animals is commonplace; this includes a variety of known and emerging bartonella pathogens. in contrast, the medical literature analyzed from 1980 to 2010 consists of 31 reports of only of cat scratch disease (csd). most cases are from the east and south-eastern provinces, ...201222304899
serosurvey of free-ranging amur tigers in the russian far east.wild amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica, n=44) from the russian far east were tested for antibodies to feline leukemia virus, feline corona virus (fcov), feline immunodeficiency virus, feline parvovirus (fpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), toxoplasma gondii, and bartonella henselae. antibodies to fcov, cdv, fpv, and t. gondii were detected in 43, 15, 68, and 42% of tigers, respectively. no differences were detected in antibody prevalence estimates between tigers captured as part of a research ...201222247389
concomitant cat scratch disease and squamous cell carcinoma in a cardiac transplant.cat scratch disease has been reported very rarely in cardiac transplant recipients. in a review of 1073 episodes of infection in 620 heart transplant patients over a 16 year period, only one case of infection secondary to bartonella henselae was documented. another case of hepatosplenic bacillary angiomatosis from b. henselae was reported 2 decades ago in a heart transplant recipient who had presented with fevers of unknown origin. although the typical clinical manifestation is that of a skin le ...201224470916
high prevalence of bartonella henselae and bartonella quintana antibodies in croatian patients presenting with lymphadenopathy.between 2007 and 2010, a total of 268 croatian patients with lymphadenopathy were tested for igm/igg antibodies to bartonella (b.) henselae and b. quintana. samples from 44.4% patients showed positive igg antibodies: 35.8% to b. henselae, 6.7% to b. quintana and 1.9% to both bartonella species. there was no difference in seropositivity between males and females (47.4% vs. 41.5%). seroprevalence was high in all age groups (40.4-60.9%). patients from urban and rural areas showed a similar seroprev ...201223484416
molecular characterisation of bartonella species in cats from são luís, state of maranhão, north-eastern brazil.bartonella species are fastidious bacteria that predominantly infect mammalian erythrocytes and endothelial cells and cause long-lasting bacteraemia in their reservoir hosts. reports that describe the epidemiology of bartonellosis in brazil are limited. this study aimed to detect and characterise bartonella spp dna from cat blood samples in são luís, maranhão, north-eastern brazil. among 200 cats tested for multiple genes, nine (4.5%) were positive for bartonella spp: six cats for bartonella hen ...201222990968
prevalence of bartonella species, hemoplasmas, and rickettsia felis dna in blood and fleas of cats in bangkok, thailand.flea infestations are common in thailand, but little is known about the flea-borne infections. fifty flea pools and 153 blood samples were collected from client-owned cats between june and august 2009 from veterinary hospitals in bangkok, thailand. total dna was extracted from all samples, and then assessed by conventional pcr assays. the prevalence rates of bartonella spp. in blood and flea samples were 17% and 32%, respectively, with dna of bartonella henselae and bartonella clarridgeiae being ...201222521739
persistence of bartonella spp. stealth pathogens: from sub-clinical infections to vasoproliferative tumour formation.bartonella spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that typically cause a long-lasting intraerythrocytic bacteremia in their mammalian reservoir hosts, thereby favoring transmission by blood-sucking arthropods. in most cases, natural reservoir host infections are subclinical and the relapsing intraerythrocytic bacteremia may last weeks, months or even years. in this review, we will follow the infection cycle of bartonella spp. in a reservoir host, which typically starts with an intradermal i ...201222229763
granulomatous hepatitis due to bartonella henselae infection in an immunocompetent patient.abstract: background: bartonella henselae (b. henselae) is considered a rare cause of granulomatous hepatitis. due to the fastidious growth characteristics of the bacteria, the limited sensitivity of histopathological stains, and the non-specific histological findings on liver biopsy, the diagnosis of hepatic bartonellosis can be difficult to establish. furthermore, the optimal treatment of established hepatic bartonellosis remains controversial. case presentation: we present a case of hepatic ...201222269175
hemin binding protein c is found in outer membrane vesicles and protects bartonella henselae against toxic concentrations of hemin.bartonella species are gram-negative, emerging bacterial pathogens found in two distinct environments. in the gut of the obligately hematophagous arthropod vector, bartonellae are exposed to concentrations of heme that are toxic to other bacteria. in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, access to heme and iron are severely restricted. bartonellae have unusually high requirements for heme, which is their only utilizable source of iron. although heme is essential for bartonella survival, little ...201222232189
identification of a new nanornase in bartonella.in escherichia coli, only one essential oligoribonuclease (orn) can degrade oligoribonucleotides of five residues and shorter in length (nanorna). in bacillus subtilis, nrna and nrnb, which do not have any sequence similarity with orn, have been identified as functional analogs of orn. sequence comparisons did not allow identifying orn, nrna, or nrnb homologues in the genomes of the chlamydia/cyanobacteria and alphaproteobacteria family members. screening a genomic library from bartonella birtle ...201222262096
chronic lyme disease and co-infections: differential diagnosis.in lyme disease concurrent infections frequently occur. the clinical and pathological impact of co-infections was first recognized in the 1990th, i.e. approximately ten years after the discovery of lyme disease. their pathological synergism can exacerbate lyme disease or induce similar disease manifestations. co-infecting agents can be transmitted together with borrelia burgdorferi by tick bite resulting in multiple infections but a fraction of co-infections occur independently of tick bite. cli ...201223400696
bartonella spp. in human and animal populations in gauteng, south africa, from 2007 to 2009.bartonellae are highly adaptive organisms that have the ability to evade the host immune system and cause persistent bacteraemia by occupying the host's erythrocytes. bartonella spp. is under-studied and health care professionals often misdiagnose bartonella-related infections. the aim of this study was to investigate the carriage of bartonella spp. circulating in human and animal populations in gauteng using culturing and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection. a total of 424 human, 98 cat, ...201223327372
[bacillary angiomatosis].bacillary angiomatosis is an unusual infectious disease, with angioproliferative lesions, typical of immunocompromised patients. it is caused by bartonella quintana and bartonella henselae, two infectious agents of the genus bartonella, which trigger variable clinical manifestations, including cutaneous vascular and purpuric lesions, and regional lymphadenopathy, and even a systemic disease with visceral involvement. we report a 38-year-old hiv positive male presenting with a history of six mont ...201223282705
zoonotic infections among employees from great smoky mountains and rocky mountain national parks, 2008-2009.u.s. national park service employees may have prolonged exposure to wildlife and arthropods, placing them at increased risk of infection with endemic zoonoses. to evaluate possible zoonotic risks present at both great smoky mountains (grsm) and rocky mountain (romo) national parks, we assessed park employees for baseline seroprevalence to specific zoonotic pathogens, followed by evaluation of incident infections over a 1-year study period. park personnel showed evidence of prior infection with a ...201222835153
Transmission of flea-borne zoonotic agents (*).Flea-borne zoonoses such as plague (Yersinia pestis) and murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) caused significant numbers of human cases in the past and remain a public health concern. Other flea-borne human pathogens have emerged recently (e.g., Bartonella henselae, Rickettsia felis), and their mechanisms of transmission and impact on human health are not fully understood. Our review focuses on the ecology and epidemiology of the flea-borne bacterial zoonoses mentioned above with an emphasis on rece ...201221888520
systemic bartonella henselae infection and crohn's disease treatment with infliximab. 201221928372
isolation & characterization of bartonella sp. from optic neuritis patients.optic neuritis (on) is characterized by sudden and rapid impairment of vision. bartonella henselae is a known aetiological agent of cat scratch disease (csd), which is a common cause of neuroretinitis, the least common type of optic neuritis. the present study was carried out to determine the microbiological aetiology of optic neuritis in patients attending a tertiary care eye hospital in north india, which was later confirmed with molecular characterization.201223391794
Prevalence of antibodies anti-bartonella henselae in Western sicily: children, blood donors, and cats.To evaluate seroprevalence of B. henselae infection both in Sicilian children and healthy blood donors. Furthermore, circulation of Bartonella in the natural reservoir was also studied. Two hundred forty-three children, living in Sicily (Palermo), affected by various diseases, without clinical features suggesting B. henselae infection, together with 122 healthy blood donors were serologically investigated for IgG and IgM antibodies by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). One hundred twenty ...201222181817
functional identification of two novel genes from pseudomonas sp. strain hzn6 involved in the catabolism of nicotine.nicotine is a natural alkaloid produced by tobacco plants, and the mechanisms of its catabolism by microorganisms are diverse. in the present study, we reported the mutation, cloning, and identification of two novel genes involved in nicotine degradation from the newly isolated pseudomonas sp. strain hzn6. transposon mutagenesis identified a hzn6 mutant in which the nicotine-degrading pathway was blocked at pseudooxynicotine. a 3,874-bp dna fragment flanking the transposon insertion site was obt ...201222267672
heme degrading protein hems is involved in oxidative stress response of bartonella henselae.bartonellae are hemotropic bacteria, agents of emerging zoonoses. these bacteria are heme auxotroph alphaproteobacteria which must import heme for supporting their growth, as they cannot synthesize it. therefore, bartonella genome encodes for a complete heme uptake system allowing the transportation of this compound across the outer membrane, the periplasm and the inner membranes. heme has been proposed to be used as an iron source for bartonella since these bacteria do not synthesize a complete ...201222701524
conservation of gene order and content in the circular chromosomes of 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' and other rhizobiales.'ca. liberibacter asiaticus,' an insect-vectored, obligate intracellular bacterium associated with citrus-greening disease, also called "hlb," is a member of the rhizobiales along with nitrogen-fixing microsymbionts sinorhizobium meliloti and bradyrhizobium japonicum, plant pathogen agrobacterium tumefaciens and facultative intracellular mammalian pathogen bartonella henselae. comparative analyses of their circular chromosomes identified 514 orthologous genes shared among all five species. share ...201222496839
heme binding proteins of bartonella henselae are required when undergoing oxidative stress during cell and flea invasion.bartonella are hemotropic bacteria responsible for emerging zoonoses. these heme auxotroph alphaproteobacteria must import heme for their growth, since they cannot synthesize it. to import exogenous heme, bartonella genomes encode for a complete heme uptake system enabling transportation of this compound into the cytoplasm and degrading it to release iron. in addition, these bacteria encode for four or five outer membrane heme binding proteins (hbps). the structural genes of these highly homolog ...201223144761
bacterial effector binds host cell adenylyl cyclase to potentiate gαs-dependent camp production.subversion of host organism camp signaling is an efficient and widespread mechanism of microbial pathogenesis. bartonella effector protein a (bepa) of vasculotumorigenic bartonella henselae protects the infected human endothelial cells against apoptotic stimuli by elevation of cellular camp levels by an as yet unknown mechanism. here, adenylyl cyclase (ac) and the α-subunit of the ac-stimulating g protein (gαs) were identified as potential cellular target proteins for bepa by gel-free proteomics ...201222635269
detection of leishmania infantum, babesia canis, and rickettsiae in ticks removed from dogs living in italy.the aims of this study were to determine natural infections by anaplasma phagocytophilum/anaplasma platys, bartonella henselae, ehrlichia canis, leishmania infantum, rickettsia spp., babesia spp., and hepatozoon spp. by molecular methods in ticks (n=91) removed from dogs with clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities compatible with tick-borne diseases (n=22) living in italy and to assess the distribution and species of ticks encountered. ticks from dogs living in southern italy were all ident ...201223182545
zoonotic vector-borne bacterial pathogens in california mountain lions (puma concolor), 1987-2010.sera collected from 442 mountain lions in 48 california counties between the years of 1987 and 2010 were tested using immunofluorescence assays and agglutination tests for the presence of antibodies reactive to yersinia pestis, francisella tularensis, bartonella henselae, borrelia burgdorferi, and anaplasma phagocytophilum antigens. data were analyzed for spatial and temporal trends in seropositivity. seroprevalences for b. burgdorferi (19.9%) and b. henselae (37.1%) were relatively high, with t ...201222925024
study on ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in public parks in italy.a survey on tick density and on tick-borne zoonoses was carried out in four public parks in the outskirts of imola (northern italy) from june to october 2006. all stages of ixodes ricinus and only larvae of riphicephalus sanguineus were recovered by dragging, performed on 100-m transects. almost all ticks (99%) were harvested in one park. i. ricinus density (nymphs/100 m(2) ) ranged from 0 in park l to 6.3 in park f. nymphs and adults of i. ricinus were subjected to pcr for anaplasma phagocytoph ...201222551055
evidence of bacteroides fragilis protection from bartonella henselae-induced damage.bartonella henselae is able to internalize endothelial progenitor cells (epcs), which are resistant to the infection of other common pathogens. bacteroides fragilis is a gram-negative anaerobe belonging to the gut microflora. it protects from experimental colitis induced by helicobacter hepaticus through the polysaccharide a (psa). the aim of our study was to establish: 1) whether b. fragilis colonization could protect from b. henselae infection; if this event may have beneficial effects on epcs ...201223166739
bartonella entry mechanisms into mammalian host cells.the gram-negative genus bartonella comprises arthropod-borne pathogens that typically infect mammals in a host-specific manner. bartonella bacilliformis and bartonella quintana are human-specific pathogens, while several zoonotic bartonellae specific for diverse animal hosts infect humans as an incidental host. clinical manifestations of bartonella infections range from mild symptoms to life-threatening disease. following transmission by blood-sucking arthropods or traumatic contact with infecte ...201222519749
treatment outcomes of human bartonellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.bartonella henselae, bartonella quintana, and bartonella bacilliformis are responsible for the majority of cases of bartonellosis in humans. these species have various unique epidemiologic characteristics, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches. the objective of this study was to summarize the evidence on the treatment for the three most common species of bartonella in humans.201323602630
an unmatched case controlled study of clinicopathologic abnormalities in dogs with bartonella infection.we compared clinicopathologic findings in dogs with bartonella infection to bartonella spp. negative dogs suspected of a vector-borne disease. cases (n=47) and controls (n=93) were selected on the basis of positive or negative enrichment culture pcr results, respectively. signalment, clinicopathologic findings and treatments were extracted from medical records. dna sequencing identified bartonella henselae (n=28, 59.6%), bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (n=20, 42.6%), bartonella koehlerae ( ...201323683861
primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma associated with juxta-articular fibrotic nodules in a teenager.primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (pcmzl) has rarely been reported in teenagers and is occasionally associated with borrelia burgdorferi infection. juxta-articular fibrotic nodules represent a unique, localized fibrosing response to spirochete infections, namely borreliosis. herein, we report a 15-year-old healthy boy who presented with a 4-year history of progressive acquisition of asymptomatic, erythematous nodules, ≤ 3 cm, beginning with his right forearm (3), then right arm (1) and la ...201323578183
molecular epidemiologic survey of bartonella, ehrlichia, and anaplasma infections in japanese iriomote and tsushima leopard cats.the iriomote cat (ic; prionailurus iriomotensis) and the tsushima leopard cat (tlc; prionailurus bengalensis euptilura) are endangered wild felids in japan. as a part of ongoing conservation activities, we conducted a molecular, epidemiologic survey of bartonella, ehrlichia, and anaplasma infections in wild ic and tlc populations. blood samples (47 from 33 individual ic; 22 from 13 tlc) were collected between august 2002 and january 2011. using pcr analysis, we confirmed the presence of bartonel ...201323778615
the structure of rv3717 reveals a novel amidase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.bacterial n-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidases are cell-wall hydrolases that hydrolyze the bond between n-acetylmuramic acid and l-alanine in cell-wall glycopeptides. rv3717 of mycobacterium tuberculosis has been identified as a unique autolysin that lacks a cell-wall-binding domain (cbd) and its structure has been determined to 1.7 å resolution by the pt-sad phasing method. rv3717 possesses an α/β-fold and is a zinc-dependent hydrolase. the structure reveals a short flexible hairpin turn that pa ...201324311595
distribution of bartonella henselae variants in patients, reservoir hosts and vectors in spain.we have studied the diversity of b. henselae circulating in patients, reservoir hosts and vectors in spain. in total, we have fully characterized 53 clinical samples from 46 patients, as well as 78 b. henselae isolates obtained from 35 cats from la rioja and catalonia (northeastern spain), four positive cat blood samples from which no isolates were obtained, and three positive fleas by multiple locus sequence typing and multiple locus variable number tandem repeats analysis. this study represent ...201323874563
applying horizontal gene transfer phenomena to enhance non-viral gene therapy.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) is widespread amongst prokaryotes, but eukaryotes tend to be far less promiscuous with their genetic information. however, several examples of hgt from pathogens into eukaryotic cells have been discovered and mimicked to improve non-viral gene delivery techniques. for example, several viral proteins and dna sequences have been used to significantly increase cytoplasmic and nuclear gene delivery. plant genetic engineering is routinely performed with the pathogenic b ...201323994344
a translocation motif in relaxase trwc specifically affects recruitment by its conjugative type iv secretion system.type iv secretion system (t4ss) substrates are recruited through a translocation signal that is poorly defined for conjugative relaxases. the relaxase trwc of plasmid r388 is translocated by its cognate conjugative t4ss, and it can also be translocated by the virb/d4 t4ss of bartonella henselae, causing dna transfer to human cells. in this work, we constructed a series of trwc variants and assayed them for dna transfer to bacteria and human cells to compare recruitment requirements by both t4sss ...201323995644
cat scratch disease caused by bartonella grahamii in an immunocompromised patient.bartonella grahamii colonizes rodents worldwide and has been detected in questing ixodes ricinus ticks. here, the first human b. grahamii infection confirmed by multilocus sequence typing is reported. the route of transmission and clinical picture of the patient are similar to those seen in patients with cat scratch disease, which is typically diagnosed as a bartonella henselae infection.201323740723
assessment of persistence of bartonella henselae in ctenocephalides felis.bartonella henselae (rhizobiales: bartonellaceae) is a gram-negative fastidious bacterium of veterinary and zoonotic importance. the cat flea ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae) is the main recognized vector of b. henselae, and transmission among cats and humans occurs mainly through infected flea feces. the present study documents the use of a quantitative molecular approach to follow the daily kinetics of b. henselae within the cat flea and its excreted feces after exposure to infe ...201324056468
bartonella henselae infection in a family experiencing neurological and neurocognitive abnormalities after woodlouse hunter spider bites.bartonella species comprise a group of zoonotic pathogens that are usually acquired by vector transmission or by animal bites or scratches.201323587343
strategy for identification & characterization of bartonella henselae with conventional & molecular methods.bartonella henselae is a fastidious gram-negative bacterium usually causing self limiting infections in immunocompetent individuals but often causes potentially life threatening infection, such as bacillary angiomatosis in immunocompromised patients. both diagnosis of infections and research into molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis have been hindered by lack of appropriate and reliable diagnostic techniques. we undertook this study to standardize methods to characterize b. henselae in clinical ...201323563383
co-infection with anaplasma platys, bartonella henselae and candidatus mycoplasma haematoparvum in a veterinarian.during a two year period, a 27-year-old female veterinarian experienced migraine headaches, seizures, including status epilepticus, and other neurological and neurocognitive abnormalities. prior to and during her illness, she had been actively involved in hospital-based work treating domestic animals, primarily cats and dogs, in grenada and ireland and anatomical research requiring the dissection of wild animals (including lions, giraffe, rabbits, mongoose, and other animals), mostly in south af ...201323587235
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus ticks from different geographical locations in belarus.worldwide, ticks are important vectors of human and animal pathogens. besides lyme borreliosis, a variety of other bacterial and protozoal tick-borne infections are of medical interest in europe. in this study, 553 questing and feeding ixodes ricinus (n = 327) and dermacentor reticulatus ticks (n = 226) were analysed by pcr for borrelia, rickettsia, anaplasma, coxiella, francisella and babesia species. overall, the pathogen prevalence in ticks was 30.6% for i. ricinus and 45.6% for d. reticulatu ...201323349900
bartonellae in domestic and stray cats from israel: comparison of bacterial cultures and high-resolution melt real-time pcr as diagnostic methods.to determine the occurrence of feline bartonellosis in israel, blood samples were collected from 179 stray and 155 domestic cats from 18 cities or villages in central and northcentral israel. samples were screened for bartonella infection by culture isolation and molecular detection using high-resolution melt (hrm) real-time pcr assay targeting the 16s-23s rrna internal transcribed spacer (its). all positive samples were confirmed by two additional hrm real-time pcr assays targeting two fragment ...201324107217
ctenocephalides felis an in vitro potential vector for five bartonella species.the blood-sucking arthropod ctenocephalides felis has been confirmed as a vector for bartonella henselae and is a suspected vector for bartonella clarridgeiae, bartonella quintana and bartonella koehlerae in bartonella transmission to mammals. to understand the absence of other bartonella species in the cat flea, we have developed an artificial flea-feeding method with blood infected successively with five different bartonella species. the results demonstrated the ability of these five bartonell ...201323200028
first case of bartonella henselae bacteremia in korea.bartonella henselae causes cat-scratch disease, bacteremia, and various focal infections. despite the worldwide occurrence of b. henselae infections, reports in humans are rare in korea. the clinical manifestation of all 5 previously reported cases was lymphadenopathy. herein, we report a case of bacteremia in a woman who presented with prolonged fever. b. henselae was isolated from a blood specimen by cell culture. conventional polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the 16s-2 ...201324475360
cat-scratch disease in adult hospitalized for prolonged-fever associated with multiple lymphadenopathies and weight loss.we report a 19-year-old patient with a cat-scratch disease presenting three months continuous alteration of the general condition, including prolonged-fever, anorexia, asthenia, weight loss associated with adenitis and multiple thoracic-abdominal adenopathies, leukocytosis with neutrophil polynuclear predominance, and increased of c-reactive protein. the serologies of toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, human immunodeficiency virus, brucellosis, bartonellosis and the tuberculosis research b ...201324403980
neuroretinitis with branch retinal artery occlusion in a 15-year-old female.we report a case of bartonella henselae neuroretinitis with significant disc and peripapillary edema, branch retinal artery occlusion without macula involvement and well preserved central vision. a 15-year-old female presented with loss of vision over 4 weeks in the left eye. she had a history of cat exposure, but a cat scratch, insect bite or conjunctivitis was not reported. an inferotemporal arcuate scotoma developed during the acute phase and persisted over the course of the follow-up.201324348414
cat scratch disease and lymph node tuberculosis in a colon patient with cancer.a 71-year-old man operated for a sigmoid tumour remained in the surveillance after adjuvant chemotherapy. after 3 years, a left axillary lymph node was visible on ct scan. the biopsy revealed a necrotising and abscessed granulomatous lymphadenitis, suggestive of cat scratch disease. the patient confirmed having been scratched by a cat and the serology for bartonella henselae was igm+/igg-. direct and culture examinations for tuberculosis were negative. the patient was treated for cat scratch dis ...201324334464
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