Publications

hepatotoxic activity of campylobacter jejuni.	hepatotoxic factor(s) were isolated from whole-cell lysates of campylobacter jejuni gifu 8734 and purified by chromatography. a single intravenous injection of 10 micrograms of this factor reproducibly produced hepatitis in mice, as determined by histology and liver function tests. the hepatic lesions were very similar to those evoked by c. jejuni infection. tissue-culture studies with mouse hepatocytes demonstrated that low concentrations of the factor caused release of hepatic enzymes into the ...	1990	2250287
[the adhesion of clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro].	the adhesive activity of c. jejuni isolated from feces of children with campylobacter infection was studied with the use of a newly developed model. 47 clinical isolates were analyzed; of these, 91% were found to be enteroadhesive to a variable degree. as the result of in vitro studies, campylobacter were found to have much greater tropism to colonic cells and epithelial cells of peyer's patches in comparison with the epithelial cells of the small intestine. the correlation between the degree of ...	1990	2251887
importance of salmonellae and campylobacter jejuni in the etiology of diarrheal disease among children less than 5 years of age in a community in bangkok, thailand.	the etiology of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age in a low-income housing project in bangkok, thailand, was determined over 1 year. nontyphoidal salmonellae (13%), campylobacter jejuni (12%), rotavirus (12%), enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (7%), shigellae (6%), e. coli that hybridized with the enteropathogenic e. coli adherence factor probe (3%), and enteroinvasive e. coli (1%) were identified in 345 episodes of diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age. salmonellae were identi ...	1990	2254427
lectin typing of campylobacter isolates.	isolates of campylobacter jejuni, c coli, c fetus and c laridis were tested for agglutination reactions with a panel of five lectins: arachis hypogaea, bauhinia purpurea, solanum tuberosum, triticum vulgaris and wisteria floribunda. twenty three patterns of agglutination (lectin types) were recorded among 376 isolates. patterns were consistent and reproducible. only 4.5% of isolates were untypable because of autoagglutination. some lectin types were found exclusively or predominantly in a specie ...	1990	2262570
characterization of an rrna gene-specific cdna probe: applications in bacterial identification.	discontinuous dna complementary to escherichia coli 16s + 23s ribosomal rna was synthesized by random oligonucleotide priming using reverse transcriptase. cdna generated from native or denatured rrna template was labelled by incorporation of either [alpha-32p]dctp or digoxigenin-labelled dutp during synthesis, followed by template hydrolysis. the specific activity of the radiolabelled cdna was 10(7)-10(8) c.p.m. (micrograms rrna template)-1 with 60-92% incorporation after 5 h. the length of the ...	1990	2262795
[basic and clinical studies on norfloxacin in the pediatric field].	pharmacokinetic , bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin (nflx), a quinolone-carboxylic acid antibacterial agent, were conducted in the pediatric field. 1. serum concentrations and urinary excretion of nflx after single dose of 2.2 approximately 5.6 mg/kg (mean 4.4 +/- 1.2 mg/kg) were determined in 13 children with ages between 6 and 11 years. the mean peak serum concentration of the drug was 0.37 +/- 0.20 micrograms/ml at 2 hours after administration. the mean half-life of the drug ...	1990	2262968
clinical and serological manifestations in patients during a waterborne epidemic due to campylobacter jejuni.	a clinical and serological investigation of an epidemic due to campylobacter jejuni in a community with a population of 1026 is presented. altogether, 22 faecal samples from 27 patients were positive, with serotypes o 2 (n = 21) and o 6, 7 (n = 1) being identified. serotype o 19, 21 was isolated from drinking water which had been consumed by 89.5% households answering a questionnaire, thereby indicating an attack rate of 66.5% (i.e. 680 persons). mean duration of illness was 6.5 +/- 4.6 days. di ...	1990	2273277
serodiagnosis of helicobacter pylori infection in childhood.	sera from 100 children (ages, 6 to 16 years) presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were examined for antibodies to helicobacter pylori by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on crude, loosely cell-associated antigens and a partially purified urease antigen preparation. all children underwent endoscopy, and 20 children were shown to have h. pylori infection by histology or direct culture. serum anti-h. pylori immunoglobulin g (igg) levels (crude antigen) were clearly raised ...	1990	2279995
use of tri-gas incubator for routine culture of campylobacter species from fecal specimens.	we evaluated a tri-gas incubator for campylobacter isolation to be used instead of an anaerobic jar. fecal specimens were cultured in duplicate onto charcoal selective medium and incubated at 43 degrees c for 48 h in two different environments: a tri-gas incubator (forma scientific) adjusted to provide an atmosphere of 10% co2, 10% o2, and the balance n2; and evacuated anaerobic jars with a replacement gas mixture of 10% co2, 5% o2, and 85% n2. a total of 106 campylobacter jejuni and 8 campyloba ...	1990	2280012
serum antibody responses to bacterial enteropathogens in swedish travelers to south-east asia.	the possibility that serological analysis may be more sensitive than bacteriological examinations of stool samples to detect enteric infections was evaluated in 80 swedish travellers to south-east asia. serum and faecal specimens were collected before, during and after their travel. serological analyses of pre-travel and any later serum specimen identified infection with enterotoxinogenic escherichia coli (etec), salmonella or campylobacter jejuni in 28% of the travellers. the seroconversion rat ...	1990	2284576
[evaluation of a new medium using red-cell lysate for the isolation of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli].	a semiprepared medium containing horse globular lysate was evaluated for the isolation of campylobacter under two incubation atmospheres (5% o2 and candle jar). studying 19 known strains of c. jejuni, 151 human and 230 animal fecal samples. they were seeded on conventional medium (mc) and on the new medium (mlg) and incubated at 42 degrees c for 24 and 48 h. campylobacter strains grew better in 5% o2 atmosphere after 48 h of incubation. all the strains that grew or were isolated on mc, could als ...	1990	2287716
treatment of typhoid fever and infectious diarrhoea with ciprofloxacin.	ciprofloxacin and other related fluorinated 4-quinolones have microbiological and pharmacokinetic properties that suggest they could be useful agents in the management of typhoid fever and bacterial gastroenteritis. initial studies confirm that this is the case. against fully sensitive salmonella typhi ciprofloxacin is clinically as effective as chloramphenicol or co-trimoxazole. it is also effective treatment for antibiotic-resistant strains which cause epidemic and endemic infection throughout ...	1990	2292545
production of specific monoclonal antibodies to salmonella typhi flagellin and possible application to immunodiagnosis of typhoid fever.	four murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to salmonella typhi flagellin were produced. these mabs did not react with eight other enterobacterial strains tested: salmonella enteritidis, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella paratyphi a, escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, shigella sonnei, yersinia enterocolitica, and campylobacter jejuni. all four mabs cross-reacted with salmonella muenchen flagellin indicating specificity for d antigenic flagellar epitope. one mab (c4) was selected to develop a dou ...	1990	2295860
fecal contamination of shanty town toddlers in households with non-corralled poultry, lima, peru.	we used direct observer techniques to measure the frequency with which toddler-aged children were contaminated by poultry feces in homes in a peri-urban shanty town in lima, peru. the mean number of fowl was 5.4 (sd 3.1), with 10.0 (sd 10.7) poultry defecations per 12 hours. toddlers' hand contact with poultry feces occurred a mean of 2.9 (sd 3.0) times/12 hours. a mean of 3.9 (sd 4.6) feces-to-mouth episodes per household/12 hours occurred both by direct hand-to-mouth contamination and indirect ...	1990	2297055
tropical arthritis in papua new guinea: a reactive arthritis.	an idiopathic, asymmetrical oligoarthritis affecting young adults is prevalent in the tropical regions of africa, asia and melanesia. a serological study was undertaken in 23 consecutive patients with polyarthritis. each patient was assigned two paired control subjects. a standardized history, physical examination and investigations were performed. acute and convalescent sera were examined for evidence of recent infection. the presence of hla-b27 was determined. twelve (52%) of the 23 patients h ...	1990	2300025
adherence, enterotoxigenicity, invasiveness and serogroups in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains from adult humans with acute enterocolitis.	two hundred campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli strains from the same number of adult swedish patients with acute enterocolitis were tested regarding adherence to and invasiveness in hep-2 cells and for enterotoxigenicity by the cho-cell assay. the serogroup characteristics, heat-stable and heat-labile, for each strain were also investigated. eighty-four percent of the strains were classified as c. jejuni and 16 percent as c. coli. all of the strains were adherent to hep-2 cells, 39% wer ...	1990	2302354
horizontal transmission of campylobacter jejuni amongst broiler chicks: experimental studies.	horizontal transmission of campylobacter jejuni was investigated in campylobacter-free broiler chicks. one hundred and twenty chicks housed individually, were provided with water containing 10(2)-10(9) c.f.u./ml c. jejuni. colonization was rapid [47 of 73 (64%) positive cloacal cultures within 3 days and 65 of 73 (89%) within 7 days], dependent on c. jejuni strain and inoculum size but independent of chick age. groups of 5-24 chicks in isolators were exposed to c. jejuni-contaminated water or co ...	1990	2307180
isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni from slaughter hogs.	cultural examination of cecal contents from 109 market weight hogs slaughtered in prince edward island during may-july 1988 yielded 62 isolates of campylobacter coli and seven campylobacter jejuni. a commercial latex agglutination test helped to confirm the identification of campylobacter. when tested against four drugs: erythromycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and ampicillin, 11 isolates showed multiple resistance. resistance to erythromycin was seen in 19% and 28.6% of campylobacter coli and camp ...	1990	2308529
cholera-like enterotoxin in certain campylobacter jejuni strains: some observations.	fourteen human isolates of campylobacter jejuni (13 pathogenic + 1 non-pathogenic) and two animal isolates were studied for the production of a toxin immunologically related to the heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) produced by a strain of escherichia coli of human (h) origin using an immuno-dot-blot assay with immunoaffinity purified antibodies against h-lt. polymyxin-b sulfate extracts of 72 hrs growth in eight of the 15 pathogenic strains were positive in immuno-dot-blot. six of these positive extr ...	1990	2308530
campylobacter jejuni: clinical and diagnostic value of serum antibody titres.	eighty patients with either bacteriologically confirmed campylobacter jejuni infection and/or an antibody titre value of at least 1:80, determined by elisa, were studied. a significant correlation was found between titre value and severity of symptoms (p = 0.015). although a correlation was noted between symptoms score and endoscopic abnormalities, this was not quite statistically significant (p = 0.053). comparison of patients with a titre of at least 1:1280 and those with lower titre values re ...	1990	2314520
prevalence and antibiogram of campylobacter jejuni in domestic animals in rural ghana.	a total of 134 samples of rectal and cloacal swabs taken from apparently healthy domestic animals that were in 43 of 76 homes located in rural ghana were examined for campylobacter jejuni. c. jejuni was isolated from 32.8% (44/134) of the animals. the highest isolation rate of 43.6% was from local domestic fowls, followed by goats (33.3%) and sheep (23%). this organism was not detected in the pigs, cats, and ducks. all 44 strains of this bacterium produced hydrogen sulphide and hydrolyzed hippur ...	1990	2317090
campylobacter jejuni infection occurring during pregnancy.	campylobacter infections occurring during pregnancy have been associated with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, prematurity and neonatal sepsis, all ten campylobacter jejuni infections diagnosed in the approximately 24,000 pregnant women attending a 520-bed hospital between january 1984 and december 1988 were reviewed. nine women delivered healthy babies at term. in one case, campylobacter infection at 28 weeks of gestation was associated with premature labour and delivery with subsequent neonat ...	1990	2318219
enterotoxigenicity and frequency of campylobacter jejuni, c. coli and c. laridis in human and animal stool isolates from different countries.	campylobacter jejuni and c. coli strains were collected during three different years from adult patients with enterocolitis in sweden (n = 372) from 49 patients in kuwait, and campylobacter strains from hens from mexico, pakistan and sweden (n = 107) and swedish pigs (n = 47). c. jejuni was the predominant species in human and hen isolates, and c. coli in pigs c. coli was significantly more common in human isolates from sweden, and more common in hen isolates from pakistan, than in hens from swe ...	1990	2323537
production and characterisation of campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin in a synthetic medium and its assay in rat ileal loops.	a synthetic medium for production of campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin was developed for the purposes of its purification by modifying syncase medium, replacing sucrose with glucose, and supplementing with 0.025% sodium pyruvate, 0.25% sodium metabisulphite, 0.001% ferric chloride and 0.1% l-cysteine, adjusted to ph 6.7. culture filtrates of a human diarrhoeal and a chicken isolate, grown in this medium caused fluid accumulation ranging between 0.50-0.70 ml/cm of rat ileal loop. the kinetics of t ...	1990	2323551
efficacies of erythromycin and chloramphenicol in extinguishing fecal shedding of campylobacter jejuni in dogs.	oral treatment regimens of erythromycin stearate and chloramphenicol were evaluated in naturally infected laboratory colony dogs for their efficacies in extinguishing fecal shedding of campylobacter jejuni. of the 25 campylobacter-infected english foxhounds in the study, 9 were assigned to erythromycin treatment, 9 to chloramphenicol treatment, and 7 to no treatment. antimicrobials were administered for 12 days. all of the dogs that received erythromycin stearate ceased shedding c jejuni by the ...	1990	2329075
protection of breast-fed infants against campylobacter diarrhea by antibodies in human milk.	to investigate the role of breast-feeding in preventing diarrhea caused by campylobacter jejuni, we followed 98 mexican children prospectively for 2 years beginning at their birth. attack rates of diarrhea in children less than 6 months of age who were not fed human milk were 2.3 times greater than those in children of the same age who were fed human milk. breast-fed children remained free of diarrhea for a longer time than non-breast-fed children (p less than 0.0005). the diarrhea attack rate c ...	1990	2329419
culture confirmation of campylobacter spp. by latex agglutination.	a commercial latex agglutination test [meritec-campy (jcl), meridian diagnostics, cincinnati, ohio] was evaluated for identification of campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, c. laridis, and other campylobacter isolates. the test had 100% sensitivity in detecting c. jejuni and c. coli but low sensitivity with c. laridis isolates. c. upsaliensis strains reacted with the test. the test had 100% specificity for 101 non-campylobacter organisms.	1990	2332476
a domestic ferret model of immunity to campylobacter jejuni-induced enteric disease.	oral or intravenous inoculation of previously unexposed juvenile and adult ferrets with campylobacter jejuni uniformly resulted in intestinal colonization lasting 2 to 12 days. disease varied from mild to moderate diarrhea, which resolved in 2 to 3 days. orally infected animals developed agglutinin titers of 8 to 256 within 3 weeks, while those infected intravenously developed titers of 256 to 2,048. ferrets which had recovered from campylobacteriosis all developed high titers of agglutinating a ...	1990	2341180
a further study of the epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni infections.	epidemiological data on notifications of campylobacter jejuni infections is given for the christchurch health district area. the number of notifications rose steadily to a peak of 883 cases in 1987 (rate 261 per 100,000 population). christchurch shows consistently higher rates than the rest of new zealand. peak incidence is in the 0-4 age group; there is a high incidence amongst males and in rural areas; peak incidences in spring/summer; occupational risks have not been identified; chicken consu ...	1990	2342690
campylobacter jejuni in poultry giblets.	a total of 200 poultry giblets, 50 each of chickens, ducks, squab and turkeys, were examined for the presence of campylobacter jejuni. in chicken giblets, c. jejuni was isolated from gizzards, hearts, livers and spleens with incidences of 28%, 10%, 40% and 16% respectively while 24%, 6%, 36% and 10% of duck gizzards, hearts, livers and spleens were positive for the organism, respectively. c. jejuni was detected in 6% of squab gizzards, in 10% of squab livers but failed to be detected in squab he ...	1990	2346069
bismuth subsalicylate in the prevention of colonization of infant mice with campylobacter jejuni.	infant mice were used for the evaluation of the efficacy of bismuth subsalicylate (bss) in the prevention of the growth of campylobacter jejuni in the intestine. the mic90 of ten c. jejuni strains was 900 micrograms/ml. of three dosage regimens tested, continuous treatment before and after the bacterial challenge, mimicking the way bss is used in the prevention of traveller's diarrhoea, was the most effective. growth inhibition was dose dependent; the high dose of 2000 micrograms per day was mor ...	1990	2347383
[cryptosporidiosis in children].	during january through june 1988, oocysts of cryptosporidium were identified in fecal samples of 83 (7.7%) of 1073 children who presented with acute gastroenteritis. other intestinal pathogens were less common: salmonella 4.2%, e. coli 1.9%, shigella 2.6% and campylobacter jejuni 5.0%. cryptosporidiosis (c) was more common under the age of 5 years than over (8.4% vs 1.8%, respectively, p less than 0.01). in 6 (7.2%) children with c, another stool pathogen was found. frequent signs of c were diar ...	1990	2347532
[guillain-barré syndrome following campylobacter jejuni enteritis].	a 7-year-old boy nine days before onset of a guillain-barré-syndrome had had enteritis caused by campylobacter jejuni. the clinical signs were restricted to minor motor and sensory deficits in the limbs; 5 weeks after the onset of the syndrome, recovery was complete. so far, 16 cases of guillain-barré syndrome after a campylobacter enteritis have been reported in the literature.	1990	2348889
epidemiology of bacterial pathogens associated with infectious diarrhea in djibouti.	during a survey examining the causes of diarrhea in the east african country of djibouti, 140 bacterial pathogens were recovered from 209 diarrheal and 100 control stools. the following pathogens were isolated at comparable frequencies from both diarrheal and control stools: enteroadherent escherichia coli (eaec) (10.6 versus 13%), enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec) (11 versus 10%), enteropathogenic e. coli (epec) (7.7 versus 12%), salmonella spp. (2.9 versus 3%), and campylobacter jejuni-c. coli (3 ...	1990	2351738
in vitro susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated in austria to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin.	more than 200 strains of campylobacter (c.) jejuni/coli isolated in 1985 and 1987/88 from human fecal specimens were tested for their susceptibility to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. their mic90 as assessed by agar dilution tests was 2.0 and 0.5 mg/l, respectively. thus, all strains were regarded as susceptible to ciprofloxacin. with 2 out of 55 strains of c. coli the mic of erythromycin was 8.0 mg/l. therefore, only 3.6% of the c. coli strains were resistant to erythromycin. all 209 strains of ...	1990	2360966
bacterial aetiology of infantile diarrhoea in papua new guinea.	bacterial examination of stools of children with diarrhoea was carried out at port moresby, papua new guinea, where little information is available concerning the causative bacteria of diarrhoea. shigellae, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, campylobacter jejuni, and aeromonas hydrophila were isolated with the decreasing frequency in that order. among these, enterotoxigenic e. coli and c. jejuni were isolated for the first time in this country. although vib ...	1990	2362308
serogroups of campylobacter fetus and campylobacter jejuni isolated in cases of ovine abortion.	of 38 aborted ovine fetuses from 23 sheep flocks 29 c. fetus subsp. fetus and 22 c. jejuni were isolated and examined biochemically and serologically for heat-stable antigens. serologic examinations were carried out by passive haemagglutination test. in case of c. fetus subsp. fetus strains alkaline antigen extraction was used. antisera to two serogroups of c. fetus and to penner serotype reference strains 1 to 60 were produced in rabbits. abortion was caused in 18 (78.3%) flocks by c. fetus sub ...	1990	2363324
evidence of reinfection with multiple strains of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in macaca nemestrina housed under hyperendemic conditions.	a prospective bacteriologic study of 18 infant pig-tailed macaques (macaca nemestrina) housed in a nursery facility in which campylobacter spp. are endemic was undertaken to determine the epidemiology of infection and reinfection. the isolates of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli cultured from 8 of the 18 infants were characterized by serotyping, dna hybridization, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles. the chronology of infection was indicative of multiple reinfections with dif ...	1990	2365455
infection of adult syrian hamsters with flagellar variants of campylobacter jejuni.	two variants of campylobacter jejuni in1 differing in the expression of flagella, in1 (fla+ mot+, wild type) and in1-nm (fla- mot-), were tested for their ability to establish infection in adult hamsters. animals were challenged intracecally with 2 x 10(9) to 5 x 10(10) cfu and monitored for evidence of infection. none of the challenged animals developed illness. there was a significant difference, however, in the ability of in1 to infect hamsters (35 of 43) compared with that of in1-nm (1 of 42 ...	1990	2365459
[erythema nodosum in campylobacter jejuni colitis].	we report the case of a 27-years-old woman with erythema nodosum associated with ulcerative colitis due to campylobacter jejuni as diagnosed by serology, endoscopy and histology. this case indicates a hitherto rarely described etiology of erythema nodosum.	1990	2367840
partial purification and characterization of the enterotoxin produced by campylobacter jejuni.	campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin was partially purified from culture supernatant. the purified fraction after gel filtration indicated three bands at 68, 54, and 43 kilodaltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). this fraction enhanced the adenylate cyclase activity of hela cell membranes by 1.5-fold over that of the control. the study with anti-cholera toxin immunoglobulin g (igg) and ganglioside affinity column chromatographies revealed that the eluent from ...	1990	2370099
polynucleotide sequence relationships among flagellin genes of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	dna probes that encode a complete flagellin gene and various internal regions of the campylobacter coli vc167 flagellin genes were hybridized to 30 strains of c. coli or c. jejuni from 20 different lior serogroups. the results indicated a high overall degree of homology among all of the strains examined. although the most variable regions occurred within the middle of the gene, significant dna homology was observed among many serogroups in this region of the molecule.	1990	2370114
very long term diarrhoea due to campylobacter jejuni.		1990	2371198
waterborne campylobacter jejuni epidemic in a finnish hospital for rheumatic diseases.	a waterborne campylobacter jejuni outbreak in the rheumatism foundation hospital in heinola, finland, in november-december 1986 is described. 32 patients and 62 members of the staff developed gastrointestinal symptoms. c. jejuni heat-stable serotype 45 was isolated from the faeces of 32 enteritis patients and from none of the controls. no other enteropathogens were found. positive serological responses to c. jejuni acid extract antigen were detected by enzyme immunoassay in 34% of the symptomati ...	1990	2371546
campylobacter jejuni versus campylobacter coli in developing countries: how accurate are prevalence estimates?		1990	2373882
[spontaneous bacteremia caused by campylobacter jejuni].		1990	2377784
urea protects helicobacter (campylobacter) pylori from the bactericidal effect of acid.	colonization of the stomach with helicobacter (campylobacter) pylori is common in patients with duodenal ulcer disease, which is known for its high acid secretion. although the bacterium is usually isolated by culture of a gastric biopsy specimen, viable organisms may sometimes be found in the acidic gastric juice. it was postulated that urease, by generating ammonia, protected h. pylori from acid. to test this hypothesis, the ph susceptibility of h. pylori, proteus mirabilis, and the urease-neg ...	1990	2379775
elisa for campylobacter jejuni antibodies in israeli children with diarrhea and in healthy soldiers.	an elisa test was employed to detect campylobacter jejuni antibodies, using as antigen the glycine-hcl buffer extract of a local isolate. the antibody response (igg, iga and igm) was examined in a group of 32 children (age 0-12 years) with c. jejuni enteritis diagnosed by the isolation of the agent. controls were represented by two groups of children matched according to their age and sex: a) children with enteritis of unknown etiology, and b) healthy children. in addition, 66 healthy soldiers ( ...	1990	2380033
dna probe culture confirmation assay for identification of thermophilic campylobacter species.	we studied the ability of a new dna probe-based assay system to correctly identify isolates of the thermophilic campylobacters campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and c. laridis grown in vitro. we examined 424 organisms, including 214 campylobacter isolates and 210 other aerobic and anaerobic isolates. the probe assay, which uses a new homogeneous system in which all reactions take place within a single tube, demonstrated 100% accuracy, producing neither false-positive nor false-negative results. the ...	1990	2380357
purification, characterization, and localization of a protein antigen shared by thermophilic campylobacters.	a protein antigen with an apparent molecular weight (mr) of 31,000 was isolated from 0.2 m glycine hydrochloride (ph 2.2) extracts of a typical human fecal isolate, campylobacter jejuni vc74. the protein was purified to homogeneity on a preparative scale by immunoaffinity chromatography followed by molecular sieving with a superose 12 column. isoelectric focusing under nondenaturing conditions indicated a pi of 9.3, and amino acid composition analysis showed that the protein was unusually rich i ...	1990	2380360
use of an alkaline phosphatase-labeled synthetic oligonucleotide probe for detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	a commercially available synthetic nucleic acid probe (snap) conjugated to alkaline phosphatase was compared with standard culture techniques for detecting campylobacter species. the snap was able to detect either 5 ng of c. jejuni dna or 10(5) cfu of bacteria. the snap could also detect dna extracted from 10(5) cfu in mock-infected stool samples. the snap detected c. jejuni and c. coli but showed no reactivity with c. laridis, c. fetus subsp. fetus, c. fetus subsp. venerealis, c. fennelliae, "c ...	1990	2380381
peritonitis caused by campylobacter jejuni and serologically confirmed in a patient being treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.	a case of campylobacter jejuni peritonitis in a patient being treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is described. the significance of the organism isolated from our patient was initially doubtful because of a rapid defervescence of symptoms with minimal specific antibiotic therapy, lack of a preceding diarrhoeal illness and the time taken to isolate and identify the organism. serial serum igm, iga and igg antibody estimations clearly showed an acute seroconversion confirming tha ...	1990	2384683
isolation of campylobacter jejuni from the eggs and organs in experimentally infected laying japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica).		1990	2385046
in vitro susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni to rokitamycin.	the susceptibilities of 100 clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni to rokitamycin, a new macrolide, and eight other oral antibiotics were tested by using a broth microdilution method. rokitamycin demonstrated antibacterial activity that was higher than those of fosfomycin and the tetracyclines and comparable to those of erythromycin and clindamycin, whereas it was slightly less active than the quinolones.	1990	2386373
investigation of seemingly pathogen-negative diarrhoea in patients infected with hiv1.	thirty three consecutive patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv1) with persistent diarrhoea which remained undiagnosed after microbiological examination of six stool samples and rectal histology were investigated for malabsorption. all had xylose and schilling tests, distal duodenal biopsy, comprehensive barium studies, microbiological examination of six further stool samples, and repeat rectal histology. a microbiological or histological diagnosis of infection was made in ...	1990	2387512
surface array proteins of campylobacter fetus block lectin-mediated binding to type a lipopolysaccharide.	campylobacter fetus strains with type a lipopolysaccharide (lps) and a surface array protein layer (s+) have been found to be pathogenic in humans and animals. spontaneous laboratory mutants that lack surface array proteins (s-) are sensitive to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. the ability of lectins to determine the presence of the s-layer and differentiate lps type was assessed. we screened 14 lectins and found 3 (wheat germ agglutinin, bandeiraea simplicifolia ii, and helix po ...	1990	2387622
[clinical evaluation of norfloxacin in children].	oral new quinolone, norfloxacin (nflx, am-715), was evaluated for its safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in children. 1. nflx was effective in 88.0% of 25 cases infected with haemophilus influenzae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains, and other bacteria. 2. after single oral administration of 50 mg and 100 mg nflx tablet at fasting, mean peak values of serum concentration were 0.35, 0.48 microgram/ml an ...	1990	2391750
[laboratory and clinical studies on norfloxacin in the pediatric field].	in bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on norfloxacin (nflx, am-715), the following results were obtained: 1. antibacterial activity of nflx, nalidixic acid (na), amoxicillin (ampc), cefaclor (ccl), erythromycin (em) and fosfomycin (fom) against clinically isolated bacteria was examined, and it was found that mic80 of nflx against staphylococcus aureus was 3.13 micrograms/ml, thus nflx exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than na, ampc, ccl, em and fom. nflx also showed go ...	1990	2391752
[laboratory and clinical studies on norfloxacin in pediatrics].	norfloxacin (nflx, am-715) is a new quinolone antibacterial agent. in the present study, we carried out laboratory and clinical investigations on nflx in the field of pediatrics. the obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. nflx was very active against escherichia coli, salmonella sp., klebsiella sp., enterobacter sp. and pseudomonas aeruginosa among gram-negative rods. antibacterial activities of nflx against gram-positive cocci were lower than those against gram-negative rods but superio ...	1990	2391753
[bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin in the field of pediatrics].	bacteriological and clinical studies on norfloxacin (nflx) were carried out in the field of pediatrics, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. the mics of nflx against clinically isolated organisms were determined to compare with mics of nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, cefaclor, erythromycin and fosfomycin. nflx had low mics against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and, particularly, showed higher antimicrobial activity to escherichia coli, salmonella sp., klebsiella pn ...	1990	2391755
[clinical effect of norfloxacin in pediatric field].	we have investigated bioavailability, clinical efficacy, side effect and antimicrobial activity of norfloxacin (nflx) to evaluate the efficacy and safety in the pediatric field. results are summarized as follows 1. after oral administration of 100 mg, tmax was 2 hours and t 1/2 were 4.2 and 2.6 hours in 2 cases. 2. in 10 cases of urinary tract infection (uti) and 4 cases of intestinal tract infection (iti), clinical efficacy rate was 100% (14/14). 3. in uti, causative bacteria were all eradicate ...	1990	2391759
[clinical evaluation of norfloxacin in pediatrics].	we have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of norfloxacin (nflx) in 18 children with infectious diseases. doses ranging from 5.6 to 18.8 mg/kg/day for t.i.d. or q.i.d. were used. the causative bacteria were campylobacter jejuni in 3 cases, salmonella typhimurium in 1, staphylococcus aureus in 2, haemophilus influenzae in 1 and unknown in 11 cases. except 1 strain of s. aureus, all the bacteria mentioned above were eradicated. clinical effects were excellent in 8, good in 8, poor in 2, and th ...	1990	2391762
invasion-related antigens of campylobacter jejuni.	a hep-2 cell culture model was used to investigate the antigens required for epithelial cell penetration by campylobacter jejuni. penetration of hep-2 epithelial cells by c. jejuni was significantly inhibited (p less than .05) with c. jejuni lysate and a monoclonal antibody (mab 1b4) in competitive inhibition assays. immunogold electron microscopy revealed that mab 1b4 bound to the flagella and cell surface of low-passage (invasive) c. jejuni m 96, whereas only the flagella of high-passage (noni ...	1990	2401792
use of non-radioactive dna probes for detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in stool specimens.	dna probes specific for c. jejuni (pdt1720 containing a 1475 base pair fragment) and for c. jejuni and c. coli (pdt1719 containing a 1845 base pair fragment) were isolated from a bacteriophage lambda gt11 genomic library of c. jejuni, using antiserum prepared against a 46 kda major outer membrane protein of c. jejuni. the two probe-fragments had different restriction maps and were only moderately related by dna hybridization analysis. a non-radioactive labelling kit which consisted of alkaline p ...	1990	2402249
serogroups of campylobacter jejuni from man and animals.	a total of 186 campylobacter strains from aborted calf and sheep fetuses, from scouring dogs, rabbits and man, and from retailed poultry were isolated and examined biochemically and serologically for heat stable antigens. immune sera were produced in rabbits against penner reference strains from 1 to 60, and against two field isolates. out of 186 biochemically tested strains 179 (96.2%) proved c. jejuni and only 6 (3.2%) c. coli. one strain has been identified as c. laridis. in cattle and sheep ...	1990	2402970
microbiological aspects of helicobacter pylori (campylobacter pylori).	the human gastric pathogen campylobacter pylori has recently been reclassified as helicobacter pylori, and a related spiral bacterium found in the stomach of ferrets has been designated helicobacter mustelae. the general microbiological features of helicobacter pylori are delineated here, with details of phenotypic differences between helicobacter pylori and helicobacter mustelae; comparisons are made with wolinella succinogenes and campylobacter jejuni. the helicobacter organisms possess an ext ...	1990	2406141
diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies.	diarrheal diseases are major causes of morbidity, with attack rates ranging from two to 12 or more illnesses per person per year in developed and developing countries. in addition, diarrheal illnesses account for an estimated 12,600 deaths each day in children in asia, africa, and latin america. the causes of diarrhea include a wide array of viruses, bacteria, and parasites, many of which have been recognized only in the last decade or two. while enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and rotaviruses ...	1990	2406855
epidemiology of travelers' diarrhea and relative importance of various pathogens.	each year 12 million persons travel from an industrialized country to a developing country in the tropics or subtropics. these travelers experience a high rate of diarrhea caused by a wide variety of enteric pathogens acquired by ingestion of contaminated food or water. one or more pathogens can be found in the stool of a majority of ill individuals. enterotoxigenic escherichia coli generally are the most frequently identified pathogens, having been found in a median of 42% of travelers' diarrhe ...	1990	2406860
the isolation rate of escherichia coli 0157:h7 in toronto and surrounding communities.	verocytotoxin-producing strains of escherichia coli, most often serotype 0157:h7, have been associated with both sporadic and epidemic diarrheal disease in canada. in order to determine the isolation rate of e coli 0157:h7 in outpatients with diarrhea, all stool specimens submitted for culture to med-chem laboratories in metropolitan toronto between june 1988 and september 1989 were cultured on macconkey-sorbitol agar in addition to standard enteric media. a total of 46 (0.3%) of 16,125 stool sp ...	1990	22553432
[development of genetic and molecular approaches for the diagnosis and study of the pathogenicity of helicobacter pylori, agent of gastric inflammatory diseases].	helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) is a small gram-negative bacillus, recently discovered, found in the stomach of patients with active chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcers. production of a potent urease has been described as a trait common to all h. pylori so far isolated. to clarify the role of urease in the pathogenic process, as well as to engineer genetic tools useful for the diagnosis of h. pylori, we cloned the genes responsible for urease activity. a genomic library was constructed in esch ...	1991	1742619
surveillance of patients attending a rural diarrhoea treatment centre in bangladesh.	in may 1983, a surveillance system was set up at a rural diarrhoea treatment centre of the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b) to study a 20% systematic sample of all admissions. between may 1983 and april 1984, 2,635 patients were studied. a recognized enteric pathogen was detected in 69% of the patients screened, 15% of whom had a mixed infection. vibrio cholerae 0: 1 was the most common enteropathogen detected (39%), followed by enterotoxigenic escherich ...	1991	1750109
a note on the comparative efficacy of three selective media for isolation of campylobacter species from environmental samples.	the efficacy of three selective broths and agars, i.e. preston-, mccd- and car medium, were compared to each other in various combinations. twelve campylobacter coli and 9 campylobacter jejuni strains that had been isolated from sewage were used as test strains. to evaluate the applicability for highly contaminated environmental samples 15 sewage samples were examined, subsequently. significant differences between the media could not be ascertained. the application of preston broth/agar or car b ...	1991	1750964
evaluation of media for primary isolation of campylobacter jejuni from faecal samples from children and animals.	different media were used for primary isolation of campylobacter. butzler & preston medium was found to be more selective compared to skirows & blaserwang.	1991	1752634
fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from human faeces in switzerland.		1991	1753149
potential sources of campylobacter species in the homes of farmworkers in zimbabwe.	chicken faeces, houseflies, household stored drinking water, cooked or prepared foods and handwashings of people of all age groups and hands of children under 5 years old were examined as potential sources and transmission routes of campylobacter species in a farmworker community. campylobacter species were found to be common in chicken faeces collected from the homesteads of the farmworkers but were rarely isolated from houseflies or household stored drinking water. they were not isolated from ...	1991	1758009
characterization of erythromycin resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli.	the mechanism of resistance to erythromycin, the drug of choice in the treatment of campylobacter gastroenteritis, was investigated. erythromycin resistance (mics, greater than 1,024 micrograms/ml) in three clinical isolates of campylobacter jejuni and one c. coli isolate was determined to be constitutive and chromosomally mediated. in vivo protein synthesis in erythromycin-susceptible c. jejuni and c. coli strains was completely inhibited by low levels of erythromycin (5 micrograms/ml), whereas ...	1991	1759819
emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in subjects from finland.	the in vitro susceptibilities of 102 human campylobacter strains isolated between 1978 and 1980 and 100 strains isolated in 1990 to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and doxycycline were examined. the biotypes and heat-stable serotypes of the strains as well as antimicrobial treatments and travel history of the campylobacter-positive patients were also studied. the results indicated that susceptibility to erythromycin, gentamicin, and doxycycline has remained the same during ...	1991	1759828
[comparison of clinical efficacy of rokitamycin (rkm) and ofloxacin (oflx) for the treatment of campylobacter enteritis by a double-blind method. the research committee for the effect of rokitamycin, research group for infectious enteritis].	the clinical efficacy, safety and usefulness of rokitamycin (rkm), a new macrolide antibiotic, were compared with those of ofloxacin (oflx) for the treatment of campylobacter enteritis by a double blind method. the daily dose level of rkm or oflx was 600 mg. they were orally administered in three divided doses for 5 days. of 223 cases studied, 106 cases were diagnosed as campylobacter enteritis. ninety cases (rkm group: 50, oflx group: 40) except for 16 excluded or drop-out cases were analysed. ...	1991	1761896
campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infection.	during a six-year period five patients with campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infections were seen at the mayo clinic in rochester, minnesota. bacteremia was observed in two patients, one presenting with aortic valve endocarditis and the other with abdominal atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm. c. fetus subsp. fetus was isolated from tibial tissue of a patient with osteomyelitis. diarrhea was the main complaint of two further patients, and was also mentioned by the patient with the aortic aneurys ...	1991	1762387
gastroenterological emergencies in the tropics.	significant differences exist in the prevalence of most gastroenterological emergencies in tropical compared with temperate countries. both ethnic and environmental (often clearly defined geographically) factors are relevant. the major oesophageal lesions which can present acutely in tropical countries are varices and carcinoma; bleeding and obstruction are important sequelae. peptic ulcer disease (and its complications), often associated (not necessarily causally) with helicobacter pylori infec ...	1991	1764626
[guillain-barré syndrome preceded by diarrhea with the infection of campylobacter jejuni].	we report a 77-year-old woman with guillain-barré syndrome following campylobacter jejuni infection. she was admitted complaining of mild weakness in the left leg. seven days before, she had severe diarrhea, which continued several days. after admission, the weakness soon worsened resulting in tetraparesis, and the respiration became so impaired that she was supported by the artificial ventilator. deep tendon reflexes were absent in four limbs, and no sensory disturbance was noted. csf contained ...	1991	1764866
rheumatic symptoms following an outbreak of campylobacter enteritis: a five year follow up.	eighty six of 106 (81%) guests attending a party were followed up after an outbreak of campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis. acute diarrhoeal illness was reported in 35 subjects (33%), of whom seven showed acute rheumatic symptoms either alone or with other symptoms of infection with c jejuni. the antibody response to c jejuni corresponded well with the intensity of the disease. in the early phase of the gastrointestinal disease the patients with acute rheumatic symptoms displayed significantly hi ...	1991	1768164
genomic investigation of phenotypic variation in campylobacter jejuni flagellin.	western blots of whole-cell sonicates of 10 different clones of a faecal isolate of campylobacter jejuni 533 detected the expression of flagella antigens of either 59 or 62 kda. other antigenic proteins appeared identical both in the parent and all the clones. the mechanism for this phenotypic variation was studied using southern blotting with a flagellin-specific gene probe and products of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using flagellin-gene primers. restriction-enzyme digestion and southern ...	1991	1769546
recovery of viable but non-culturable campylobacter jejuni.	suspensions of campylobacter jejuni became non-culturable after storage in sterilized pond water at 4 degrees c for periods between 18 and 28 d, depending on the strain. suspensions of four strains of c. jejuni that had been in water for 6 weeks, and shown to be non-culturable, were fed to suckling mice. colonization of mice was established with two of the strains and failed with the other two strains. examination of these suspensions under the electron microscope showed some cocci having the ap ...	1991	1770362
analysis of the role of flagella in the heat-labile lior serotyping scheme of thermophilic campylobacters by mutant allele exchange.	flagellin mutations originally constructed in campylobacter coli vc167 (serotype lio8) by a gene replacement mutagenesis technique (p. guerry, s. m. logan, s. thornton, and t. j. trust, j. bacteriol. 172:1853-1860, 1990) were moved from the original host into campylobacter strains of a number of other lior serogroups by a natural transformation procedure. this is the first report of the use of this transformation method to transfer a mutated locus among campylobacter strains. flagellin mutants w ...	1991	1774247
survival and injury of escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, and yersinia enterocolitica in stream water.	experiments were done to describe the survival and injury of three strains each of enteropathogenic escherichia coli, yersinia enterocolitica, and campylobacter jejuni in agricultural surface water. bacterial suspensions within membrane diffusion chambers were immersed in two large vessels of stream water that were held at 6 and 16 degrees c and changed daily. the results of daily plate counts, using selective and nonselective media, revealed some variation among strains and genera. injury incre ...	1991	1777856
development of spontaneous resistance to ciprofloxacin in a strain of campylobacter jejuni.		1991	1778865
recovery of injured campylobacter jejuni cells after animal passage.	sixteen freeze-thaw-injured nonculturable stocks of campylobacter jejuni were passed through rat gut, and seven were reisolated. these reisolated strains were converted to toxin producers, as they were before preservation, following consecutive passages through rat gut. this observation indicated the existence of an injured, viable, but nonresuscitated form of c. jejuni which can be resuscitated to a culturable and fully virulent form by passaging the organism through a susceptible host.	1991	1781696
electron microscopic appearance of the chronic campylobacter jejuni enteritis of mice.	campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human enteritis which mimics the inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). in this study, microstructural changes on the surfaces of the murine gastrointestinal tract persistently colonized by campylobacter jejuni, strain gj-s131, were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the results revealed that the appearance of the gastrointestinal mucosa in both balb/c and km mice resembled that in human with in ...	1991	1782809
isolation of campylobacter from livers of broiler chickens with and without necrotic hepatitis lesions.	injured and normal livers from broiler chickens sent to slaughter plants were collected for bacterial examination. a total of 223 macroscopically abnormal livers and 50 normal livers were received. forty-seven thermophilic campylobacter isolates were obtained from the livers with necrotic lesions; 39 isolates were identified as campylobacter jejuni and eight as c. coli. in normal livers, six c. jejuni isolates were obtained. c. jejuni biotype 2 was the most common isolate recovered from injured ...	1991	1786003
phagocytosis and intracellular killing of campylobacter jejuni by elicited chicken peritoneal macrophages.	in vitro phagocytosis and intracellular survival of campylobacter jejuni (strains b540 and clin 1) in chicken peritoneal macrophages were studied. macrophages were induced with sephadex g-50 and harvested 48 hr later by peritoneal lavage. the extent of phagocytosis over time was determined by enumerating the intracellular c. jejuni after removal of extracellular c. jejuni with gentamicin. pre-incubation of c. jejuni with antiserum generally enabled the macrophages to ingest greater numbers of ce ...	1991	1786008
childhood diarrhoea in a low-income urban community in bangkok: incidence, clinical features, and child caretaker's behaviours.	a one-year surveillance study of childhood diarrhoea in a low-income urban community in bangkok revealed an annual incidence of 2.2 episodes per child among infants, and that the overall annual incidence among children under five years of age was 0.9 per child. rotavirus, salmonella and campylobacter jejuni were common aetiologic agents. in children less than one year, diarrhoea was caused mostly by rotavirus and salmonella. in 1-2 year old children, the major causative agent was rotavirus while ...	1991	1787280
[in vitro antimicrobial activity of rokitamycin, a macrolide antibacterial agent, against clinically isolated strains of campylobacter and other enteritis-causing bacteria].	we determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of rokitamycin (tms-19-q, rkm), a macrolide antimicrobial agent, against strains of various bacterial species isolated from enteritis patients, and compared them with those of josamycin (jm), erythromycin (em) and ofloxacin (oflx). mic90 of rkm against 147 strains of campylobacter jejuni, and each 25 strains of shigella spp., salmonella spp. and diarrheagenic escherichia coli were 1.56, 200, 800 and 200 micrograms/ml, respectively. there ...	1991	1791330
development of resistance to quinolones in five patients with campylobacteriosis treated with norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin.	development of resistance to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin was observed in five patients with campylobacter jejuni or campylobacter coli infection. from all these patients nalidixic acid- and quinolone-susceptible strains were isolated initially, whereas after therapy with norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin strains resistant to these antibiotics were found. campylobacter strains from the same patient always belonged to the same species and, with the exception of one case, showed identi ...	1991	1794366
[bacterial ileocecitis: a "new" disease].	in cases of clinical suspicion of an acute appendicitis sonography uncovers another disease as the real cause of the symptoms in about one-quarter of such cases. bacterial ileocaecitis is most frequently diagnosed (11.6% of n = 786). in special bacteriological stool cultures, yersinia enterocolitica and campylobacter jejuni were identified, whereas salmonella enteritidis was a rarer finding. the typical sonographic manifestation of bacterial ileocaecitis compared against crohn's disease of the i ...	1991	1796286
acute diarrhoeal diseases in infants aged below six months in hospital in calcutta, india: an aetiological study.	in a prospective 2-year study, 218 infants aged less than 6 months admitted to a children's hospital in calcutta with acute diarrhoea and 102 infants (control group) from the out-patient department of the same hospital with similar age, sex and socio-economic composition as the diarrhoea patients, were concurrently investigated for enteropathogenic agents in the faeces. enteropathogenic escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic e. coli, and enteroadherent e. coli constituted the 3 types of diarrhoeageni ...	1991	1801358
[the adhesive properties of bacteria of intestinal origin].	differences between strains of nonpathogenic escherichia and lactobacilli, as well as some pathogenic bacteria of enteric origin (escherichia, shigella, campylobacter), in their capacity to adhesion to rat enteric and colonic cells have been shown in vitro. the strains under study have been found to possess more pronounced adhesiveness with respect to colonic cells, which is indicative of their higher receptive capacity in comparison with enteric cells. in the absence of normal microflora lactob ...	1991	1801491
[campylobacter jejuni--the etiologic agent of enteritis; the research experience within a closed collective of infants].		1991	1802289
campylobacter jejuni infected bursitis.	campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of enteritis, and has been isolated from patients with bacteremia, meningitis, and cholecystitis. we describe here an unusual case of a chronically inflamed bursitis infected with c. jejuni.	1991	1802538
[morphological changes of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli under various culture conditions and the accompanied changes in the cell composition].	the morphological transformation from the spiral form to the coccoidal form campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli was studied under various conditions by such techniques as electron microscopy, sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), and chemical analyses. the conversion from the spiral form to the coccoidal form of campylobacter in microaerophilic cultivation occurred in about 50% of the cells in 48 h and in about 90% of the cells in 72 h. at higher temperatures (37 c and 42 c) ...	1991	1805043