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Elucidation of the Molecular Mechanisms of Action of the Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Subtilosin Against the Bacterial Vaginosis-associated Pathogen Gardnerella vaginalis.Subtilosin A is a 35-amino acid long cyclical peptide produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that has potent antimicrobial activity against a variety of human pathogens, including the bacterial vaginosis-related Gardnerella vaginalis. The specific mode of action of subtilosin against G. vaginalis was elucidated by studying its effects on the proton motive force's (PMF) components: transmembrane electric potential (??), transmembrane pH gradient (?pH), and intracellular ATP levels. The addition o ...201121949544
characteristics of patients with subchorionic hematomas in the second trimester.aim:  the aim of this study was to investigate the etiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with subchorionic hematoma. methods:  a case-controlled study was performed to compare characteristics of patients and controls. via ultrasound examination, 47 pregnant patients were found to have subchorionic hematomas and 1075 had no evidence of subchorionic hematomas (controls). in the second trimester, patients were compared with regard to endocervical chlamydia trachomatis and other vaginal ...201121995561
bacterial vaginosis: what is physiological in vaginal bacteriology? an update and opinion.bacterial vaginosis (bv) was originally described as a sexually transmitted infection caused by a single microbe. the prevailing concept describes bv as a polymicrobial coitus-associated disease of uncertain origin. in this overview the natural history of bv as a monobacterial and polymicrobial entity is examined with respect to the physiological concept of bv in relation to sexual behavior before and after introduction of the hormonal contraceptive pill. bacterial vaginosis, characterized by lo ...201121916857
evidence for gardnerella vaginalis uptake and internalization by squamous vaginal epithelial cells: implications for the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis (bv), a common condition seen in premenopausal women, is associated with preterm labor, pelvic inflammatory disease, and delivery of low birth weight infants. gardnerella vaginalis is the predominant bacterial species associated with bv, although its exact role in the pathology of bv is unknown. using immunofluorescence, confocal and transmission electron microscopy, we found that vk2 vaginal epithelial cells take up g. vaginalis after exposure to the bacteria. confocal micro ...201122227318
[antibiotic resistance of gardnerella vaginalis isolated from cases of bacterial vaginosis].gardnerella vaginalis is one of the dominant etiological factors related to bacterial vaginosis. literature offers a growing number of reports revealing there appear gardnerella vaginalis strains increasingly resistant to metronidazole.201122384625
the microbiota of the human genitourinary tract: trying to see the forest through the trees.based on traditional microbiological methods, namely cultivation and microscopic analyses, the vaginal microbiota (vmb) has been defined as healthy when it is predominated by hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacillus spp., most prominently lactobacillis crispatus. similarly, the vmb has been defined as bacterial vaginosis (bv) when it is predominated by gardnerella vaginalis as well as a number of other anaerobic bacterial species. bv is associated with a distinct vaginal discharge syndrome, poo ...201223303991
development and validation of a semiquantitative, multitarget pcr assay for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.quantitative pcr assays were developed for 4 organisms reported previously to be useful positive indicators for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (bv)--atopobium vaginae, bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium 2 (bvab-2), gardnerella vaginalis, and megasphaera-1--and a single organism (lactobacillus crispatus) that has been implicated as a negative indicator for bv. vaginal samples (n = 169), classified as positive (n = 108) or negative (n = 61) for bv based on a combination of the nugent g ...201222535982
The species-specific mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin against Listeria monocytogenes Scott A.Aims: To elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin against the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Methods and Results: Subtilosin was purified from a culture of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The minimal inhibitory concentration of subtilosin against L. monocytogenes Scott A was determined by broth microdilution method. The effect of subtilosin on the transmembrane electrical potential (??) and pH gradient (?pH), and its ability to induce ...201222040458
phase i randomized safety study of twice daily dosing of acidform vaginal gel: candidate antimicrobial contraceptive.acidform gel, an acid-buffering product that inactivates spermatozoa, may be an effective topical non-hormonal contraceptive. this study was designed to evaluate the safety of vaginal dosing and effects of acidform on mucosal immune mediators, antimicrobial properties of genital secretions, and vaginal microbiota.201223056520
extravaginal reservoirs of vaginal bacteria as risk factors for incident bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis (bv) represents shifts in microbiota from lactobacillus spp. to diverse anaerobes. although antibiotics relieve symptoms and temporarily eradicate bv-associated bacteria (bvab), bv usually recurs. we investigated the role of extravaginal bvab reservoirs in recurrence.201222448002
the microbiota of the vagina and its influence on women's health and disease.abstract:: explorations of the vaginal microbiota (vmb) began over 150 years ago. using light microscopy and bacterial cultures, the concept of normal versus abnormal microbiota in women began to emerge. the latter became known by the term "bacterial vaginosis" (bv). bv microbiota is dominated by gardnerella vaginalis and includes a number of anaerobic organisms. in contrast, normal flora is dominated by various lactobacilli. bv microbiota is associated with vaginal discharge, poor pregnancy out ...201222143133
insights into the crispr/cas system of gardnerella vaginalis.gardnerella vaginalis is identified as the predominant colonist of the vaginal tracts of women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (bv). g. vaginalis can be isolated from healthy women, and an asymptomatic bv state is also recognised. the association of g. vaginalis with different clinical phenotypes could be explained by different cytotoxicity of the strains, presumably based on disparate gene content. the contribution of horizontal gene transfer to shaping the genomes of g. vaginalis is acknowl ...201223259527
effect of sexual debut on vaginal microbiota in a cohort of young women.bacterial vaginosis is uncommon in women who are virgins. we estimated effects of sexual debut on vaginal bacterial colonization.201223168754
in silico vs in vitro analysis of primer specificity for the detection of gardnerella vaginalis, atopobium vaginae and lactobacillus spp.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common pathology of women in reproductive age that can lead to serious health complications, and is associated with shifts in the normal microflora from predominance of lactobacillus spp. to a proliferation of other anaerobes such as g. vaginalis and a vaginae, which can be detected by pcr. the optimal pcr pathogen detection assay relies mainly on the specificity and sensitivity of the primers used.201223153093
longitudinal qpcr study of the dynamics of l. crispatus, l. iners, a. vaginae, (sialidase positive) g. vaginalis, and p. bivia in the vagina.to obtain more detailed understanding of the causes of disturbance of the vaginal microflora (vmf), a longitudinal study was carried out for 17 women during two menstrual cycles.201223028904
susceptibility testing of atopobium vaginae for dequalinium chloride.atopobium vaginae and gardnerella vaginalis are major markers for bacterial vaginosis. we aimed to determine the mic and mbc range of the broad-spectrum anti-infective and antiseptic dequalinium chloride for 28 strains, belonging to 4 species of the genus atopobium, i.e. a. vaginae, a. minutum, a. rimae and a. parvulum.201222429611
bacterial vaginosis (bv) candidate bacteria: associations with bv and behavioural practices in sexually-experienced and inexperienced women.in recent years several new fastidious bacteria have been identified that display a high specificity for bv; however no previous studies have comprehensively assessed the behavioural risk associations of these bacterial vaginosis-candidate organisms (bv-cos).201222363457
detection of bacterial 16s ribosomal rna genes for forensic identification of vaginal fluid.to preliminarily evaluate the applicability of bacterial dna as a marker for the forensic identification of vaginal fluid, we developed and performed pcr-based detection of 16s ribosomal rna genes of lactobacillus spp. dominating the vagina and of bacterial vaginosis-related bacteria from dna extracted from body fluids and stains. as a result, 16s ribosomal rna genes of lactobacillus crispatus, lactobacillus jensenii and atopobium vaginae were specifically detected in vaginal fluid and female ur ...201222316585
the natural antimicrobial peptide subtilosin acts synergistically with glycerol monolaurate, lauric arginate, and ε-poly-l-lysine against bacterial vaginosis-associated pathogens but not human lactobacilli.subtilosin is a cyclical antimicrobial peptide produced by bacillus amyloliquefaciens that has antimicrobial activity against the bacterial vaginosis-associated human pathogen gardnerella vaginalis. the ability of subtilosin to inhibit g. vaginalis alone and in combination with the natural antimicrobial agents glycerol monolaurate (lauricidin), lauric arginate, and ε-poly-l-lysine was tested using a checkerboard approach. subtilosin was found to act synergistically with all of the chosen antimic ...201222252803
mode of action and safety of lactosporin, a novel antimicrobial protein produced by bacillus coagulans atcc 7050.to determine the mechanism of action of antimicrobial protein, lactosporin, against gardnerella vaginalis and to evaluate its safety in vitro.201222737982
[possible role of enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis in the etiology of infectious vaginitis].vaginitis is a common gynecologic disorder. it is due to several causes, some even unknown. bacteroides fragilis is the most important anaerobe in clinical bacteriology, some strains of this group are notable for being enterotoxigenic and they have been associated with intestinal and extraintestinal syndromes. they have recently been isolated from patients with vaginitis. the purpose of this study was to investigate a possible association of enterotoxigenic b. fragilis with infectious vaginitis. ...201222524106
[gynophilus--a winning relay].the vagina is a complex biocenosis where many micro-organisms coexist and colonize it. the dominant colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual is of the genus "lactobacillus". it is also called doderlein's bacillus and determines the vaginal microbial balance through the production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, biosurfactants, bacteriocines and modify the competition of pathogens for adhesion to the vaginal epithelial cells. through these mechanisms the lactobacilli block the growth and de ...201223236678
pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) from chlamydia trachomatis versus pid from neisseria gonorrhea: from clinical suspicion to therapy.pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) is the most significant complication of sexually transmitted infections in childbearing-age women and it represents an important public health problem because of its long-term sequelae (chronic pelvic pain, tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy). prior to the mid 1970s pid was considered a monoetiologic infection, due primarily to neisseria gonorrhea. now it is well documented as a polymicrobial process, with a great number of microrganisms involved. in addition ...201223007248
amniotic fluid and maternal race influence responsiveness of fetal membranes to bacteria.spontaneous preterm birth (ptb) and preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (pprom) occur more frequently in african-american women than in other racial groups. this may be due to an enhanced inflammatory response to pathogens associated with the condition. it is also possible that amniotic fluid (af) has different immunomodulatory properties in african-american women that increase their risk of ptb and pprom. to test this, we cultured fetal membranes from european-american and african-american wo ...201223021257
preserved ex vivo inflammatory status in decidual cells from women with preterm labor and subclinical intrauterine infection.to compare the inflammatory response preserved ex vivo by decidual cells isolated from women who experienced preterm labor with and without subclinical intrauterine infection.201222928002
[microscopic examination of vaginal discharge specimens for trichomonas vaginalis and other micro-organisms in 18-45 age group women].trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoon that causes trichomoniasis which is characterised by a foamy yellowish odorous discharge and superficial defects and necrotic ulcers in vaginal mucosa. trichomoniasis is transmitted from human to human by sexual contact and can be seen in almost every part of the world. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of trichomonas vaginalis in 18-45 years age group women with vaginal discharge complaints who applied to the gynaecology outpatient clinic ...201223169165
susceptibility of gardnerella vaginalis biofilms to natural antimicrobials subtilosin, ε-poly-l-lysine, and lauramide arginine ethyl ester.bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection associated with numerous gynecological and obstetric complications. this condition is characterized by the presence of thick adherent vaginal biofilms, composed mainly of gardnerella vaginalis. this organism is thought to be the primary aetiological cause of the infection paving the way for various opportunists to colonize the niche. previously, we reported that the natural antimicrobials subtilosin, ε-poly-l-lysine, and lauramide arginine ethyl ...201223024575
gardnerella vaginalis as a rare cause of prosthetic joint infection.we describe a septic loosening of a hip prosthesis in a 71-year-old woman caused by gardnerella vaginalis. infection was confirmed by culture and molecular identification of this bacterium. the patient was treated by a one-step exchange of prosthesis and antibiotic therapy combining trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and rifampin, with favorable evolution.201222993177
resolution and characterization of distinct cpn60-based subgroups of gardnerella vaginalis in the vaginal microbiota.bacterial vaginosis (bv), characterized by a shift of the vaginal microbiota from a lactobacillus-dominated community to a dense biofilm containing a complex mixture of organisms, is an important risk factor in poor reproductive health outcomes. the nugent score, based on gram stain, is used to diagnose bv and gardnerella vaginalis abundance in the sample is one factor determining nugent score. a high nugent score is indicative of bv but does not always correspond to the presence of clinical sym ...201222900080
retrocyclin inhibits gardnerella vaginalis biofilm formation and toxin activity.retrocyclins are cyclic antimicrobial peptides that have been shown to be both broadly active and safe in animal models. rc-101, a synthetic retrocyclin, targets important human pathogens and is a candidate vaginal microbicide. its activity against microbes associated with bacterial vaginosis is unknown.201222855857
bacteremia of gardnerella vaginalis after endometrial ablation. 201222752597
comparative genomic analyses of 17 clinical isolates of gardnerella vaginalis provide evidence of multiple genetically isolated clades consistent with subspeciation into genovars.gardnerella vaginalis is associated with a spectrum of clinical conditions, suggesting high degrees of genetic heterogeneity among stains. seventeen g. vaginalis isolates were subjected to a battery of comparative genomic analyses to determine their level of relatedness. for each measure, the degree of difference among the g. vaginalis strains was the highest observed among 23 pathogenic bacterial species for which at least eight genomes are available. genome sizes ranged from 1.491 to 1.716 mb; ...201222609915
characteristics of lactobacillus and gardnerella vaginalis from women with or without bacterial vaginosis and their relationships in gnotobiotic mice.the objectives of the present study were to evaluate in vitro the production of antagonistic compounds against gardnerella vaginalis by lactobacillus strains isolated from women with or without bacterial vaginosis (bv), and to select one of the better lactobacillus producers of such a substance to be tested in vivo using a gnotobiotic animal model challenged with one of the more sensitive g. vaginalis isolates. a total of 24 isolates from women with and without bv were identified as g. vaginalis ...201222539000
inguinal syndrome secondary to prevotella bivia after accidental bite in orogenital sex.the authors report a case of an inguinal bubo in a young man caused by an anaerobe, prevotella bivia, which was acquired during oral sexual intercourse. as far as the authors know, this is the first reported case of a sexually transmitted infection by prevotella. prevotella spp. inhabit the oral cavity and are highly prevalent in bacterial vaginosis, a polymicrobial syndrome resulting from replacement of the normal vaginal lactobacillus spp. flora by high concentrations of anaerobic microorganis ...201222375046
altered vaginal microbiota are associated with perinatal mother-to-child transmission of hiv in african women from burkina faso.mother-to-child transmission (mtct) of hiv remains a significant problem in resource-limited settings, despite the advent of antiretroviral therapies. because perturbations in vaginal microbial communities are associated with sexual transmission of hiv, we determined whether perinatal mtct is associated with the vaginal microbiotas of hiv-infected mothers.201222343176
genetic and biochemical diversity of gardnerella vaginalis strains isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis.gardnerella vaginalis is considered a substantial player in the progression of bacterial vaginosis (bv). we analysed 17 g. vaginalis strains isolated from the genital tract of women diagnosed with bv to establish a potential link between genotypes/biotypes and the expression of virulence factors, vaginolysin (vly) and sialidase, which are assumed to play a substantial role in the pathogenesis of bv. amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis revealed two g. vaginalis genotypes. gardnerella vag ...201222309200
[bacterial vaginosis. treatment of the relapse].bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. bacterial vaginosis is an ecological disorder that ensues when normal lactobacilli are replaced by large numbers of gardnerella vaginalis, prevotella sp., bacteroides sp., mobiluncus sp. and m. hominis. numerous studies have consistently shown that bv at 12-24 weeks are associated with increased risks of preterm birth (ptb), preterm rupture of the membranes, chorioamnionitis, fetal infection and cerebral palsy. ...201223236675
the biofilm in bacterial vaginosis: implications for epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.recent evidence supports the view that bacterial vaginosis presents as a polymicrobial biofilm infection. this has far-reaching implications for the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial vaginosis.201323221767
[gardnerella vaginalis bacteremia in a male patient]. 201324016769
microbial and vaginal determinants influencing mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum genital colonization in a population of female patients.mycoplasma hominis and ureaplasma urealyticum are associated with chorioamnionitis, preterm delivery and pelvic inflammatory disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible risk factors of co-colonization by m. hominis in patients already colonized by u. urealyticum and compare demographic parameters, vaginal ph and microbiota of women colonized by u. urealyticum or m. hominis. a total of 452 patients positive for u. urealyticum or m. hominis were analysed, 421 (93.1%) of whom were p ...201324008852
relationship of selected bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria to nugent score bacterial vaginosis among urban women early in pregnancy.among urban, primarily african american pregnant women, 74% were identified with nugent score bacterial vaginosis (bv). all bv-associated bacteria were more prevalent among women with nugent score bv. bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria 3 (bvab3) had the highest positive predictive value, whereas gardnerella vaginalis and atopobium spp. had the highest sensitivity. atopobium spp. levels had the most significant area under the curve.201323945426
reciprocal interference between lactobacillus spp. and gardnerella vaginalis on initial adherence to epithelial cells.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common vaginal disorder in women of child-bearing age. it is widely accepted that the microbial switch from normal microflora to the flora commonly associated with bv is characterized by a decrease in vaginal colonization by specific lactobacillus species together with an increase of g. vaginalis and other anaerobes. however, the order of events leading to the development of bv remains poorly characterized and it is unclear whether the decrease in lactobacill ...201323935396
quantitative analysis of initial adhesion of bacterial vaginosis-associated anaerobes to me-180 cells.bacterial vaginosis is the leading vaginal disorder but the transition from health to this dysbiotic condition remains poorly characterized. our goal was to quantify the ability of bv-associated anaerobes to adhere to epithelial cells in the presence of lactobacilli. gardnerella vaginalis outcompeted lactobacillus crispatus and lactobacillus iners actually enhanced its adherence.201323916636
[diagnosis of vaginitis-vaginosis by hibridization with dna strands].vaginal infections lie among the most common causes women ask for medical advice. in order of frequency bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and trichomoniasis are responsible for 90% of vaginitis/vaginosis.201323720932
benzoyl peroxide formulated polycarbophil/carbopol 934p hydrogel with selective antimicrobial activity, potentially beneficial for treatment and prevention of bacterial vaginosis.the human vagina is colonized by a variety of indigenous microflora; in healthy individuals the predominant bacterial genus is lactobacillus while those with bacterial vaginosis (bv) carry a variety of anaerobic representatives of the phylum actinobacteria. in this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of benzoyl peroxide (bpo) encapsulated in a hydrogel against gardnerella vaginalis, one of the causative agents of bv, as well as indicating its safety for healthy human lactobacilli. her ...201324382940
reconstitution of cholesterol-dependent vaginolysin into tethered phospholipid bilayers: implications for bioanalysis.functional reconstitution of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin vaginolysin (vly) from gardnerella vaginalis into artificial tethered bilayer membranes (tblms) has been accomplished. the reconstitution of vly was followed in real-time by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis). changes of the eis parameters of the tblms upon exposure to vly solutions were consistent with the formation of water-filled pores in the membranes. it was found that reconstitution of vly is a strictly cholesterol- ...201324349307
vaginolysin drives epithelial ultrastructural responses to gardnerella vaginalis.gardnerella vaginalis, the bacterial species most frequently isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis (bv), produces a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (cdc), vaginolysin (vly). at sublytic concentrations, cdcs may initiate complex signaling cascades crucial to target cell survival. using live-cell imaging, we observed the rapid formation of large membrane blebs in human vaginal and cervical epithelial cells (vk2 and hela cells) exposed to recombinant vly toxin and to cell-free supernatants f ...201324082080
are plant extracts a potential therapeutic approach for genital infections?more than 40% of the new drugs registered from 1981 to 2006 were obtained, derived or inspired from natural compounds. the influence of natural products in the anti-infective area is quite marked, being a great percentage of drugs derived or extracted from natural products. vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons a women visits a gynecologist. given the high popularity of natural therapies among women who suffer from chronic infections, it is urgent for women's healthcare providers ...201323651308
gardnerella vaginalis-associated bacterial vaginosis in bulgarian women.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age. the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of bv in bulgarian pregnant and nonpregnant women from several age ranges and to compare three different laboratory methods for gardnerella vaginalis detection in patents suffering from bv.201323602465
fluorescence in situ hybridization method using peptide nucleic acid probes for rapid detection of lactobacillus and gardnerella spp.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common vaginal infection occurring in women of reproductive age. it is widely accepted that the microbial switch from normal microflora to bv is characterized by a decrease in vaginal colonization by lactobacillus species together with an increase of gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes. our goal was to develop and optimize a novel peptide nucleic acid (pna) fluorescence in situ hybridization assay (pna fish) for the detection of lactobacillus spp. and g. vagin ...201323586331
clinical features of bacterial vaginosis in a murine model of vaginal infection with gardnerella vaginalis.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a dysbiosis of the vaginal flora characterized by a shift from a lactobacillus-dominant environment to a polymicrobial mixture including actinobacteria and gram-negative bacilli. bv is a common vaginal condition in women and is associated with increased risk of sexually transmitted infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth. gardnerella vaginalis is one of the most frequently isolated bacterial species in bv. however, there has been much debate in ...201323527214
degradation, foraging, and depletion of mucus sialoglycans by the vagina-adapted actinobacterium gardnerella vaginalis.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a polymicrobial imbalance of the vaginal microbiota associated with reproductive infections, preterm birth, and other adverse health outcomes. sialidase activity in vaginal fluids is diagnostic of bv and sialic acid-rich components of mucus have protective and immunological roles. however, whereas mucus degradation is believed to be important in the etiology and complications associated with bv, the role(s) of sialidases and the participation of individual bacterial s ...201323479734
dnase inhibits gardnerella vaginalis biofilms in vitro and in vivo.bacterial vaginosis is a highly prevalent and poorly understood polymicrobial disorder of the vaginal microbiota, with significant adverse sequelae. gardnerella vaginalis predominates in bacterial vaginosis. biofilms of g. vaginalis are present in human infections and are implicated in persistent disease, treatment failure, and transmission. here we demonstrate that g. vaginalis biofilms contain extracellular dna, which is essential to their structural integrity. enzymatic disruption of this dna ...201323431033
gardnerella vaginalis: still a prime suspect in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common cause of vaginal infection, yet its pathogenesis remains controversial. although it has never been proven to be a sexually transmitted diseases the epidemiological evidence favoring this is quite robust. although bv is characterized by its polymicrobial nature, it is highly likely that the inciting organism is gardnerella vaginalis.201323371405
presence of a polymicrobial endometrial biofilm in patients with bacterial vaginosis.to assess whether the bacterial vaginosis biofilm extends into the upper female genital tract.201323320114
bacterial modulation of human fetal membrane toll-like receptor expression.preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes (pprom) occurs in 30-40% of spontaneous preterm births (ptb) and is associated with intra-amniotic infection and inflammation. the membranes may sense and respond to microbes via toll-like receptors (tlrs); however, little is known about their expression and regulation in this tissue. the objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of tlrs 1-10 in fetal membranes after exposure to pathogens associated with intra-amniotic infection and ptb.201322967004
in vitro probiotic properties of lactobacillus fermentum sk5 isolated from vagina of a healthy woman.a lactobacillus strain isolated from a vaginal tract of a healthy woman was examined in vitro for its probiotic potential. this strain, identified as lactobacillus fermentum sk5, was able to survive at ph 3-4 and 0.1-0.2% bile, and unaffected by pepsin (3 g l(-1)) and pancreatin (1 g l(-1)), but was susceptible to all tested antibiotics except metronidazole. l. fermentum sk5 had an antimicrobial potential against gastrointestinal pathogenic escherichia coli and vaginal pathogenic gardnerella vag ...201323624069
pregnancy-induced changes in immune protection of the genital tract: defining normal.both the state of pregnancy as well as disruption of vaginal flora and immune mediators may increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus-1 acquisition. the objective of this study was to define immune changes in lower genital and systemic immunity associated with normal pregnancy.201323313311
fetal membrane biomarker network diversity and disease functions induced by intra-amniotic pathogens.intra-amniotic pathogens and by-products activate innate immune responses encompassing multitudes of signaling molecules and pathways that can result in spontaneous preterm birth (ptb). this study investigates fetal membrane response to bacterial stimulation using a bioinformatics approach.201323216633
interactions between lactobacillus crispatus and bacterial vaginosis (bv)-associated bacterial species in initial attachment and biofilm formation.certain anaerobic bacterial species tend to predominate the vaginal flora during bacterial vaginosis (bv), with gardnerella vaginalis being the most common. however, the exact role of g. vaginalis in bv has not yet been determined. the main goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that g. vaginalis is an early colonizer, paving the way for intermediate (e.g., fusobacterium nucleatum) and late colonizers (e.g., prevotella bivia). theoretically, in order to function as an early colonizer, spe ...201323739678
adherence of bacteria to mucus collected from different parts of the reproductive tract of heifers and cows.in the present study, we examined the adherence of indigenous vaginal bacteria, probiotic strains, and metritis pathogens to mucus collected from different parts of the reproductive tracts of heifers and cows and compared their adherence with the bacterial adherence to mucus collected from the stomach and large intestine of pigs. most of the vaginal strains adhered to mucus collected from different parts of the reproductive tract and strongly adhered to gastric mucus, with the exception of lacto ...201324206354
plants traditionally used individually and in combination to treat sexually transmitted infections in northern maputaland, south africa: antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity.although medicinal plants are used extensively to treat sexually transmitted infections (stis) in rural northern maputaland, kwazulu-natal, the efficacy and safety of these plants have not previously been evaluated.201323880127
[sexually transmitted infections in women living in a prison in lima, peru].in order to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (sti) in recluse women of chorrillos penitentiary i in the city of lima, peru, a cross-sectional study was performed, including a simple random sample of women between ages 18 and 54, from whom 180 serum samples and 168 samples of cervical and vaginal discharge were analyzed. the most prevalent etiologic agents identified from cervical and vaginal discharge samples were chlamydia trachomatis in 42.3%, gardnerella vaginalis i ...201324100816
bacterial infections of the lower genital tract in fertile and infertile women from the southeastern poland.the objective of the study was to investigate the detection rates of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, mycoplasma genitalium, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, gardnerella vaginalis, escherichia coli, streptococcus agalactiae and enterococcus faecalis, showing no clinical signs of an ongoing, acute inflammatory state of the vagina and/or the cenrvix, in fertile and infertile women.201323819400
[bacterial infection as a cause of infertility in humans].microorganisms which are present in the human urogenital tract may be involved in the development of inflammatory changes negatively affecting the genitals in both men and women. pathological conditions due to inflammatory alterations may result in complete loss of fertility. infections of the urogenital tract are responsible for 15% of all cases of infertility in couples. negative impact on the human reproduction is mainly caused by direct damage to the genital tract mucosa by metabolic product ...201323768092
sequences of multiple bacterial genomes and a chlamydia trachomatis genotype from direct sequencing of dna derived from a vaginal swab diagnostic specimen.ultra-deep illumina sequencing was performed on whole genome amplified dna derived from a chlamydia trachomatis-positive vaginal swab. alignment of reads with reference genomes allowed robust snp identification from the c. trachomatis chromosome and plasmid. this revealed that the c. trachomatis in the specimen was very closely related to the sequenced urogenital, serovar f, clade t1 isolate f-sw4. in addition, high genome-wide coverage was obtained for prevotella melaninogenica, gardnerella vag ...201323647919
simultaneous direct identification of genital microorganisms in voided urine using multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assays.our aim was to develop and evaluate sensitive methods that would allow simultaneous direct identification of multiple potential pathogens in clinical specimens for diagnosis and epidemiological studies, using a multiplex pcr-based reverse line blot assay. we have previously developed assays suitable for detection of bacterial respiratory and systemic pathogens. in this chapter we describe, in detail, a method developed to identify 14 genital microorganisms, for use in epidemiological studies of ...201323104293
pseudoscardovia suis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family bifidobacteriaceae isolated from the digestive tract of wild pigs (sus scrofa).seventeen fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase-positive bacterial strains were isolated from the digestive tract of wild pigs (sus scrofa). most of them were identified as bifidobacterium boum according to sequences of 16s rrna gene. two strains isolated from the small intestine content had unusual morphology of cells in comparison with bifidobacteria. cells growing in liquid anaerobic media were regular shaped rods arranged mostly in pairs. these isolates showed relatively low 16s rrna gene seq ...201323122702
[diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis].bacterial vaginosis is a common, complex clinical syndrome characterized by alterations in the normal vaginal flora. when symptomatic, it is associated with a malodorous vaginal discharge and on occasion vaginal burning or itching. under normal conditions, lactobacilli constitute 95% of the bacteria in the vagina. bacterial vaginosis is associated with severe reduction or absence of the normal h2o2-producing lactobacilli and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria and gardnerella vaginalis, atopobium v ...201324073569
the villain team-up or how trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis alter innate immunity in concert.complex interactions of vaginal microorganisms with the genital tract epithelium shape mucosal innate immunity, which holds the key to sexual and reproductive health. bacterial vaginosis (bv), a microbiome-disturbance syndrome prevalent in reproductive-age women, occurs commonly in concert with trichomoniasis, and both are associated with increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes and viral infections, largely attributable to inflammation. to investigate the causative relationships among in ...201323903808
comparison of the vaginal microbiota diversity of women with and without human papillomavirus infection: a cross-sectional study.the female genital tract is an important bacterial habitat of the human body, and vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role in vaginal health. the alteration of vaginal microbiota affects millions of women annually, and is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including human papillomavirus (hpv) infection. however, previous studies have primarily focused on the association between bacterial vaginosis and hpv infection. little is known about the composition of vaginal microbial communi ...201323758857
vaginal microbiome in women from greenland assessed by microscopy and quantitative pcr.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is a common condition, although its aetiology remains unexplained. the aim of this study was to analyse the composition of vaginal microbiota in women from greenland to provide a quantitative description and improve the understanding of bv.201324131550
biomedical applications of fermenticin hv6b isolated from lactobacillus fermentum hv6b mtcc10770.fermenticin hv6b is a class iia antimicrobial peptide produced by lactobacillus fermentum hv6b mtcc 10770 isolated from human vaginal ecosystem. it shows growth inhibition of a wide range of opportunistic pathogens of humans, for example, bacteroides, gardnerella vaginalis, mobiluncus, staphylococci, and streptococci, associated with bacterial vaginosis in humans. it does possess an impressive sperm immobilization and spermicidal activity tested against human sperms which makes it an attractive ...201323984320
enterococcus faecalis inhibits superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1-induced interleukin-8 from human vaginal epithelial cells through tetramic acids.the vaginal mucosa can be colonized by many bacteria including commensal organisms and potential pathogens, such as staphylococcus aureus. some strains of s. aureus produce the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, which can penetrate the vaginal epithelium to cause toxic shock syndrome. we have observed that a female was mono-colonized with enterococcus faecalis vaginally as tested in aerobic culture, even upon repeated culture for six months, suggesting this organism was negatively influe ...201323613823
composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age--sensitive and specific molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is possible?bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common vaginal disorder, characterized by depletion of the normal lactobacillus-dominant microbiota and overgrowth of commensal anaerobic bacteria. this study aimed to investigate the composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age (healthy women and women with bv), with the view of developing molecular criteria for bv diagnosis.201323585843
human papillomavirus and other genital infections in indigenous women from paraguay: a cross-sectional analytical study.the incidence of cervical cancer in paraguay is among the highest in the world, with the human papillomavirus (hpv) being a necessary factor for cervical cancer. knowledge about hpv infection among indigenous women is limited. this cross-sectional study analyzed the frequency of hpv and other genital infections in indigenous paraguayan women of the department of presidente hayes.201324206645
co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted infections in circumcised and uncircumcised cases in india.acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), is now one of the greatest challenges facing the world. sexual transmission is the primary route of human immunodeficiency virus infection worldwide. male circumcision is being considered as strategy to reduce the burden of hiv/aids.201426396445
role of gardnerella vaginalis as an etiological agent of bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis is a risk factor for obstetric infections, various adverse outcomes of pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease. the objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in women attending gynaecology outpatient department (o.p.d) and sexually transmitted disease (s.t.d.) clinic and to assess the role of gardnerella vaginalis as an etiological agent of bacterial vaginosis.201425926959
polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels for controlled release of the antimicrobial subtilosin for prophylaxis of bacterial vaginosis.current treatment options for bacterial vaginosis (bv) have been shown to be inadequate at preventing recurrence and do not provide protection against associated infections, such as that with hiv. this study examines the feasibility of incorporating the antimicrobial peptide subtilosin within covalently cross-linked polyethylene glycol (peg)-based hydrogels for vaginal administration. the peg-based hydrogels (4% and 6% [wt/vol]) provided a two-phase release of subtilosin, with an initial rapid r ...201424566190
bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by analysis of first-void-urine specimens.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is traditionally diagnosed using vaginal samples. the aim of this study was to investigate whether bv can be diagnosed from first-void urine (fvu). self-collected vaginal smears, vaginal swabs, and fvu were obtained from 176 women. bv was diagnosed by nugent's criteria. the fvu and vaginal swabs were analyzed by quantitative pcrs (qpcrs) for selected vaginal bacteria (atopobium vaginae, prevotella spp., gardnerella vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterium 2, e ...201424197876
term and preterm labour are associated with distinct microbial community structures in placental membranes which are independent of mode of delivery.infection is considered a possible trigger for preterm labour, supported by evidence showing the presence of bacteria in the placenta and placental membranes from preterm births. in this study, 16s rdna pyrosequencing was used to identify bacteria in placental membranes. caesarean sections and vaginal deliveries at term were found to harbour common genera. mycoplasma hominis, aerococcus christensenii, gardnerella vaginalis and fusobacterium nucleatum were either only present in preterm membranes ...201425458966
quantification of atopobium vaginae loads may be a new method for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis.traditional methods for the diagnosis of bv is either with poor sensitivity or poor specificity. thus, establishing a new method based on the vaginal flora is vital for the diagnosis of bv.201425291946
characterization of the vaginal microflora in health and disease.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is an imbalance of the vaginal bacterial microbiota and its aetiology is still unknown. our aims were to investigate the diagnostic potential of species/genus specific quantitative pcr (qpcr) for bacteria present in swabs and first-void urine (fvu) samples using nugent's and claeys' criteria and 454 sequencing of the vaginal microbiome as reference.201424814599
bead-based multiplex sexually transmitted infection profiling.sexually transmitted infections are a significant cause of genital disease, infertility and hospital admissions. the economic impact is high. an accurate diagnosis is often difficult and time consuming. we report the development and validation of a novel bead-based multiplex sexually transmitted infection profiling (stip) assay that detects 18 sexually transmitted infections using a multiplex pcr followed by luminex bead-based hybridisation.201424814157
prevalence of gardnerella vaginalis and atopobium vaginae in portuguese women and association with risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. 201424268352
characterization of the vaginal microbiota of healthy canadian women through the menstrual cycle.the vaginal microbial community plays a vital role in maintaining women's health. understanding the precise bacterial composition is challenging because of the diverse and difficult-to-culture nature of many bacterial constituents, necessitating culture-independent methodology. during a natural menstrual cycle, physiological changes could have an impact on bacterial growth, colonization, and community structure. the objective of this study was to assess the stability of the vaginal microbiome of ...201425053998
inhibitory effects of seaweed extracts on the growth of the vaginal bacterium gardnerella vaginalis.of 44 species of seaweed screened for potential anti-gardnerella vaginalis activity, 27 (61.4%) showed antimicrobial activity by the agar disk-diffusion method. among them, the strongest activities against the pathogen were exhibited by chlorophyta, with ulva pertusa producing an 11.3-mm zone of inhibition at 5 mg disk⁻¹. the mic values of u. pertusa extracts against both g. vaginalis kctc 5096 and kctc 5097, the main cause of vaginosis, were 312 μg ml⁻¹, while the mic values against both candid ...201424813010
[place of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the lower genital tract infections and associated risk factors among women in benin].determine the place of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis (vvc) in the lower genital infections and seek risk factors among women in benin.201424746421
identification of vaginal lactobacilli with potential probiotic properties isolated from women in north lebanon.the aim of this work was to study the diversity of vaginal lactobacilli in lebanese women and to evaluate the antagonism, hydrophobicity, and safety characteristics of these strains. this study was performed on samples from 135 women who visited a gynecology clinic in the north of lebanon, between september 2012 and january 2013. from these samples, 53 different isolates of vaginal lactobacilli were collected from vaginal swabs and identified using biochemical and molecular methods. the use of g ...201424549747
tissue-specific il-10 secretion profile from term human fetal membranes stimulated with pathogenic microorganisms associated with preterm labor in a two-compartment tissue culture system.interleukin (il)-10 is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties that plays pivotal roles in immune recognition and maintenance of pregnancy, limiting the harmful effects of pro-inflammatory modulators. the aim of this work was to characterize the contribution of amnion and choriodecidua regions of the human fetal membranes in the production of il-10 after selective stimulation with candida albicans, gardnerella vaginalis and streptococcus agalactiae.201424138141
epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in rural southwestern haiti: the grand'anse women's health study.the study attempts to define socioeconomic, clinical, and laboratory correlates in vaginitis and other sexually transmitted infections in rural southwestern haiti. a convenience sample of subjects recruited from a rural women's health clinic and attending an established clinic at the haitian health foundation (hhf) clinic was studied. a standardized history and physical examination, including speculum examination, and collection of blood, urine, and vaginal swabs were obtained from the women at ...201425200263
effectiveness of the two microorganisms lactobacillus fermentum lf15 and lactobacillus plantarum lp01, formulated in slow-release vaginal tablets, in women affected by bacterial vaginosis: a pilot study.bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common reason for abnormal vaginal discharge in reproductive-age women and one of its most important causative agents is the gram-variable bacterium gardnerella vaginalis. bv is not accompanied by significant local inflammation, whereas the "fishy odor" test is always positive. in contrast, aerobic vaginitis (av) is predominantly associated with escherichia coli, but streptococcus agalactiae and staphylococcus aureus are also involved. standard treatment of b ...201425291116
lactobacillus crispatus dominant vaginal microbiome is associated with inhibitory activity of female genital tract secretions against escherichia coli.female genital tract secretions inhibit e. coli ex vivo and the activity may prevent colonization and provide a biomarker of a healthy microbiome. we hypothesized that high e. coli inhibitory activity would be associated with a lactobacillus crispatus and/or jensenii dominant microbiome and differ from that of women with low inhibitory activity.201424805362
prevalence of the genital tract bacterial infections after vaginal reconstructive surgery.due to frequent childbirth, heavy lifting and the structure of the lives of rural women in shahrekord region, iran, cystocele and rectocele are of the main medical problems of the women in this area and for its correction, vaginal reconstructive surgery is needed which causes infection. the purpose of this study was to identify the bacteria causing infection after vaginal reconstructive surgery and performing antibiogram to help these patients for faster recovery. patients enrolled this study we ...201426031026
[risk factors for bacterial vaginosis - a 3-year study in four medical centers].bacterial vaginosis (bv) is the most common infection of the lower genital tract among women of reproductive age. the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of bv and the important etiological agent gardnerella vaginalis in bulgarian patients of different age groups, as well as, the risk factors forbv methods: one thousand five hundred and twenty-three (1523) women aged 16 to 45 years without previous antimicrobial therapy were included in this study. the methods used were: scoring ...201425509639
comparative genomics of lactobacillus crispatus suggests novel mechanisms for the competitive exclusion of gardnerella vaginalis.lactobacillus crispatus is a ubiquitous micro-organism encountered in a wide range of host-associated habitats. it can be recovered from the gastrointestinal tract of animals and it is a common constituent of the vaginal microbiota of humans. moreover, l. crispatus can contribute to the urogenital health of the host through competitive exclusion and the production of antimicrobial agents. in order to investigate the genetic diversity of this important urogenital species, we performed a comparati ...201425480015
breast cancer, aromatase inhibitor therapy, and sexual functioning: a pilot study of the effects of vaginal testosterone therapy.women with breast cancer have better cancer-related outcomes with the use of aromatase inhibitors (ais), but the physiological suppression of estradiol can negatively affect sexual functioning because of unpleasant urogenital and vaginal symptoms. local health care practitioners have observed that the benefits of vaginal testosterone in allaying these unpleasant symptoms in women with breast cancer are similar to the benefits of vaginal estrogen in women without breast cancer.201425356296
recent progress in understanding the epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis.bacterial vaginosis epidemiology has been transformed by new theoretical insights and methodologies, such as molecular sequencing. we summarize the progress made in these domains.201425304606
gardnerella vaginalis triggers nlrp3 inflammasome recruitment in thp-1 monocytes.gardnerella vaginalis is a gram-positive bacterium associated with bacterial vaginosis (bv), pelvic inflammatory disease, and preterm birth. bv is the most prevalent vaginal dysbiosis in women of childbearing age characterized by the absence of normal lactobacilli and an overgrowth of g. vaginalis and other bacteria. although mucosal fluids from bv patients exhibit increases in proinflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptor 2 and 4 mrna, g. vaginalis has not been demonstrated to directly induc ...201425280956
poly(ethylene glycol) (peg)-lactic acid nanocarrier-based degradable hydrogels for restoring the vaginal microenvironment.women with bacterial vaginosis (bv) display reduced vaginal acidity, which make them susceptible to associated infections such as hiv. in the current study, poly(ethylene glycol) (peg) nanocarrier-based degradable hydrogels were developed for the controlled release of lactic acid in the vagina of bv-infected women. peg-lactic acid (peg-la) nanocarriers were prepared by covalently attaching lactic acid to 8-arm peg-sh via cleavable thioester bonds. peg-la nanocarriers with 4 copies of lactic acid ...201425223229
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