Publications

source and site of action of anti-luteolytic interferon in red deer (cervus elaphus): possible involvement of extra-ovarian oxytocin secretion in maternal recognition of pregnancy.	six conceptuses were collected from red deer hinds on day 22 after synchronization of oestrus with intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices (removal of device = day 0). within 24 h of culture in vitro, the supernatant from five of six conceptuses showed detectable antiviral activity. interferon alpha (ifn-alpha) receptors were identified by immunohistochemistry on the luminal surface of the endometrium, in the neurohypophysis and paraventricular hypothalamus, but not in the ovaries of the hin ...	1999	10615255
pcr-rflp analysis of mitochondrial dna: a reliable method for species identification.	a method for identification of game species has been developed on the basis of the amplification of a specific part of the mitochondrial genome (trna(glu)/cytochrome b) using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). to distinguish between several game species, the obtained 464-bp-long pcr products were cut with different restriction endonucleases (re) resulting in species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp). even closely related deer species could be distinguished by application ...	1999	10563979
activation of the egf receptor signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells exposed to metals.	we have previously shown that exposure to combustion-derived metals rapidly (within 20 min) activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), in the human bronchial epithelial cell line beas. to study the mechanisms responsible for metal-induced activation of erk, we examined the effect of noncytotoxic exposures to as, cu, v, or zn on the kinases upstream of erk in the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor signaling pathway. western blott ...	1999	10564177
effects of cross-inoculation from elk and feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: occurrence of parentodinium africanum in domestic u.s. cattle (bos taurus).	consumption of pine needles tends to cause abortion in domestic cattle but not in elk. the present study was undertaken to determine whether this difference was associated with the rumen microbial population. after emptying the rumen, pregnant cattle were inoculated with either elk or cattle rumen contents. for those cows fed the pine needle diet, there was no difference in abortion rate between those inoculated with rumen contents from either elk or cattle. protozoal concentrations and number o ...	1999	10568037
inhibition of signaling through the b cell antigen receptor by the protooncogene product, c-cbl, requires syk tyrosine 317 and the c-cbl phosphotyrosine-binding domain.	the syk protein-tyrosine kinase couples the b cell ag receptor (bcr) to intracellular biochemical pathways. syk becomes phosphorylated on multiple tyrosine residues upon receptor cross-linking. tyrosine 317 is a site of phosphorylation located within the linker region of syk that separates the amino-terminal, tandem pair of sh2 domains from the carboxyl-terminal catalytic domain. the amino acid sequence surrounding phosphotyrosine 317 matches the consensus sequence for recognition by the phospho ...	1999	10570266
prp genotypes of captive and free-ranging rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease.	the prp gene encodes the putative causative agent of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), a heterogeneous group of fatal, neurodegenerative disorders including human creutzfeldt-jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, ovine scrapie and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of north american deer and elk. polymorphisms in the prp gene are associated with variations in relative susceptibility, pathological lesion patterns, incubation times and clinical course of tses of humans, m ...	1999	10573173
viremia and virus shedding in elk infected with type 1 and virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus.	in order to determine whether elk (cervus elaphus) could be infected with and shed bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and to determine whether bvdv could cause disease in elk, two groups of five yearling elk each and two control cattle were experimentally inoculated intranasally with type 1 singer strain or a virulent type 2 isolate of bvdv, strain 24515. virulence of the type 2 isolate was confirmed by inoculation of a control bovine cow which developed diarrhea, dehydration, severe thrombocyto ...	1999	10574525
the potential for false-positive diagnosis of protostrongyliasis by extraction of larvae from feces.	the potential of protostrongylid first-stage larvae (l1) to survive passage through the alimentary canal of non-infected mammals was investigated. parelaphostrongylus tenuis l1 were collected from feces of an experimentally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). we utilized two red deer (cervus elaphus) and four laboratory rats (rattus norvegicus) which were each fed the l1 of p. tenuis. larvae were recovered, intact and alive, from the fecal samples of all six animals. larvae of p ...	1999	10574541
the mek pathway is required for stimulation of p21(waf1/cip1) by transforming growth factor-beta.	transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta)can induce the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p15 in a variety of cell types. we have shown previously that smad3 is required for the growth inhibitory activity of tgf-beta, whereas overexpression of smads is not sufficient to activate the expression of p21 in hacat cells. these data suggest that an additional signaling pathway may be involved in stimulating p21 in hacat cells. given the recent finding that the mitogen-activated protein kinas ...	1999	10585406
qtl for live weight traits in père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids.	interspecies hybrids between père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) have proved to be a powerful resource in the search for quantitative trait loci (qtl) in deer. several regions of the genome with significant effects on live weight and growth rates in backcross hybrids were detected. these include putative qtl for 6-month live weight (lod 3.90) on linkage group 12, for 14-month live weight (lod 3.19) on linkage group 1, three putative qtl for growth rate from 3 t ...	1999	10589515
rapid signalling by androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells.	androgens are important growth regulators in prostate cancer. their known mode of action in target cells requires binding to a cytoplasmic androgen receptor followed by a nuclear translocation event and modulation of the expression of specific genes. here, we report another mode of action of this receptor. treatment of androgen responsive prostate cancer cells with dihydrotestosterone leads to a rapid and reversible activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases mapks (also called extracellular ...	1999	10597231
caveolin-1 interacts with the insulin receptor and can differentially modulate insulin signaling in transfected cos-7 cells and rat adipose cells.	caveolae may function as microdomains for signaling that help to determine specific biological actions mediated by the insulin receptor (ir). caveolin-1, a major component of caveolae, contains a scaffolding domain (sd) that binds to a caveolin-1 binding motif in the kinase domain of the ir in vitro. to investigate the potential role of caveolin-1 in insulin signaling we overexpressed wild-type (cav-wt) or mutant (cav-mut; f92a/v94a in sd) caveolin-1 in either cos-7 cells cotransfected with ir o ...	1999	10598578
the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene as a tool in evolutionary studies of artiodactyles.	the complete coding region of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene was characterized in species belonging to the two families bovidae and cervidae; cattle (bos taurus), sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus), muskox (ovibos moschatus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus), moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama). this well conserved gene is a central regulator of mammalian coat colour. examination of the interspecies ...	1999	10628296
basic hematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity.	analyses of hematological parameters were carried out on eight axis deer (cervus axis), 12 fallow deer (cervus dama), 16 red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus), three sambar (cervus unicolor), nine père david deer (elaphurus davidianus), 20 european bison (bison bonasus), seven nilgai (boselaphus tragocamelus), eight mouflon (ovis musimon), four white-bearded gnu (connochaetes taurinus) and six barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia). the following parameters were determined: packed cell volume, hemogl ...	1999	10629960
erk activation induces phosphorylation of elk-1 at multiple s/t-p motifs to high stoichiometry.	elk-1, a member of the tcf family of ets domain proteins, contains a c-terminal transcriptional activation domain with multiple copies of the mapk core consensus sequence s/t-p. this region is phosphorylated by map kinases in vitro and in vivo, but the extent and kinetics of phosphorylation at the different sites have not been investigated in detail. we prepared antisera against the phosphorylated forms of residues t353, t363, t368, s383, s389 and t417. the antisera specifically recognize the ph ...	1999	10637505
molecular characterization of a zebrafish tcf ets-domain transcription factor.	the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-transcription factors represent key nuclear targets of the map kinase pathways. members of this subfamily are classified by the presence of several conserved domains for dna binding, interaction with srf, interaction with map kinases and transcriptional activation. in this study we have isolated a further member of this subfamily (tcf-1) from zebrafish. the protein product of zebrafish tcf-1 (ztcf-1), shares sequence similarity with the mammalian ...	1999	10637509
lactation curves in captive iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	this study examines milk production and the effect of milk production and sex of calf on body weights and gains of red deer calves and hinds of the iberian subspecies (cervus elaphus hispanicus). milk production was assessed in 14 hinds by weighing calves before and after suckling and by adjusting these values to the gamma function. gamma estimates of total milk production up to d 105 were similar to the amounts computed directly from double weighing. hinds showed two types of lactation curve: 1 ...	1999	10641857
rapid communication: nucleotide sequence of chamois, alpine ibex, and red deer trna(lys) and atpase8 mitochondrial genes.		1999	10641890
immunocytochemical localization of oestrogen receptors in perichondrium of antlers in red deer (cervus elaphus).	remodelling of cancellous bone of antlers to compact bone can be stimulated by administration of oestrogens and previous work has demonstrated the presence of specific oestrogen binding in this tissue. in this study the presence of oestrogen receptors (er) in antler tissue from red deer males was examined by immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal mouse anti-human er serum. strong positive staining was detected in the tip regions of immature antlers and was confined primarily to the cells forming ...	1999	10864176
comparative reproductive function in cervids: implications for management of farm and zoo populations.	the cervids represent a complex assemblage of taxa characterized by extreme diversity in morphology, physiology, ecology and geographical distribution. farmed species (for example red deer and fallow deer) are usually the common larger-bodied, gregarious and monotocous species that express marked reproductive seasonality in their temperate environment. their commercial importance has facilitated considerable research into reproductive physiology and the development of assisted reproductive techn ...	1999	10692851
tannins as nutritional constraints for elk and deer of the coastal pacific northwest.		1999	10800474
recreation, consumption of wild game, risk, and the department of energy sites: perceptions of people attending the lewiston, id, "roundup".	several federal agencies are reclaiming land through remediation and restoration, and are considering potential future land uses that are compatible with current land uses and local needs. understanding potential recreational and wild game consumption patterns and risk perceptions are critical for determining cleanup levels and assessing potential risk associated with certain uses. in this article, recreational rates of people attending the lewiston "roundup" rodeo in northwestern idaho were exa ...	1999	10706241
regional hospital improves efficiency with co-generation retrofit.	feasibility analysis of the co-generation retrofit of the red deer regional hospital pointed to a reasonable payback of capital cost and increased efficiency in operation of the facility. budget restrictions nearly stopped the project from proceeding. innovative construction procedures proposed by the facility management group, in particular, mr keith metcalfe, director of maintenance, allowed a worthwhile project to reach successful completion. we feel that this model can perhaps be used by sim ...	1999	10747721
successful in vitro fertilization of in vivo matured oocytes aspirated laparoscopically from red deer hinds (cervus elaphus).	most current protocols of in vitro fertilization in ruminants are based on in vitro maturation of oocytes derived from abattoir material. for application of ivf technology to captive endangered species, however, noninvasive techniques are required which allow repeated collection of oocytes from live females. the aim of this study was to develop a method for embryo production from mature oocytes collected laparoscopically from red deer hinds. follicular development was synchronized in red deer hi ...	1999	10729012
involvement of serotoninergic pathways in the control of luteinizing hormone secretion in red deer hinds.	two experiments were conducted to determine whether serotoninergic pathways, which are implicated in the neuroendocrine regulation of luteininzing hormone (lh) secretion in domestic animals, have a similar action in red deer hinds. in the non-breeding season (august), ovariectomized (n = 5) and ovariectomized-thyroidectomized (n = 5) hinds received a vehicle solution followed 4 h later by either serotonin (66 microg kg(-1) i.v.) every 10 min for a further 4 h or the serotonin antagonist, cyprohe ...	1999	10735553
the relationship between habitat choice and lifetime reproductive success in female red deer.	in non-territorial species, individuals can move freely and should be distributed in an ideal free manner between habitats and areas with respect to resources that influence lifetime reproductive success (lrs). consequently, no relationship between diet quality and lrs should be expected. however, there have been no attempts to test this prediction. the present paper investigates the relationship between forage habitat use and lrs in red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds within three neighbouring area ...	1999	28308082
habitat segregation in ungulates: are males forced into suboptimal foraging habitats through indirect competition by females?	sex differences in habitat use (termed `habitat segregation') are widespread in sexually dimorphic ungulate species. they are a puzzling phenomenon, particularly when females use better foraging habitats than males. it has been suggested that males, owing to their larger body size and higher forage requirements, are inferior in indirect competition to females and are forced by female grazing pressure into marginal habitats (`indirect-competition hypothesis'). this hypothesis has been widely cite ...	1999	28307759
microsatellite loci reveal sex-dependent responses to inbreeding and outbreeding in red deer calves.	mean d2 is a recently devised microsatellite-based measure that is hypothesised to allow the detection of inbreeding depression and heterosis in free-living populations. two studies that have investigated the measure have both demonstrated an association between mean d2 and traits related to fitness. here we present an association between mean d1 and an important component of fitness, first-year overwinter survival, in a population of red deer on the isle of rum, scotland. the association betwee ...	1999	28565463
extrinsic modification of vertebrate sex ratios by climatic variation.	evidence for the influences of climate on early development, maternal condition, and offspring viability in terrestrial vertebrates suggests that climatic change has the potential to induce variation in offspring sex ratios in such organisms. using long-term data at individual and population levels, we investigated the influence of global climatic variation, as a result of the north atlantic oscillation (nao), on offspring sex ratios of red deer in norway. the state of the nao during the fetal d ...	1999	29578787
diet overlap among ruminants in fennoscandia.	information on overlap in resource use is central to understanding of interspecific exploitation competition and resource partitioning. despite this, measures of diet overlap among northern ruminants in fennoscandia is limited to one earlier study (reindeer and sheep). diet overlap between sympatric moose and roe deer calculated with schoener's index was 20.7% and 33.6% during summer (data from one area) and winter (data from two areas), respectively, whereas average diet overlap between moose a ...	2000	28308406
conservation biology: feds team up with a company to protect 17 threatened fish species.	for several years now, road runoff and erosion stemming in part from the operations of the plum creek timber co. have choked elk creek, known as the best bull trout spawning stream in the west, with sediment, raising fears of even further decline in this endangered species. now, in an effort to mitigate its harmful effects and avert regulatory action, plum creek has designed a native fish habitat conservation plan covering 17 fish species, including the bull trout.	2000	17840573
structure of the elk-1-dna complex reveals how dna-distal residues affect ets domain recognition of dna.	sap-1 and elk-1 are members of a large group of eukaryotic transcription factors that contain a conserved ets dna binding domain and that cooperate with the serum response factor (srf) to activate transcription of the c-fos protooncogene. despite the high degree of sequence similarity, which includes an identical amino acid sequence for the dna recognition helix within the ets domain of these proteins, they exhibit different dna binding properties. here we report the 2.1 ¿ crystal structure of t ...	2000	10742173
microsatellite analysis of north american wapiti (cervus elaphus) populations.	eleven populations of wapiti (cervus elaphus) were analysed for genetic diversity using 12 microsatellite loci. samples were taken from vancouver island, british columbia; burwash and french river herds in ontario; ya ha tinda ranch, alberta; and banff, elk island, jasper, kootenay, riding mountain, yellowstone and yoho national parks. overall, wapiti populations have on average three to four alleles per locus and an average expected heterozygosity that ranged from 25.75 to 52.85%. the greatest ...	2000	11050551
milk production and composition in captive iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus): effect of birth date.	this study describes milk production and milk composition of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) females (hinds) and the effect of calving date and bw change of hinds by milking over 34 wk. all hinds produced milk throughout the 34-wk study period, well over the standard lactation period. total milk yield was 224.1 +/- 21.1 l, and daily production was 0.91 +/- 0.06 l. milk yield decreased with lactation stage (p = 0.01) and the later a calf was born (p = 0.008), and it was greater in po ...	2000	11063297
combinatorial effect of t-cell receptor ligation and cd45 isoform expression on the signaling contribution of the small gtpases ras and rap1.	by using ligands with various affinities for the t-cell receptor (tcr) and by altering the contribution of the cd45 tyrosine phosphatase, the effects of the potency of tcr-induced signals on the function of small gtpases ras and rap1 were studied. t cells expressing low-molecular-weight cd45 isoforms (e.g., cd45ro) exhibited the strongest activation of the ras-dependent elk-1 transcription factor and the highest sensitivity to the inhibitory action of dominant negative mutant ras compared to t c ...	2000	11073975
cyclic amp-elevating agents induce the expression of map kinase phosphatase-1 in pc12 cells.	stimulation of pheochromocytoma pc12 cells by camp-elevating agents caused the induction of the immediate early gene 3ch134, which encodes map kinase phosphatase-1 (mkp-1). forskolin was as potent as serum in stimulating mkp-1 gene expression, whereas dibutyryl-camp and neuropeptide pacap were less effective. induction of the mkp-1 gene was accompanied by neo-synthesis of mkp-1 protein. map kinase activation was not involved in the camp-induced mkp-1 gene expression. the map kinase inactivation, ...	2000	11078876
milk intake and production curves and allosuckling in captive iberian red deer, cervus elaphus hispanicus.	in two experiments, we compared milk intake (assessed by weighing calves before and after suckling) and milk production (by hand milking hinds) in iberian red deer both when calves sucked their mothers together (group-suckling experiment) and when mother and offspring were isolated (isolation-suckling experiment). in both experiments, the general lactation curve for calves increased to a peak and then decreased (type i, standard lactation curve in mammals), whereas the curve for hinds decreased ...	2000	11082238
mycobacterium bovis-infected cervine alveolar macrophages secrete lymphoreactive lipid antigens.	tuberculosis is caused by intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus mycobacterium, including m. tuberculosis and m. bovis. alveolar macrophages (ams) are the primary host cell for inhaled mycobacteria. however, little is known about the mechanisms by which infected ams can process and present mycobacterial antigens to primed lymphocytes and how these responses may affect ensuing protection in the host. in the present study, we sought to determine whether ams from a naturally susceptible host ...	2000	11083825
coexpression of proteins in bacteria using t7-based expression plasmids: expression of heteromeric cell-cycle and transcriptional regulatory complexes.	this report describes the development and application of a dual vector coexpression system for the overproduction of heteromeric cell cycle and transcriptional regulatory protein complexes in bacteria. to facilitate these studies we constructed a t7-based expression plasmid, prm1 that contains an origin of replication derived from p15a, and a gene encoding kanamycin resistance. this expression vector is compatible with cole1-derived plasmids found in the pet family of t7 expression vectors, whic ...	2000	11087683
characterisation of somatostatin sst2 receptor splice variants.	somatostatin is a peptide with a multitude of functions in the central nervous system and the periphery. it mediates its actions by binding to high-affinity g-protein coupled receptors, genes for five of which (sst1-sst5) have recently been cloned. the somatostatin sst2 receptor exists as two splice variants, sst2(a) and sst2(b) receptors, which differ in length and composition of their intracellular carboxy-termini. in this review, we describe the localisation of the two receptor isoforms in th ...	2000	11088000
novel nuclear target for thrombin: activation of the elk1 transcription factor leads to chemokine gene expression.	thrombin is primarily known for its role in homeostasis and thrombosis. however, this enzyme also plays important roles in wound healing and pathologic situations such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. among the molecules stimulated by thrombin in these latter processes are the stress response proteins, chemokines. chemokines are also known for their roles in inflammatory responses and tumor development. these correlative observations strongly suggest that chemokines may be mediators of some of ...	2000	11090049
maternal control of sex ratio in rana rugosa: evidence from dna sexing.	parental control of primary sex ratio has been reported in a mammal (red deer), some birds, and a snake. however, it remains uncertain whether other vertebrates including amphibia can control sex ratio. in this paper, we examined the possibility in a wild population of the japanese frog rana rugosa which has female heterogamety. sex ratios of their eggs were determined using dna markers. the eggs were sampled in the field from may to august in 1998. each egg was then sexed by polymerase chain re ...	2000	11091308
rna aptamers as pathway-specific map kinase inhibitors.	in eukaryotic cells, many intracellular signaling pathways have closely related mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) paralogs as central components. although mapks are therefore obvious targets to control the cellular responses resulting from the activation of these signaling pathways, the development of inhibitors which target specific cell signaling pathways involving mapks has proven difficult.	2000	11094337
involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade for cocaine-rewarding properties.	a central feature of drugs of abuse is to induce gene expression in discrete brain structures that are critically involved in behavioral responses related to addictive processes. although extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) has been implicated in several neurobiological processes, including neuronal plasticity, its role in drug addiction remains poorly understood. this study was designed to analyze the activation of erk by cocaine, its involvement in cocaine-induced early and long-term b ...	2000	11102476
immunohistochemical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in preclinically affected elk from a captive herd.	an immunohistochemical (ihc) method was used to test brain tissues from 17 elk in a captive herd in which chronic wasting disease (cwd) had previously occurred. the ihc technique detects the protease-resistant prion protein (prp-res), which is considered a disease-specific marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), regardless of the species affected. of the 17 elk tested, 10 were positive by ihc. only 2 of these 10 animals had shown clinical signs and histologic lesions of cwd, ...	2000	11108464
a zoletil-rompun mixture as an alternative to the use of opioids for immobilization of feral red deer.	sixty chemical immobilizations of red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) have been carried out during an etho-ecological study from august 1994 to december 1996 in a 35 ha pen in the district of nitra (slovac republic). our objective was to determine the efficacy and standard dosages of zoletil and rompun for the immobilization of adult red deer in feral conditions as an alternative to the use of the highly toxic opioids. we therefore compared an immobilon-rompun combination (imro) with a 1:1 mix ...	2000	11085427
epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cervids in colorado and wyoming.	surveillance and epidemic modeling were used to study chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs naturally among sympatric, free-ranging deer (odocoileus spp.) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in contiguous portions of northeastern colorado and southeastern wyoming (usa). we used clinical case submissions to identify endemic areas, then used immunohistochemistry to detect cwd-infected individuals among 5,513 deer and elk sample ...	2000	11085429
susceptibility of elk to lungworms from cattle.	two studies were conducted to determine the infectivity of the lungworm, (dictyocaulus viviparus) of cattle origin, in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or wapiti. in the first study, each of three 9-mo-old elk was administered 3,000 d. viviparus larvae from cattle using a nasogastric tube. in the second study, four 16-mo-old elk were each inoculated with 2,000 d. viviparus from cattle using a nasogastric tube. elk were observed daily for signs of respiratory disease, and fecal samples ...	2000	11085435
elaeophorosis in red deer from spain.	elaeophorosis, caused by elaeophora elaphi, was observed in red deer (cervus elaphus) from toledo province (spain) for the first time. adult specimens of elaeophora elaphi were found in the hepatic vessels of nine of 151 red deer between october 1994 and september 1995; intensity of infection was two to 18 nematodes per host. adult nematodes were only found during the period from fall through early spring. no differences were present between sex or age groups. parasites were not found in a limit ...	2000	11085444
paratuberculosis in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) in the western alps.	during the hunting seasons 1995-96 to 1997-98, 19 red deer from the upper susa valley (cottian alps) were examined for paratuberculosis (johne's disease). specific dna amplification on mesenteric lymph nodes detected mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in 17 animals. ten of these red deer were tested for serum antibodies by the agid and elisa tests, nine being negative. three isolates from infected deer were genetically characterized by an arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, and showe ...	2000	11085463
n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase are required for camp-dependent cyclase response element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation in the striatum.	in vivo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp)-induced n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was investigated in the dorsal striatum by semiquantitative immunocytochemistry. intracerebroventricular infusion of 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, sp isomer (sp-8-br-camps), increased phosphorylated camp-responsive element binding protein, phosphorylated elk-1 and fos immunoreactivity in a dose-dependent manner. intracerebroventricular infusio ...	2000	11113310
epidemiology of paratuberculosis in wild ruminants studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism in the czech republic during the period 1995-1998.	in two studies carried out during the period 1995-1998, paratuberculosis was diagnosed in domestic and wild ruminants in the czech republic. the isolated mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains were analysed by standardised restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) [pavlik, i., horvathova, a., dvorska, l., bartl, j., svastova, p., du maine, r., rychlik, i., 1999. j. microbiol. methods 38, 155-167]. in december 1992, 19 late pregnant charolais heifers were imported to the cz ...	2000	11118709
first evidence of johne's disease in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in belgium.	in a deer farm, chronic diarrhoea was seen in a 4-year-old hind. this animal died in poor condition on the farm and johne's disease was suspected. ziehl-neelsen staining of the faeces of this hind were positive for the presence of clumps of small acid-fast bacilli, but faecal cultures remained negative. direct and indirect tests were performed on 24 hinds and stags (yearlings, 2- and 4-year-old animals). the indirect tests performed were serology (mycobacterium paratuberculosis antibody elisa, h ...	2000	11118713
tnfalpha and ifngamma potentiate il-1beta induced mitogen activated protein kinase activity in rat pancreatic islets of langerhans.	interleukin-1 beta (il-1beta) in synergy with tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) and interferon gamma (ifngamma) is cytotoxic to pancreatic beta cells. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity that is induced by interleukin-1 beta has been suggested to signal nitric oxide-dependent as well as nitric oxide-independent beta-cell destructive pathways. the aim of this study was to investigate if tnfalpha and ifngamma signal through mitogen-activated protein kinases in isolated rat islet ...	2000	11126408
enzootic ataxia in a norwegian red deer herd.		2000	11126582
prostate cancer and the androgen receptor: strategies for the development of novel therapeutics.	the early demonstrations that prostate cancer was hormone-sensitive initiated a therapeutic strategy of hormone ablation that is still in use today. although chemical or surgical castration reduces androgen stimulation of the androgen receptor (ar) and produces tumor regression, little survival benefit is achieved. patients with metastatic cancer eventually relapse as their tumors progress to hormone independence. the ar is a member of the steroid receptor family; however, it manifests many uniq ...	2000	11127964
aspects of the life cycle and pathogenesis of elaphostrongylus cervi in red deer (cervus elaphus).	aspects of the migratory life cycle and pathogenesis of elaphostrongylus cervi were studied in red deer (cervus elaphus) using 2 farmed calves experimentally infected with 450 third-stage larvae killed 40 and 45 days postinfection and using 3 wild calves and 3 wild yearlings with natural infections killed during autumn hunting. a full necropsy was carried out on the experimental calves, but only the head, eviscerated carcass, and lungs were examined from the naturally infected animals. histologi ...	2000	11128481
antigenic and molecular characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from a north american elk.	to determine whether a herpesvirus isolated from the semen of a north american elk was related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1).	2000	11131608
extracellular atp activates multiple signalling pathways and potentiates growth factor-induced c-fos gene expression in mcf-7 breast cancer cells.	in the human breast cancer cell line mcf-7, the nucleotides atp gamma s and utp, acting extracellularly through the purinergic receptor p2y(2), lead to elevated intracellular calcium levels and increased proliferation. atp gamma s and utp treatment of mcf-7 cells activated transcription of the immediate early gene c-fos, an important component in the response to proliferative stimulation. c-fos induction was enhanced by co-treatment with atp gamma s and a variety of proliferative agents includin ...	2000	11133806
helicobacter pylori activates mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and induces expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun.	helicobacter pylori is an etiological agent in the development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma. patients infected with h. pylori carry a 3-6-fold increased risk of developing cancer compared with uninfected individuals. h. pylori strains expressing the cytotoxin-associated antigen a (caga) are more frequently associated with the development of neoplasia than caga-negative strains. however, the molecular mechanism by which h. pylori causes neoplastic trans ...	2000	10747974
egf stimulates gastrin promoter through activation of sp1 kinase activity.	epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor activation stimulates gastrin gene expression through a gc-rich element called gastrin egf response element (gere). this element is bound by sp1 family members and is a target of the ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signal transduction cascade. this raised the possibility that sp1 may be phosphorylated by kinases of this signaling pathway. erk is capable of phosphorylating other mitogen-inducible transcription factors, e.g., elk and sap, sugg ...	2000	10751319
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand: v. mob and individual-hind risk factors associated with calf rearing to weaning.	a 2-year longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. both years combined, 3364 adult and 653 yearling hinds were diagnosed pregnant in june by ultrasound scanning and monitored for reproductive success up to weaning. at weaning, pre-rut at approximately 100 days after calving, udders were palpated or observed by the farmer and hinds were categorised as lactating (wet) indicating survival of calf, or not lactating (dry). farm management pr ...	2000	10760402
phylogenetic relationships among european red deer, wapiti, and sika deer inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences.	we determined the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) of one subspecies of the european red deer (cervus elaphus in europe), three subspecies of the wapiti (c. elaphus in asia and north america), and six subspecies of the sika deer (c. nippon in japan). our phylogenetic analysis revealed the monophyly of the european red deer, that of the wapiti, and that of the sika deer. the wapiti, however, was shown to be more closely related to the sika deer than to the european red deer. th ...	2000	10764539
prolonged activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is required for macrophage-like differentiation of a human myeloid leukemic cell line.	the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signal transduction pathway in the proliferation of mammalian cells has been well established. however, there are relatively few reports concerning cell differentiation being mediated by mapk. the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) on cell differentiation and signal transduction in a human myeloid leukemia cell line, tf-1a, was investigated. when tf-1a cells were treated with 10(-6), 10(-7), 10(-8), and 10(-9) m pma for 24 h, t ...	2000	10775036
the effect of bioaccumulated selenium on mortalities and deformities in the eggs, larvae, and fry of a wild population of cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarki lewisi).	to determine if elevated concentrations of waterborne selenium (se), caused by coal mining, in the elk river in southeastern british columbia, may be causing reproductive or teratogenic effects in wild cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarki lewisi), fertilized eggs from exposed and reference fish were raised in the laboratory. eggs from each female were reared separately and the percent mortalities and deformities were related to the selenium content of the eggs. selenium concentrations in females ...	2000	10790501
characterization of hprp4 kinase activation: potential role in signaling.	mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are important proline-directed ser/thr kinases that play distinct roles in cell differentiation and proliferation. hprp4 (pre-mrna processing gene), a human homologue of s. pombe prp4, is a recently isolated cdk-like kinase with homology to mapks. little is known about the mrna processing function of hprp4 or about the signaling pathways with which it is associated. hprp4 is expressed in a variety of human tissues with ...	2000	10799319
enhanced expression of osteopontin in human diabetic artery and analysis of its functional role in accelerated atherogenesis.	we have previously reported that high glucose stimulates osteopontin (opn) expression through protein kinase c-dependent pathways as well as hexosamine pathways in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. the finding prompted us to study in vivo expression of opn in diabetes mellitus. in the present study, we found by immunohistochemistry that medial layers of the carotid arteries of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and the forearm arteries of diabetic patients stained positively for opn ant ...	2000	10712383
a model for study of lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and gastrointestinal nematode infection in young red deer (cervus elaphus).	a model of sub-clinical parasitism in young red deer, using concurrent trickle infections of lungworm (dictyocaulus sp.) and mixed gastro-intestinal (gi) nematodes of deer-origin was evaluated. 20 parasite-free deer calves were artificially reared indoors from 4 days of age. a further five calves were naturally reared on pasture with their dams, treated with anthelmintic and brought indoors at 3-4 months. at 4-4.5 months of age they were individually housed and allocated to five groups (n=5). gr ...	2000	10714458
culling plans put future of red deer study in jeopardy.		2000	10716413
ribosomal subunit kinase-2 is required for growth factor-stimulated transcription of the c-fos gene.	ribosomal subunit kinases (rsk) have been implicated in the regulation of transcription by phosphorylating and thereby activating numerous transcription factors, such as c-fos, camp responsive element binding protein (creb), and nuclear receptors. here we describe the generation and characterization of immortalized embryonic fibroblast cell lines from mice in which the rsk-2 gene was disrupted by homologous recombinant gene targeting. rsk-2-deficient (knockout or ko) cell lines have no detectabl ...	2000	10716983
seasonal foraging behavioural compensation in reproductive wapiti hinds (cervus elaphus canadensis).	captive wapiti hinds were observed during seven periods between june 1996 and november 1997. we investigated their activity and foraging behaviour on two pastures, heavily and lightly grazed, during four phases of the reproductive cycle (early gestation, late gestation, peak lactation, and late lactation). within season, differences in forage availability between pastures had little apparent effect on wapiti feeding behaviour (p0.05). however, within each pasture, hinds tended to select location ...	2000	10719196
effects of management at weaning on behaviour and weight gain of farmed red deer calves.	two studies were performed to determine whether there were behavioural or productive differences arising from two contrasting weaning practices for red deer; proximate vs. distant separation of dams and calves. in experiment 1, 80 calves across two replicates were used. for each replicate, calves were separated from their mothers, weighed and allocated to one of two treatments (n=20 calves), either confinement in an unfamiliar paddock 100 m from their mothers for 2 weeks following weaning (treat ...	2000	10719197
learning-associated activation of nuclear mapk, creb and elk-1, along with fos production, in the rat hippocampus after a one-trial avoidance learning: abolition by nmda receptor blockade.	it is widely accepted that the formation of long-term memory (ltm) requires neuronal gene expression, protein synthesis and the remodeling of synaptic contacts. from mollusk to mammals, the camp/pka/creb signaling pathway has been shown to play a pivotal role in the establishment of ltm. more recently, the mapk cascade has been also involved in memory processing. here, we provide evidence for the participation of hippocampal pka/creb and mapk/elk-1 pathways, via activation of nmda receptors, in ...	2000	10719213
the dominant negative ras mutant, n17ras, can inhibit signaling independently of blocking ras activation.	ras plays an important role in a variety of cellular functions, including growth, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation. for instance, ras participates in the activation of raf, which phosphorylates and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek), which then phosphorylates and activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), a mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase. activation of map kinase appears to be essential for propagating a wide variety of extracellular signals ...	2000	10722731
activation of the c-fos enhancer by the erk map kinase pathway through two sequence elements: the c-fos ap-1 and p62tcf sites.	the c-fos enhancer can be activated by many signaling pathways through distinct elements of the enhancer. the enhancer contains at its core the serum response element (sre) that binds serum response factor (srf). on the 5' side of the sre is a site for p62tcf which binds only when srf is bound as well. p62tcf is encoded by three ets-related genes, elk-1, sap1 and sap2. each of these factors contain a transcriptional activation domain that is activated by phosphorylation by map kinases. on the 3' ...	2000	10723128
quick guide. jnk.		2000	10801428
genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (1) seasonal luteal cyclicity.	this study compared the onset and duration of the breeding season of female red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). in trial 1 (1995), adult red deer (n=9), f1 hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6) and maternal backcross hybrid pd deer x red deer (i.e., 14 pd; n=9) were maintained together in the presence of a vasectomised red deer stag for 12 months. they were blood-sampled daily or three times wee ...	2000	10804275
genetic influences on reproduction of female red deer (cervus elaphus) (2) seasonal and genetic effects on the superovulatory response to exogenous fsh.	this study evaluated the influences of seasons and genotype on the superovulatory response to a standardised ofsh regimen in red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus) and its hybrids with either wapiti (c.e. nelsoni) or père david's (pd) deer (elaphurus davidianus). adult red deer (n=9), f(1) hybrid wapiti x red deer (n=6), and maternal backcross hybrid pd x red deer (i.e., 14 pd hybrid; n=9) were kept together in the presence of a vasectomised stag for 13 months. at 6 weekly intervals, all hinds recei ...	2000	10804276
substrate recognition domains within extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediate binding and catalytic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase phosphatase-3 (mkp-3) is a dual specificity phosphatase that inactivates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) map kinases. this reflects tight and specific binding between erk and the mkp-3 amino terminus with consequent phosphatase activation and dephosphorylation of the bound map kinase. we have used a series of p38/erk chimeric molecules to identify domains within erk necessary for binding and catalytic activation of mkp-3. these studies demonstra ...	2000	10811804
troglitazone inhibits mitogenic signaling by insulin in vascular smooth muscle cells.	troglitazone (tro) is an oral insulin-sensitizer that has direct effects on the vasculature to inhibit cell growth and migration. in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs), insulin transduces a mitogenic signal that is dependent on the erk1/2 map kinases. we examined the effects of tro on this pathway and found that it inhibits mitogenic signaling. in quiescent vsmcs, insulin (1 microm) induced a 3.2-fold increase in dna synthesis. tro (1-20 microm) inhibited insulin-stimulated dna synthesis by 72 ...	2000	10813377
[treatment of oestriasis and hypodermosis in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) and roe deer (capreolus c. capreolus) with ivermectin (ivomec)].	in two test areas in austria (burgenland, lower austria) ivermectin has been used to control oestrinosis and hypodermosis in red- and roe deer since many years (1985 and 1987, respectively). the results until 1992, using the injectable solution ivomec-injection 1% only, have been reported (kutzer, 1994). in continuation of these tests ivomec-praemix 0.6% was examined and it turned out that the treatment was extremely successful. in practice ivomec-praemix 0.6% has to be given preference due to i ...	2000	10816915
bartonella spp. isolated from wild and domestic ruminants in north america.	bartonella species were isolated from 49% of 128 cattle from california and oklahoma, 90% of 42 mule deer from california, and 15% of 100 elk from california and oregon. isolates from all 63 cattle, 14 deer, and 1 elk had the same polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles. our findings indicate potential for inter- and intraspecies transmission among ruminants, as well as risk that these bartonella spp. could act as zoonotic agents.	2000	10827123
host specificity of abomasal nematodes in free ranging alpine ruminants.	abomasums from 641 alpine wild ruminants representing five different species (cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus, rupicapra rupicapra, capra ibex, ovis musimon) and from 19 domestic sheep (ovis aries) from alpine areas were examined in order to investigate the host-specificity of abomasal helminths. nine out of 20 helminth species were found in at least five different host species. a discriminant analysis was able to significantly discriminate the hosts on the basis of their helminth community ...	2000	10842002
the mapk/erk cascade targets both elk-1 and camp response element-binding protein to control long-term potentiation-dependent gene expression in the dentate gyrus in vivo.	the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk) signaling cascade contributes to synaptic plasticity and to long-term memory formation, yet whether mapk/erk controls activity-dependent gene expression critical for long-lasting changes at the synapse and what the events underlying transduction of the signal are remain uncertain. here we show that induction of long-term potentiation (ltp) in the dentate gyrus in vivo leads to rapid phosphorylation and nuclear ...	2000	10844026
a retrospective assessment of the accuracy of the paternity inference program cervus.	cervus is a windows-based software package written to infer paternity in natural populations. it offers advantages over exclusionary-based methods of paternity inference in that multiple nonexcluded males can be statistically distinguished, laboratory typing error is considered and statistical confidence is determined for assigned paternities through simulation. in this study we use a panel of 84 microsatellite markers to retrospectively determine the accuracy of statistical confidence when cerv ...	2000	10849296
intersectin, an adaptor protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, activates mitogenic signaling pathways.	intersectin is a member of a growing family of adaptor proteins that possess conserved eps15 homology (eh) domains as well as additional protein recognition motifs. in general, eh domain-containing proteins play an integral role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. indeed, intersectin functions in the intermediate stages of clathrin-coated vesicle assembly. however, recent evidence suggests that components of the endocytic machinery also regulate mitogenic signaling pathways. in this report, we pro ...	2000	10851244
sex differences in weather sensitivity can cause habitat segregation: red deer as an example.	sex differences in habitat use (habitat segregation) are widespread in sexually dimorphic ungulates. a possible cause is that males are more sensitive to weather than females, leading to sex differences in sheltering behaviour (the 'weather sensitivity hypothesis'). however, this hypothesis has never been tested. we considered the allometric rates of net energy gain during times of cold weather and food shortage in a model. we argue that the higher absolute heat losses relative to intake rates o ...	2000	10860532
structure and mineralisation density of antler and pedicle bone in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride: a quantitative backscattered electron imaging study.	the structure and relative degree of mineralisation of antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer stags exposed either to low or high levels of environmental fluoride were determined by digital quantitative backscattered electron (bse) imaging. bone fluoride content (bfc) in antlers (845 +/- 86 mg f-/kg ash, arithmetic mean +/- s.e.m.) and pedicles (1448 +/- 154 mg f-/kg ash) of deer from a highly fluoride polluted area in north bohemia (czech republic) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) th ...	2000	10697290
pharyngeal bot flies in cervus elaphus in central spain: prevalence and population dynamics.	the prevalence and intensity of infestations by bot flies pharyngomyia picta and cephenemyia auribarbis in red deer (cervus elaphus) from quintos de mora (toledo, spain) were determined over a 1-yr period. bots were present all year. no clear correlations were found between age or sex of the host and parasitization levels (prevalence and intensity). considerable variation was found in prevalence and intensity, with larger values from december to march. cephenemyia auribarbis was restricted from ...	2000	10701560
rit, a non-lipid-modified ras-related protein, transforms nih3t3 cells without activating the erk, jnk, p38 mapk or pi3k/akt pathways.	the biological functions of rit (ras-like protein in tissues) and rin (ras-like protein in neurons), members of a novel branch of ras-related gtp-binding proteins that are approximately 50% identical to ras, have not been characterized. therefore, we assessed their activity in growth control, transformation and signaling. nih cells stably expressing a constitutively activated mutant of rit [rit(79l)] (analogous to the oncogenic mutant h-ras(61l)) demonstrated strong growth transformation, prolif ...	2000	11032018
activation of b-raf kinase requires phosphorylation of the conserved residues thr598 and ser601.	the raf kinase family serves as a central intermediate to relay signals from ras to erk. the precise molecular mechanism for raf activation is still not fully understood. here we report that phosphorylation of thr598 and ser601, which lie between kinase subdomains vii and viii, is essential for b-raf activation by ras. substitution of these residues by alanine (b-rafaa) abolished ras-induced b-raf activation without altering the association of b-raf with other signaling proteins. phosphopeptide ...	2000	11032810
blood acid-base and serum electrolyte values in red deer (cervus elaphus).	acid-base, serum electrolyte, plasma protein, and packed cell volume (pcv) values were determined in venous blood samples from 30 red deer (cervus elaphus) of both sexes showing no clinical signs of disease. the animals were 5 months of age and kept on pasture in the valley of mexico, at an altitude of 2450 m. blood samples were collected without sedation. mean blood values were: ph 7.411 +/- 0.041, pco2 37.7 +/- 4.4 mmhg, base excess 0.7 +/- 3.2 mmol/l, actual bicarbonate 24.3 +/- 3.1 mmol/l, t ...	2000	11041499
experimental elaphostrongylus cervi infection in sheep and goats.	the pathogenesis and migratory life cycle of elaphostrongylus cervi were studied in four sheep and six goats killed and examined 6 days to 5 months after inoculation with infective third-stage larvae (l3). detailed histological studies demonstrated that the l3 followed a porto-hepatic, and probably also a secondary lymphatic, migratory route from the abomasum and small intestine to the lungs, with subsequent spread via the general circulation to the central nervous system (cns) and other tissues ...	2000	11041994
the ternary complex factor net contains two distinct elements that mediate different responses to map kinase signalling cascades.	the ternary complex factors (tcfs), elk-1, sap-1a and net, are key integrators of the transcriptional response to different signalling pathways. classically, three map kinase pathways, involving erk, jnk, and p38, transduce various extracellular stimuli to the nucleus. net is a repressor that is converted into an activator by ras/erk signalling. net is also exported from the nucleus in response to stress stimuli transduced through the jnk pathway, leading to relief from repression. here we show ...	2000	11042694
hepatitis c virus core protein activates the mapk/erk cascade synergistically with tumor promoter tpa, but not with epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor alpha.	persistent hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is associated with the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), although the mechanism of hcv-related hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. recently, however, the close relationships between the development of hcc and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) cascade have been described. in the present study, we investigated the effects of hcv core protein on this mapk/erk cascade. hcv ...	2000	11050045
evaluation of anthelmintic activity in captive wild ruminants by fecal egg reduction tests and a larval development assay.	the effectiveness of anthelmintics was evaluated in four herds of captive ruminants, wapiti (cervus elaphus), armenian red sheep (ovis orientalis), giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), and pronghorn (antilocapra americana), by the use of fecal egg reduction tests (ferts) and a commercial larval development assay (lda) designed to evaluate susceptibility or resistance of nematodes to anthelmintics. haemonchus sp. was the predominant nematode in the red sheep, giraffe, and pronghorn herds, whereas os ...	2000	11237142
[research on constructing phylogenetics trees of ruminants basing on the database of milk protein gene sequences].	primers designed according to the sequences of four milk protein genes of cow bos taurus (alpha-lactoalbumin, beta-lactoglobin, beta- and kappa-casein) were used to amplify the full length gene of alpha-lactalbumin in yak bos grunniens (2999 bp), water buffalo bubalus arnee bubalis (278 bp), partial sequence of this gene in red deer cervus elaphs xanthopygus (1582 bp), 5' and 3' flanking region of beta-lactoglobin gene (2167 bp and 1096 bp in length respectively), 5'-flanking region and exon vii ...	2000	11057044
role of ovarian failure in reproductive senescence in aged red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds.	physiological and endocrine factors associated with reproductive senescence were assessed in a group of 19 ageing red deer hinds. reproductive success, defined as the percentage of hinds weaning a calf successfully, decreased gradually from 89% at 6-7 years of age to 50% at 17 years, and subsequently decreased markedly; only one hind reared a calf at 19-20 years of age. when the 12 surviving hinds were approaching 21 years of age, they were compared with ten mature 7-year-old females over the on ...	2000	11058435
a generalized fecal glucocorticoid assay for use in a diverse array of nondomestic mammalian and avian species.	noninvasive fecal glucocorticoid analysis has tremendous potential as a means of assessing stress associated with environmental disturbance in wildlife. however, interspecific variation in excreted glucocorticoid metabolites requires careful selection of the antibody used in their quantification. we compared four antibodies for detecting the major fecal cortisol metabolites in yellow baboons following (3)h cortisol administration, acth challenge, and hplc separation of fecal glucocorticoid metab ...	2000	11121291
farm and slaughter survey of bovine tuberculosis in captive deer in switzerland.	in 1998, a survey was conducted by postal questionnaire to gather basic knowledge about the management, health and productivity of captive deer in switzerland. in addition, lymph nodes were collected from slaughtered deer from 124 of the 262 holdings surveyed, and tested for mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium tuberculosis. the total farmed deer population was 8389 animals kept on 485 holdings; 87 per cent were fallow deer, 8 per cent red deer, 4 per cent sika deer, and there were small number ...	2000	11140930