Publications

human cytomegalovirus persists in myeloid progenitors and is passed to the myeloid progeny in a latent form.	cd34+ progenitor cells can harbour latent human cytomegalovirus (hcmv); however, the mechanisms of hcmv latency remain unclear. we have investigated the effects of the haematopoietic lineage restriction on the establishment and spread of the latent hcmv to progeny cells. in vitro-infected and latently-infected haematopoietic progenitor cells derived from hcmv seropositive donors were studied. the presence of hcmv dna in bone marrow progenitor (bmp) cells was determined by single colony polymeras ...	2004	15257715
cytomegalovirus antiviral resistance associated with treatment induced ul97 (protein kinase) and ul54 (dna polymerase) mutations.	hcmv-related illness due to infections with antiviral resistant virus was verified by phenotypic and genotypic assays in 17% (8/47) of high-risk immunocompromised australian patients. selective pcr-sequencing of ul97 (protein kinase; pk) and ul54 (dna polymerase; dnapol) regions important for antiviral sensitivity, identified the majority (6/8) of resistant strains through detection of mutations known to confer antiviral resistance. additionally, eight ul54 (dnapol) mutations (n408k, t691s, a692 ...	2004	15258973
[possible damaging effect of human cytomegalovirus infection on the kidney in children].		2004	15265427
beta-lactams as versatile synthetic intermediates for the preparation of heterocycles of biological interest.	since the advent of penicillin, the beta-lactam antibiotics have been the subject of much discussion and investigation, within both the scientific and public sectors. the primary biological targets of the beta-lactam antibacterial drugs are the penicillin binding proteins, a group of transpeptidases anchored within the bacterial cellular membrane, which mediate the final step of cell wall biosynthesis. the extensive use of common beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins in ...	2004	15279574
synthesis and antiviral evaluation of some novel tricyclic pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleosides.	novel pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleoside analogs were synthesized from the corresponding 3-formyl-2-chloroindole and 3-cyano-2-chloroindole nucleosides by treatment with hydrazine. very few examples of pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole heterocycles have been published in the literature and this is the first synthesis of nucleoside analogs containing this heterocycle. these new pyrazolo[3,4-b]indole nucleosides were active against human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1, but this activity was not ...	2004	15281368
differential down-modulation of hla-g and hla-a2 or -a3 cell surface expression following human cytomegalovirus infection.	during pregnancy, the non-classical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i hla-g molecule is specifically expressed in trophoblast cells at the materno-fetal interface and may exert a local control of the immune response against viral infections. human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection, which is the major cause of congenital defects, encodes multiple glycoproteins (us2, us3, us6, us10 and us11) that interrupt the mhc class i pathway of antigen presentation. the effect of some of these uni ...	2004	15288176
development of an efficient fluorescence-based microneutralization assay using recombinant human cytomegalovirus strains expressing green fluorescent protein.	medimmune vaccines has created four, live, attenuated human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) vaccine candidates, each derived from defined portions of the parental strains, towne and toledo. to determine each candidate's ability to induce hcmv specific immunity, a fluorescence-based microneutralization assay was developed using recombinants of toledo and towne which express enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp). replication of the egfp recombinants in cell culture was the same as the respective parent ...	2004	15288964
mixed cytomegalovirus glycoprotein b genotypes in immunocompromised patients.	on the basis of sequence variation in the ul55 gene that encodes glycoprotein b (gb), human cytomegalovirus (cmv) can be classified into 4 gb genotypes. the goal of the present study was to determine the distribution of cmv gb genotypes and the effect of gb type on clinical outcomes in a cohort of immunocompromised patients, including both transplant recipients and nonrecipients. the distribution of gb genotypes was as follows: gb1, 28.9% of patients; gb2, 19.6%; gb3, 23.7%; gb4, 2.0%; and mixed ...	2004	15307021
specific residues in the connector loop of the human cytomegalovirus dna polymerase accessory protein ul44 are crucial for interaction with the ul54 catalytic subunit.	the human cytomegalovirus dna polymerase includes an accessory protein, ul44, which has been proposed to act as a processivity factor for the catalytic subunit, ul54. how ul44 interacts with ul54 has not yet been elucidated. the crystal structure of ul44 revealed the presence of a connector loop analogous to that of the processivity subunit of herpes simplex virus dna polymerase, ul42, which is crucial for interaction with its cognate catalytic subunit, ul30. to investigate the role of the ul44 ...	2004	15308704
human cytomegalovirus ul84 oligomerization and heterodimerization domains act as transdominant inhibitors of orilyt-dependent dna replication: evidence that ie2-ul84 and ul84-ul84 interactions are required for lytic dna replication.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) ul84 encodes a 75-kda protein required for orilyt-dependent dna replication and interacts with ie2 in infected and transfected cells. ul84 localizes to the nucleus of transfected and infected cells and is found in viral replication compartments. in transient assays it was shown that ul84 can interfere with the ie2-mediated transactivation of the ul112/113 promoter of hcmv. to determine whether ul84 protein-protein interactions are necessary for lytic dna synthesis, w ...	2004	15308715
characterization of the human cytomegalovirus ul34 gene.	ul34 encodes the transcriptional repressor of the human cytomegalovirus immune evasion gene, us3, and is essential for viral replication in tissue culture. two different monocistronic transcripts originate from ul34 at early and late times postinfection and encode two predominant proteins and a third, minor protein. the ul34 proteins are differentially expressed throughout the viral replication cycle, with both proteins localizing to the nucleus and repressing expression of the us3 gene.	2004	15308752
human cytomegalovirus load in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a longitudinal study of lung transplant recipients.	in lung transplant recipients (ltrs), the measurement of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) load dynamics in the local environment of the lung allograft may offer distinct advantages over their assessment in the peripheral blood compartment.	2004	15319856
rick activates a nf-kappab-dependent anti-human cytomegalovirus response.	the adapter kinase receptor interacting protein-like interacting caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein kinase (rick, also called rip2 and cardiak) was found to be elevated at both the protein and rna levels during human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) replication, suggesting either that the virus may require rick for replication or that rick is part of an unsuccessful host attempt to inhibit hcmv replication. it is demonstrated here that forced expression of rick in either a kinase active or inactive ...	2004	14670961
evasion of cellular antiviral responses by human cytomegalovirus trs1 and irs1.	during infection with human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), cellular protein synthesis continues even as viral proteins are being synthesized in abundance. thus, hcmv may have a mechanism for counteracting host cell antiviral pathways that act by shutting off translation. consistent with this view, hcmv infection of human fibroblasts rescues the replication of a vaccinia virus mutant lacking the double-stranded rna-binding protein gene e3l (vvdeltae3l). hcmv also prevents the phosphorylation of the euka ...	2004	14671101
functional dissection of the transmembrane domains of the transporter associated with antigen processing (tap).	the transporter associated with antigen processing (tap1/2) translocates cytosolic peptides of proteasomal degradation into the endoplasmic reticulum (er) lumen. a peptide-loading complex of tapasin, major histocompatibility complex class i, and several auxiliary factors is assembled at the transporter to optimize antigen display to cytotoxic t-lymphocytes at the cell surface. the heterodimeric tap complex has unique n-terminal domains in addition to a 6 + 6-transmembrane segment core common to ...	2004	14679198
human cytomegalovirus inhibits tapasin-dependent peptide loading and optimization of the mhc class i peptide cargo for immune evasion.	the immune evasion protein us3 of human cytomegalovirus binds to and arrests mhc class i molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (er). however, substantial amounts of class i molecules still escape us3-mediated er retention, suggesting that not all class i alleles are affected equally by us3. here, we identify tapasin inhibition as the mechanism of mhc retention by us3. us3 directly binds tapasin and inhibits tapasin-dependent peptide loading, thereby preventing the optimization of the peptide re ...	2004	14738766
human cytomegalovirus double resistance in a donor-positive/recipient-negative lung transplant patient with an impaired cd4-mediated specific immune response.	emergence of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) resistance to ganciclovir in solid-organ transplant recipients has been found to be mostly associated with primary hcmv infection.	2004	14739146
simian cytomegalovirus encodes five rapidly evolving chemokine receptor homologues.	many herpesviruses, poxviruses and retroviruses encode proteins related to chemokines and chemokine receptors. the first one discovered, us28 of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), is a 7-transmembrane domain g protein-coupled chemokine receptor able to activate diverse cellular responses, including cell migration and gene expression. a related orf named us27 is adjacent to us28, but no functions have been defined yet. recently orfs 3-7, a cluster of five concatenated orfs with highest homology to us2 ...	2004	14739653
enhanced cytomegalovirus infection in atherosclerotic human blood vessels.	human cytomegalovirus (cmv) is a possible co-factor in atherogenesis and vascular occlusion, but its ability to actively infect medium and large blood vessels is unclear. a vascular explant model was adapted to investigate cmv infection in human coronary artery, internal mammary artery (ima), and saphenous vein (sv). vascular explants were inoculated with cmv towne or low-passage clinical isolate and examined in situ for cmv cytopathic effect and immediate-early and early antigens, as indicators ...	2004	14742264
small internal deletions in the human cytomegalovirus ie2 gene result in nonviable recombinant viruses with differential defects in viral gene expression.	the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) ie2 86-kda protein is a key viral transactivator and an important regulator of hcmv infections. we used the hcmv genome cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) to construct four hcmv mutants with disruptions in regions of ie2 86 that are predicted to be important for its transactivation and autoregulatory functions. three of these mutants have mutations that remove amino acids 356 to 359, 427 to 435, and 505 to 511, which disrupts a region of ie2 86 imp ...	2004	14747546
multiple modifications allow high-titer production of retroviral vectors carrying heterologous regulatory elements.	tumor-specific expression of therapeutic genes is a prerequisite in many approaches to retrovirus-mediated cancer gene therapy. however, tissue specificity is often associated with a reduction in viral titer. to overcome this problem, we constructed a series of murine leukemia virus (mlv)-based retroviral promoter conversion (procon) vectors carrying either the simian virus 40 poly(a) signal trimer (3pa) inserted in the 3' long terminal repeat (ltr) of these vectors or the human cytomegalovirus ...	2004	14722293
a novel viral transcript with homology to human interleukin-10 is expressed during latent human cytomegalovirus infection.	human cytomegalovirus (cmv) establishes latent infections in hematopoietic cells such as granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (gm-ps). during latency the virus is sequestered in a nonreplicating state, although limited transcriptional activity has been previously reported. in this study we sought to further examine viral gene expression during the latent phase of infection. using an experimental model of latency, primary human gm-ps were latently infected with cmv strain toledo and extracted rna s ...	2004	14722299
infection of mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells with human cytomegalovirus inhibits stimulation of t-cell proliferation via the release of soluble cd83.	we have studied the mechanisms by which human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (modcs) contribute to immune suppression. unlike infection of immature modcs, infection of mature modcs is not lytic and results in minimally decreased surface major histocompatibility complex (mhc) and costimulatory molecule expression. the presence of a small percentage of cmv-infected mature modcs, or the transfer of supernatant from infected modcs depleted of infectious virions, ...	2004	14962896
investigation of the susceptibility of human cell lines to bovine herpesvirus 4 infection: demonstration that human cells can support a nonpermissive persistent infection which protects them against tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis.	bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4) is a gammaherpesvirus that has a worldwide distribution in the population of cattle. many factors make human contamination by bohv-4 likely to occur. in this study, we performed in vitro experiments to assess the risk and the consequences of human infection by bohv-4. first, by using a recombinant bohv-4 strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter, we tested 21 human cell lines for ...	2004	14963130
the role of viruses in cardiac allograft vasculopathy.	considerable evidence suggests a role for viruses in transplant arteriosclerosis (ta), including observational data, experimental models and therapeutic trials implicating human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) in the progression to ta. in pediatric heart transplant patients, adenoviral genome in endomyocardial biopsies (emb) is an important predictor of ta and graft loss. during cmv viremia, embs from adult patients demonstrate endothelialitis and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. these changes ...	2004	14974936
glycoprotein gptrl10 of human cytomegalovirus is dispensable for virus replication in human fibroblasts.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) has a coding capacity for glycoproteins which by far exceeds that of other herpesviruses. few of these proteins have been characterized. glycoprotein gptrl10 represents a structural component of hcmv. the protein has no homologous counterparts in other herpesviruses. we have isolated bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) harboring the genome from the low passage clinical isolate pan and constructed a deletion mutant in reading frame trl10. our results show that del ...	2004	14991439
rapid detection of cytomegalovirus infection in transplant patients.	human cytomegalovirus (cmv) is a well-known cause of morbidity and mortality in transplantation patients. monitoring of cmv reactivation from latency is critical for these patients. the key to efficient and effective management of cmv infection is a test capable of rapidly monitoring and quantifying the presence of cmv in the blood. this is essential for the identification of subjects at high risk of developing cmv disease, for example, patients receiving steroid or immunosuppressive compounds f ...	2004	14995909
an anti-apoptotic viral protein that recruits bax to mitochondria.	the viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vmia), encoded by the ul37 gene of human cytomegalovirus, inhibits apoptosis-associated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization by a mechanism different from that of bcl-2. here we show that vmia induces several changes in bax that resemble those found in apoptotic cells yet take place in unstimulated, non-apoptotic vmia-expressing cells. these changes include the constitutive localization of bax at mitochondria, where it associates tightl ...	2004	15004026
nf-kappab- and c-jun-dependent regulation of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene enhancer/promoter in response to lipopolysaccharide and bacterial cpg-oligodeoxynucleotides in macrophage cell line raw 264.7.	the cytomegalovirus immediate-early (cmv ie) gene enhancer/promoter regulates the expression of immediate-early gene products and initiation of cmv replication. tnf-alpha and lipopolysaccharide (lps) strongly activate the promoter, possibly involving nf-kappab. cpg-oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg-odns), which contain unmethylated cpg dinucleotides in the context of particular base sequences, have gained attention because of their stimulating effects, via nf-kappab, which have a strong innate immune r ...	2004	15009188
rnase p-mediated inhibition of viral growth by exogenous administration of short oligonucleotide external guide sequence.	the use of external guide sequence (egs) in directing endogenous ribonuclease p (rnase p) for inhibition of viral propagation is described in this chapter, with an emphasis on chemically modified egss and their extracellular delivery. targeting of the mrna-encoding human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) protease by dna-based egss is presented as an example of how to design chemically modified egss for antiviral applications. general information about the egs-based technology is included, followed by detai ...	2004	15017068
discovery of a new family of inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) based upon lipophilic alkyl furano pyrimidine dideoxy nucleosides: action via a novel non-nucleosidic mechanism.	following our discovery of the potent anti-varicella zoster virus action of lipophilic alkyl furano pyrimidine 2'-deoxynucleosides, we now report that 2',3'-dideoxy sugar analogues are devoid of anti-vzv activity but are potent and selective inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv). the present compounds are active in vitro at ca. 1 microm with cytotoxicity only above 200 microm. importantly, we have discovered that the new agents do not act as nucleoside analogues, despite their nucleosidic s ...	2004	15027877
induction of immunity against human cytomegalovirus.	most healthy individuals have been exposed to human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and harbor the virus in a dormant form. however, in situations of immune compromise, hcmv infection is associated with high mortality rates in recipients of bone marrow transplants and with significant morbidity in recipients of solid organ transplants. conventional vaccination with attenuated hcmv or hcmv proteins fails to prime protective immune responses, presumably because the antigens fail to be presented effectively ...	2004	15029400
l-deaza-5'-noraisteromycin.	(+/-)-1-deazaaristeromycin (4) has been reported to be an inactivator of s-adenosylhomocysteine (adohcy) hydrolase and, as a consequence, to affect s-adenosylmethionine (adomet) mediated macromolecular biomethylations. to extend this to our program focused on 5'-noraristeromycin derivatives as inhibitors of the same hydrolase enzyme as potential antiviral agents, both enantiomers of 1-deaza-5'-noraristeromycin (5 and 20) have been prepared. compounds 5 and 20 were evaluated against the following ...	2004	15043137
phenotypic classification of human cd8+ t cells reflecting their function: inverse correlation between quantitative expression of cd27 and cytotoxic effector function.	phenotypic classification of human cd8(+) t cells using three cell surface markers, cd27, cd28 and cd45ra, was recently suggested to be useful for identification of naive, memory and effector cd8(+) t cells. however, it still remains unclear whether such classification precisely reflects functional classification of cd8(+) t cells. to clarify this, we characterized each cd27cd28cd45ra subset of total and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv)-specific cd8(+) t cells by analyzing the expression of perforin ...	2004	15048710
supernatants from human cytomegalovirus (hcmv)-infected retinal glial cells increase transepithelial electrical resistance in a cell culture model: evidence of hcmv immune escape in the eye?	the underlying mechanisms leading to persistence of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) in the immune privileged retina are not fully understood. this in vitro study was done to evaluate the influence of hcmv-infected retinal glial cells on epithelial barrier functions. glial cells derived from human eyes were cultured and infected with the clinical hcmv isolate hi91. supernatants of mock (gs(mock)) and hi91 (gs(hi91)) -infected glial cells were collected at 72 h post inoculation and used for incubatio ...	2004	12827513
decreased serum level of antibody against human cytomegalovirus in patients with behçet's disease.	behçet's disease (bd) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by recurrent orogenital ulcer, uveitis, and skin lesions. recurrent aphthous ulcer is associated with human cytomegalovirus (hcmv). to investigate the possible role of hcmv in bd, we measured the titers of igg, igm, and iga anti-hcmv antibodies in 73 korean patients with bd, 50 with scleroderma, 70 with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 50 from healthy controls by indirect immunofluorescent staining. the titer of igg anti-hcmv a ...	2005	14600786
aav-mediated expression of galactocerebrosidase in brain results in attenuated symptoms and extended life span in murine models of globoid cell leukodystrophy.	globoid cell leukodystrophy (gld) or krabbe disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase (galc) activity. galc is required for the lysosomal degradation of galactosylceramide, psychosine, and possibly other galactolipids. this process is extremely important during active myelination. in the absence of functional galc, psychosine accumulates, resulting in the apoptotic death of myelin-producing cells. while most patients are infants who do not survive bey ...	2005	15851012
breast milk and cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants.	the incidence of postnatal human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) reactivation during lactation equals the maternal seroprevalence. infectious virus, viral dna and rna can be isolated from cells and fat free milk whey. early onset of viral dnalactia and virolactia as well as high viral load in milk whey are maternal risk factors for virus transmission. preterm infants below 1000 g birthweight and a gestational age below 30 weeks may be at high risk of acquiring a symptomatic hcmv infection. several recent ...	2005	16278059
activation of b cells using schneider 2 cells expressing cd40 ligand for the enhancement of antigen presentation in vitro.	cd40 ligand (cd40l) expressed by activated cd4+ t cells is a family member of membrane bound tnf family ligand and its interaction with cd40 expressed in apc has been shown to contribute in enhancing immune response. exogenous stimulation through cd40 has been performed using soluble trimeric cd40l, anti-cd40 monoclonal antibody and cells expressing cd40l. schneider 2 (s2) cells, a cell line derived from drosophila melanogaster, was transfected with a plasmid vector, pac5.1/v5-hisa, for the cons ...	2005	16391518
[histologic change in human cytomegalovirus-infected explants of first trimester human placenta and expression of human cytomegalovirus gene].	to observe histologic changes of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv)-infected explants of first trimester human placenta and expression of hcmv gene in the hcmv-infected explants, and investigate the mechanism of intrauterine transmission of hcmv from mother to fetus.	2005	16324247
fatal reactivation of postnatal cytomegalovirus infection with rapid emergence of ganciclovir resistance in an infant after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) can cause serious problems after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. the death of a pediatric transplant recipient after reactivation of a postnatal hcmv infection with bilateral retinitis and pneumonitis is described. sequencing of the hcmv ul97 region revealed a compartment-specific mutation (h520q) in urine conferring ganciclovir resistance.	2005	16000504
two sp1/sp3 binding sites in the major immediate-early proximal enhancer of human cytomegalovirus have a significant role in viral replication.	we previously demonstrated that the major immediate early (mie) proximal enhancer containing one gc box and the tata box containing promoter are minimal elements required for transcription and viral replication in human fibroblast cells (h. isomura, t. tsurumi, m. f. stinski, j. virol. 78:12788-12799, 2004). after infection, the level of sp1 increased while sp3 remained constant. here we report that either sp1 or sp3 transcription factors bind to the gc boxes located at approximately positions - ...	2005	16014922
[changes of serum soluble p-selectin and tumor necrotic factor-alpha in patients with cmv induced acute coronary syndrome].	to explore the changes and relationship between serum soluble p-selectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) in coronary heart disease patients with acute coronary syndrome (acs) and human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection.	2005	16027783
[vp22 enhances the immunological activity of human cytomegalovirus pp65 dna vaccine: experimental study with mice].	to construct the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) pp65 dna vaccine vector and vp22 and pp65 coexpressing vector. to evaluate and compare immunological effects in mice.	2005	16029549
sustained elevation of neutrophils in rats induced by lentivirus-mediated g-csf delivery.	patients with severe chronic and cyclic neutropenia, characterized by neutrophil numbers <500 cells/microl, are treated daily with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf). as an alternative delivery approach we investigated the ability of lentivirus vectors to provide sustained g-csf expression.	2005	16041689
human cytomegalovirus ul131 open reading frame is required for epithelial cell tropism.	epithelial cells are one of the prominent cell types infected by human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) within its host. however, many cultured epithelial cells, such as arpe-19 retinal pigmented epithelial cells, are poorly infected by laboratory-adapted strains in cell culture, and little is known about the viral factors that determine hcmv epithelial cell tropism. in this report, we demonstrate that the ul131 open reading frame (orf), and likely the entire ul131-128 locus, is required for efficient inf ...	2005	16051825
high prevalence of viral genomes and inflammation in peripartum cardiomyopathy.	molecular pathologic investigation of endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 26 patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy revealed viral genomes (parvovirus b19, human herpes virus 6, epstein-barr virus, and human cytomegalovirus) in 8 patients (30.7%) that were associated immunohistologically with interstitial inflammation. these findings indicate a high prevalence of virus-associated inflammatory changes in peripartum cardiomyopathy.	2005	16098856
human cytomegalovirus inactivates the g0/g1-apc/c ubiquitin ligase by cdh1 dissociation.	the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c) is an e3 ubiquitin ligase that targets regulators of the cell division cycle for degradation by the 26s proteasome. discovered as a key regulator of mitosis, the apc/c has more recently been recognized to also play a limiting role in the control of g(0) maintenance, g(1)/s-transition and dna-replication. human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) has been shown to interfere with cell cycle regulation at different levels. it can induce an s phase-prone prolifera ...	2005	16138013
[experimental study on effect of jinye baidu preparation in inhibiting human cytomegalovirus protein kinase pul 97].	to study the inhibitory effect of jinye baidu preparation (jbp), a chinese medicinal preparation, on human cytomegalovirus protein kinase pu197 and to explore its molecular mechanism in treating human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection.	2005	16152835
prevalence of some herpesviruses in gingival crevicular fluid.	the herpesviruses, ancient pathogens which have co-evoluted with human, are etiologically associated with a number of diseases, from asymptomatic to oncogenic and mortal diseases. it seems that some of them have also an important role in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease.	2005	16157267
improved recovery of a fusion protein containing the antigenic domain 1 of the human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein b.	heterologous expression in escherichia coli often leads to production of the expressed proteins as insoluble and inactive inclusion bodies. the general strategy for protein recovery includes isolation and washing of inclusion bodies, solubilization of aggregated protein and refolding of solubilized protein. the process of refolding, as well as the other steps involved in inclusion body recovery, must be optimized according to the characteristics of each protein. for the development of reliable a ...	2005	16158270
multiprotein complexes that link dislocation, ubiquitination, and extraction of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.	polypeptides that fail to pass quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) are dislocated from the er membrane to the cytosol where they are degraded by the proteasome. derlin-1, a member of a family of proteins that bears homology to yeast der1p, was identified as a factor that is required for the human cytomegalovirus us11-mediated dislocation of class i mhc heavy chains from the er membrane to the cytosol. derlin-1 acts in concert with the aaa atpase p97 to remove dislocation substrate ...	2005	16186509
human cytomegalovirus, endothelial function and atherosclerosis.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) serology is linked to several measures of endothelial dysfunction. there is substantial evidence for hcmv having an aetiological role in transplant arterial disease and accumulating evidence for hcmv in the origins of preeclampsia. however, whether hcmv is a clinically significant cause of atherosclerosis in the general, immunocompetent population remains to be seen.	2005	16209860
endogenous human cytomegalovirus gb is presented efficiently by mhc class ii molecules to cd4+ ctl.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infects endothelial, epithelial, and glial cells in vivo. these cells can express mhc class ii proteins, but are unlikely to play important roles in priming host immunity. instead, it seems that class ii presentation of endogenous hcmv antigens in these cells allows recognition of virus infection. we characterized class ii presentation of hcmv glycoprotein b (gb), a membrane protein that accumulates extensively in endosomes during virus assembly. human cd4+ t cells s ...	2005	16216889
monitoring of human cytomegalovirus, hhv-6 and hhv-7 infection in kidney transplant recipients by molecular methods to predict hcmv disease after transplantation: a prospective study.	recently, highly sensitive molecular assays to detect hcmv, hhv-6 and hhv-7 have been developed but their ability to detect patients at high risk for disease is unclear.	2005	16218029
an in vitro model for the regulation of human cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation in dendritic cells by chromatin remodelling.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is a frequent cause of major disease following primary infection or reactivation from latency in immunocompromised patients. infection of non-permissive mononuclear cells is used for analyses of hcmv latency in vitro. using this approach, it is shown here that repression of lytic gene expression following experimental infection of cd34+ cells, a site of hcmv latency in vivo, correlates with recruitment of repressive chromatin around the major immediate-early promoter ...	2005	16227215
characterization of a highly glycosylated form of the human cytomegalovirus hla class i homologue gpul18.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) gpul18 is a hla class i (hla-i) homologue with high affinity for the inhibitory receptor lir-1/ilt2. the previously described 67 kda form of gpul18 is shown here to be sensitive to endoglycosidase-h (endoh). a novel form of gpul18 with a molecular mass of approximately 160 kda and resistance to endoh was identified in cells infected with hcmv strain ad169 or the low passage hcmv isolates merlin and toledo. the 67 kda endoh-sensitive gpul18 glycoform was detected earl ...	2005	16227221
synthesis, physicochemical properties and antiviral activities of ester prodrugs of ganciclovir.	the purpose of this study was to synthesize a series of diester prodrugs of ganciclovir (gcv), for improving ocular and oral bioavailability and therapeutic activity. solubility, logp, ph stability profile, in vitro antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, inhibition profile and ocular tissue hydrolysis of the gcv prodrugs were measured. val-val-gcv and val-gly-gcv diesters were found to exhibit greater aqueous stability compared to val-gcv and gly-val-gcv while ocular tissue hydrolysis demonstrated va ...	2005	16242278
synthesis and biological evaluation of n- and o-alkylated bicyclic furanopyrimidines as non-nucleosidic inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus.	2'3'-dideoxy furanopyrimidines were shown to display anti-hcmv activity via a non-nucleoside mechanism. further studies into highly modified sugar derivatives led to the preparation of n-and o-alkylated c10 furanopyrimidine analogues, and this work is described herein. these compounds were tested against hcmv strains, and the first case of submicromolar activity was observed.	2005	16248003
developments in antiviral drug design, discovery and development in 2004.	this article summarizes key aspects of progress made during 2004 toward the design, discovery and development of antiviral agents for clinical use. important developments in the identification, characterization and clinical utility of inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus; the hepatitis viruses, hepatitis b, hepatitis c; the herpes family of viruses, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, epstein-barr virus and human cytomegalovirus; the respiratory viruses, influenza, resp ...	2005	16535860
[human cytomegalovirus infection].		2005	15861706
monitoring for human cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients through antigenemia and glycoprotein n (gn) variants: evidence of correlation and potential prognostic value of gn genotypes.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) orf ul73 encodes the envelope glycoprotein gpul73-gn, which shows seven genotypes (gn-1, gn-2, gn-3a, gn-3b, gn-4a, gn-4b, gn-4c). the goal of this study was to determine retrospectively the distribution of gn variants in solid organ transplant recipients with hcmv infection and to establish an association with parameters important for monitoring post-transplantation clinical course during a follow-up of up to 2 years. peripheral blood leukocytes from 40 solid organ ...	2005	15878684
geldanamycin, a potent and specific inhibitor of hsp90, inhibits gene expression and replication of human cytomegalovirus.	the effect of geldanamycin (ga), a specific inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), on gene expression and replication of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) was studied in human embryonic lung (hel) fibroblasts. kinetic analysis indicated that ga delayed synthesis of major immediate early (mie), early and late viral proteins, and blocked a second tier of the synthesis of these proteins that occurred in untreated cells after 48 h post-infection (pi). moreover, when hcmv-infected hel cells were main ...	2005	15889536
enhanced expression from the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter in a non-replicating adenovirus encoded reporter gene following cellular exposure to chemical dna damaging agents.	we have examined expression from the human cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter of a reporter gene encoded in a replication-deficient adenovirus following cellular exposure to heat shock and chemical dna damaging agents. expression of the reporter gene was enhanced following prior treatment of cells with cisplatin and n-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorine, but not heat shock. this enhancement was more pronounced and induced by lower chemical concentrations in xeroderma pigmentosum (xp) and cockayne syndrome f ...	2005	15894289
simultaneous quantification of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv)-specific cd4+ and cd8+ t cells by a novel method using monocyte-derived hcmv-infected immature dendritic cells.	immature dendritic cells (dc) infected with an endotheliotropic (huv(+)) and leukotropic (leuk(+)) human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) strain were used as a stimulus to determine functional hcmv-specific cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells. infected dc were co-cultured with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells and both arms of t cell activation were determined by intracellular flow cytometry analysis of ifn-gamma production. efficient stimulation of hcmv-specific cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cell responses was a ...	2005	15902686
human cytomegalovirus downregulates complement receptors (cr3, cr4) and decreases phagocytosis by macrophages.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection is associated with an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. although the subversion of adaptive immune responses has been extensively studied, the consequences of hcmv infection on natural immune responses are not well documented. a striking selective downmodulation of cd11b/cd18 (cr3) or cd11c/cd18 (cr4) was found upon hcmv infection, on two models, the monocytic thp-1 cell line and monocyte- derived macrophages. hcmv-infected macrophages h ...	2005	15902695
human cytomegalovirus genetic variability in strains isolated from japanese children during 1983-2003.	the genetic variability of 74 human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) clinical isolates from 60 japanese infants and children during 1983-2003 was investigated, and the relevance to their clinical course was studied. the patients consisted of 10 asymptomatic congenitally infected babies, 45 infected perinatally or postnatally resulting in hcmv mononucleosis/hepatitis and 5 immunocompromised hosts. the hypervariable region of the hcmv genome, that is the a sequence and ul144 region was analyzed using the po ...	2005	15902703
identification of t cell epitopes by the use of rapidly generated mrna fragments.	although the number of defined t cell epitopes of clinically relevant antigens is constantly increasing, there is still an enormous need to identify further peptides, processed from new antigens or presented by rare hla molecules, respectively. here we introduce a novel two-step approach for the rapid identification of t cell epitopes. it was established in the cmv infection model. from the peripheral blood of healthy donors sharing hla-a1 according to hla serotyping we isolated cd8+ t lymphocyt ...	2005	15914199
double-stranded rna binding by human cytomegalovirus ptrs1.	the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) trs1 and irs1 genes rescue replication of vaccinia virus (vv) that has a deletion of the double-stranded rna binding protein gene e3l (vvdeltae3l). like e3l, these hcmv genes block the activation of key interferon-induced, double-stranded rna (dsrna)-activated antiviral pathways. we investigated the hypothesis that the products of these hcmv genes act by binding to dsrna. ptrs1 expressed by cell-free translation or by infection of mammalian cells with hcmv or rec ...	2005	15919885
exon 3 of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early region is required for efficient viral gene expression and for cellular cyclin modulation.	the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) major immediate-early (ie) proteins share an 85-amino-acid n-terminal domain specified by exons 2 and 3 of the major ie region, ul122-123. we have constructed ie delta30-77, a recombinant virus that lacks the majority of ie exon 3 and consequently expresses smaller forms of both ie1 72- and ie2 86-kda proteins. the mutant virus is viable but growth impaired at both high and low multiplicities of infection and exhibits a kinetic defect that is not rescued by growt ...	2005	15919900
optimization of adenovirus serotype 35 vectors for efficient transduction in human hematopoietic progenitors: comparison of promoter activities.	adenoviral gene transfer to hematopoietic stem cells (hscs)/progenitors would provide a new approach to the treatment of hematopoietic diseases and study of the hematopoietic system. we have previously reported that an adenovirus (ad) vector composed of whole ad serotype 35 (ad35), which belongs to subgroup b, shows efficient gene transfer into human bone marrow cd34+ cells. however, ad35 vector-mediated transduction into human hscs/progenitors has not yet been fully optimized. in the present st ...	2005	15944730
regulation of the translation initiation factor eif4f by multiple mechanisms in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells.	as a viral opportunistic pathogen associated with serious disease among the immunocompromised and congenital defects in newborns, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) must engage the translational machinery within its host cell to synthesize the viral proteins required for its productive growth. however, unlike many viruses, hcmv does not suppress the translation of host polypeptides. here, we examine how hcmv regulates the cellular cap recognition complex eif4f, a critical component of the cellular tra ...	2005	15956551
[observation on clinical efficacy of combined therapy of zinc supplement and jinye baidu granule in treating human cytomegalovirus infection].	to explore the clinical efficacy of the combined therapy of zinc supplement and jinye baidu granule (jbg) on human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection.	2005	15957842
inhibitory effect of hexamethylene bisacetamide on replication of human cytomegalovirus.	the effect of hexamethylane bisacetamide (hmba), a hybrid polar compound, on gene expression and replication of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) was studied. when hcmv-infected human thyroid papillary carcinoma (tpc-1) and human embryonic lung (hel) fibroblast cells were maintained with medium containing 2.5 and 5 mm hmba for 10 days, there was a greater than 2- to 3-log reduction in virus yield compared to that in untreated cells. infection of tpc-1 cells with hcmv resulted in an establishment of p ...	2005	15959837
the impact of early cytomegalovirus infection and disease in renal transplant recipients.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection is the single most frequent infectious complication in the early period after kidney transplantation. the hcmv load in blood, measured by hcmv pcr or the hcmv pp65 antigen test, is a predictor of hcmv disease in seropositive recipients. however, plasma virus load measurements are of only modest value in predicting the risk of hcmv disease in seronegative recipients of kidneys from seropositive donors. hcmv infection is an independent risk-factor for acute k ...	2005	15966969
early selection of a new ul97 mutant with a severe defect of ganciclovir phosphorylation after valaciclovir prophylaxis and short-term ganciclovir therapy in a renal transplant recipient.	we describe the emergence of a new ganciclovir resistance mutation in the ul97 gene of human cytomegalovirus, deletion of codon 601, after valaciclovir and short-term ganciclovir therapy following kidney transplantation. its role in ganciclovir resistance was supported by decreased ganciclovir phosphorylation in a recombinant vaccinia virus system.	2005	15793144
two gamma interferon-activated site-like elements in the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter/enhancer are important for viral replication.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection directly initiates a signal transduction pathway that leads to activation of a large number of cellular interferon-stimulated genes (isgs). our previous studies demonstrated that two interferon response elements, the interferon-stimulated response element and gamma interferon-activated site (gas), in the isg promoters serve as hcmv response sites (vrs). interestingly, two gas-like vrs elements (vrs1) were also present in the hcmv major immediate-early promo ...	2005	15795289
p73-dependent apoptosis through death receptor: impairment by human cytomegalovirus infection.	the discovery of p73, a p53-related protein with various isotypes resulting from different promoter usage or splicing events, provided new insights into regulation of neurogenesis and tumorigenesis. among p73 isoforms described thus far, ta-truncated molecules (deltan) appeared as key proteins according to their antagonistic activity against transcription factor activity of p53 family members. we previously showed that infection by human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) induced drug resistance and altered ...	2005	15805279
functional dissection of hcmv us11 in mediating the degradation of mhc class i molecules.	the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) gene product us11 dislocates mhc i heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and targets them for proteasomal degradation in the cytosol. to identify the structural and functional domains of us11 that mediate mhc class i molecule degradation, we constructed truncated mutants and chimeric proteins, and analyzed these to determine their intracellular localization and their ability to degrade mhc class i molecules. we found that only the luminal domain of us1 ...	2005	15823579
functional re-expression of ccr7 on cmv-specific cd8+ t cells upon antigenic stimulation.	during latency circulating human cytomegalovirus (cmv)-specific cd8(+) t cells do not express the chemokine receptor ccr7. we here show that antigen-specific stimulation in vitro with the specific cmv-peptide in combination with cmv-antigen, il-2 or il-21 induced re-expression of ccr7 on cmv-specific cd8(+) t cells. although il-15 induced strong proliferation of peptide-pulsed cmv-specific cd8(+) t cells, these cells did not re-express ccr7. cmv-specific cells that re-expressed ccr7 also express ...	2005	15837711
update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy.	human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) is a betaherpesvirus that is closely related to human cytomegalovirus. it was discovered in 1986, and hhv-6 literature has expanded considerably in the past 10 years. we here present an up-to-date and complete overview of the recent developments concerning hhv-6 biological features, clinical associations, and therapeutic approaches. hhv-6 gene expression regulation and gene products have been systematically characterized, and the multiple interactions between hhv-6 an ...	2005	15653828
dendritic-cell infection by human cytomegalovirus is restricted to strains carrying functional ul131-128 genes and mediates efficient viral antigen presentation to cd8+ t cells.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) genetic determinants of endothelial-cell tropism and virus transfer to leukocytes (both polymorphonuclear and monocyte) have been recently identified in the ul131-128 genes. here it is documented that the same genetic determinants of hcmv are responsible for monocyte-derived dendritic-cell (dc) tropism, i.e. all endotheliotropic and leukotropic strains of hcmv are also dc-tropic (or dendrotropic). in fact, all recent clinical hcmv isolates and deletion mutants sparin ...	2005	15659746
impaired dendritic cell immunophenotype and function in heart transplant patients undergoing active cytomegalovirus infection.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infects dendritic cells (dcs) in vitro and inhibits their maturation properties and their ability to stimulate t-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. this study analyzed hcmv infection of dcs in vivo.	2005	15665771
comparative analysis of a double primer pcr assay with plasma, leukocytes and antigenemia for diagnosis of active human cytomegalovirus infection in bone marrow transplant patients.	the aim of the study was to determine the prognostic value of a double primer pcr assay to detect human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection or disease in bone marrow transplant (bmt) recipients. a total of 209 blood samples including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmn), polymorphonuclear (pmn) leukocytes and plasma from 26 bmt recipients were tested by pcr assay. to discriminate between latent and active hcmv infection, 177 blood samples were also tested by a quantitative antigenemia assay. h ...	2005	15665849
the carboxyl-terminal region of human cytomegalovirus ie1491aa contains an acidic domain that plays a regulatory role and a chromatin-tethering domain that is dispensable during viral replication.	the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early (alpha) protein ie1(491aa) plays an important role in controlling viral gene expression at low multiplicities of infection. with a transient complementation assay, full-length ie1(491aa) enhanced the growth of ie1 mutant virus cr208 20-fold better than a deletion mutant lacking 71 carboxyl-terminal amino acids (ie1(1-420aa)). a 16-amino-acid domain between amino acids 476 and 491 was both necessary and sufficient for chromatin-tethering activity; h ...	2005	15596818
down-regulation of mhc class i expression in human neuronal stem cells using viral stealth mechanism.	due to their unique capacity for self-renewal in addition to their ability to differentiate into cells of all neuronal lineages, neuronal stem cells (nscs) are promising candidates for cell replacement therapy in neuronal injury and neurodegenerative diseases. however, there are few studies on immune rejection, which is one of the main problems facing successful stem cell therapy. in order to determine if human nsc might be rejected after transplantation the mhc expression level was examined in ...	2005	15607744
major contribution of codominant cd8 and cd4 t cell epitopes to the human cytomegalovirus-specific t cell repertoire.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infection or reactivation is a cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. in immunocompetent individuals, in contrast, hcmv is successfully controlled by specific cd8 and cd4 t cells. knowledge of cd8 and cd4 t cell epitopes from hcmv and their immunodominant features is crucial for the generation of epitope-specific t cells for adoptive immunotherapy and for the development of a peptide-based hcmv vaccine. therefore, we investigated the natur ...	2005	15619009
the human eye (retina): a site of persistent hcmv infection?	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) retinitis frequently occurs in severely naturally and iatrogenically immunocompromised patients. it has been shown that the immune-privileged retina is a major site of hcmv infection in aids patients. it is conceivable either that during the immunosuppression hcmv infection reactivates in various other organs viremically affecting the retina or that hcmv persisting in the retina may locally reactivate and result in hcmv retinitis.	2005	15672249
human cytomegalovirus plasmid-based amplicon vector system for gene therapy.	we have constructed and evaluated the utility of a helper-dependent virus vector system that is derived from human cytomegalovirus (hcmv). this vector is based on the herpes simplex virus (hsv) amplicon system and contains the hcmv orthologs of the two cis-acting functions required for replication and packaging of hsv genomes, the complex hcmv viral dna replication origin (orilyt), and the cleavage packaging signal (the a sequence). the hcmv amplicon vector replicated independently and was packa ...	2005	15673469
human cytomegalovirus infection of endothelial cells triggers platelet adhesion and aggregation.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is an opportunistic pathogen that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. hcmv infection of endothelial cells may lead to vascular damage in vitro, and acute-phase hcmv infection has been associated with thrombosis. we hypothesized that viral infection of endothelial cells activates coagulation cascades and contributes to thrombus formation and acute vascular catastrophes in patients with atherosclerotic disease. to assess the effects of hcmv on ...	2005	15681423
effect of hypoxia on ad5 infection, transgene expression and replication.	oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) is a common feature of various human maladies, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer; however, the effect of hypoxia on ad-based gene therapies has not been described. in this study, we evaluated how hypoxia (1% po(2)) affects different aspects of ad-based therapies, including attachment and uptake, transgene expression, and replication, in a series of cancer cell lines and primary normal cells. we found that hypoxia had no significant effect on the expression ...	2005	15690062
high prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction.	for a long time, enteroviruses have been considered to be the most common cause of acute viral myocarditis (mc), with possible transition from mc to dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm). recent investigations have shown, however, that other viruses are also frequently encountered in mc patients, suggesting that persistence of various virus species may play a pathogenic role in the transition from mc to dcm. the purpose of this study was to screen endomyocardial biopsies (embs) from patients with "idiopa ...	2005	15699250
inter- and intra-person cytomegalovirus infection in malawian families.	sequence polymorphisms in the gn and go genes of cytomegalovirus (cmv) amplified from mouth rinse and urine samples of 19 malawian patients with kaposi's sarcoma (ks) and 58 of their first-degree relatives were investigated. cmv-dna was amplified from 41 people (53%) from either the gn or go region in at least one sample, from 14 people (18%) in both domains in at least one sample, and from 13 (17%) in either domain in both samples. twenty-one (51%) were seropositive for human immunodeficiency v ...	2005	15714485
effect of human cytomegalovirus on expression of mhc class i-related chains a.	the mhc-encoded mhc class i-related chains a (mica) glycoproteins are known to enhance the functions of nk and t cells by ligating the stimulating receptor nkg2d and appear to play an important role in host defense. human cmv (hcmv) evades the immune response in many different ways, but has not previously been found to down-regulate mica. we have found that a common form of mica, which has a nucleotide insertion in exon 5 corresponding to the transmembrane region and no cytoplasmic tail, was inc ...	2005	15728525
human cytomegalovirus resistance to antiviral drugs.		2005	15728878
do microbes have a causal role in type 1 diabetes?	type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm) results from environmental factors acting on genetically susceptible individuals. microbial infections and their immunological consequences are suspected to take part in the pathogenesis of t1dm. congenital rubella infection has been strongly associated with increased disease susceptibility. in addition, infections with different strains of enteroviruses, human cytomegalovirus, and rotavirus have been suggested to be diabetogenic in susceptible individuals. a newl ...	2005	15735577
latency, chromatin remodeling, and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus in the dendritic cells of healthy carriers.	human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) persists as a subclinical, lifelong infection in the normal human host, but reactivation from latency in immunocompromised subjects results in serious disease. latency and reactivation are defining characteristics of the herpesviruses and are key to understanding their biology; however, the precise cellular sites in which hcmv is carried and the mechanisms regulating its latency and reactivation during natural infection remain poorly understood. here we present evide ...	2005	15738399
does memory improve with age? cd85j (ilt-2/lir-1) expression on cd8 t cells correlates with 'memory inflation' in human cytomegalovirus infection.	cmv-specific memory cd8(+) t cells accumulate over time to reach high frequencies amongst peripheral blood lymphocytes - a phenomenon termed 'memory inflation'. using tetramer staining on samples from a large number of subjects and multivariate regression analysis, we were able to relate this to the phenotype of cd8(+) t cells. we made the following observations: (i) cd85j (ilt-2/lir-1) was highly expressed alongside cd57 - an established effector memory marker - on cmv-specific cd8(+) t cells; ...	2005	15748215
improved neuronal transgene expression from an aav-2 vector with a hybrid cmv enhancer/pdgf-beta promoter.	adeno-associated virus type 2 (aav-2) vectors are highly promising tools for gene therapy of neurological disorders. after accommodating a cellular promoter, aav-2 vectors are able to drive sustained expression of transgene in the brain. this study aimed to develop aav-2 vectors that also facilitate a high level of neuronal expression by enhancing the strength of a neuron-specific promoter, the human platelet-derived growth factor beta-chain (pdgf) promoter.	2005	15756650
diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus intrauterine infection using fetal cells from maternal blood.	the sensitivity and specificity for the noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus intrauterine infection were estimated by using isolating single fetal cells from maternal peripheral blood.	2005	15777892