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dynamics of a multihost pathogen in a carnivore community.1. we provide the first theoretical analysis of multihost disease dynamics to incorporate social behaviour and contrasting rates of within- and between-group disease transmission. 2. a stochastic susceptible-infected-recovered (sir) model of disease transmission involving one to three sympatric species was built to mimic the 1994 serengeti canine distemper virus outbreak, which infected a variety of carnivores with widely ranging social structures. the model successfully mimicked the erratic and ...200818540966
an unusual presentation of canine distemper virus infection in a domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo).a 4.5-year-old, male castrated ferret was examined with a 27-day history of severe pruritus, generalized erythema and scaling. skin scrapings and a trichogram were negative for mites and dermatophyte organisms. a fungal culture of hair samples was negative. the ferret was treated presumptively for scabies and secondary bacterial and yeast infection with selamectin, enrofloxacin, fluconazole, diphenhydramine and a miconazole-chlorhexidine shampoo. the ferret showed mild improvement in clinical si ...200818547381
cross-species recombination in the haemagglutinin gene of canine distemper virus.canine distemper virus (cdv) has high prevalence in the world dog population and poses an important conservation threat to many carnivore species. in this study, extensive phylogenetic and recombination analyses were performed on all available complete haemagglutinin gene sequences and a strain (af178038) isolated from giant panda was identified as putative recombinant. interestingly, the mosaic was produced by recombination between genotypes european wildlife and asia-1 and the recombination ev ...200818550189
persistent organic pollutants (pops) in caspian seals of unusual mortality event during 2000 and 2001.persistent organic pollutants including organochlorine pesticides, pcbs, and pcdds/dfs were determined in the blubber of caspian seals, which died during an outbreak of canine distemper virus in 2000 and 2001. ddts were the predominant contaminants that ranged from 3.1 to 560 microg/g lipid. a negative correlation was observed between concentration of contaminants and blubber thickness. during spring, as the blubber layer becomes thin after breeding and moulting, seals may face higher risk due t ...200817900768
efficacy of therapeutic intervention with an oral ether-lipid analogue of cidofovir (cmx001) in a lethal mousepox model.in the 21st century we are faced with the potential use of natural or recombinant varv and mpxv as biological weapons, and the emergence of human mpxv. such an occurrences would require therapeutic and prophylactic intervention with antivirals. cidofovir, an antiviral approved for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in aids patients, has activity against poxviruses, but must be administered intravenously and is associated with nephrotoxicity. an ether-lipid analogue of cdv, cmx001 (hdp-cd ...200817904231
prevalence of antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus among foxes and wolves from spain.viral diseases can influence the population dynamics of wild carnivores and can have effects on carnivore conservation. hence, a serologic survey was conducted in an opportunistic sample of 137 foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 37 wolves (canis lupus) in spain for 1997-2007 to detect antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv) and against canine parvovirus (cpv) by indirect elisa. antibodies against cdv were detected in 18.7% of the analyzed animals and antibodies against cpv in 17.2%. there was no ...200817646060
in vitro characterization and preferential infection by canine distemper virus of glial precursors with schwann cell characteristics from adult canine brain.canine distemper virus (cdv)-induced demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis is a naturally occurring model for multiple sclerosis. the aim of this study was to establish primary glial cell cultures from adult canine brain for the analysis of cdv spread and cell tropism.200819076697
tetraspanins: small transmembrane proteins with big impact on membrane microdomain structures.members of the tetraspanin family of transmembrane proteins including cd9, cd37, cd53, cd63, cd81, cd82, cd151, etc., contribute to the structural organization of the plasma membrane by forming microdomain structures, influencing cell fusion and regulating cell motility. interestingly, k41, a cd9-specific monoclonal antibody (mab), inhibits the release of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), and the canine distemper virus (cdv)-, but not measles virus (mv)-induced cell-cell fusion. this mab, wh ...200819704780
increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in non-demyelinating early cerebral lesions in nervous canine distemper.canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of the central nervous system results in lesions of the gray and white matter. while a biphasic disease process has been discussed for leukoencephalitis with a prominent loss of viral protein expression, polioencephalitis has been associated with virus persistence. using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (il)-1beta, il-2, il-6, il-8, il-10, il-12 ...200819115929
[comparison of antiviral activity between feifn-omega and feifn-alpha].both ifn-omega and ifn-alpha belong to type i interferon and have antiviral, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory activities, but their bioactivities are usually different. feifn-omega gene was amplified by pcr. feifn-alpha gene was synthesized based on the published sequences of genbank. then the two types of feline interferon genes were subcloned into the pet-his vector, and expressed in escherichia coli rosetta (de3). recombinant interferons were purified by affinity chromatography with immobi ...200819160837
cross-disciplinary demands of multihost pathogens.the dynamics of infectious disease spread depend on host population contact structure. heterogeneities in this contact structure can arise from various forms of demographic and spatial phenomena. craft et al. (this issue) have constructed an exploratory simulation model of the spread of canine distemper virus through a multispecies carnivore community. each species in this community is modelled with a contact structure reflecting host social organization, ranging behaviour, and likely interspeci ...200819161447
the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of the paramyxoviridae.paramyxoviruses are responsible for considerable disease burden in human and wildlife populations: measles and mumps continue to affect the health of children worldwide, while canine distemper virus causes serious morbidity and mortality in a wide range of mammalian species. although these viruses have been studied extensively at both the epidemiological and the phylogenetic scales, little has been done to integrate these two types of data. using a bayesian coalescent approach, we infer the evol ...200818217182
aleutian disease serology, protein electrophoresis, and pathology of the european mink (mustela lutreola) from navarra, spain.the european mink, mustela lutreola, has suffered a dramatic decline in europe during the 20th century and is one of the most endangered carnivores in the world. the subpopulation of european mink from navarra, spain, estimated to number approximately 420, represents approximately two thirds of the total number of mink in spain. aleutian disease virus (adv) is a parvovirus with a high degree of variability that can infect a broad range of mustelid hosts. the pathogenesis of this virus in small c ...200818816991
[genetic variations and cellular receptors of canine distemper virus--a review].canine distemper (cd) caused by canine distemper virus (cdv) was first reported in 1905, and has been one of the most serious contagious diseases of dogs as well as other carnivores. recently, increasing cases of canine distemper (cd) both in vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs and in wildlife have been reported in japan, america, europe and africa. based on phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (h) gene sequences, six genotypes of cdv were distinguished. antigenic heterogeneity of the h prote ...200818837382
serologic survey for selected viral pathogens in free-ranging endangered european mink (mustela lutreola) and other mustelids from south-western france.to investigate the possible role of selected pathogens in the decline of endangered european mink (mustela lutreola) populations and the potential for these pathogens to affect mink survival, a serologic survey was conducted using serum samples collected from march 1996 to march 2003 in eight departments of south-western france. in total, 481 free-ranging individuals of five mustelid species (including the european mink) were tested. sympatric mustelids can serve as sentinels to determine the pr ...200818957635
anti-insulin antibodies in diabetic dogs before and after treatment with different insulin preparations.anti-insulin antibodies (aia) occur in diabetic dogs after insulin therapy, although their clinical significance is unclear.200818976287
etiologic study of upper respiratory infections of household dogs.infectious tracheobronchitis (itb), also known as the kennel cough, is a respiratory syndrome of dogs and usually appears to be contagious among dogs housed in groups. etiologic agent of itb is multiple and sometimes complex. in the present study, 68 household dogs showing clinical signs of respiratory infection were examined, and 20 dogs (29.4%) were found to be positive for either of following agents. bordetella bronchiseptica (b.b.) was most frequently detected from nasal and oropharynx sites ...200818628596
could epstein-barr virus or canine distemper virus cause multiple sclerosis?multiple sclerosis (ms) is thought to be an immune-mediated disease with a possible environmental trigger. genetic and environmental factors, including infection by pathogens, may act synergistically to trigger the disease. there is growing epidemiologic, serologic, and pathologic evidence that epstein-barr virus may cause ms or contribute to its pathogenesis. the evidence that canine distemper virus is involved in ms is less robust. more definitive data are required to prove that epstein-barr v ...200818657722
ocelots on barro colorado island are infected with feline immunodeficiency virus but not other common feline and canine viruses.transmission of pathogens from domestic animals to wildlife populations (spill-over) has precipitated local wildlife extinctions in multiple geographic locations. identifying such events before they cause population declines requires differentiating spillover from endemic disease, a challenge complicated by a lack of baseline data from wildlife populations that are isolated from domestic animals. we tested sera collected from 12 ocelots (leopardus pardalis) native to barro colorado island, panam ...200818689668
outbreak of canine distemper in domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo).in 2006 an outbreak of canine distemper affected 14 young domestic ferrets in barcelona, spain. their clinical signs included a reduced appetite, lethargy, dyspnoea, coughing, sneezing, mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges, facial and perineal dermatitis, diarrhoea, splenomegaly and fever. late in the course of the disease, general desquamation and pruritus, and hyperkeratotic/crusting dermatitis of the lips, eyes, nose, footpads, and perineal area were observed. none of the ferrets develope ...200818723866
region between the canine distemper virus m and f genes modulates virulence by controlling fusion protein expression.morbilliviruses, including measles and canine distemper virus (cdv), are nonsegmented, negative-stranded rna viruses that cause severe diseases in humans and animals. the transcriptional units in their genomes are separated by untranslated regions (utrs), which contain essential transcription and translation signals. due to its increased length, the region between the matrix (m) protein and fusion (f) protein open reading frames is of particular interest. in measles virus, the entire f 5' region ...200818753197
cidofovir and (s)-9-[3-hydroxy-(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine are highly effective inhibitors of vaccinia virus dna polymerase when incorporated into the template strand.the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate drug (s)-9-[3-hydroxy-(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [(s)-hpmpa], is a broad-spectrum antiviral and antiparasitic agent. previous work has shown that the active intracellular metabolite of this compound, (s)-hpmpa diphosphate [(s)-hpmpapp], is an analog of datp and targets dna polymerases. however, the mechanism by which (s)-hpmpa inhibits dna polymerases remains elusive. using vaccinia virus as a model system, we have previously shown that cidofovir diphos ...200818056278
high crmp2 expression in peripheral t lymphocytes is associated with recruitment to the brain during virus-induced neuroinflammation.collapsin response mediator protein (crmp)-2 is involved in t-cell polarization and migration. to address the role of crmp2 in neuroinflammation, we analyzed its involvement in lymphocyte recruitment to the central nervous system in mouse infected with neurotropic and non-neurotropic virus strains (rabv, cdv). a sub-population of early-activated cd69+cd3+ t lymphocytes highly expressing crmp2 (crmp2hi) peaked in the blood, lymph nodes and brain of mice infected with neurotropic viruses, and corr ...200818006081
climate extremes promote fatal co-infections during canine distemper epidemics in african lions.extreme climatic conditions may alter historic host-pathogen relationships and synchronize the temporal and spatial convergence of multiple infectious agents, triggering epidemics with far greater mortality than those due to single pathogens. here we present the first data to clearly illustrate how climate extremes can promote a complex interplay between epidemic and endemic pathogens that are normally tolerated in isolation, but with co-infection, result in catastrophic mortality. a 1994 canine ...200818575601
receptor interactions, tropism, and mechanisms involved in morbillivirus-induced immunomodulation.induction of immunomodulation and -suppression is a common feature of morbilliviruses such as measles virus (mv), rinderpest virus (rpv), and canine distemper virus (cdv) in their respective hosts. as major uptake receptor, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (slam, cd150) essentially determines their tropism for immune cells, which is of considerable importance with regard to immunosuppression and the systemic spread to organs including secondary lymphoid organs, the skin, the respiratory ...200818585529
development of a quantitative real-time taqman pcr assay for testing the susceptibility of feline herpesvirus-1 to antiviral compounds.feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1) is considered as the most common viral infection of domestic cats worldwide. it causes a disease characterized by upper respiratory and ocular clinical signs. several attempts are currently underway to develop antiviral chemotherapy for treating fhv-1 infections. the availability of a rapid quantitative method for detecting fhv-1 would greatly facilitate prompt therapy, and hence enhance the success of any antiviral regime. in this study, a taqman real-time pcr assay ...200818597862
phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper virus isolates from naturally infected dogs and a marten in korea.we sequenced the hemagglutinin (h) genes from four canine distemper virus (cdv) isolates obtained from three dogs and a marten in korea. these sequences were included in subsequent h gene-focused phylogenetic tree analysis of 89 cdv strains. this analysis revealed eight clades designated as eu1, eu2, eu3, na1, na2, asia 1, asia 2 and vaccine. three of the korean isolates (97jindo, 98marten and 07d111) occurred in the asia 2 group that also contains many japanese cdv strains isolated in 1998. the ...200818603382
in vitro efficacy of ribavirin against canine distemper virus.despite vaccination, canine distemper virus (cdv) remains one of the important pathogen of dogs with worldwide distribution. ribavirin (rib) inhibits replication of measles virus (mv), a morbillivirus closely related to cdv, both in vitro and in vivo. in this report the antiviral activity of rib against cdv in cell cultures was assessed. quantitative real-time rt-pcr was used to measure viral rna in vero cells infected by cdv and to evaluate the inhibitory effects of rib. rib caused a dose- and ...200817949825
an immunochromatography assay for rapid antemortem diagnosis of dogs suspected to have canine distemper.a new assay was developed for rapid and antemortem diagnosis of canine distemper (cd). this immunochromatography (ic)-based assay, which employs two monoclonal anti-cdv antibodies, was compared with nested pcr. when serial dilutions of purified cdv were tested, the cdv detection limits of the nested pcr and ic assays were 2 x 10(2)tcid(50)/ml and 5 x 10(2)tcid(50)/ml, respectively. nasal irrigation fluid, conjunctival swabs, and blood lymphocytes from 66 dogs suspected to have cd were tested. pr ...200817950910
identification of a genetic variant of canine distemper virus from clinical cases in two vaccinated dogs in mexico.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious viral pathogen of worldwide distribution that can cause lethal disease in dogs and other mammals. genetic diversity is found among reference strains and isolates of cdv, mainly in the haemagglutinin protein (h), fusion protein (f) and nucleoprotein (n), and this may be associated with the increasing incidence of distemper in dogs. cdv was identified by rt-pcr in serum samples taken from two clinically diseased, previously vaccinated mexican dog ...200817382567
exposure to disease agents in the endangered iberian lynx (lynx pardinus).the iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid species in the world. lynx populations have decreased dramatically in size and distribution in the last four decades, thus becoming increasingly vulnerable to catastrophic events such as epizooties. from 1989 to 2000, serum samples were obtained from 48 free-ranging lynx captured in the doñana national park (dnp, n = 31) and mountains of sierra morena (sm, n = 17) in southern spain. samples were tested for antibodies against toxoplasm ...200832214935
antiviral activity of cidofovir against telomerase-specific replication-selective oncolytic adenovirus, obp-301 (telomelysin).we constructed a replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus, obp-301 (telomelysin), in which human telomerase reverse transcriptase (htert) promoter drives e1 genes. obp-301 is currently being used in a phase-i clinical trial for various types of tumors. under such conditions, anti-adenoviral agents should be available for safety use against obp-301 since any adenoviral viremia could cause severe adverse effects. cidofovir (cdv) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that has a broad antiviral act ...200918754077
pathological and phylogenetic features of prevalent canine distemper viruses in wild masked palm civets in japan.ten wild masked palm civets infected with canine distemper virus (cdv), captured in japan from 2005 to 2007, were histopathologically and phylogenetically analyzed. phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of the h protein of two cdv isolates from masked palm civets revealed that the two isolates were classified into the clade of recent isolates in japan. histopathologically marked lesions of virus encephalitis were present in the brain, whereas gastrointestinal lesions were absen ...200918774607
influence of persistent canine distemper virus infection on expression of reck, matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in a canine macrophage/monocytic tumour cell line (dh82).a morbillivirus infection of tumour cells is known to exert oncolytic activity, but the mechanism of this inhibitory action has not been well defined. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are important enzymes degrading the extracellular matrix and are often upregulated in malignant neoplasms. recent studies have demonstrated that reck may potently suppress mmp-2 and -9 activity, thus inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis. in this study, real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) wa ...200918684651
establishment of canine and feline cells expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule for canine distemper virus study.signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) is one of the receptors for canine distemper virus (cdv). in this study, canine and feline cells expressing canine slam, designated a-72/cslam and crfk/cslam, were established for the in vitro study of canine distemper. recent cdv isolates, kdk-1 and 246, which belong to genotypes asia/h1 and asia/h2, respectively, rapidly grew and produced distinct syncytia in both the slam-expressing cells. the virus-neutralizing (vn) test was successfully perfor ...200918687538
pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper.canine distemper is a worldwide occurring infectious disease of dogs, caused by a morbillivirus, closely related to measles and rinderpest virus. the natural host range comprises predominantly carnivores. canine distemper virus (cdv), an enveloped, negative-sense rna virus, infects different cell types, including epithelial, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine and hematopoietic cells of various organs and tissues. cdv infection of dogs is characterized by a systemic and/or nervous clinical course and vi ...200919019458
identification, expression and antigenic analysis of recombinant hemagglutinin proteins of canine distemper virus.canine distemper (cd) is a widely distributed disease of dogs, caused by the canine distemper virus (cdv). in the present study, the gene encoding the hemagglutinin (h) protein of a cdv isolate from central taiwan was sequenced and compared with other strains. sequence variations were noticed in the h gene from the field cdv strain that had previously been implicated in the increasing incidence of cd. to establish a serology-based diagnostic test, the full-length h protein, as well as five delet ...200918951919
ferrets as a model for morbillivirus pathogenesis, complications, and vaccines.the ferret is a standard laboratory animal that can be accommodated in most animal facilities. while not susceptible to measles, ferrets are a natural host of canine distemper virus (cdv), the closely related carnivore morbillivirus. cdv infection in ferrets reproduces all clinical signs associated with measles in humans, including the typical rash, fever, general immunosuppression, gastrointestinal and respiratory involvement, and neurological complications. due to this similarity, experimental ...200919203105
serologic survey for canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in free-ranging wild carnivores from portugal.a serologic survey for canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) was performed on serum and lung extract from an opportunistic sample of 120 free-ranging wild carnivores (13 species) from portugal, collected from 1995 to 2006. antibodies to cdv were detected in wolf (canis lupus; 3/27) and red fox (vulpes vulpes; 2/22). antibodies to cpv were detected in wolf (9/28), red fox (2/14), wildcat (felis silvestris;1/8), genet (genetta genetta; 17/18), and stone marten (martes foina; 3/1 ...200919204354
the 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity of vaccinia virus dna polymerase is essential and plays a role in promoting virus genetic recombination.poxviruses are subjected to extraordinarily high levels of genetic recombination during infection, although the enzymes catalyzing these reactions have never been identified. however, it is clear that virus-encoded dna polymerases play some unknown yet critical role in virus recombination. using a novel, antiviral-drug-based strategy to dissect recombination and replication reactions, we now show that the 3'-to-5' proofreading exonuclease activity of the viral dna polymerase plays a key role in ...200919224992
first evidence of canine distemper in brazilian free-ranging felids.serum samples from 19 jaguars (panthera onca), nine pumas (puma concolor), and two ocelots (leopardus pardalis) were collected between january 1999 and march of 2005 and tested for presence of canine distemper virus (cdv). all cats were free-ranging animals living in two protected areas in the brazilian atlantic forest. in addition, 111 domestic dogs from nearby areas were sampled for cdv. our results show the first evidence of cdv exposure in brazilian free-ranging felids. from the 30 samples a ...200919259737
first isolation and characterization of canine distemper virus in vietnam with the immunohistochemical examination of the dog.canine distemper caused by canine distemper virus (cdv) is a contagious, incurable, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease that affects the respiratory gastrointestinal and central nervous system. strains vn86 and vn99 of cdv were isolated, we believe for the first time, in vietnam from two 4-month-old autopsied dogs pathologically showing non-suppurative encephalitis with pneumonia, lymphoid depletion and severe gastroenteritis. these strains caused syncytium cytopathic effect in vero cells a ...200919262025
drug targets in cytomegalovirus infection.human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infections are usually benign and self-limiting in the immunocompetent population; however, hcmv is a well-recognized problem among immunocompromised patients (in particular immunosuppressed patients with stem cell or solid organ transplantation, aids, or cancer). in this group of patients, hcmv infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. additionally, congenital hcmv infections are a leading cause of birth defects and infections in children, occur ...200919275707
distinguishing epidemic waves from disease spillover in a wildlife population.serengeti lions frequently experience viral outbreaks. in 1994, one-third of serengeti lions died from canine distemper virus (cdv). based on the limited epidemiological data available from this period, it has been unclear whether the 1994 outbreak was propagated by lion-to-lion transmission alone or involved multiple introductions from other sympatric carnivore species. more broadly, we do not know whether contacts between lions allow any pathogen with a relatively short infectious period to pe ...200919324800
canine distemper virus selectively inhibits apoptosis progression in infected immune cells.morbillivirus infections are characterized by severe leukopenia and immune suppression that develop even before the onset of clinical signs. to characterize in more detail the fate of the immune cells during the critical first week, we evaluated the overall viability, level of apoptosis, cell cycle status, and extent of infection in different immune tissues of ferrets inoculated with a lethal canine distemper virus (cdv) strain. initial experiments with mdck cells, a canine epithelial cell line, ...200919357171
reverse genetics of nipah virus to probe viral pathogenicity.enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) is a useful marker protein which enables the tracing of virus infection. recombinant viruses expressing egfp are useful for the investigation of the underlying mechanism of viral infection in vitro and in vivo. using egfp-expressing recombinant nipah virus (niv) and canine distemper virus (cdv), we tested the susceptibility of a variety of cells to infection. receptor usage in cdv infection was also investigated.200919378121
a suspected canine distemper epidemic as the cause of a catastrophic decline in santa catalina island foxes (urocyon littoralis catalinae).the island fox (urocyon littoralis catalinae) population on santa catalina island, california, usa declined precipitously in 1999 with an approximate 95% reduction on their eastern range, an area representing 87% of the island. during this investigation, between october 1999 and april 2000, evidence of live foxes dramatically decreased. the only carcass recovered during the decline succumbed to a co-infection of canine distemper virus (cdv) and toxoplasmosis. sequence analysis of the viral p gen ...200919395743
canine distemper virus in a crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous) in brazil: case report and phylogenetic analyses.although canine distemper is enzootic worldwide and has a wide host range, there are no reports of canine distemper virus in crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous) that provide information on virus phylogeny and histopathologic lesions. the objective of this study is report and describe canine distemper in a crab-eating fox (c. thous), with a focus on the phylogeny of the virus strain and the histopathologic lesions in the animal.200919395766
serologic survey for selected infectious diseases in raccoons (procyon lotor) in indiana, usa.the objective of this study was to characterize the antibody prevalence of important livestock and domestic animal pathogens in raccoons (procyon lotor) trapped and sampled in 39 forest patches in north-central indiana, usa, between 2004 and 2005. a total of 459 serum samples were tested for antibodies to leptospira serovars, 512 for canine distemper virus (cdv) antibodies, and 340 for antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). in total, 47, 16, and 0% of the samp ...200919395767
imaging diagnosis--chronic canine distemper meningoencephalitis. 200919400465
genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of the attachment glycoprotein of phocine distemper viruses of the 2002 and 1988 epizootics.to investigate the possible origin and spread of the dramatic re-emergent 2002 distemper epizootic observed among seals in danish waters, we have sequenced wild-type genes of the attachment (h) glycoproteins of viruses from both the 2002 and 1988 epizootics. phylogenetic analysis of the h genes of phocine distemper virus (pdv) together with other morbilliviruses, suggests that the re-emergent 2002 pdv is more closely related to a putative recent ancestral pdv than the 1988 pdv isolates. moreover ...200919416744
relationship between growth behavior in vero cells and the molecular characteristics of recent isolated classified in the asia 1 and 2 groups of canine distemper virus.ten recent isolates of canine distemper virus (cdv) strains were classified according to the growth ability and development of syncytial cytopathic effects (cpe) in vero cells. strains p94s, ac96i, s124c, md231, ms232, msa5 and 095cr were classified as type 1 and exhibited hardly and did not develop cpe in vero cells. strains 007lm, 009l and 011c were classified as type 2 as grew well but failed to develop a syncytial cpe in vero cells. a comparison of the phylogenetic trees of the h and p genes ...200919420849
distinct cell tropism of canine distemper virus strains to adult olfactory ensheathing cells and schwann cells in vitro.canine distemper virus (cdv) can enter the brain via infection of olfactory neurons. whether olfactory ensheathing cells (oecs) are also infected by cdv, and if yes, how they respond to the virus has remained enigmatic. here, we exposed adult canine oecs in vitro to several attenuated (cdv-2544, cdv-r252, cdv-ond, cdv-ondegfp) and one virulent cdv strain (cdv-5804pegfp) and studied their susceptibility compared to schwann cells, a closely related cell type sharing the phagocytizing activity. we ...200919433119
in vitro analysis of cidofovir and genetically engineered tk expression as potential approaches for the intervention of coload1-based treatment of cancer.we have generated a novel oncolytic adenovirus (ad), coload1, with significantly increased potency ( approximately 100-fold) relative to its parent viruses, ad11p and ad3, or to the clinically tested oncolytic ad, onyx-015. although this agent has a significant increase in its therapeutic window relative to onyx-015 or its parent viruses, its ability to intervene and control virotherapy in treated patient is an important safety consideration for a novel biological therapy, such as coload1. as th ...200919458647
lymphotropism and host responses during acute wild-type canine distemper virus infections in a highly susceptible natural host.the mechanisms behind the in vivo virulence of immunosuppressive wild-type morbillivirus infections are still not fully understood. to investigate lymphotropism and host responses, we have selected the natural host model of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in mink. this model displays multisystemic infection, similar to measles virus and rinderpest virus infections in their susceptible natural hosts. the wild-type cdvs investigated provoked marked virulence differences, inducing mild versu ...200919494053
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in dna immunized mink challenged with wild-type canine distemper virus.the aim of the study was to investigate the different phases of the immune response after dna immunization with the hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes from canine distemper virus (cdv). although attenuated live cdv vaccines have effectively reduced the incidence of disease, canine distemper is still a problem worldwide. the broad host range of cdv creates a constant viral reservoir among wildlife animals. our results demonstrated early humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (ifn-gamma) in ...200919539579
a chimeric measles virus with canine distemper envelope protects ferrets from lethal distemper challenge.cdv infects a broad range of carnivores, and over the past decades it has caused outbreaks in a variety of wild carnivore populations. since the currently available live-attenuated vaccine is not sufficiently safe in these highly susceptible species, we produced a chimeric virus combining the replication complex of the measles moraten vaccine strain with the envelope of a recent cdv wild type isolate. the resulting virus did not cause disease or immunosuppression in ferrets and conferred protect ...200919540272
early life dna vaccination with the h gene of canine distemper virus induces robust protection against distemper.young mink kits (n=8) were vaccinated with dna plasmids encoding the viral haemagglutinin protein (h) of a vaccine strain of canine distemper virus (cdv). virus neutralising (vn) antibodies were induced after 2 immunisations and after the third immunisation all kits had high vn antibody titres. the vn antibody titres remained high for more than 4 months and the mink were protected against viraemia, lymphopenia, clinical disease and changes in the percentage of ifn-gamma producing peripheral bloo ...200919596418
conjunctival effects of canine distemper virus-induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca.this study compared the histopathology of canine distemper virus (cdv)-induced keratoconjunctivitis sicca (kcs) to non-infectious kcs in conjunctival tissues.200919604335
canine distemper virus-associated encephalitis in free-living lynx (lynx canadensis) and bobcats (lynx rufus) of eastern canada.between 1993 and 1999, encephalitis caused by morbillivirus was diagnosed by immunohistochemistry and histology in six lynx (lynx canadensis) and one bobcat (lynx rufus) in the eastern canadian provinces of new brunswick and nova scotia. five of the six cases in lynx occurred within an 11-mo period in 1996-97. a second bobcat with encephalitis caused by unidentified protozoa and a nematode larva also had immunohistochemical evidence of neurologic infection by morbillivirus. the virus was identif ...200919617471
hematology, parasitology, and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from south carolina.blood and feces were collected from 34 adult (19 males, 15 females) and seven juvenile (three males, one female, three not reported) free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) on the us department of energy's savannah river site (south carolina, usa). significant (p<0.05) hematologic differences by sex were noted for red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. biochemical differences by sex occurred only for albumen (p<0.05). twenty-one adults were antibody positive for at least one of four vir ...200919617502
conserved leucine residue in the head region of morbillivirus fusion protein regulates the large conformational change during fusion activity.paramyxovirus cell entry is controlled by the concerted action of two viral envelope glycoproteins, the fusion (f) and the receptor-binding (h) proteins, which together with a cell surface receptor mediate plasma membrane fusion activity. the paramyxovirus f protein belongs to class i viral fusion proteins which typically contain two heptad repeat regions (hr). particular to paramyxovirus f proteins is a long intervening sequence (is) located between both hr domains. to investigate the role of t ...200919705836
cidofovir inhibits genome encapsidation and affects morphogenesis during the replication of vaccinia virus.cidofovir (cdv) is one of the most effective antiorthopoxvirus drugs, and it is widely accepted that viral dna replication is the main target of its activity. in the present study, we report a detailed analysis of cdv effects on the replicative cycles of distinct vaccinia virus (vacv) strains: cantagalo virus, vacv-ioc, and vacv-wr. we show that despite the approximately 90% inhibition of production of virus progeny, virus dna accumulation was reduced only 30%, and late gene expression and genom ...200919726515
molecular detection of canine distemper virus and the immunohistochemical characterization of the neurologic lesions in naturally occurring old dog encephalitis.the current article describes a spontaneous case of old dog encephalitis (ode) in a 7-year-old, intact, female miniature schnauzer dog from londrina, paraná, southern brazil. unlike conventional distemper encephalomyelitis, ode is a poorly understood and extremely rare manifestation of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection. the dog was presented with progressive clinical manifestations consistent with cerebral dysfunction. briefly, histopathologic lesions were restricted to the forebrain and in ...200919737753
a serological survey of infectious disease in yellowstone national park's canid community.gray wolves (canis lupus) were reintroduced into yellowstone national park (ynp) after a >70 year absence, and as part of recovery efforts, the population has been closely monitored. in 1999 and 2005, pup survival was significantly reduced, suggestive of disease outbreaks.200919756151
real-time rt-pcr assays for the rapid and differential detection of dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses.real-time rt-pcr (rtrt-pcr) assays for identifying and differentiating infections caused by dolphin morbillivirus (dmv) and porpoise morbillivirus (pmv) were developed by targeting the hypervariable c-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid (n) gene. total dmv and pmv rna extracted from infected vero cells expressing the canine signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule (slam) produced positive cycle threshold (c(t)) values after the 17th and 25th cycles, respectively. the assays were then validated u ...200919084557
diagnostic exercise: tyzzer's disease, distemper, and coccidiosis in a pup.a 2-month-old mongrel dog had multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia, and hemorrhagic enteritis. immunohistochemistry detected antigens of clostridium piliforme in the intestine and liver, and antigens of canine distemper virus within the lung, urinary bladder, brain, spleen, and liver. furthermore, uncharacterized intralesional coccidian protozoa were observed within the intestine.200919112129
the asia 2 specific signal peptide region and other domains in fusion protein genes characterized asia 1 and asia 2 canine distemper viruses.although the presence of asia 2 group of canine distemper virus (cdv) was known by the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (h) gene, the fusion (f) protein gene sequence of asia 2 group had not been identified. so, the sequence analysis of f gene was carried out to elucidate the genotypic varaitons among asian isolates.200919807927
display of neutralizing epitopes of canine parvovirus and a t-cell epitope of the fusion protein of canine distemper virus on chimeric tymovirus-like particles and its use as a vaccine candidate both against canine parvo and canine distemper.expression of physalis mottle tymovirus coat protein in escherichia coli was earlier shown to self-assemble into empty capsids that were nearly identical to the capsids formed in vivo. amino acid substitutions were made at the n-terminus of wild-type physalis mottle virus coat protein with neutralizing epitopes of canine parvovirus containing the antigenic sites 1-2, 4 and 6-7 and t-cell epitope of the fusion protein of canine distemper virus in various combinations to yield phmv1, phmv2, phmv3, ...200919818723
virologic survey of dogs with naturally acquired idiopathic conjunctivitis.to determine the frequency of viral detection in conjunctival samples from client-owned domestic dogs with naturally acquired idiopathic conjunctivitis and to identify signalment, historical, and clinical findings positively associated with viral detection.200919827980
propagation of asian isolates of canine distemper virus (cdv) in hamster cell lines.the aim of this study was to confirm the propagation of various canine distemper viruses (cdv) in hamster cell lines of hmlu and bhk, since only a little is known about the possibility of propagation of cdv in rodent cells irrespective of their epidemiological importance.200919835588
broadly reactive pan-paramyxovirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis for the detection of canine distemper virus in a case of canine meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology.despite the immunologic protection associated with routine vaccination protocols, canine distemper virus (cdv) remains an important pathogen of dogs. antemortem diagnosis of systemic cdv infection may be made by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and/or immunohistochemical testing for cdv antigen; central nervous system infection often requires postmortem confirmation via histopathology and immunohistochemistry. an 8-month-old intact male french bulldog previously vaccinate ...200919901287
epidemiology, pathology, and genetic analysis of a canine distemper epidemic in namibia.severe population declines have resulted from the spillover of canine distemper virus (cdv) into susceptible wildlife, with both domestic and wild canids being involved in the maintenance and transmission of the virus. this study (march 2001 to october 2003) collated case data, serologic, pathologic, and molecular data to describe the spillover of cdv from domestic dogs (canis familiaris) to black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas) during an epidemic on the namibian coast. antibody prevalence in j ...200919901377
canine distemper epizootic in everglades mink.four free-ranging mink, neovison vison, collected between june and september 2004 in the fakahatchee strand preserve state park (fspsp, florida, usa), were examined for canine distemper virus (cdv) infection. microscopic lesions and viral inclusions consistent with cdv infection were observed in three mink. virus isolation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction performed on all mink were positive for cdv. anecdotal records of mink observations in fspsp suggest a postepizootic declin ...200919901388
canine distemper infection in crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous) from argentina.canine distemper virus (cdv) has been reported worldwide in wild carnivores and has been cited as the cause of population declines in some species. crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous) from el palmar national park, argentina, were observed either dead or exhibiting clinical neurologic signs. samples were taken from two individuals that were laterfound tobe positive for cdv by direct immunofluorescence in brain tissue. based on molecular studies, the cdv strain had a high percentage of identity co ...200919901389
epitope mapping of canine distemper virus phosphoprotein by monoclonal antibodies.the gene for phosphoprotein (p) of cdv encodes three different proteins, p, v, and c. the p protein is involved in viral gene transcription and replication. in the present study, we produced mabs against a unique domain of the cdv-p protein, from aa 232 to 507, and determined their antigenic sites. by immunizing balb/c mice with the recombinant p protein-specific fragment, we obtained six mabs. competitive binding inhibition assays revealed that they recognized two distinct regions of the p prot ...200919954454
detection of antibody to canine distemper virus in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a lethal disease among members of the carnivora. to clarify the distribution of cdv in wild animals, we examined 106 raccoon sera collected from two prefectures in japan, hyogo and osaka, from 2005 to 2007. among them, 34 raccoons (32.1%) possessed a virus-neutralizing (vn) antibody to kdk-1 strain (genotype asia-1). there was no significant difference in seroprevalence of cdv regardless of places, gender, and body weights. in hyogo, a geometric mean of vn tit ...200920046037
canine distemper vaccination is a safe and useful preventive procedure for southern sea otters (enhydra lutra nereis).from 2002 to 2006, eight captive southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) at research and display institutions in california at risk of exposure to potentially lethal morbiliviruses were vaccinated with a commercial recombinant poxvirus vectored canine distemper (cd) vaccine. serum-neutralizing (sn) antibody responses were followed for several years. the goal of this study was to determine whether 1) cd vaccination was a safe preventive medicine procedure for this species; 2) sea otters produ ...200920063817
molecular analysis of the nucleoprotein gene of canine distemper virus isolated from clinical cases of the disease in foxes, minks and dogs.in this study, we used rt-pcr to detect and characterize canine distemper virus isolated from 9 naturally infected foxes, 3 minks and 3 dogs in poland by amplifying and sequencing a portion of the np gene. a 293-bp fragment of the cdv np gene was amplified by rt-pcr. sequencing of the pcr products from the isolates led to the identification of 3 sequence variants. the mostly representative polymorphic variant no. 1 showed high homology with chinese isolate of cdv with a accession number ef 37561 ...200920169915
disease threats to the endangered iberian lynx (lynx pardinus).the iberian lynx, (lynx pardinus), is the most endangered felid in the world. to determine whether sympatric carnivores are reservoirs of pathogens posing a disease risk for the lynx, evidence of exposure to 17 viral, bacterial and protozoan agents was investigated in 176 carnivores comprising 26 free-living lynx, 53 domestic cats, 28 dogs, 33 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 24 egyptian mongooses (herpestes ichneumon), 10 common genets (genetta genetta) and 2 eurasian badgers (meles meles) in the are ...200918555712
caspase-3/-8/-9, bax and bcl-2 expression in the cerebellum, lymph nodes and leukocytes of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus.canine distemper is an immunosuppressive disease caused by the canine distemper virus (cdv). pathogenesis mainly involves the central nervous system and immunosuppression. dogs naturally infected with cdv develop apoptotic cells in lymphoid tissues and the cerebellum, but this apoptotic mechanism is not well characterized. to better understand this process, we evaluated the expression of bax, bcl-2, and caspase-3, -8 and -9, by evaluating mrna levels in the peripheral blood, lymph nodes and cere ...201020198571
conventional and molecular diagnostic testing for the acute neurologic patient.the aim of this review is to describe and evaluate both conventional and molecular diagnostic testing utilized in dogs and cats with acute neurologic diseases. various types of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) are explored along with novel molecular diagnostic testing that ultimately may prove useful in the critical care setting.201020230434
canine distemper virus diversity in lake baikal seal (phoca sibirica) population.morbillivirus epizootics in marine mammals have been found in a variety of marine mammal species throughout the world over the past 20 years. the virus epizootic which resulted in significant mortality of siberian seals (phoca sibirica) in lake baikal during 1987-1988 was caused by the canine distemper virus (cdv). in our previous papers we provided evidence that the cdv similar to strain, identified in 1988, continued to circulate in lake baikal seals after 1988. the aim of this study was an up ...201020083361
phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of current wild-type canine distemper viruses from south africa: lineage africa.there are no reports of cdv isolations in southern africa, and although cdv is said to have geographically distinct lineages, molecular information of african strains has not yet been documented. viruses isolated in cell cultures were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and the complete h gene was sequenced and phylogenetically analysed with other strains from genbank. phylogenetic comparisons of the complete h gene of cdv isolates from different parts of the w ...201020060661
seroprevalences to viral pathogens in free-ranging and captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) on namibian farmland.cheetah populations are diminishing rapidly in their natural habitat. one reason for their decline is thought to be a high susceptibility to (infectious) diseases because cheetahs in zoos suffer from high disease-induced mortality. data on the health status of free-ranging cheetahs are scarce, and little is known about their exposure and susceptibility to infectious diseases. we determined seroprevalences to nine key viruses (feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline parvovirus, feline co ...201019955325
age and long-term protective immunity in dogs and cats.vaccination can provide an immune response that is similar in duration to that following a natural infection. in general, adaptive immunity to viruses develops earliest and is highly effective. such anti-viral immune responses often result in the development of sterile immunity and the duration of immunity (doi) is often lifelong. in contrast, adaptive immunity to bacteria, fungi or parasites develops more slowly and the doi is generally short compared with most systemic viral infections. steril ...201019959181
expression from baculovirus and serological reactivity of the nucleocapsid protein of dolphin morbillivirus.the nucleocapsid (n) protein of dolphin morbillivirus (dmv) was expressed from a baculovirus (autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus) vector and shown by sds-page and western blot analysis to be about 57 kda. transmission electron microscopy revealed fully assembled nucleocapsid-like particles (nlps) exhibiting the typical helical herringbone morphology. these nlps were approximately 20-22 nm in diameter and varied in length from 50 to 100 nm. purified dmv-n protein was used as antige ...201020005643
acute canine distemper encephalitis is associated with rapid neuronal loss and local immune activation.for most virus infections of the central nervous system (cns), immune-mediated damage, the route of inoculation and death of infected cells all contribute to the pathology observed. to investigate the role of these factors in early canine distemper neuropathogenesis, we infected ferrets either intranasally or intraperitoneally with the neurovirulent canine distemper virus strain snyder hill. regardless of the route of inoculation, the virus primarily targeted the olfactory bulb, brainstem, hippo ...201020016033
late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for thalassemia and sickle cell anemia: a prospective evaluation of polyoma (bk) virus infection and treatment with cidofovir.little is known about late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis (hc) in children, its relationship to bk virus, and treatment with cidofovir (cdv) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). we prospectively investigated bk virus reactivation in children who underwent hsct from a matched related donor for thalassemia or sickle cell anemia following busulfan-cyclophosphamide-based conditioning regimens and analyzed risk factors for development of hc and its treatment with cdv. grade 2-4 hc oc ...201020026413
canine distemper viruses expressing a hemagglutinin without n-glycans lose virulence but retain immunosuppression.paramyxovirus glycoproteins are posttranslationally modified by the addition of n-linked glycans, which are often necessary for correct folding, processing, and cell surface expression. to establish the contribution of n glycosylation to morbillivirus attachment (h) protein function and overall virulence, we first determined the use of the potential n-glycosylation sites in the canine distemper virus (cdv) h proteins. biochemical characterization revealed that the three sites conserved in all st ...201020042514
serosurvey of selected viruses in captive giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in china.serum samples from 92 giant pandas in three captive facilities were tested for antibodies against five viruses of carnivores. antibody titers against canine distemper virus (cdv) in two facilities in which giant pandas were vaccinated were variable. the canine adenovirus (cav-1) and canine parvovirus (cpv) titers in vaccinated group were both positive, but titers were not high and varied among individual except one vaccinated panda had extremely high cav-1 titer, indicating infection with the fi ...201019913371
controversial results of the genetic analysis of a canine distemper vaccine strain.canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease of receptive carnivores. the presence of a psii cleavage site on a specific location of the hemagglutinin (h) gene was found to be a hallmark of vaccine strains, thus, a previously published restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) test using psii theoretically allows the distinction between all currently used vaccine strains and virulent field strains. the rflp test was carried out on all brands of cd ...201019931324
cidofovir does not prevent caprine herpesvirus type-1 neural latency in goats.cidofovir (cdv) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that exhibits a potent antiviral activity against several dna viruses. in previous studies, cdv has been shown to significantly reduce the clinical severity and the viral shedding in primary caprine herpesvirus type-1 (cphv-1) infection in goats. cphv-1 is an alpha-herpesvirus showing many biological similarities with human herpesvirus type-2 (hhv-2); therefore, studies conducted on the cphv-1 goat model could provide useful information on the ...201020710060
investigation of a unique short open reading frame within the 3' untranslated region of the canine distemper virus matrix messenger rna.increasing evidence suggest that the long "untranslated" region (utr) between the matrix (m) and the fusion (f) proteins of morbilliviruses has a functional role. in canine distemper virus (cdv), the f 5' utr was recently shown to code for a long f signal peptide (fsp). subsequently, it was reported that the m/f utrs combined with the long fsp were synergistically regulating the f mrna and protein expression, thereby modulating virulence. unique to cdv, a short putative open reading frame (orf) ...201020797417
rapid detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) is the causative agent of peste des petits ruminants (ppr), an economically important viral disease of small ruminants. in this report, a one-step, single-tube, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for the detection of pprv. a set of six lamp primers were designed based on the matrix gene sequence of pprv to amplify the target rna by incubation at 63°c for 60min with bst dna polymerase and reverse trans ...201020813134
hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir (cmx001) suppresses jc virus replication in human fetal brain svg cell cultures.jc virus (jcv) is a polyomavirus that infects human oligodendrocytes, leading to development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml), an often fatal demyelinating disease occurring in immunocompromised individuals. currently there are no effective therapies for the treatment of pml that result in clearance of jcv from the brain. cidofovir (cdv) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that inhibits dna polymerases and has been used for the treatment of pml. however, cdv demonstrated litt ...201020823288
a comparison of the immune responses of dogs exposed to canine distemper virus (cdv) - differences between vaccinated and wild-type virus exposed dogs.canine distemper virus (cdv)-specific immune response was measured in different dog populations. three groups of vaccinated or wild-type virus exposed dogs were tested: dogs with a known vaccination history, dogs without a known vaccination history (shelter dogs), and dogs with potential exposure to wild-type cdv. the use of a t-cell proliferation assay demonstrated a detectable cdv-specific t-cell response from both spleen and blood lymphocytes of dogs. qualitatively, antibody assays [enzyme-li ...201020885846
antiviral drug resistance of human cytomegalovirus.the study of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) antiviral drug resistance has enhanced knowledge of the virological targets and the mechanisms of antiviral activity. the currently approved drugs, ganciclovir (gcv), foscarnet (fos), and cidofovir (cdv), target the viral dna polymerase. gcv anabolism also requires phosphorylation by the virus-encoded ul97 kinase. gcv resistance mutations have been identified in both genes, while fos and cdv mutations occur only in the dna polymerase gene. confirmation o ...201020930070
effects of cidofovir on human papillomavirus-positive cervical cancer cells xenografts in nude mice.cidofovir (cdv) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analog that shows broad spectrum anti-dna virus activity. in this study, we have investigated the influence of cidofovir on the tumor xenografts derived from hela and siha cells on nude mice. the hela/siha xenografts in nude mice were established by inoculating cells subcutaneously. administration of cidofovir by intratumoral injection led to significant tumor reduction. enhanced protein levels of p53 and p-prb within the tumor samples were ob ...201020939427
morbillivirus infection in a wild siberian tiger in the russian far east.we report the first documented case of morbillivirus infection in a wild, free-ranging siberian tiger (panthera tigris altaica). the tigress entered a small village in the russian far east in an ambulatory but stuporous state with no apparent recognition or fear of humans. her condition progressed rapidly with neurological signs, anorexia, and ultimately death. histologic lesions included vacuolated to malacic white matter in the brain stem, cerebellum, and thalamus, with associated lymphocytic ...201020966275
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