Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| [occurrence of clostridium difficile in the digestive system of dogs]. | this study was aimed at seeking strains of clostridium difficile in feces and investigation of influence of antibiotics application on frequency of isolation and detection of toxing in vivo produced by this microorganism. samples of feces were obtained from experimental dogs consisting of two groups. to groups i belonged 150 healthy dogs. group ii consisted of samples of feces received from four dogs before and after application of various antibiotics. clostridium difficile was not isolated from ... | 1992 | 1297034 |
| purification and characterization of an immunodominant 36 kda antigen present on the cell surface of clostridium difficile. | the 36 kda antigen represents the major edta-extracted protein of clostridium difficile strains belonging to electrophoretic group 2. antibodies to this antigen are found in sera of patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhoea. the 36 kda antigen was extracted from c. difficile c253 by edta and purified by gel filtration (sephacryl s300) and ion exchange chromatography (deae-trisacryl m). the molecular weight of the purified protein was 36 kda as determined by sds-page, also in non-reducing c ... | 1992 | 1298866 |
| contributions to the taxonomy and biology of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile was incriminated by hughes and jarvis (1987) as a cause of intestinal infections in usa in the 1980-1984 period in 45 p. 100 of cases, whereas salmonellae only in 12 p. 100. four strains of this organism are studied in this paper in comparison with ten strains of c. bifermentans and six of c. sordellii, because the three species share a common antigen and have other common characteristics, as well. however, spores of c. difficile swell the bacteria and those of other bacter ... | 1992 | 1304829 |
| evidence for a modular structure of the homologous repetitive c-terminal carbohydrate-binding sites of clostridium difficile toxins and streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases. | the homologous c-terminal repeats of clostridium difficile toxins (toxa and toxb) and streptococcal glucosyltransferases appear to mediate protein-carbohydrate interactions at cellular binding sites with sugar moieties as substrates. a consensus sequence of 134 repeating units from gram-positive bacteria indicates that these repeats have a modular design with (i) a stretch of aromatic amino acids proposed to be involved in the primary carbohydrate-protein interaction, (ii) an amplification of th ... | 1992 | 1307487 |
| [preliminary epidemiological study of carriers of clostridium difficile]. | 171 samples have been taken from stools of sick persons in three departments of university and hospital centres of algiers (c.h.u.a.): the department of maternity (c.h.u parnet), the department of breast diseases (cpmc), the department of women's surgery (cpmc), 13 samples of c. difficile have been isolated with a frequency of 7.6 per 100 of cases. the rate of conveyance seems more important in adults in hospitals and often concerns sick persons enduring digestive cancer (10.25 per 100) or newbo ... | 1992 | 1309135 |
| human colonic aspirates containing immunoglobulin a antibody to clostridium difficile toxin a inhibit toxin a-receptor binding. | clostridium difficile toxin a, a 308-kilodalton protein exotoxin, is the principal causative agent of antibiotic-associated, c. difficile-induced colitis. in the current study, the prevalence of specific human serum and secretory antibody to toxin a and the possible protective effect of secretory, intestinal anti-toxin a antibody are examined. serum (n = 35), colonic aspirates (n = 35), and duodenal aspirates (n = 20) were collected from adults at diagnostic endoscopy. patients with evidence of ... | 1992 | 1309359 |
| susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to pd 131628. | the in vitro activity of pd 131628 against anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides spp. and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. this activity was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. pd 131628, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol were the most active agents tested. | 1992 | 1314176 |
| lvg syrian hamsters developed a syndrome of chronic enteritis associated with clostridium difficile infection. | 1992 | 1316508 | |
| treatment of asymptomatic clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. | to compare the efficacy of vancomycin and metronidazole for eradication of asymptomatic clostridium difficile fecal excretion as a means of controlling nosocomial outbreaks of c. difficile diarrhea. | 1992 | 1322075 |
| effect of piperacillin/tazobactam therapy on intestinal microflora. | the effect of piperacillin/tazobactam treatment upon the intestinal microflora was studied in 20 patients with intraabdominal infections. the patients received piperacillin 4 g combined with tazobactam 500 mg q 8 h by intravenous injection for 4-8 days. stool specimens were collected before, during and after therapy for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. six patients had measurable concentrations of piperacillin (1.2-276 mg/kg/faeces) and 4 patients tazobactam concentrations (0 ... | 1992 | 1322559 |
| acquisition of clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection. | the frequency of introduction and spread of specific clostridium difficile strains among hospitalized patients were assessed by serial cultures of patients admitted to a medical-surgical ward with endemic c. difficile-associated diarrhea. stool cultures were obtained from 634 (94%) of 678 consecutive admissions to the ward (ward admissions), and all c. difficile isolates were typed by restriction endonuclease analysis. sixty-five ward admissions introduced c. difficile to the ward, and 54 initia ... | 1992 | 1323621 |
| diminished clostridium difficile toxin a sensitivity in newborn rabbit ileum is associated with decreased toxin a receptor. | human infants are relatively resistant to clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis compared to adults. in that toxin a is the major cause of intestinal damage with this organism, we compared toxin a receptor binding and biological effects in newborn vs adult rabbit ileum. purified toxin a (m(r) 308 kd) was labeled with tritium or biotin with full retention of biologic activity. appearance of specific toxin a brush border (bb) binding was strongly age dependent with minimal [3h]toxin ... | 1992 | 1325998 |
| clostridium difficile infection: responses, relapses and re-infections. | clostridium difficile infection is a common and potentially lethal complication of antibiotic usage. since the aetiology of antibiotic-associated colitis was discovered 14 years ago, two antibiotics in particular, metronidazole and vancomycin, have been used to treat c. difficile infection. studies comparing the efficacy of these antibiotics are reviewed. it is now apparent that many of the so-called 'relapses' of c. difficile infection following antibiotic treatment are, in fact, re-infections. ... | 1992 | 1358964 |
| search for enteric microbial pathogens in patients with ulcerative colitis. | microbial pathogens were sought in faeces of patients with active ulcerative colitis and again after 3 months treatment. 64 patients were examined during their first episode of ulcerative colitis and 30 with relapse of chronic disease. at presentation, bacterial pathogens were not found; 1 patient had cryptosporidiosis. in 10 patients treatment appeared to result in some loss of colonisation resistance as evidenced by colonisation with beta-haemolytic streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, candida ... | 1992 | 1363319 |
| virulence factors in anaerobic bacteria. | various surface structures can be expressed in bacteroides fragilis, but little is known about capsular structures in other non-spore-forming anaerobes. fimbriae have been isolated from bacteroides fragilis and porphyromonas gingivalis. the importance of iron-repressible outer membrane proteins as virulence factors in bacteroides fragilis is under study. the low endotoxic activity of bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide can be attributed to the chemical composition of this organism's lipid a. ... | 1992 | 1363545 |
| comparison of clostridium sordellii toxins ht and lt with toxins a and b of c. difficile. | clostridium sordellii produces two toxins, designated ht (haemorrhagic toxin) and lt (lethal toxin), that are similar to toxins a and b of c. difficile. the physicochemical properties of toxins ht and a were remarkably similar. the specific biological activities of toxin ht were almost the same as those of toxin a, and their nh2-terminal sequences shared close homology. the properties of toxins lt and b were similar, as were their nh2-terminal sequences, but toxin b was much more cytotoxic than ... | 1992 | 1370542 |
| localization of two epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibody pcg-4 on clostridium difficile toxin a. | the toxin a gene of clostridium difficile contains a 2.5-kb region encoding a series of contiguous repeating units located at the cooh terminus of the molecule. we previously showed that the monoclonal antibody (mab) pcg-4, which neutralizes the enterotoxic activity of toxin a, binds to epitopes located within these repeating units. in the present study, we subcloned a series of fragments from this portion of the gene. the recombinant peptides expressed from the gene fragments were examined for ... | 1992 | 1375199 |
| monoclonal antibodies specific for clostridium difficile toxin b and their use in immunoassays. | five mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against clostridium difficile toxin b have been raised and characterized. three of them were immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies (6b10, 6g3, and 10b9), and the other two were of the igg1 isotype (9e5 and 17g2), recognizing specifically two distinct epitopes on the toxin b molecule. no mab was able to neutralize cytotoxic activity significantly. the two igg1 mabs were purified and applied to various immunodiagnostic assays. mabs coupled to latex beads were us ... | 1992 | 1378062 |
| high prevalence of clostridium difficile diarrhoea during intensive chemotherapy for disseminated germ cell cancer. | a prospective, consecutive study of the aetiology of treatment-associated diarrhoea was conducted in 25 patients with disseminated germ cell cancer treated with intensive chemotherapy. clostridium difficile was isolated in 45% of the diarrhoea episodes, which makes this species the most important bacterial pathogen in the development of clinically significant diarrhoea in this group of immunocompromised patients. | 1992 | 1384640 |
| evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit for the detection of clostridium difficile toxin a. | a new enzyme immunoassay (eia) kit developed for the rapid detection of clostridium difficile toxin a in faecal specimens, premier (meridian diagnostics), was evaluated using 101 faecal specimens. sixty-nine specimens were positive for clostridium difficile by isolation of the organism and by cytotoxicity in tissue culture. the eia for toxin a was positive in 49 of these 69 cases. no specimen that was negative for cytotoxicity was positive by eia. eight of the 32 specimens negative by both eia a ... | 1992 | 1396759 |
| comparison of selective media for optimal recovery of clostridium difficile from diarrhoeal stools. | five selective media were compared for their efficacy in the recovery of c. difficile from stool specimens. of 341 diarrhoeic stool samples, 38 (11%) yielded c. difficile. eighty per cent of the isolates were detected on modified taurocholate cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar (mtccfa) and 73 per cent were detected on taurocholate cycloserine cefoxitin fructose agar (tccfa). mtccfa was also found superior to the other four media as it supported better growth of c. difficile colonies, by effecti ... | 1992 | 1398806 |
| molecular, immunological, and biological characterization of a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain of clostridium difficile. | a cytotoxigenic clostridium difficile strain that fails to produce toxin a but causes hemorrhage and bloody fluid accumulation in ligated ileal loops of rabbits and hemorrhage and diarrhea in hamsters is described. the lack of reaction of dna from this strain in hybridization studies with a toxin a gene-specific 4.5-kb probe and polymerase chain reaction studies with six toxin a-specific primers indicate the absence of the toxin a gene. the cytotoxin produced by this strain was not responsible f ... | 1992 | 1398930 |
| characterization of a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain of clostridium difficile. | this study was undertaken to examine toxin production by clostridium difficile 8864, a naturally occurring isolate that has been reported to produce toxin b in the absence of toxin a. to date, this is the only strain of c. difficile reported to produce only one of the toxins. the results of our initial studies with antibodies against toxins a and b confirmed these observations. toxin b from strain 8864 and from vpi strain 10463, a strain that produces high levels of both toxin a and toxin b, was ... | 1992 | 1398977 |
| ciprofloxacin and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | recent reports have implicated ciprofloxacin as a cause of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. this problem was examined in three ways. first, the mic of ciprofloxacin for c. difficile was determined. the mic range was 8-32 mg/l, with c. difficile were 'treated' with ciprofloxacin and clindamycin in a test-tube, and the growth of c. difficile monitored. the clindamycin-treated emulsions supported growth of c. difficile, while the ciprofloxacin-treated and control emulsions did not differ ... | 1992 | 1399923 |
| new selective medium for isolating clostridium difficile from faeces. | to compare ccfa (cycloserine, cefoxitin fructose agar) with a new selective medium cdmn (containing cysteine hydrochloride, norfloxacin, and moxalactam) for the isolation of clostridium difficile after direct faecal culture. | 1992 | 1401214 |
| selective criteria for the microbiological examination of faecal specimens. | to assess the effectiveness of predetermined investigation criteria for the examination of faecal samples from inpatients, cultured stool specimens were prospectively examined for salmonella spp, shigella spp, campylobacter spp and clostridium difficile, and screened microscopically for intestinal parasites. out of a total of 505 specimens, 421 (83%) fulfilled the criteria for examination for c difficile, 254 (50%) for salmonella spp, shigella spp, and campylobacter spp, and 87 (17%) for intesti ... | 1992 | 1401225 |
| successful treatment of clostridium difficile colitis with ciprofloxacin. | 1992 | 1401841 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis following resection for hirschsprung's disease. | enterocolitis is the most common cause of significant morbidity and death in hirschsprung's disease. although most cases respond to nasogastric decompression, antibiotics, and colonic evacuation, some children have an unusually fulminant or protracted clinical course. four cases are reported of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) that developed 1 to 18 months (mean, 8 months) after definitive surgery for hirschsprung's disease (soave endorectal pull-though, 2; duhamel procedure, 2). while all childre ... | 1992 | 1403498 |
| [surgical treatment of toxic megacolon complicating pseudomembranous colitis. apropos of a case, review of the literature]. | toxic megacolon complicating pseudomembranous colitis has been rarely observed. only 36 cases have been previously reported. we present herein a new case report in which pseudomembranous colitis was secondary to prophylactic antibiotherapy with pefloxacin for hip prosthesis. despite specific oral treatment (against clostridium difficile) by vancomycin, toxic megacolon required urgent subtotal colectomy with ileostomy and sigmoidostomy. postoperative course was uneventful. analysis of the reporte ... | 1992 | 1416759 |
| effects of antibiotics and other drugs on toxin production in clostridium difficile in vitro and in vivo. | in an attempt to understand more completely why patients treated with phenothiazines (chlorpromazine and cyamemazine), methotrexate, and certain antibiotics such as clindamycin have an increased risk of developing pseudomembranous colitis, the production of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile in the presence of these drugs was measured in vitro as well as in vivo by using axenic mice. none of the drugs tested increased the production of toxins either in vitro or in vivo. | 1992 | 1416834 |
| presence of clostridium difficile and antibiotic and beta-lactamase activities in feces of volunteers treated with oral cefixime, oral cefpodoxime proxetil, or placebo. | three groups of six healthy adult volunteers were randomly assigned to a treatment with 400 mg of oral cefpodoxime proxetil, oral cefixime, or placebo per day for 10 days. informed consent was obtained from all volunteers. clostridium difficile was not detected in the feces of any subject before treatment or at any time in the subjects in the placebo group. c. difficile was, however, detected in all subjects treated with cefpodoxime proxetil and in five of six treated with cefixime. genomic dna ... | 1992 | 1416894 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | diarrhea is clearly one of the most common side effects encountered with antimicrobial treatment. virtually all drugs with an antibacterial spectrum of activity have been implicated, although there are definite differences in associated incidence rates that appear to depend on spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic properties. most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea can be classified in two categories: cases in which clostridium difficile is implicated and cases in which no putative agent ... | 1992 | 1420669 |
| use of bacitracin in the prevention and treatment of experimentally-induced idiopathic colitis in horses. | ten healthy ponies from a single herd were found by repeated fecal culture to be free of salmonella species and clostridium cadaveris. in a preliminary study, four ponies administered a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg lincomycin did not develop idiopathic colitis when the drug was administered alone. four other ponies were administered 10 mg/kg lincomycin by stomach tube together with 0.45 l of colonic content from a horse with idiopathic colitis induced earlier by lincomycin alone. two of the four ... | 1992 | 1423060 |
| evaluation of c. diff.-cube test for detection of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the toxin b assay was used to evaluate c. diff.-cube, a new dot-immunobinding assay (dia) for the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. the widely used latex agglutination test was also included for comparison. stools from 100 patients suspected of having c. difficile-associated diarrhea were tested. the toxin b assay, latex agglutination, and dia tests were positive for 12%, 9%, and 22% of the specimens, respectively. the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and n ... | 1992 | 1424501 |
| in vitro activity of l-627 against anaerobic bacteria. | the in vitro activity of l-627 against 370 anaerobic bacterial strains including anaerobic cocci, propionibacterium acnes, clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, bacteroides fragilis, other bacteroides spp. and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. this activity was compared with that of piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, meropenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. l-627, imipenem, meropenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol were the most ... | 1992 | 1425740 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: an ultrasound diagnosis. | 1992 | 1425754 | |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile strains isolated from hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea. | the susceptibility of 43 clostridium difficile strains to twelve antimicrobials was tested in vitro by agar dilution. all of the 43 strains were inhibited by low concentrations of metronidazole, penicillin g, tetracycline and ampicillin. the strains were highly resistant to gentamycin, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, cycloserine, cefotaxime and uniformly sensitive to metronidazole and penicillin g whereas the activity of other antimicrobials are variable. | 1992 | 1430970 |
| reduction of c difficile-associated diarrhea. | 1992 | 1430997 | |
| systemic and mucosal antibody responses to toxin a in patients infected with clostridium difficile. | the systemic and mucosal humoral response to toxin a, the primary virulence factor of clostridium difficile, was measured in sera and intestinal secretions from 21 patients with c. difficile diarrhea, 9 asymptomatic c. difficile fecal excretors, and 10 noncolonized control subjects. toxin a-specific igg was higher in convalescent sera of the patients with diarrhea (mean +/- se, 990 +/- 260 ng/ml) than in acute sera (620 +/- 150 ng/ml), in sera from asymptomatic excretors (410 +/- 140 ng/ml), or ... | 1992 | 1431247 |
| nosocomial infection with clostridium difficile investigated by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. | fifty-eight isolates of clostridium difficile from two distinct outbreaks were examined for inter-strain similarity by pyrolysis mass spectrometry (pms). the first outbreak began on a geriatric acute unit and spread to a long stay geriatric facility. pms analysis showed that most isolates from both sites were indistinguishable. isolates obtained in the preceding year from the long stay facility were found to be closely similar to these outbreak isolates. in the second, smaller outbreak on a fema ... | 1992 | 1433258 |
| [evaluation of the immunoenzyme test (elisa) in detecting clostiridium difficile toxin a in fecal samples]. | currently, the method of choice in diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated intestinal diseases is the detection of toxin b in fecal specimens. this method is long (72 h) and can be realized in laboratories which have tissue culture facilities. commercial agglutination test have been evaluated but they lack in specificity. an immunoenzymatic test has been recently commercialized for detection of toxin a. we have compared the results of this assay on 275 fecal specimens from patients suspect ... | 1992 | 1443788 |
| prospective study of oral teicoplanin versus oral vancomycin for therapy of pseudomembranous colitis and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | a prospective, randomized study comparing oral teicoplanin with oral vancomycin in the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was performed. teicoplanin was administered at a dosage of 100 mg twice a day for 10 days, and vancomycin was administered at a dosage of 500 mg four times a day for 10 days. cdad was diagnosed by demonstrating both c. difficile and cytotoxin in the feces of symptomatic patients (more than three loose stools per da ... | 1992 | 1444298 |
| pseudomembranous colitis in sickle cell disease responding to exchange transfusion. | we report a case of ischemic colitis with pseudomembrane formation in a 6 1/2-year-old boy with sickle cell disease that responded to medical management including exchange transfusion. this case was not associated with clostridium difficile infection but with an elevation of serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha. this rare complication of sickle cell disease has been reported only in adults. | 1992 | 1447655 |
| surgical laparoscopic experience during the first year on a teaching service. | recently, general surgeons have become actively involved in laparoscopic operations. the best method for teaching these techniques to surgical residents is unclear. since june 1990, at st. luke's-roosevelt hospital center in new york city, we have instituted a formal course of instruction for surgical residents. this includes a reference syllabus, didactic instruction, use of an inanimate training device and a hands-on practice in swine. clinically, the residents progress from observer to camera ... | 1992 | 1448732 |
| multiple dose pharmacokinetics, safety, and effects on faecal microflora, of cefepime in healthy volunteers. | in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 12 healthy volunteers pharmacokinetics, safety and impact on the faecal microflora of cefepime were determined. for eight days eight volunteers received cefepime 1000 mg bd by constant infusion over 30 min, four volunteers received placebo. concentrations of cefepime in serum and urine were measured by bioassay and hplc. the correlation between the two methods was good and the bioassay results were used for pharmacokinetic calculations. ... | 1992 | 1452502 |
| new rapid identification test for clostridium difficile. | a set of five tests were developed and tested for their ability to confirm the identity of c difficile colonies within 30 minutes. | 1992 | 1452788 |
| prevalence of bacterial agents of diarrhoeal disease at the national university hospital, singapore and their resistance to antimicrobial agents. | over a 50-month period, 4,508 stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea were bacteriologically examined at the national university hospital, singapore. salmonella serotypes other than the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli were the most common finding, being isolated in 10.8% of cases. campylobacter jejuni was unexpectedly infrequent (1.9%); aeromonas hydrophila was found in 1.8%. no other aerobic pathogen occurred in more than 1% of cases. clostridium difficile was sought only when requested, a ... | 1992 | 1455527 |
| multiple relapses of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a cancer patient. successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is caused by a toxin elaborated by the anaerobic organism clostridium difficile. although the vast majority of cdad cases are now associated with antibiotic use, the administration of antineoplastic agents alone can result in clinical manifestations. while therapy with oral vancomycin is usually successful, one quarter of patients will relapse. we describe a 16-year-old girl with osteogenic sarcoma whose therapy was significantly complicated by mu ... | 1992 | 1456403 |
| [bacterial pathogens in diarrhea: demonstration of verotoxin-producing escherichia coli using the polymerase chain reaction]. | in 23% of 576 diarrhea patients we were able to demonstrate putative bacterial pathogens. not included in this number is clostridium difficile which was found in 8 of 48 (8.3%) specimens analyzed. in addition to salmonella (8.2%), campylobacter (6.0%), aeromonas (2.7%), shigella (1.9%) and yersinia (0.8%) we identified verotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) in 10 patients (1.9%). vtec were found as frequently as shigella (occurring exclusively in patients returning from the tropics) and we ... | 1992 | 1465595 |
| cell injury and death caused by bacterial protein toxins. | bacterial protein toxins, such as clostridium difficile toxin a and the escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 are known to exert their cytotoxic action via a modification of some cytoskeletal components. the changes in actin organization caused by these toxins appear to be the primary events in the mechanism leading to cell death. | 1992 | 1471224 |
| susceptibility to infection in relation to sids. | because there is little evidence that invasive bacterial diseases contribute to cot deaths, most studies on infectious causes of sids have focused on viruses or toxin producing bacteria. although epidemiological studies found marginally significant associations between influenza virus and sids, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was isolated from 90% of older infants with sids. there are conflicting reports that some toxigenic bacteria (clostridium botulinum, clostridium difficle, enterotoxigenic ... | 1992 | 1474153 |
| [clostridium difficile and diarrhea in infants in the first half-year of life]. | in order to study a possible etiological relationship between clostridium and diarrhea in children of the first half year of life and to characterize the colonization of the intestine with these bacteria, bacteriological investigations of feces were carried out in neonates and babies aged 1, 4 and 14 days and 1, 3 and 6 months. the development of the children and their health status were monitored under home conditions. it has been established that the colonization of the neonates' intestine wit ... | 1992 | 1475133 |
| evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis. infectious diseases society of america and the food and drug administration. | colitis due to clostridium difficile is diagnosed in 10%-15% of hospitalized patients who develop diarrhea after treatment with antimicrobial drugs. diagnosis is based on the concurrence of diarrhea, one or more signs or symptoms of enteric intoxication, and stool from which toxigenic c. difficile is isolated or from which its toxins are identified. clinical trials evaluating therapy may be placebo controlled (for mild disease) or concurrently controlled with an active drug. a randomized, double ... | 1992 | 1477241 |
| gas chromatographic detection of anaerobic bacteria from environment. | a rapid method of detection of anaerobic bacteria in environment using gas chromatograph is described. metabolically produced volatile and non-volatile fatty acid by the anaerobic bacteria are detected gas-chromatographically. using this technique anaerobic bacteria are detected from soil, air, laboratory and operation theatre environments and drinking water samples. in the polluted drinking water apart from drug resistant e. coli, clostridium difficile is isolated indicating faecal pollution of ... | 1992 | 1478718 |
| [effect of dq-2556, a new cephalosporin derivative, on fecal microflora]. | a new cephalosporin derivative antibacterial agent, dq-2556, was administered intravenously to 4 healthy adult male volunteers at 2 grams per dosage 2 times a day for 5 days, and degrees of effects of drug concentrations on the fecal microflora were investigated. 1. the total viable count remained unchanged during the study period due to the minimal change in the number of members of the family bacteroidaceae, which were the most dominant organisms. in one of the volunteers, however, the total c ... | 1992 | 1479685 |
| [effect of meropenem on fecal flora in children]. | meropenem (mepm, sm-7338), a novel parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, was examined for its effect on intestinal flora in children. seven children with infectious diseases (3 male and 4 female children of age's ranging from 4 months to 8 years and 9 months weighing from 7.3 to 23.0 kg) were treated with mepm at doses ranging 10.3 to 40.5 mg/kg 3 or 4 times a day for 6 to 12 days. before, during and after the treatment, identities and numbers of various bacteria contained in 1 g of feces were deter ... | 1992 | 1479688 |
| influence of ceftriaxone on emergence of clostridium difficile. | the influence of long-term ceftriaxone administration on the emergence of clostridium difficile was studied with 80 patients receiving ceftriaxone for 14 days. in five patients (6.3%) c. difficile was cultured. the appearance of gastrointestinal disturbances during treatment with ceftriaxone was common, but the rate of emergence of c. difficile in immunocompetent patients was not high. | 1992 | 1482159 |
| impaired detection of faecal verocytotoxin in the presence of clostridium difficile cytotoxin in patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | three cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with infection with verocytotoxin producing escherichia coli are described. the concomitant presence of clostridium difficile cytotoxin in the patients' stool impaired the detection of free faecal verocytotoxin. stool specimens containing clostridium difficile cytotoxin should thus be considered negative for verocytotoxin only after neutralisation of the clostridium difficile cytotoxin with antitoxin. | 1992 | 1486891 |
| effect of oral saccharomyces boulardii treatment on the activity of clostridium difficile toxins in mouse digestive tract. | human antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis are partly due to toxin production by clostridium difficile. it is now well documented that saccharomyces boulardii protects against c. difficile induced diseases. in an attempt to understand better the mechanism of this protective effect, the action of s. boulardii on a crude toxin preparation was studied in vitro and in vivo. the results showed that the yeast had no effect on the toxins in vitro but was able to protect mice ino ... | 1992 | 1488767 |
| [the influence of cefdinir on the intestinal bacterial flora]. | the influence of cefdinir (cfdn), a new oral cephalosporin, on the intestinal bacterial flora was studied in tetra-contaminated mice and in pediatric patients. cfdn in fine granules was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg once a day for 5 consecutive days to mice contaminated with 4 different species of organism: escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, bacteroides fragilis and bifidobacterium breve. no remarkable changes were observed in the fecal viable cell counts except that decreases in e. c ... | 1992 | 1495195 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea induced by cancer chemotherapy. | four patients had diarrhea due to clostridium difficile after receiving chemotherapy for cancer. none of the patients had received antibiotics for at least 4 weeks before the onset of diarrhea. at the time of admission of any of these four patients no outbreak of diarrhea was noted on the ward. each patient was admitted with the acute onset of diarrhea after receiving chemotherapy, at different times of the year. diarrhea was clinically important and was associated with dehydration, toxemia, and ... | 1992 | 1497405 |
| clostridium difficile infection--a poor prognostic sign in uremic patients? | uremia has been reported as a risk factor for the occurrence of infection with clostridium difficile. during the two-year period 1984-86, 110 episodes of clostridium difficile infection were encountered in 70 patients on a nephrology ward. sixty-two patients had chronic renal failure and eight had acute renal failure. sixty-seven of the patients were uremic and were treated with hemodialysis (n = 35), capd (n = 21), intermittent peritoneal dialysis (n = 6) or conservatively with a low protein di ... | 1992 | 1499170 |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated gastrointestinal disease: comparison of a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxins a and b with a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxin a only and two cytotoxicity assays. | a total of 320 stool specimens obtained from 262 patients suspected of having clostridium difficile-associated gastrointestinal disease were examined with two cytotoxicity assays (ctas) and two commercially available enzyme immunoassays (eias). the ctas were an in-house-developed procedure (university of massachusetts medical center [ummc], worcester, mass.) and a commercial test (bartels cta; baxter healthcare corp., west sacramento, calif.). one eia was a monoclonal antibody-based assay for c. ... | 1992 | 1500512 |
| colonisation with digoxin-reducing strains of eubacterium lentum and clostridium difficile infection in nursing home patients. | stool specimens obtained from 77 residents of a nursing home were analysed to determine the relationship between colonisation with digoxin-reducing strains of eubacterium lentum and infection with clostridium difficile. patients were categorised according to previous antibiotic treatment, prescription of enteral feedings, and pattern of bowel habits. colonisation with digoxin-reducing e. lentum was less common in subjects infected with c. difficile, in those treated with antibiotics previously, ... | 1992 | 1500644 |
| perforated pseudomembranous colitis in the breast-fed infant. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is uncommon in the infant and complications requiring surgical intervention are rare. all prior cases have involved the direct administration of antibiotics to the child. a 2-month-old girl required bowel resection for perforation of a thickened and inflamed left colon. findings were consistent with pmc and the stool was clostridium difficile toxin positive. the patient was treated with vancomycin and did well. the patient's mother later admitted to self-administra ... | 1992 | 1501036 |
| antibiotic-associated colitis and cystic fibrosis. | the use of antibiotics in patients with cystic fibrosis is widespread, and fecal carriage of clostridium difficile occurs in up to 50% of these patients; however, antibiotic-associated colitis appears to be a rare occurrence. the reasons why this is so remain unknown. a case of antibiotic-associated colitis occurring in a patient with cystic fibrosis is described. possible mechanisms for the rarity of antibiotic-associated colitis are reviewed and implications for prompt diagnosis and therapy ar ... | 1992 | 1505297 |
| [clinical spectrum of antibiotic associated enterocolitis due to methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus]. | historically, various types of antibiotic-associated diarrhea have been recognized. in the 1950-1960s, multi-resistant staphylococcus aureus was implicated to be major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, especially pseudomembranous enterocolitis. in the late 1970s, a new type of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, which is characterized by pseudomembranous colitis and lack of fecal multi-resistant s. aureus, usually following lincosamide administration, was recognized. many studies have reveale ... | 1992 | 1507432 |
| how do you treat--and control--c. difficile infection? | 1992 | 1510097 | |
| automated lanes detection and comparison of bacterial electrophoretic protein fingerprints using fast fourier transformation. | a method of computer-automated analysis of bacterial fingerprints produced by electrophoresis of proteins in a one-dimensional slab gel system is described. proteins were visualized by silver staining. western blotting, or autoradiography. gels were recorded with a ccd camera, and after initial manual removal of the unwanted image margins, track margins were identified and extracted and a normalized trace was produced automatically using fourier routines to smooth plots required for this process ... | 1992 | 1511600 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a induces multinucleation in the human leukemic t cell line jurkat. | clostridium difficile toxin a is a cytotoxic enterotoxin known to be active on all mammalian cell lines tested up to now. it induces a disruption of the cytoskeleton, particularly the microfilament system, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation. here, we describe some effects of toxin a on the leukemic t cell line jurkat. cells exposed to the toxin did not divide, as cell numbers remained constant for 3 days in the presence of 0.5 to 1.0 micrograms/ml of the toxin. however, these cells were ... | 1992 | 1511704 |
| the effect of levofloxacin, an optically-active isomer of ofloxacin, on fecal microflora in human volunteers. | following oral administration of levofloxacin (lvfx, (s)-(-)-ofloxacin; formerly designated as dr-3355) at 200 mg per dose 3 times a day for 7 days to 6 healthy male volunteers, degrees of disturbance of the fecal microflora and fecal drug concentrations were examined. the total viable count remained unchanged during the study period due to the minimal change in the number of members of the family bacteroidaceae, the most predominant organisms. most of the aerobes including facultative anaerobes ... | 1992 | 1512920 |
| identification of toxigenic clostridium difficile strains using a toxin b gene-specific oligonucleotide probe. | we describe the use of a new specific synthetic oligonucleotide probe, deduced from the sequence of the gene for clostridium difficile toxin b, to identify toxigenic strains of c. difficile. this probe does not hybridize to the dna of non-toxigenic strains of c. difficile nor to dna isolated from different clostridium species, including c. sordellii. none of the enteric pathogenic bacteria tested were seen to hybridize with the probe. a preliminary study of direct probing of faecal specimens ind ... | 1992 | 1513339 |
| nosocomial diarrhoea due to a single strain of clostridium difficile: a prolonged outbreak in elderly patients. | an outbreak of diarrhoea occurred in an acute geriatric ward of a hospital (a). it affected six patients initially and was found to be due to a single strain of clostridium difficile. there was little evidence for asymptomatic carriage of this strain or others in the hospital patients. the following three months saw an increase in the number of symptomatic cases of c. difficile disease in two peripheral hospitals, b and c. patients had been moved from the outbreak ward to these hospitals. of 18 ... | 1992 | 1514452 |
| [eremomycin in the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis in golden hamsters]. | the efficacy of eremomycin, a new glycopeptide antibiotic, was studied on a model of antibiotic-associated colitis in golden hamsters. the colitis was induced by intraperitoneal or intragastric administration of lincomycin. in a dose of 100 mg/kg administered orally once a day for 5 days eremomycin protected the animals from the lincomycin-induced colitis: some animals survived, the others died in later periods. when the animals were infected with a pathogenetic strain of clostridium difficile f ... | 1992 | 1514862 |
| cytotoxicity of clostridium difficile toxin a for human colonic and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. | the use of bacterial exotoxins may constitute novel adjuncts to treatment of gastrointestinal tract malignancies. clostridium difficile toxin a was evaluated for its cytotoxic effect in vitro on 24 human cell lines and strains including carcinomas of the colon, pancreas, prostate, lung, breast, and lymphoid malignancies, as well as nonmalignant tissues. all nine colon and five pancreas cell lines were extraordinarily sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of clostridium difficile toxin a at very low ... | 1992 | 1516066 |
| influence of radiotherapy on intestinal microflora in cancer patients. | we investigated in 15 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix or endometrium, who were undergoing postoperative radiation therapy, the effects of different fractionated radiation exposures on counts of fecal bacteria, on the growth of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens enterotoxin production. we observed a generally significant decrease in intestinal microflora after the first radiation exposure, whereas at the end of radiotherapy all bacteria increased and reached basal val ... | 1992 | 1517812 |
| correlation between cytotoxin production and sporulation in clostridium difficile. | correlation between cytotoxin production and sporulation was demonstrated when a clostridium difficile culture was inoculated into fresh broth to give an initial count of less than 10 vegetative cells/ml with no spores. under these conditions, cytotoxin was produced and released during sporulation. addition of a sporulation inhibitor (acridine orange, 30 mg/l), resulted in a marked decrease in both sporulation and cytotoxin production, despite there being no change in the number of vegetative ce ... | 1992 | 1518037 |
| laparotomy for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. | clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis is an increasingly common nosocomial infection that usually responds to oral antibiotics. presentation as an acute abdomen occurred in 12 patients, leading to 14 laparotomies. a distinctive clinical picture was observed: advanced age, recent treatment with antibiotics, fever, abdominal pain, tenderness, marked leukocytosis, and ileus. only six of the 12 patients had diarrhea. five were immunosuppressed. abdominal computed tomographic scan ... | 1992 | 1524485 |
| evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a. | 1992 | 1526247 | |
| [prevention of acute otitis media. amoxicillin versus glycoproteins from klebsiella pneumoniae. study in children under 5 years of age]. | several studies in the english language literature have shown that continuous antibiotic prophylaxis is more effective than a placebo in preventing recurrent otitis media. in this prospective, randomized trial the effectiveness of continuous amoxicillin therapy was compared with that of glycoproteins from klebsiella pneumoniae (gkp). the two treatments were administered during 3 months to children aged 1 to 5 years, who had at least 3 episodes of otitis media within the 3 months preceding their ... | 1992 | 1533455 |
| low levels of coagulation inhibitors in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | to investigate levels of coagulation inhibitors in sera from patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis, commercially available antigen assays were used for immunochemical determination of antithrombin iii, protein c and free protein s. sera from patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis showed significantly lowered levels of all measured inhibitors as compared to controls (student's t test). protein c (mean +/- sd): 0.70 +/- 0.30 vs. 1.28 +/- ... | 1992 | 1533851 |
| clinical illnesses associated with isolation of dysgonic fermenter 3 from stool samples. | the clinical significance of the fastidious organism df-3 isolated from stool cultures is unclear. we sought to improve our understanding of this organism and to further define its association with human disease. stool cultures for df-3 were obtained from three sources: an ongoing study of enteric pathogens in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, a screening procedure in which all stool samples submitted for clostridium difficile toxin assay were cultured for df-3, and stool ... | 1992 | 1537908 |
| comparison of five cultural procedures for isolation of clostridium difficile from stools. | several procedures have been described for the culture of clostridium difficile from stool specimens. the goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of five of these methods for the isolation of c. difficile from feces of patients suspected of having c. difficile-associated illness. a total of 564 stool specimens were cultured by using heat shock, ethanol treatment (et), and direct plating on carr-scarborough cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (ccfa) with horse blood (c/s medium), bb ... | 1992 | 1537928 |
| purification and characterization of the lethal toxin (alpha-toxin) of clostridium septicum. | clostridium septicum lethal (alpha-toxin) was purified and found to be a basic protein (pi 8.4) of approximately 48 kda that is both lethal and hemolytic. the alpha-toxin had a hemolytic activity of approximately 2 x 10(7) hemolytic units per mg and a 50% lethal dose of approximately 10 micrograms/kg of body weight for mice. the alpha-toxin formed concentration-dependent, sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant aggregates of approximately 230 kda. mice immunized with alpha-toxin showed a significant in ... | 1992 | 1541552 |
| reduction in the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in an acute care hospital and a skilled nursing facility following replacement of electronic thermometers with single-use disposables. | to determine if the spread of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is related to the use of electronic thermometers in an acute hospital and a chronic healthcare facility. | 1992 | 1541811 |
| [colitis associated with antibiotics: diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile in a 10-year old child]. | 1992 | 1543301 | |
| specific binding of nucleotides and nad+ to clostridium difficile toxin a. | binding of nucleotides, a tetrapolyphosphate, and nad+ to purified toxin a of clostridium difficile was determined by monitoring changes in intrinsic fluorescence following excitation at 280 nm, and recording emissions at 340 nm. binding was specific for concentrations over the range 5 to 100 microm for atp, gtp, and their respective non-hydrolysable analogues amp-pnp and gpp(nh)p, tetrapolyphosphate and nad+. | 1992 | 1544441 |
| a non-haemagglutinating form of clostridium difficile toxin a. | analysis of crude culture filtrate of clostridium difficile by mono q-anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) demonstrated that toxin a had distinct peaks of activity for cytotoxicity and haemagglutination, as also did highly purified toxin a obtained by thyroglobulin affinity chromatography (tg) followed by two sequential anion-exchange chromatographic steps with q-sepharose ff and mono q. from tg unbound fractions a highly cytotoxic but weakly haemagglutinating variant (toxin ... | 1992 | 1548692 |
| an unusual case of myxedema megacolon with features of ischemic and pseudomembranous colitis. | myxedema megacolon is rare; usually, it manifests with abdominal distention, flatulence, and constipation. herein we describe a 72-year-old man who had intermittent diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain for more than a year. cultures of stool specimens for clostridium difficile enterotoxin were variably positive and negative. colonoscopic biopsy specimens were thought to be consistent with chronic ischemia. thyroid function tests showed severe hypothyroidism; the patient's symptoms resolved wit ... | 1992 | 1548953 |
| lack of care giver hand contamination with endemic bacterial pathogens in a nursing home. | prevalences of clostridium difficile and multiply resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) were determined in nursing staff and residents of a 233-bed long-term care facility. twenty of 38 (52.6%) patients in the long-term care ward and three of 69 (4.3%) in the skilled-nursing ward were colonized with mrsa; 16 of 48 (33%) patients in the long-term care ward and seven of 52 (13%) in the nursing home ward were colonized with c. difficile. none of the 79 staff members whose hands were cultured had c ... | 1992 | 1554142 |
| comparative study of immunological properties and cytotoxic effects of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. | we compared the immunological properties and cytotoxic effects of clostridium difficile toxin b and clostridium sordellii toxin l. these two cytotoxins are immunologically related in that the cytotoxic effect of either toxin can be neutralized by the polyclonal antiserum prepared against either cytotoxin. on the other hand, polyclonal antiserum prepared against clostridium difficile enterotoxin a did not cross-react with the cytotoxins b and l when tested by cytotoxic neutralization test nor by ... | 1992 | 1557784 |
| diarrhea in hospitalized patients. | clostridium difficle has been associated with diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving antibiotic therapy and may be nosocomially acquired. rehabilitation hospital inpatients may require frequent antibiotic intervention and are thus at risk, although few reports of epidemics at such centers have been published. this study describes the impact of c. difficle-related disease among rehabilitation hospital inpatients. a retrospective review was conducted of all inpatients evaluated for diarrhea i ... | 1992 | 1558730 |
| clostridium difficile toxin-induced reactive arthritis in a patient with chronic reiter's syndrome. | the first case of clostridium difficile toxin-induced reactive arthritis in a patient with chronic reiter's syndrome is described and compared with previous cases of reactive arthritis associated with this organism. this case demonstrates how distinct clinical manifestations may develop at different times in reiter's syndrome, according to the infecting organism. diagnostic terminology is discussed in this context. clostridium difficile should now be considered a firmly established cause of reac ... | 1992 | 1563383 |
| evaluation of the latex agglutination test for detection of clostridium difficile. | we compared two clostridium difficile latex agglutination tests, meritec from meridian diagnostic (cincinnati, ohio) and cdt from becton-dickinson (cockeysville, md), on 289 specimens submitted for tissue culture cytotoxicity using mrc-5 cells. when compared with cdt, the meritec latex agglutination test had a sensitivity of 90% (26/29), a specificity of 97% (251/260), and a correlation of 96%. meritec was compared with tissue culture cytotoxicity on 357 specimens. meritec had a sensitivity of 7 ... | 1992 | 1580756 |
| simultaneous detection of toxin a and toxin b genetic determinants of clostridium difficile using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction was developed to simultaneously detect the presence of toxin a and toxin b genes of clostridium difficile. a 1050-bp fragment of the toxin b gene and a 1217-bp fragment of the toxin a gene were amplified from 42 toxic strains of c. difficile; however, from 10 nontoxic strains the toxin gene fragments were not amplified; these data demonstrate that this multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedure can be used to differentiate between toxic and nontoxic strai ... | 1992 | 1581867 |
| multicenter evaluation of a new enzyme immunoassay for detection of clostridium difficile enterotoxin a. | the premier clostridium difficile toxin a enzyme immunoassay (pta eia) (meridian diagnostics, inc., cincinnati, ohio) for rapid diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis (aac) was evaluated in a multicenter study. stool samples from 421 patients suspected of having aac were tested for toxin a by the pta eia and for toxin b by three tissue culture assays (tca) employing wi-38 cells (new england deaconess hospital) in conventional tubes or foreskin fibroblasts (children's hospital) or vero cells ... | 1992 | 1583104 |
| measurement of fecal lactoferrin as a marker of fecal leukocytes. | while diarrheal illnesses are extremely common in communities and hospitals throughout the world, an etiologic diagnosis may be expensive and cost-ineffective. although the presence of fecal leukocytes are helpful in the diagnosis and specific therapy of inflammatory diarrheas, this requires prompt microscopic examination of fecal specimens (preferably obtained in a cup rather than a swab or diaper) by a trained observer. we developed a simple, sensitive test for the detection of leukocytes in f ... | 1992 | 1583125 |
| confirmation that the latex-reactive protein of clostridium difficile is a glutamate dehydrogenase. | 1992 | 1583152 | |
| separate isolation of clostridium difficile spores and vegetative cells from the feces of newborn infants. | a modified taurocholate-cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar medium, ph 5.5, on which vegetative cells alone could grow, was newly devised for separate isolation of clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores from feces. the ratio of c. difficile-positive feces from healthy newborn infants younger than 10 days of the age was 30.8%, and 93.3% of feces from healthy infants older than 20 days were positive for c. difficile. c. difficile spores alone were detected in twenty-one samples (75%) of ... | 1992 | 1584078 |
| proteolytic activity of clostridium difficile. | ten isolates of clostridium difficile expressing different degrees of toxigenicity and virulence in an animal model were assayed for the production of proteolytic enzymes by various methods. all strains demonstrated some activity in one or more of the assay systems. there was no direct correlation between toxigenic status and enzyme production. however, those strains known to be highly virulent in a hamster model were the most proteolytic. the most commonly detected enzyme was cell associated, a ... | 1992 | 1588579 |