Publications

why did the fleming strain fail in penicillin industry?	penicillin, discovered 75 years ago by sir alexander fleming in penicillium notatum, laid the foundations of modern antibiotic chemotherapy. early work was carried out on the original fleming strain, but it was later replaced by overproducing strains of penicillium chrysogenum, which became the industrial penicillin producers. we show how a c(1357)-->t (a394v) change in the gene encoding paha in p. chrysogenum may help to explain the drawback of p. notatum. paha is a cytochrome p450 enzyme invol ...	2005	15809010
sensitivity of different zygomycetes to the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf).	the effects of the penicillium. chrysogenum low molecular mass antifungal protein (paf) on selected fungal species belonging in the zygomycetes were investigated. a total of 21 fungal isolates from 15 different genera (absidia, actinomucor, cokeromyces, gilbertella, micromucor, mortierella, mucor, mycotypha, rhizomucor, rhizopus, saksenaea, syncephalastrum, thamnostylum, umbelopsis and zygorhynchus) were tested. the inhibitory potentials of paf at 50 microg ml(-1) on the germination of the spora ...	2005	15812858
favolon b, a new triterpenoid isolated from the chilean mycena sp. strain 96180.	a new biologically active triterpenoid, favolon b (1), was isolated from fermentation broths of mycena sp. strain 96180. favolon b showed antifungal activities towards botrytis cinerea, mucor miehei, paecilomyces variotii and penicillium notatum. no activities were observed against bacteria and yeasts. the structure of favolon b was elucidated by spectroscopic techniques.	2005	15813182
modelling the effect of ethanol on growth rate of food spoilage moulds.	the effect of ethanol (e) on the radial growth rate (mu) of food spoilage moulds (aspergillus candidus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, cladosporium cladosporioides, eurotium herbariorum, mucor circinelloides, mucor racemosus, paecilomyces variotii, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium digitatum, rhizopus oryzae and trichoderma harzianum) was assessed in potato dextrose agar (pda) medium at a(w) 0.99, 25 degrees c. in order to model this effect, the monod type equation described previousl ...	2005	15698687
the penicillium chrysogenum-derived antifungal peptide shows no toxic effects on mammalian cells in the intended therapeutic concentration.	certain filamentous fungi, such as the penicillin-producing strain penicillium chrysogenum, secrete small, highly basic and cysteine-rich proteins with antifungal effects. affected fungi include a number of important zoopathogens, including those infecting humans. recent studies, however, have pointed to a membrane-perturbing effect of these antifungal compounds, apparent as a potassium efflux from affected fungal cells. if present on mammalian cells, this would severely hinder the potential the ...	2005	15702351
assessment of anthracene toxicity toward environmental eukaryotic microorganisms: tetrahymena pyriformis and selected micromycetes.	the toxicity of anthracene, a nonmutagenic, noncarcinogenic, low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in the environment, was assessed using a ciliated protozoan, tetrahymena pyriformis, and a selection of 10 micromycetes from different taxonomic groups living in two environmental compartments, namely aquatic and soil ecosystems. with t. pyriformis, a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect was shown on the cell proliferation rate, ic(50) = 33.40+/-4.84 mg/l (kinetic method ...	2005	15482845
the naga gene of penicillium chrysogenum encoding beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase.	we purified the beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase from the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum and its n-terminal sequence was determined, showing the presence of a mixture of two proteins (p1 and p2). a genomic dna fragment was cloned by using degenerated oligonucleotides from the nt sequences. the nucleotide sequence showed the presence of an orf (naga gene) lacking introns, with a length of 1791 bp, and coding for a protein of 66.5 kda showing similarity to acetylglucosaminidases. the naga ...	2005	15621446
proper folding of the antifungal protein paf is required for optimal activity.	the penicillium chrysogenumantifungal protein paf is secreted into the supernatant after elimination of a preprosequence. paf is actively internalized into the hyphae of sensitive molds and provokes growth retardation as well as changes in morphology. thus far, no information is available on the exact mode of action of paf, nor on the function of its prosequence in protein activity. therefore, we sought to investigate the effects of secreted paf as well as of intracellularly retained pro-paf and ...	2005	15636746
new insights into the target site and mode of action of the antifungal protein of aspergillus giganteus.	the antifungal protein (afp) secreted by aspergillus giganteus exerts growth inhibitory effects on various filamentous fungi. in order to obtain more information on the mode of action of afp, we used transmission electron microscopy in this study to compare the cellular ultrastructure of the afp-sensitive aspergillus niger and of the afp-resistant penicillium chrysogenum upon afp treatment. furthermore, afp was localized by immunogold staining in both fungi. severe membrane alterations in a. nig ...	2005	15636747
allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana.	background: beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of beauveria species has not been widely studied. methods: ige-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. skin reactivity to b. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal s ...	2005	15644142
intestinal invasion and disseminated disease associated with penicillium chrysogenum.	penicillium sp., other than p. marneffei, is an unusual cause of invasive disease. these organisms are often identified in immunosuppressed patients, either due to human immunodeficiency virus or from immunosuppressant medications post-transplantation. they are a rarely identified cause of infection in immunocompetent hosts.	2005	16371150
antimicrobial activity of glycosidase inhibitory protein isolated from cyphomandra betacea sendt. fruit.	broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of an invertase inhibitory protein (iip) isolated from cyphomandra betacea ripe fruits is documented. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) values were determined by agar macrodilution and broth microdilution assays. this iip inhibited the growth of xylophagous and phytopatogenic fungi (ganoderma applanatum, schizophyllum commune, lenzites elegans, pycnoporus sanguineous, penicillium notatum, aspergillus niger, phomopsis sojae and fusarium mango) and phytop ...	2006	16406143
protein splicing of prp8 mini-inteins from species of the genus penicillium.	inteins are protein-intervening sequences found inside the coding region of different host proteins and are translated in-frame with them. they can self-excise through protein splicing, which ligates the host protein flanks with a peptide bond. in this study, four different species of the genus penicillium were investigated for the presence of inteins inside the conserved splicing-factor protein prp8. we identified 157 to 162 amino acid in-frame insertions in the prp8 protein of penicillium chry ...	2006	16544141
pen ch 13 allergen induces secretion of mediators and degradation of occludin protein of human lung epithelial cells.	alkaline serine proteases from six prevalent airborne penicillium and aspergillus species have been identified as a group of major allergens (group 13). after entering human airways, the allergens are in initial contacts with respiratory epithelial cells. the purpose of this study is to investigate interactions between the pen ch 13 allergen from p. chrysogenum and human lung epithelial cells.	2006	16436150
bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of vernonia amygdalina.	phytochemical analysis of the leaves of vernonia amygdalina yielded two known sesquiterpene lactones: vernolide and vernodalol. the two compounds were tested by agar dilution method against 10 bacteria strains and 5 fungi species. both compounds exhibited a significant bactericidal activity against five gram positive bacteria while lacking efficacy against the gram negative strains. in the antifungal test, while vernolides exhibited high activity with lc(50) values of 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/ml agai ...	2006	16458461
the major allergen of alternaria alternata (alt a 1) is expressed in other members of the pleosporaceae family.	there is general consensus regarding the scarce cross-reactivity existing between alternaria alternata and other allergenic moulds such as aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium notatum or cladosporium herbarum. however, a. alternata has been shown to have a very significant level of allergenic cross-reactivity with other fungi belonging to the pleosporaceae family. to date, no biological identity or homologies with other proteins have been described for alt a 1, and it remains unclear whether the m ...	2006	16466440
novel cold-adaptive penicillium strain fs010 secreting thermo-labile xylanase isolated from yellow sea.	a novel cold-adaptive xylanolytic penicillium strain fs010 was isolated from yellow sea sediments. the marine fungus grew well from 4 to 20 degrees; a lower (0 degrees) or higher (37 degrees) temperature limits its growth. the strain was identified as penicillium chrysogenum. compared with mesophilic p. chrysogenum, the cold-adaptive fungus secreted the cold-active xylanase (xyl) showing high hydrolytic activities at low temperature (2-15 degrees) and high sensitivity to high temperature (>50 de ...	2006	16474906
effects of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides on the generation of reactive oxygen species in different biological systems.	use of carbohydrates as elicitors is a novel technique for enhancement of the production of industrially important microbial products. the relation between the levels of ros (reactive oxygen species) and overproduction of antibiotics in microbial cultures has already been established. in the present study, we aimed to exploit the ros response to develop a fast technique to assess the potential of oligosaccharides [oligoguluronate, oligomannuronate and mo (mannan oligosaccharides)] and polysaccha ...	2006	16483254
mold infestation of wet spray-applied cellulose insulation.	mold investigations were conducted in four buildings that had been insulated with wet spray-applied cellulose insulation (wsaci). bulk wsaci samples were collected and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) methods. airborne mold was evaluated using both burkard total mold spore and andersen culturable/viable sampling methods. although reportedly treated with biocidal borates, qpcr analyses indicated that elevated concentrations of mold cells (reported as spore equivalents per ...	2006	16499151
measurement of intracellular metabolites of primary metabolism and adenine nucleotides in chemostat cultivated penicillium chrysogenum.	an experimental platform has been developed for rapid sampling and quenching of chemostat cultivated penicillium chrysogenum broth for metabolome analysis in highly dynamic experiments, aimed at the elucidation of the in vivo kinetic properties of metabolism. the sampling and quenching protocol available from saccharomyces cerevisiae had to be modified for penicillium chrysogenum mainly because of its filamentous character. intracellular metabolites of glycolysis, tca cycle, and adenine nucleoti ...	2006	16508996
contribution of a selected fungal population to the volatile compounds on dry-cured ham.	dry-cured ham is obtained after several months of ripening. different fungi strive on the surface, including toxigenic molds. proteolysis and lipolysis by the endogenous and microbial enzymes seem to play a decisive role in the generation of flavor precursors in dry-cured meat products. in addition, fungi show a positive impact on the volatile compounds of ripened pork loins. however, the contribution of the fungal population to flavor formation in dry-cured ham remains unclear. one selected str ...	2006	16564595
synthesis and characterization of pseudo-affinity ligand for penicillin acylase purification.	the aim of this work was to test a chromatographic affinity support containing methacryloyl antipyrine (maap) for penicillin acylase (pa) purification by using pure penicillin acylase and crude extract. first, maap as a pseudo-specific ligand was synthesized by using methacryloyl chloride and 4-aminoantipyrine. polymer beads (average size diameter: 40-120 micro m) were prepared by suspension polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (egdma) and maap. this approach for the preparation of a ...	2006	16712925
transcriptional and bioinformatic analysis of the 56.8 kb dna region amplified in tandem repeats containing the penicillin gene cluster in penicillium chrysogenum.	high penicillin-producing strains of penicillium chrysogenum contain 6-14 copies of the three clustered structural biosynthetic genes, pcbab, pcbc, and pende [barredo, j.l., díez, b., alvarez, e., martín, j.f., 1989. large amplification of a 35-kb dna fragment carrying two penicillin biosynthetic genes in high penicillin producing strains of penicillium chrysogenum. curr. genet. 16, 453-459; smith, d.j., bull, j.h., edwards, j., turner, g., 1989. amplification of the isopenicillin n synthetase g ...	2006	16713314
antifungal and antibacterial activities of araucaria araucana (mol.) k. koch heartwood lignans.	five lignans (secoisolariciresinol, pinoresinol, eudesmin, lariciresinol, and lariciresinol-4-methyl ether) were isolated from an meoh extract from araucaria araucana (mol.) k. koch wood for the first time in this species and their structures determined with spectroscopic methods. the antimicrobial activities of these compounds were determined for the bacteria citrobacter sp., bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, micrococcus luteus, staphylococcus aureus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa, and for the ...	2006	16610214
[the fermentation of 50 kinds of tcms by bacillus subtilis and the assay of antibacterial activities of fermented products].	50 traditional chinese medicines (tcms) were fermented by bacillus subtilis and the antimicrobial activities of the fermented products were assayed against mycobacterium tuberculosis and penicillium avellaneum. the results showed that some products of them had stronger antimicrobial activities, but some weaker than the corresponding raw materials, still some had no change, which indicated that microorganism and tcm can effect each other during fermentation.	2006	16617786
a novel aspect of nadph production in ageing penicillium chrysogenum.	nadph is involved in many basically important anabolic processes. for a long time, pentose phosphate pathway (pps) was regarded as the most important source of nadph in fungi. here we present evidence of a metabolic switch to an alternative nadph-producing pathway in ageing penicillium chrysogenum cultures, which involves nadp+ -specific isocitrate dehydrogenase (nadp+ -id) rather than pps enzymes. considering the main biochemical functions of nadph, we propose that nadp+ -id could have deep imp ...	2006	16646530
generating short-term kinetic responses of primary metabolism of penicillium chrysogenum through glucose perturbation in the bioscope mini reactor.	a first study of the in vivo kinetic properties of primary metabolism of penicillium chrysogenum is presented. dynamic metabolite data have been generated by rapidly increasing the extracellular glucose concentration of cells cultivated under well-defined conditions in an aerobic glucose-limited chemostat followed by measurement of the fast dynamic response of the primary metabolite levels (glucose pulse experiment). these experiments were carried out directly in the chemostat as well as in a mi ...	2006	16807032
13c-labeled gluconate tracing as a direct and accurate method for determining the pentose phosphate pathway split ratio in penicillium chrysogenum.	in this study we developed a new method for accurately determining the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp) split ratio, an important metabolic parameter in the primary metabolism of a cell. this method is based on simultaneous feeding of unlabeled glucose and trace amounts of [u-13c]gluconate, followed by measurement of the mass isotopomers of the intracellular metabolites surrounding the 6-phosphogluconate node. the gluconate tracer method was used with a penicillin g-producing chemostat culture of ...	2006	16820467
rate of iodine volatilization and accumulation by filamentous fungi through laboratory cultures.	five strains of basidiomycetes (lentinula edodes, coprinus phlyctidosporus, hebeloma vinosophyllum, pleurotus ostreatus and agaricus bisporus), one strain of ascomycete (hormoconis resinae) and six strains of imperfect fungi (penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium roquefortii, cladosporium cladosporioides, alternaria alternata, aspergillus niger and aspergillus oryzae) were cultured in a liquid medium containing a radioactive iodine tracer ((125)i), and were tested for their abilities to volatiliz ...	2006	16828143
[collagenolytic activity in several species of deuteromycetes under various storage conditions].	the ability of deuteromycetes of the genera penicillium, aspergillus, and botrytis to retain collagenolytic activity was studied after both 2 and 10 years of storage on a czapek medium under a layer of mineral oil at 4 degrees c, as well as in silica gel granules at 20 and -60 degrees c. the enzymatic activity of several species, including botrytis terrestris, penicillium janthinellum, penicillium chrysogenum, and penicillium citrinum, was retained under both conditions of storage. aspergillus r ...	2006	17022462
a caps test allowing a rapid distinction of penicillium expansum among fungal species collected on grape berries, inferred from the sequence and secondary structure of the mitochondrial ssu-rrna.	penicillium expansum is a fungal species highly damageable for the postharvest conservation of numerous fruits. in vineyards, this fungus is sometimes isolated from grape berries where its presence may lead to the production of geosmin, a powerful earthy odorant, which can impair grapes and wines aromas. however, the discrimination of p. expansum from related fungi is difficult because it is based on ambiguous phenotypic characters and/or expensive and time-consuming molecular tests. in this con ...	2006	16935376
genetic characterization and expression of the novel fungal protease, epg222 active in dry-cured meat products.	epg222 protease is a novel extracellular enzyme produced by penicillium chrysogenum (pg222) isolated from dry-cured hams that has the potential for use over a broad range of applications in industries that produce dry-cured meat products. the gene encoding epg222 protease has been identified. peptide sequences of epg222 were obtained by de novo sequencing of tryptic peptides using mass spectrometry. the corresponding gene was amplified by pcr using degenerated primers based on a combination of c ...	2006	16941178
antimicrobial activity of extracts of chemical races of the lichen pseudevernia furfuracea and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin, atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents.	the antimicrobial activity and the mic values of the ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, and acetone extracts of the chemical races of pseudevernia furfuracea (var. furfuracea and var. ceratea) and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin, atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents have been investigated against some microorganisms. nearly all extracts of both chemical races showed antimicrobial activity against aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes, prote ...	2006	16989308
clustered sensitivity to fungi: anaphylactic reactions caused by ingestive allergy to yeasts.	respiratory allergy to environmental molds is relatively common, and fungal allergen-specific reactivity seems to cluster in certain persons. however, generalized reactions caused by ingested fungi have seldom been described.	2006	17042133
a two-stage cyclone using microcentrifuge tubes for personal bioaerosol sampling.	personal aerosol samplers are widely used to monitor human exposure to airborne materials. for bioaerosols, interest is growing in analyzing samples using molecular and immunological techniques. this paper presents a personal sampler that uses a two-stage cyclone to collect bioaerosols into disposable 1.5 ml eppendorf-type microcentrifuge tubes. samples can be processed in the tubes for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or immunoassays, and the use of multiple stages fractionates aerosol particles ...	2006	17075620
distribution of allergens in children with different atopic disorders in central taiwan.	allergic disorders, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema, are the most common chronic childhood diseases. exposure to house dust mites (hdms) can exacerbate allergic disorders in sensitized individuals. the data for sensitization to hdms and other frequent allergens amongst atopic children in taiwan is limited. we studied 498 children (aged 2-16 years) with atopy in central taiwan with cap testing (cationic antimicrobial protein system). our results revealed a high prevalence of sensi ...	2006	17078465
immobilization of lipase on epoxy activated (1-->3)-alpha-d-glucan isolated from penicillium chrysongenum.	a water-insoluble linear (1-->3)-alpha-d-glucan was isolated from penicillium mycelia. three kinds of epoxy-activated microspheres of this glucan were prepared as supports for candida sp. lipase (ec3.1.1.3) immobilization. the highest immobilization yield was 36.4%. the specific activity was 26.85 u/mg, and only 4.1% of activity was lost in comparison with the free enzyme used for immobilization. the higher thermal stability, storage stability, and reusability of the immobilized lipase make it a ...	2006	17151459
seasonal distribution of alternaria, aspergillus, cladosporium and penicillium species isolated in homes of fungal allergic patients.	allergy to airborne fungi can cause rhinitis and severe asthma, hence the exposure to spores inside home is an important factor of sensitization. the aim of this study was to determine the distribution and prevalence of species of alternaria, aspergillus, cladosporium and penicillium inside and outside of homes of patients allergic to fungi and to evaluate seasonal variations.	2006	17153883
chromate sorption and reduction kinetics onto an aminated biosorbent.	a novel biosorbent was prepared by chemically grafting of polyethylenimine (pei) onto the fungal biomass of penicillium chrysogenum through a two-step reaction. the modified biosorbent is favorable for the removal of anionic cr(vi) species from aqueous solution due to the protonation of amine groups on the biomass surface. the sorption capacity for cr(vi) increased by 7.2-fold after surface modification. sorption kinetics results show that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model described the expe ...	2006	17165441
[short communication: prevalence of fungal allergy in patients applied to hospital with symptoms of atopic disease in kocaeli, turkey].	the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of fungal sensitization and to detect the ige and eosinophilic cationic protein (ecp) levels in the positive cases inhabiting in kocaeli province (located in northwest region of turkey). the results of mixed fungus tests of 1.799 patients (870 male, 929 female) ages between 3-80 years old who were admitted to kocaeli university medical faculty hospital in the period of january 2002-january 2005, with the symptoms of atopic disease such as u ...	2006	17205697
[october 30, 1928, a key date in fleming's diary].		2006	17235410
amplification and disruption of the phenylacetyl-coa ligase gene of penicillium chrysogenum encoding an aryl-capping enzyme that supplies phenylacetic acid to the isopenicillin n-acyltransferase.	a gene, phl, encoding a phenylacetyl-coa ligase was cloned from a phage library of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78. the presence of five introns in the phl gene was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-pcr. the phl gene encoded an aryl-coa ligase closely related to arabidopsis thaliana 4-coumaroyl-coa ligase. the phl protein contained most of the amino acids defining the aryl-coa (4-coumaroyl-coa) ligase substrate-specificity code and differed from acetyl-coa ligase and other acyl-coa ligases. the ...	2006	16321143
generation of highly purified and functionally active human th1 cells against aspergillus fumigatus.	invasive aspergillosis remains a serious complication in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (sct). since it became clear that lymphocytes provide a critical secondary defense against fungi, adoptive transfer of functionally active anti-aspergillus t cells might be an option to restore adaptive immune effector mechanisms. using the interferon (ifn)-gamma secretion assay, we isolated human activated t cells upon stimulation with a cellular extract of aspergillus fumigatus. cu ...	2006	16322466
chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from the leaves of sesuvium portulacastrum.	sesuvium portulacastrum has long been used as a remedy for fever and scurvy. hydrodistillation was used to extract the essential oil from the fresh leaves of sesuvium portulacastrum. the essential oil yield obtained was 0.15%. using gc-ms analysis, alpha-pinene, camphene, beta-pinene, alpha-terpinene, o-cymene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpinene, bornyl acetate, tridecane, trans-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene were identified. the hole plate diffusion method was used for antibacterial testi ...	2006	16243465
enzymic analysis of nadph metabolism in beta-lactam-producing penicillium chrysogenum: presence of a mitochondrial nadph dehydrogenase.	based on assumed reaction network structures, nadph availability has been proposed to be a key constraint in beta-lactam production by penicillium chrysogenum. in this study, nadph metabolism was investigated in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of an industrial p. chrysogenum strain. enzyme assays confirmed the nadp(+)-specificity of the dehydrogenases of the pentose-phosphate pathway and the presence of nadp(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. pyruvate decarboxylase/nadp(+)-linked acetalde ...	2006	16253533
genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed genes from penicillium chrysogenum grown with a repressing or a non-repressing carbon source.	penicillium chrysogenum is an economically important ascomycete used as industrial producer of penicillin. however, with the exception of penicillin biosynthesis genes, little attention has been paid to the genetics of other aspects of the metabolism of this fungus. in this article we describe the first attempt of systematic analysis of expressed genes in p. chrysogenum, using a suppression subtractive hybridization approach to clone and identify sequences of genes differentially expressed in me ...	2006	16362424
antifungal and antibacterial activities of mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida).	mexican tarragon (tagetes lucida cv. asteraceae: campanulatae) is an important, nutritious plant and an effective herbal medicine. seven coumarins, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (4), umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) (5), scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) (7), esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) (11), 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (12), herniarin (7-methoxycoumarin) (13), and scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin) (14), and three flavonoids, patuletin (18), quercetin (19), and quercetagetin (20), were iso ...	2006	19127719
fungal control of pathogenic fungi isolated from wild plants in taif governorate, saudia arabia.	twenty two plants were collected from taif governorate and identified as: euphorbia glomerifera, juniperus procera, launaea mucronata, capparis dcidua, punica granatum, opuntia ficus, prunus persica, eucalyptus globulus, medicago sativa, artemisia monosperma, trichodesma calathiforme, artemisia judaica, foeniculum vulgare, phagnalon sinaicum, rumex dentatus, asphodelus aestives, pulicaria crispa, launae sonchoides, forsskaolea tenacissima, arnebia hispidissima, avena spp and aerva lanata. pathog ...	2007	18928069
isolation and biochemical characterization of an antifungal peptide from amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds.	an antifungal peptide, ay-amp, was isolated from amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds by acidic extraction and then purified by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. the molecular mass of this peptide, as determined by mass spectrometry, is 3184 da. the peptide belongs to the superfamily of chitin-binding proteins, containing a single cysteine/glycine-rich chitin-binding domain, and it was found that ay-amp degrades chitin. ay-amp inhibits the growth, at very low doses, of different pat ...	2007	18031007
response of fungal community in the unpolluted and polluted (textile and distillery wastes) habitats.	37 fungal species were recorded, maximum found in textile wastewater polluted habitats (35) followed by unpolluted (15) and distillery polluted (6) habitats. fungal diversity in sediment samples of textile wastewater polluted habitats (25) was a little lower than wastewater samples (32), whereas it varied little both in the samples of unpolluted habitats (sambhar wetlands: 5-6; garden tanks: 9-10) and distillery waste (3-5). seasonal variation in species diversity was more pronounced in the text ...	2007	18476401
cloning, sequencing and expression analysis of the first cellulase gene encoding cellobiohydrolase 1 from a cold-adaptive penicillium chrysogenum fs010.	a cellobiohydrolase 1 gene (cbh1) was cloned from penicillium chrysogenum fs010 by a modified thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (tail-pcr). dna sequencing shows that cbh1 has an open reading frame of 1590 bp, encoding a putative protein of 529 amino acid residues. the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that cbhi has a modular structure with a predicted molecular mass of 56 kda and consists of a fungal type carbohydrate binding module separated from a catalytic domain by a ...	2007	17277884
[cloning and characterization of a novel glutathione transferase gene from penicillium chrysogenum].	glutathione transferases (gsts) are a family of multifunctional proteins that mainly catalyze the conjugation of intracellular glutathione (gsh) to a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous electrophilic compounds. gsts play important roles in stress tolerance and in the detoxification metabolism in organisms. a novel gst gene, pc gstb, was cloned from penicillin producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum using rt-pcr. the open reading frame (orf) of pc gstb was 651 bp and encoded a peptide of 21 ...	2007	17822032
characterization of a novel tyrosine permease of lager brewing yeast shared by saccharomyces cerevisiae strain rm11-1a.	in saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, the uptake of aromatic amino acids is mediated by the relatively specific permeases tat1p, tat2p, bap2p, and bap3p, as well as by two other permeases with broader specificities: gap1p and agp1p. here, a novel permease gene tat3 (tyrosine amino acid transporter) identified in the s. cerevisiae-type subset genome of the lager brewing yeast strain weihenstephan nr.34 (34/70) is reported. the tat3 sequence was also found in the genome of s. cerevisiae strain rm11-1 ...	2007	17825063
german environmental survey for children (geres iv)--first results.	german environmental surveys (geress) are large scale population studies which have been carried out on adults in 1985/86, 1990/92 and 1998 and on children aged 6-14 years in 1990/92. geres iv is the first survey focussing exclusively on children [becker, k., schulz, c., babisch, w., dürkop, j., roskamp, e., seiwert, m., szewzyk, r., ullrich, d., seifert, b., 2005. german environmental survey for children (geres iv) 2003-2006. pullut. atmos. 188, 475-479]. geres iv included a representative samp ...	2007	17870665
transposons in biotechnologically relevant strains of aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum.	in the past 15 years, many class i and class ii transposons were identified in filamentous fungi. however, little is known about the influence of transposons during industrial strain development. the availability of the complete genome sequences of the industrially relevant fungi aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum has enabled an analysis of transposons present in these two fungi. here, a compilation of the transposon-like sequences identified is provided. we investigated a yet undescr ...	2007	17881255
biodegradation of crude oil and n-alkanes by fungi isolated from oman.	ten fungal species isolated from tar balls collected from the beaches of oman were tested for their abilities to grow and degrade n-alkanes and crude oil. the abilities of aspergillus niger, a. ochraceus and penicillium chrysogenum to degrade n-alkanes (c13-c18), crude oil were compared and their mycelial biomass was measured. significant differences were found in the utilization of c15, c16, c17 and c18 by the three fungi. similarly, significant differences we found in the amount of biomass pro ...	2007	17904586
antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent.	the antimicrobial activity of the acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, methanol, and petroleum ether extracts of the lichen parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent have been screened against twenty eight food-borne bacteria and fungi. all of the extracts with the exception of the petroleum ether extract showed antimicrobial activity against aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes, proteus vulgaris, yersinia enterocolitica, staphylococcus aureus ...	2007	17913083
degradation of metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling penicillium chrysogenum with kmno4.	several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (bap) formed by penicillium chrysogenum, benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (bp 1,6-quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (bp 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-ohbp), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. however, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation ...	2007	17915736
binding of the pta1 transcriptional activator to the divergent promoter region of the first two genes of the penicillin pathway in different penicillium species.	the aim of this work is to establish the correlation between the transcriptional activator pta1 and the expression of the penicillin genes in different penicillin-producing strains. the level of expression of the first two genes of the penicillin pathway was clearly higher in penicillium chrysogenum than in penicillium notatum and penicillium nalgiovense. the divergent promoter pcbab-pcbc region contains binding sequences for several transcriptional factors that are conserved in p. notatum and p ...	2007	17924108
[construction of yeast expression vector containing gfp-skl reporter gene and its function in study of peroxisome].	peroxisomes are important subcellular organelles that are present in almost all eukaryotic cells. they are involved in a variety of metabolic functions include fatty acid beta-oxidation, h2o2-based respiration and so on. the last step of penicillin biosynthetic is also located in peroxisome in penicillium chrysogenum. peroxisome biogenesis has been well elucidated in saccharomyces cerevisiae and a lot of yeast peroxisome-deficient strains were available to validate the functions of peroxisome ge ...	2007	17944376
yeast-like cell formation and glutathione metabolism in autolysing cultures of penicillium chrysogenum.	the bulk formation of yeast-like (arthrospore-like) cells were typical in carbon-depleted submerged cultures of the high beta-lactam producer penicillium chrysogenum ncaim 00237 strain independently of the nitrogen-content of the culture medium. this morphogenetic switch was still quite common in carbon-starving cultures of the low-penicillin-producer strain p. chrysogenum atcc 28089 (wis 54-1255) when the nitrogen-content of the medium was low but was a very rare event in wild-type p. chrysogen ...	2007	18277469
fungal strains isolated from cork stoppers and the formation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole involved in the cork taint of wine.	cork taint is mainly due to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (tca) produced through the activity of undesirable fungal strains. we observed that cfu mould number in tca-containing stoppers was not quantitatively different to that of the stoppers not containing tca (ca. 10(5)cfu/g). in contrast more fungi diversity was observed in tca-containing stoppers. penicillium spp (penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium glabrum), aspergillus spp (aspergillus niger and aspergillus oryzae), chrysonilia sitophila, mucor ...	2007	17188205
mould germination: data treatment and modelling.	the objectives of this study were i/ to examine germination data sets over a range of environmental conditions (water activity, temperature) for eight food spoilage moulds, ii/ to compare the ability of the gompertz equation and logistic function to fit the experimental plots, iii/ to simulate germination by assessing various distributions of the latent period for germination amongst a population of spores. data sets (percentage germination, p (%), versus time, t) of aspergillus carbonarius, asp ...	2007	17188772
cytosolic nadph metabolism in penicillin-g producing and non-producing chemostat cultures of penicillium chrysogenum.	this study addresses the relation between nadph supply and penicillin synthesis, by comparing the flux through the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (ppp; the main source of cytosolic nadph) in penicillin-g producing and non-producing chemostat cultures of penicillium chrysogenum. the fluxes through the oxidative part of the ppp were determined using the recently introduced gluconate-tracer method. significantly higher oxidative ppp fluxes were observed in penicillin-g producing ...	2007	17008114
combined effect of volatile antimicrobial agents on the growth of penicillium notatum.	widely used antimicrobial volatile organic compounds, such as sulphur dioxide and ethanol but also selected aroma compounds such as carvacrol, allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) and cinnamaldehyde, were tested single and in binary combination for their effect on penicillium notatum growth in vapour phase at 30 degrees c. aroma compounds were more efficient compared to sulphur dioxide and ethanol. aitc and cinnamaldehyde had the highest inhibition activity on the growth of p. notatum with minimum inhibi ...	2007	17011661
efficiency of penicillium chrysogenum ptcc 5037 in reducing low concentration of chromium hexavalent in a chromium electroplating plant wastewater.	the effectiveness of penicillium chrysogenum was evaluated for reducing cr(vi) from the wastewater of a chromium electroplating plant. statistically-based experimental designs were applied to optimize the condition for reducing cr(vi) to cr(iii). by applying plackett-burman factorial design and central composite design as the optimization step, attempts were made to identify optimal values of the three factors that bringing about maximum microorganism activity and therefore maximum hexavalent ch ...	2007	17035005
interactions between statins and penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf) to inhibit the germination of sporangiospores of different sensitive zygomycetes.	this study reports on the antifungal activities of statins combined with an antifungal compound secreted by penicillium chrysogenum, paf. several species belonging in the class zygomycetes are considered to be agents of human or animal mycoses; other species have significance as postharvest plant pathogens. in the present work, four species (rhizopus stolonifer, mortierella wolfii, syncephalastrum racemosum and mycotypha africana) that exhibited different sensitivities to lovastatin and paf in p ...	2007	17302920
removal of as(v) and as(iii) from water with a pei-modified fungal biomass.	a novel biosorbent was prepared by chemically grafting polyethylenimine (pei) on the fungal biomass of penicillium chrysogenum through a two-step reaction. the pei-modified biomass was found to possess zero zeta potential at ph 10.4. owing to the protonation of amine groups on the biosorbent surface, the biosorbent is favourable for the removal of anionic arsenic species in water. the sorption capacity for as(v) at ph 3 increased by 5.7-fold after surface modification. the sorption performances ...	2007	17305138
trans-splicing of an artificially split fungal mini-intein.	inteins are internal protein domains found inside the coding region of different proteins. they can autocatalytically self-excise from their host protein and ligate the protein flanks, called exteins, with a peptide bond via a post-translational process called protein cis-splicing. in contrast, protein trans-splicing involves inteins split into an n- and a c-terminal domain. both domains are synthesized as two separate components and each joined to an extein; the intein domains can reassemble an ...	2007	17316565
expression in escherichia coli and purification of bioactive antibacterial peptide abp-cm4 from the chinese silk worm, bombyx mori.	the antibacterial peptide cm4 (abp-cm4), isolated from chinese bombys mori, is a 35-residue cationic, amphipathic alpha-helical peptide that exhibits a broad range of antimicrobial activity. to explore a new approach for the expression of abp-cm4 in e. coli, the gene abp-cm4, obtained by recursive pcr (rpcr), was cloned into the vector pet32a to construct a fusion expression plasmid. the fusion protein trx-cm4 was expressed in soluble form, purified by ni(2+)-chelating chromatography, and cleave ...	2007	17375264
deacetylcephalosporin c production in penicillium chrysogenum by expression of the isopenicillin n epimerization, ring expansion, and acetylation genes.	penicillium chrysogenum npe6 lacking isopenicillin n acyltransferase activity is an excellent host for production of different beta-lactam antibiotics. we have constructed p. chrysogenum strains expressing cefd1, cefd2, cefef, and cefg genes cloned from acremonium chrysogenum. northern analysis revealed that the four genes were expressed in p. chrysogenum. the recombinant strains ta64, ta71, and ta98 secreted significant amounts of deacetylcephalosporin c, but cephalosporin c was not detected in ...	2007	17379148
toxins from strains of penicillium chrysogenum isolated from buildings and other sources.	in 2004, scott et al. (mycologia 2004; 96: 1095-1105) determined that there are four molecular species within p. chrysogenum, one of which (clade 4) was dominant in isolates in house dust in approximately 100 homes in southern ontario, canada. we collected additional strains from buildings across canada and obtained some from daom. the large majority of our strains were in clade 4, with a modest number of strains in clade 1. because these strains came from across canada, the dominance of clade 4 ...	2007	17380432
multi-objective optimization of an industrial penicillin v bioreactor train using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm.	bulk of the penicillin produced is used as raw material for semi-synthetic penicillin (such as amoxicillin and ampicillin) and semi-synthetic cephalosporins (such as cephalexin and cefadroxil). in the present paper, an industrial penicillin v bioreactor train is optimized for multiple objectives simultaneously. an industrial train, comprising a bank of identical bioreactors, is run semi-continuously in a synchronous fashion. the fermentation taking place in a bioreactor is modeled using a morpho ...	2007	17405176
[reaction of microorganisms to the digestive fluid of the earthworms].	the reaction of soil bacteria and fungi to the digestive fluid of the earthworm aporrectodea caliginosa was studied. the fluid was obtained by centrifugation of the native enzymes of the digestive tract. the inhibition of growth of certain bacteria, spores, and fungal hyphae under the effect of extracts from the anterior and middle sections of the digestive tract of a. caliginosa was discovered for the first time. in bacteria, microcolony formation was inhibited as early as 20-30 s after the app ...	2007	17410875
reprogramming hansenula polymorpha for penicillin production: expression of the penicillium chrysogenum pcl gene.	we aim to introduce the penicillin biosynthetic pathway into the methylotrophic yeast hansenula polymorpha. to allow simultaneous expression of the multiple genes of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway, additional markers were required. to this end, we constructed a novel host-vector system based on methionine auxotrophy and the h. polymorpha met6 gene, which encodes a putative cystathionine beta-lyase. with this new host-vector system, the penicillium chrysogenum pcl gene, encoding peroxisomal ...	2007	17419769
the pga1 gene of penicillium chrysogenum nrrl 1951 encodes a heterotrimeric g protein alpha subunit that controls growth and development.	the pga1 gene of penicillium chrysogenum nrrl 1951 has been cloned and shown to participate in the developmental program of this fungus. it encodes a protein showing a high degree of identity to group i alpha subunits of fungal heterotrimeric g proteins, presenting in its sequence all the distinctive characteristics of this group. northern analysis revealed that pga1 is highly expressed in a constitutive manner in submerged cultures, while its expression changes during development on solid media ...	2007	17467244
increased neurotrophin production in a penicillium chrysogenum-induced allergic asthma model in mice.	neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (ngf), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf), and neurotrophin (nt)-3, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many features and symptoms of asthma. the role of neurotrophins in fungal allergic asthma, however, is unknown. repeated pulmonary challenge with penicillium chrysogenum extract (pce) induces dose-dependent allergic asthma-like responses in mice. the aim of this study was to investigate whether neurotrophins are involved in the pce-ind ...	2007	17497413
in vivo transport of the intermediates of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in tailored strains of penicillium chrysogenum.	penicillium chrysogenum npe10 (deltapen; lacking the 56.8-kbp amplified region containing the penicillin gene cluster), complemented with one, two, or three penicillin biosynthetic genes, was used for in vivo studies on transport of benzylpenicillin intermediates. 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa) was taken up efficiently by p. chrysogenum npe10 unlike exogenous delta(l: -alpha-aminoadipyl)-l: -cysteinyl-d: -valine or isopenicillin n (ipn), which were not taken up or were taken up very poorly. in ...	2007	17516062
formate as an auxiliary substrate for glucose-limited cultivation of penicillium chrysogenum: impact on penicillin g production and biomass yield.	production of beta-lactams by the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum requires a substantial input of atp. during glucose-limited growth, this atp is derived from glucose dissimilation, which reduces the product yield on glucose. the present study has investigated whether penicillin g yields on glucose can be enhanced by cofeeding of an auxiliary substrate that acts as an energy source but not as a carbon substrate. as a model system, a high-producing industrial strain of p. chrysogenum w ...	2007	17545326
functional characterization of the penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster of penicillium chrysogenum wisconsin54-1255.	industrial strain improvement via classical mutagenesis is a black box approach. in an attempt to learn from and understand the mutations introduced, we cloned and characterized the amplified region of industrial penicillin production strains. upon amplification of this region penicillium chrysogenum is capable of producing an increased amount of antibiotics, as was previously reported [barredo, j.l., diez, b., alvarez, e., martín, j.f., 1989a. large amplification of a 35-kb dna fragment carryin ...	2007	17548217
leslie a (epstein) falk (1915-2004) and penicillin production at oxford.	to establish penicillin as a unique chemotherapeutic agent, howard florey and his colleagues at the sir william dunn school of pathology at oxford university needed to produce it in significant amounts. the first attempts to grow penicillium notatum for penicillin production were carried out by florey's colleague, ernst chain, in association with an american rhodes scholar, leslie a epstein, beginning in 1939. little has been known about this work except that some impure penicillin was obtained ...	2007	17551607
(gtg)5 microsatellite regions in citrinin-producing penicillium.	morphological and cultural characteristics, as well as biochemical properties, are the main criteria used in fungal taxonomy and in the standard description of fungi species. sometimes, however, this criterion is difficult to apply due to fungal phenotypic variations. this is particularly true in the genus penicillium. the aims of this work were to determine (gtg)5 microsatellite sequence in potentially citrinin-producing penicillium strains and to investigate if this sequence could be useful to ...	2007	17592889
molecular cloning and functional identification of a novel phenylacetyl-coa ligase gene from penicillium chrysogenum.	a novel phenylacetyl-coa ligase gene, designated phlb, was cloned and identified from the penicillin producing strain penicillium chrysogenum based on subtractive suppression hybridization approach. the phlb gene contains a 1686-bp open-reading frame and encodes a protein of approximately 62.6 kda. the deduced amino acid sequence shows about 35% identity to the characterized p. chrysogenum phenylacetyl-coa ligase phl and has a peroxisomal targeting signal on its c-terminal. recombinant phlb prot ...	2007	17612506
[what is the role of allergic sensitization in graves' disease?].	recent data supported the presence of t helper 2 dominance in the immune processes of graves' disease and allergic diseases. a common role of regulatory t cells in the antigen- (or allergen-) specific immune responses was also demonstrated.	2007	17631469
cross-reactivity of non-aspergillus fungal species in the aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay.	the aspergillus galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (eia) has been demonstrated to facilitate rapid and sensitive detection of invasive aspergillosis. however, test specificity has not been fully evaluated in non-aspergillus fungal species. of 53 fungal isolates, cross-reactivity was observed with 5 non-aspergillus spp.: blastomyces dermatitidis, nigrospora oryzae, paecilomyces lilacinus, penicillium chrysogenum, and trichothecium roseum.	2007	17662550
isocoumarin derivatives from the sea squirt-derived fungus penicillium stoloniferum qy2-10 and the halotolerant fungus penicillium notatum b-52.	two isocoumarin derivatives, stoloniferol a (1) and b (2), a known 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-23-methyl-(22e, 24r)-ergosta-6, 22-dien-3beta-ol (3), and a known dihydrocitrinone (4) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the sea squirt-derived fungus, penicillium stoloniferum qy2-10, and a halophilic fungus, penicillium notatum b-52, respectively. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and optical rotation. the stereochemistry of 2 was determined on the basis of different ...	2007	17703731
xyloglucanases in the interaction between saprobe fungi and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus mosseae.	we studied the production of xyloglucanase enzymes of pea and lettuce roots in the presence of saprobe and arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. the am fungus glomus mosseae and the saprobe fungi fusarium graminearum, fusarium oxysporum-126, trichoderma harzianum, penicillium chrysogenum, pleurotus ostreatus and aspergillus niger were used. g. mosseae increased the shoot and root dry weight of pea but not of lettuce. most of the saprobe fungi increased the level of mycorrhization of pea and lettuce ...	2007	16904235
comparative analysis of mixing distribution in aerobic stirred bioreactor for simulated yeasts and fungus broths.	the study on mixing distribution for an aerobic stirred bioreactor and simulated (solutions of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt), yeasts (s. cerevisiae) and fungus (p. chrysogenum pellets and free mycelia) broths indicated the significant variation of mixing time on the bioreactor height. the experiments suggested the possibility to reach a uniform mixing in whole bulk of the real broths for a certain value of rotation speed or biomass concentration domain. for s. cerevisiae broths the optimum ...	2007	16909268
microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater.	discharge of heavy metals from metal processing industries is known to have adverse effects on the environment. conventional treatment technologies for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution are not economical and generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. biosorption of heavy metals by metabolically inactive non-living biomass of microbial or plant origin is an innovative and alternative technology for removal of these pollutants from aqueous solution. due to unique chemical compos ...	2007	16427277
occupational immunoglobulin e-mediated asthma due to penicillium camemberti in a dry-sausage packer.	a 62-year-old female sausage packer reported progressive work-related asthma, rhinitis and contact urticaria after contact to dry sausages refined by moulds. whereas skin prick tests with commercial mould extracts were negative, the patient showed weak skin sensitization to a cultivated mould sample from a dry sausage. specific immunoglobulin e antibodies to various moulds were demonstrated by immunocap and antibodies to the cultivated mould sample were demonstrated by enzyme allergosorbent test ...	2008	17108671
quantitative analysis of metabolites in complex biological samples using ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry.	a rapid, sensitive and selective ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (ip-lc-esi-id-ms/ms) was developed for quantitative analysis of free intracellular metabolites in cell cultures. as an application a group of compounds involved in penicillin biosynthesis pathway of penicillium chrysogenum cells, such as penicillin g (peng), 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa), benzylpenicilloic acid (pio), ortho-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid ...	2008	18295225
repeat induced point mutation in two asexual fungi, aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum.	repeat induced point mutation (rip) is a gene silencing mechanism present in fungal genomes. during rip, duplicated sequences are efficiently and irreversibly mutated by transitions from c:g to t:a. for the first time, we have identified traces of rip in transposable elements of aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum, two biotechnologically relevant fungi. we found that rip in p. chrysogenum has affected a large set of sequences, which also contain other mutations. on the other hand, rip ...	2008	18347798
vacuolar serine protease is a major allergen of cladosporium cladosporioides.	cladosporium is an important allergenic fungus worldwide. we report here a major allergen of c. cladosporioides.	2008	18362473
heterotrimeric galpha protein pga1 of penicillium chrysogenum controls conidiation mainly by a camp-independent mechanism.	fungal heterotrimeric g proteins regulate different processes related to development, such as colony growth and asexual sporulation, the main mechanism of propagation in filamentous fungi. to gain insight into the mechanisms controlling growth and differentiation in the industrial penicillin producer penicillioum chrysogenum, we investigated the role of the heterotrimeric galpha subunit pga1 in conidiogenesis. a pga1 deleted strain (deltapga1) and transformants with constitutively activated (pga ...	2008	18364746
production of functionally active penicillium chrysogenum isopenicillin n synthase in the yeast hansenula polymorpha.	beta-lactams like penicillin and cephalosporin are among the oldest known antibiotics used against bacterial infections. industrially, penicillin is produced by the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. our goal is to introduce the entire penicillin biosynthesis pathway into the methylotrophic yeast hansenula polymorpha. yeast species have the advantage of being versatile, easy to handle and cultivate, and possess superior fermentation properties relative to filamentous fungi. one of the f ...	2008	18366686
nadph-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase in penicillium chrysogenum is involved in regulation of beta-lactam production.	the interactions between the ammonium assimilatory pathways and beta-lactam production were investigated by disruption of the nadph-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdha) in two industrial beta-lactam-producing strains of penicillium chrysogenum. the strains used were an adipoyl-7-adca- and a penicillin-producing strain. the gdha gene disruption caused a decrease in maximum specific growth rate of 26 % and 35 % for the adipoyl-7-adca-producing strain and the penicillin-producing strain, r ...	2008	18375816
chrysogenamide a from an endophytic fungus associated with cistanche deserticola and its neuroprotective effect on sh-sy5y cells.	chrysogenamide a (1), a new member of the macfortine group of alkaloids, along with four known compounds (2 approximately 5) were identified from penicillium chrysogenum no. 005, an endophytic fungus associated with cistanche deserticola y. c. ma. the new structure was elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis. 1 exhibited a neurocyte protection effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death in sh-sy5y cells.	2008	18408327
the unprocessed preprotein form iatc103s of the isopenicillin n acyltransferase is transported inside peroxisomes and regulates its self-processing.	previous studies in penicillium chrysogenum and aspergillus nidulans suggested that self-processing of the isopenicillin n acyltransferase (iat) is an important differential factor in these fungi. expression of a mutant pende(c103s) gene in p. chrysogenum gave rise to an unprocessed inactive variant of iat (iat(c103s)) located inside peroxisomes, which indicates that transport of the proiat inside these organelles is not dependent on the processing state of the protein. co-expression of the pend ...	2008	18439860
[investigation of the effect of constructions in hospital environment on the crucial units for immunocompromised patients and the development of opportunistic mold infections].	this study was planned to determine the effect of building constructions in and around our hospital, on the development of opportunistic mold infections in immunocompromised patients hospitalized in bone marrow and kidney transplantation units and haematology and oncology units. samples were collected from high risk units by an air sampler (air ideal) from indoors and outdoors of a total of 43 patient rooms. the most commonly isolated species from indoor air cultures of our hospital were penicil ...	2008	18444565
the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein paf, a promising tool for the development of new antifungal therapies and fungal cell biology studies.	in recent years the interest in antimicrobial proteins and peptides and their mode of action has been rapidly increasing due to their potential to prevent and combat microbial infections in all areas of life. a detailed knowledge about the function of such proteins is the most important requirement to consider them for future application. our research in recent years has been focused on the low molecular weight, cysteine-rich and cationic antifungal protein paf from penicillium chrysogenum, whic ...	2008	17965829