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functional γ-aminobutyrate shunt in listeria monocytogenes: role in acid tolerance and succinate biosynthesis.listeria monocytogenes, the causative agent of human listeriosis, is known for its ability to withstand severe environmental stresses. the glutamate decarboxylase (gad) system is one of the principal systems utilized by the bacterium to cope with acid stress, a reaction that produces γ-aminobutyrate (gaba) from glutamate. recently, we have shown that gaba can accumulate intracellularly under acidic conditions, even under conditions where no extracellular glutamate-gaba exchange is detectable. th ...201323064337
development and validation of qualitative sybr®green real-time pcr for detection and discrimination of listeria spp. and listeria monocytogenes.a combination of four qualitative sybr®green qpcr screening assays targeting two levels of discrimination: listeria genus (except listeria grayi) and listeria monocytogenes, is presented. these assays have been developed to be run simultaneously using the same polymerase chain reaction (pcr) programme. the paper also proposes a new validation procedure to specifically validate qpcr assays applied to food microbiology according to two guidelines: the iso 22118 norm and the "definition of minimum ...201323086339
antigen processing and presentation by dendritic cells is independent of coronin 1.coronin 1, which is a member of the evolutionary conserved coronin protein family that is highly expressed in all leukocytes is involved in the activation of the ca(2+)/calcineurin signaling pathway following cell surface stimulation in t cells, b cells as well as macrophages. mice deficient for coronin 1 have strongly reduced peripheral t cell numbers as a result of a lack of pro-survival signals for naïve t cells. whether or not impaired antigen processing and presentation in the absence of co ...201323099476
a mutant in the listeria monocytogenes fur-regulated virulence locus (frva) induces cellular immunity and confers protection against listeriosis in mice.listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive intracellular pathogen that is responsible for listeriosis, a potentially fatal, food-borne illness. due to its cytoplasmic location during infection, this pathogen can mediate a long-lasting cellular immune response, which makes attenuated strains strong candidates for vaccine development. recently, our group identified and characterized frva (fur-regulated virulence factor a), and deletion of this gene resulted in disruption of iron homeostasis and a s ...201323105022
stress-induced effects, which inhibit host defenses, alter leukocyte trafficking.acute cold restraint stress (acrs) has been reported to suppress host defenses against listeria monocytogenes, and this suppression was mediated by beta1-adrenoceptors (β1-ars). although acrs appears to inhibit mainly early innate immune defenses, interference with leukocyte chemotaxis and the involvement of β1-ar (or β2-ar) signaling had not been assessed. thus, the link between sympathetic nerve stimulation, release of neurotransmitters, and changes in blood leukocyte profiles, including oxida ...201323111563
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by listeria monocytogenes: a case report and literature review.spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (sbp) is a common and often serious complication of long standing ascites in the presence of advanced liver disease.1 we report a case of a 51- year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis admitted to our department with jaundice, ascitis and lower limbs edema. a diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was made and empiric therapy with cefotaxime was prescribed with no response. three days later listeria monocytogenes was detected in peritoneal fluid culture and ...201323109462
riboflavin analogs as antiinfectives: occurrence, mode of action, metabolism and resistance.antimetabolites are molecules, which are structurally similar to molecules needed to carry out primary metabolic reactions.the inhibitory activity of an antimetabolite depends on its successful competition with the natural substrate, ligand, modulator or cofactor of a given biomolecule. antimetabolites are indispensable as molecular tools in order to understand biological processes. beyond that,antimetabolites have a large variety of applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. the id ...201323116394
evidence of extensive diversity in bacterial adherence mechanisms that exploit unanticipated stainless steel surface structural complexity for biofilm formation.three protease-resistant bioorganic 304 stainless steel surfaces were created through the reaction of synthetic peptides consisting of the d-enantiomeric isomer (d-k122-4), the retro-inverso d-enantiomeric isomer (ri-k122-4), and a combination of the two peptides (d+ri) of the pseudomonas aeruginosa pila receptor binding domain with steel surfaces. the peptides used to produce the new materials differ only in handedness of their three-dimensional structure, but they reacted with the steel to yie ...201323212080
structural basis of met receptor dimerization by the bacterial invasion protein inlb and the hgf/sf splice variant nk1.the structural basis of ligand-induced dimerization of the receptor tyrosine kinase met by its natural ligand hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (hgf/sf) is not well understood. however, interesting insight into the molecular mechanism of met dimerization has emerged from crystal structures of met in complex with a bacterial agonist, the invasion protein internalin b (inlb) from pathogenic listeria monocytogenes. met activation by inlb promotes uptake of bacteria into host cells. structural ...201323123275
listeriosis at a tertiary care hospital in beijing, china: high prevalence of nonclustered healthcare-associated cases among adult patients.listeriosis is an emerging infectious disease associated with high mortality. there are few published reports from east asia and developing countries. our goal was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed with listeria monocytogenes at a tertiary care hospital in beijing, china.201323175565
epidemiology of infectious encephalitis, differences between a prospective study and hospital discharge data.the french epidemiology of infectious encephalitis has been described in a 2007 prospective study. we compared these results with available data (demographic features, causative agents, case-fatality ratio) obtained through the french national hospital discharge 2007 database (pmsi), in order to evaluate it as a surveillance tool for encephalitis. causative agents were identified in 52% of cases in the study, and 38% in pmsi (p < 0·001). the incidence of encephalitis in france in 2007 was estima ...201323168268
the changing pattern of bacterial meningitis in adult patients at a large tertiary university hospital in barcelona, spain (1982-2010).we conducted a prospective, observational study in barcelona (spain) to determine changes in the spectrum of adult patients with bacterial meningitis (bm) over a 29-year period.201323168216
bacterial load and inflammation in fetal tissues is not dependent on il-17a or il-22 in 10-14 day pregnant mice infected with listeria monocytogenes.in this study, we first assessed the effect of intragastric infection of pregnant mice with listeria monocytogenes on relative expression of select genes associated with t cell subsets. relative gene expression was moderately increased in placental tissues for ifnγ, il-4, il-17a, il-22, cd3, and foxp3. to assess the roles of il-17a and il-22 in resistance to listeriosis during pregnancy, we compared the severity of maternal and fetal infection in il-17a((-/-)), il-22((-/-)), and il-17a((-/-))/il ...201323178254
characterization of listeria monocytogenes isolated from ganges water, human clinical and milk samples at varanasi, india.listeria monocytogenes isolated from ganges water, human clinical and milk samples were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility, serotype identification, detection of virulence genes and eric- and rep-pcr fingerprint analyses. all isolates were uniformly resistant to ampicillin, except two isolates, and showed variable resistance to gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, ofloxacin, rifampicin and tetracycline. of the 20 isolates found positive for pathogens, seven (four human and three water isolates) be ...201323201044
multiplex fiber optic biosensor for detection of listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica from ready-to-eat meat samples.listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica are the most common foodborne bacterial pathogens and are responsible for many outbreaks. therefore, multiplex detection of these three using a single assay platform is highly desirable. the objective was to develop and optimize a fiber optic sensor for simultaneous detection of these three from food. the streptavidin coated optical waveguides were immobilized with biotinylated polyclonal antibodies and exposed to the bacte ...201323200648
antagonistic effect of pseudomonas graminis cpa-7 against foodborne pathogens in fresh-cut apples under simulated commercial conditions.recently, we reported that the application of the strain cpa-7 of pseudomonas graminis, previously isolated from apple, could reduce the population of foodborne pathogens on minimally processed (mp) apples and peaches under laboratory conditions. therefore, the objective of the present work was to find an antioxidant treatment and a packaging atmosphere condition to improve cpa-7 efficacy in reducing a cocktail of four salmonella and five listeria monocytogenes strains on mp apples under simulat ...201323200645
two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis analysis of listeria monocytogenes submitted to a redox shock.the influence of redox alteration on the growth and proteomic pattern of listeria monocytogenes was investigated. a redox shock was induced in cultures by addition of 3mm ferricyanide (fecn) and 6mm dithiothreitol (dtt) to increase or to decrease respectively the redox potential naturally occurring at the beginning of growth. in both conditions, the reducing and oxidizing redox shock had a strong influence, decreasing the maximum growth rate by half compared to a control culture. the proteomic a ...201323195917
nanodispersed eugenol has improved antimicrobial activity against escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes in bovine milk.there has been great interest in intervention strategies based on plant essential oils to control pathogens such as escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes (lm). however, the poor solubility of essential oils in water makes it difficult to disperse evenly in food matrices, impacting food quality and antimicrobial efficacy. in the present study, eugenol was dispersed in nanocapsules prepared with conjugates of whey protein isolate (wpi) and maltodextrin (md, of various chain lengths). ...201323261812
novel epidemic clones of listeria monocytogenes, united states, 2011.we identified a novel serotype 1/2a outbreak strain and 2 novel epidemic clones of listeria monocytogenes while investigating a foodborne outbreak of listeriosis associated with consumption of cantaloupe during 2011 in the united states. comparative analyses of strains worldwide are essential to identification of novel outbreak strains and epidemic clones.201323260778
listeriosis outbreaks and associated food vehicles, united states, 1998-2008.listeria monocytogenes, a bacterial foodborne pathogen, can cause meningitis, bacteremia, and complications during pregnancy. this report summarizes listeriosis outbreaks reported to the foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system of the centers for disease control and prevention during 1998-2008. the study period includes the advent of pulsenet (a national molecular subtyping network for outbreak detection) in 1998 and the listeria initiative (enhanced surveillance for outbreak investigation ...201323260661
identification of an optimized panel of variable number tandem-repeat (vntr) loci for listeria monocytogenes typing.listeria monocytogenes is an important worldwide foodborne pathogen. for listeriosis outbreak investigations, an optimal multiple-locus variable-number-tandem-repeat analysis typing panel was identified from 4 previously reported schemes. the optimal combination of loci consisted of 9 loci (lmv6, lmv1, lmv2, lm11, lm10, lmv7, lm32, lm-tr6, and lm23), which produced the same level of differentiation ability simpson index of 0.9914 as that of all 14 loci combined in the previous 4 reports. this pa ...201323265294
occam's razor and probiotics activity on listeria monocytogenes. 201323271812
transfer of cd8+ t cell memory using bcl-2 as a marker.the processes that regulate t cell memory generation are important for therapeutic design and the immune response to disease. however, what allows a subset of effector t cells to survive the contraction period to become memory cells is incompletely understood. the bcl-2 family is critical for t cell survival, and bcl-2 has been proposed to be important for the survival of memory cells. however, previous studies have relied on double-knockout models, potentially skewing the role of bcl-2, and the ...201323269245
[meningitis due to listeria monocytogenes in adults].listeria monocytogenes is the third most common cause of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults.201323250677
murine guanylate binding protein 2 (mgbp2) controls toxoplasma gondii replication.ifn-γ orchestrates the host response against intracellular pathogens. members of the guanylate binding proteins (gbp) comprise the most abundant ifn-γ-induced transcriptional response. mgbps are gtpases that are specifically up-regulated by ifn-γ, other proinflammatory cytokines, toll-like receptor agonists, as well as in response to listeria monocytogenes and toxoplasma gondii infection. mgbp2 localizes at the parasitophorous vacuole (pv) of t. gondii; however, the molecular function of mgbp2 a ...201323248289
delayed cerebral thrombosis in bacterial meningitis: a prospective cohort study.to study the incidence and clinical characteristics of delayed cerebral thrombosis in bacterial meningitis patients.201323248040
synergistic combinations of high hydrostatic pressure and essential oils or their constituents and their use in preservation of fruit juices.this work addresses the inactivation achieved with escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes egd-e by combined processes of high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) and essential oils (eos) or their chemical constituents (ccs). hhp treatments (175-400 mpa for 20 min) were combined with 200 μl/l of each eo (citrus sinensis l., citrus lemon l., citrus reticulata l., thymus algeriensis l., eucalyptus globulus l., rosmarinus officinalis l., mentha pulegium l., juniperus phoenicea l., and cyperus lo ...201323246609
expanding roles for gilt in immunity.gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt), a thioredoxin-related oxidoreductase, functions in mhc class ii-restricted antigen processing and mhc class i-restricted cross-presentation by reducing disulfide bonds of endocytosed proteins and facilitating their unfolding and optimal degradation. however, recent reports have greatly expanded our understanding of gilt's function. several studies of gilt and antigen processing have shown that the influence of gilt on the peptide reper ...201323246037
il-6 controls the innate immune response against listeria monocytogenes via classical il-6 signaling.the cytokine il-6 plays a protective role in immune responses against bacterial infections. however, the mechanisms of il-6-mediated protection are only partially understood. il-6 can signal via the il-6r complex composed of membrane-bound il-6rα (mil-6rα) and gp130. owing to the restricted expression of mil-6rα, classical il-6 signaling occurs only in a limited number of cells such as hepatocytes and certain leukocyte subsets. il-6 also interacts with soluble il-6rα proteins and these il-6/solu ...201323241882
(d)-amino acid chemical reporters reveal peptidoglycan dynamics of an intracellular pathogen.peptidoglycan (pg) is an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. although experiments with organisms in vitro have yielded a wealth of information on pg synthesis and maturation, it is unclear how these studies translate to bacteria replicating within host cells. we report a chemical approach for probing pg in vivo via metabolic labeling and bioorthogonal chemistry. a wide variety of bacterial species incorporated azide and alkyne-functionalized d-alanine into their cell walls, which we ...201323240806
current knowledge and perspectives on biofilm formation: the case of listeria monocytogenes.listeriosis is a rare, serious, and mainly food-borne infection caused by the bacterium listeria monocytogenes. this food-borne infection primarily affects pregnant women and immunologically compromised individuals. l. monocytogenes is recognized as a problem for the food industry, mainly due to its environmental persistence, attributed in part to its ability to form biofilms. biofilms are microbial communities adhered to biotic or abiotic surfaces coated by self-produced extracellular polymers. ...201323233205
lipid-labeling facilitates a novel magnetic isolation procedure to characterize pathogen-containing phagosomes.here we describe a novel approach for the isolation and biochemical characterization of pathogen-containing compartments from primary cells: we developed a lipid-based procedure to magnetically label the surface of bacteria and visualized the label by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (sem, tem). we performed infection experiments with magnetically labeled mycobacterium avium, m. tuberculosis and listeria monocytogenes and isolated magnetic bacteria-containing phagosomes using a stro ...201323231467
prevalence and level of listeria monocytogenes and other listeria sp. in ready-to-eat minimally processed and refrigerated vegetables.minimally processed and refrigerated vegetables can be contaminated with listeria species bacteria including listeria monocytogenes due to extensive handling during processing or by cross contamination from the processing environment. the objective of this study was to examine the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat minimally processed and refrigerated vegetables from supermarkets in osijek, croatia. 100 samples of ready-to-eat vegetables collected from different supermarkets in osijek, croa ...201323225207
listeria monocytogenes cholecystitis: a possible new syndrome.the u.s. food and drug administration recently added potentially fatal listeria monocytogenes infection to the list of opportunistic infections that can occur in patients who receive tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy. in this study, the first reported case of l monocytogenes cholecystitis associated with etanercept use is described. it also appears that tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy likely increases the risk for listeria cholecystitis. clinicians need to be aware of this associat ...201323221515
listeria monocytogenes septic arthritis in a patient treated with mycophenolate mofetil for polyarteritis nodosa: a case report and review of the literature.listeriosis can be a cause of arthritis. here, we present a case of listeria monocytogenes septic arthritis of the right hip in a 66-year-old male treated with mycophenolate mofetil for polyarteritis nodosa. so far, septic arthritis due to this microorganism has not been reported in patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. we review the literature of l. monocytogenes septic arthritis and discuss the role of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in precipitating listeriosis.201323218550
a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) of listeria monocytogenes isolated from norwegian salmon-processing factories and from listeriosis patients.the objective of this study was to characterize listeria monocytogenes isolated from farmed atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and the processing environment in three different norwegian factories, and compare these to clinical isolates by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva). the 65 l. monocytogenes isolates obtained gave 15 distinct mlva profiles. there was great heterogeneity in the distribution of mlva profiles in factories and within each factory. nine of the 15 mlva prof ...201323218175
survival of food-borne pathogens on natural black table olives after post-processing contamination.the aim of this study was to evaluate the survival of salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus on natural black olives during aerobic storage without brine and to conclude about the safety of this fermented food. fermented black olives (ph 3.95; nacl 6.02%) were artificially inoculated with 4 strains of salmonella enterica ser. enteritidis, 4 strains of s. enterica ser. typhimurium, 3 strains of e. coli o157:h7, 3 strains of l. monocytogenes, and 3 ...201323334099
antibacterial activity of veronica montana l. extract and of protocatechuic acid incorporated in a food system.this study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the veronica montana l. water extract and its main phenolic compound, protocatechuic acid. the antibacterial activity was determined by microdilution assay against six strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. listeria monocytogenes was the most sensitive of the tested bacterial species. antibacterial preserving properties of protocatechuic acid were also evaluated after its incorporation in cream cheese, using l. monoc ...201323333716
disruption of lmo1386, a putative dna translocase gene, affects biofilm formation of listeria monocytogenes on abiotic surfaces.the distribution and survival of listeria monocytogenes (l. monocytogenes) in food processing environment is linked to its ability to form biofilms, however the genetic mechanisms remain unclear. in our previous study, a himar1 mariner-based transposon mutagenesis was performed and 42 mutants were confirmed to have reduced biofilm formation. among the 42 biofilm deficient mutants, two isolates (s25-10c and s55-1d) harbored single insertion in lmo1386, a gene encoding a putative dna translocase. ...201323333341
efficacy of malic acid against listeria monocytogenes attached to poultry skin during refrigerated storage.this work evaluated the effect of malic acid washing on the growth of listeria monocytogenes on poultry legs stored at 4°c for 8 d. fresh inoculated chicken legs were dipped into a 1 or 2% malic acid solution (vol/vol) for 5 min or distilled water (control). surface ph values, sensorial characteristics (odor, color, texture, and overall appearance) and l. monocytogenes, mesophile, psychrotroph, and enterobacteriaceae counts were evaluated after treatment (d 0) and after 1, 3, 6, and 8 d of stora ...201323776283
effect of combining nisin with modified atmosphere packaging on inhibition of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat turkey bologna.abstract the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nisin in combination with different types of packaging on the survival of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat low-fat turkey bologna. bologna was inoculated with l. monocytogenes exposed to 1 of 6 treatments: 3 packaging treatments (100% co2, air, vacuum), each with and without nisin. bologna was refrigerated and sampled 9 times over 42 d. nisin reduced initial l. monocytogenes populations by 1.5 to 2 log cycles and 100% co2 p ...201323776282
of mice and men: dissecting the interaction between listeria monocytogenes internalin a and e-cadherin.we report a study of the interaction between internalin a (inla) and human or murine e-cadherin (ecad). inla is used by listeria monocytogenes to internalize itself into host cell, but the bacterium is unable to invade murine cells, which has been attributed to the difference in sequence between hecad and mecad. using molecular dynamics simulations, mm/gbsa free energy calculations, hydrogen bond analysis, water characterization and umbrella sampling, we provide a complete atomistic picture of t ...201324688730
salt stress-induced invasiveness of major listeria monocytogenes serotypes.of the 13 serotypes, 4b serotype strains are responsible for the majority of recorded invasive listeriosis outbreaks, although some recent listeriosis outbreaks have been attributed to strains of serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b. virulence and response to osmotic stress in 41 listeria monocytogenes strains representing serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b was investigated. it was found that serotype 4b and 1/2b strains exhibited highest invasion efficiency and formed largest plaques in ht-29 cell monolayer. invas ...201323294476
exoproteomic analysis of the seca2-dependent secretion in listeria monocytogenes egd-e.as part of the sec translocase, the accessory atpase seca2 is present in some pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. in listeria monocytogenes, deletion of seca2 results in filamentous cells that form rough colonies and have lower virulence. however, only a few proteins have been identified that are secreted by this pathway. this investigation aims to provide the first exoproteomic analysis of the seca2-dependent secretion in l. monocytogenes egd-e. by using media and temperatures relevant to bacter ...201323291529
inactivation by lemon juice of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis, and listeria monocytogenes in beef marinating for the ethnic food kelaguen.lemon juice, a major source of acidulant citric acid, is frequently used in the preparation of ethnic foods. raw or partially cooked meats are marinated with lemon juice in the preparation of a popular chamorro dish called kelaguen, which is, unfortunately, strongly associated with foodborne illness outbreaks in guam. we investigated the efficacy of lemon juice in reducing numbers of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis, and listeria monocytogenes at stationary phase during marinatio ...201323290245
crig signals induce anti-intracellular bacterial phagosome activity in a chloride intracellular channel 3-dependent manner.macrophages provide a first line of defense against bacterial infection by engulfing and killing invading bacteria, but intracellular bacteria such as listeria monocytogenes (lm) can survive in macrophages by various mechanisms of evasion. complement receptor of the immunoglobulin (crig), a c3b receptor, binds to c3b on opsonized bacteria and facilitates clearance of the bacteria by promoting their uptake. we found that crig signaling induced by agonistic anti-crig mab enhanced the killing of in ...201323280470
incorporation of listeria monocytogenes strains in raw milk biofilms.biofilms develop successively on devices of milk production without sufficient cleaning and originate from the microbial community of raw milk. the established biofilm matrices enable incorporation of pathogens like listeria monocytogenes, which can cause a continuous contamination of food processing plants. l. monocytogenes is frequently found in raw milk and non-pasteurized raw milk products and as part of a biofilm community in milk meters and bulk milk tanks. the aim of this study was to ana ...201323279814
severe invasive listeriosis--case report.listeriosis is a rare food borne infection which, in the invasive form, presents as bloodstream infection, central nervous system infection, materno-fetal infection, or focal infection. certain immunosuppressive conditions have been identified as risk factors for severe invasive disease. the invasive forms of listeriosis are associated with a high case fatality rate. we present the case of a 62-year-old male with an unremarkable medical history admitted to the iasi infectious diseases hospital f ...201323272533
influence of sterilized human fecal extract on the sensitivity of salmonella enterica atcc 13076 and listeria monocytogenes atcc 15313 to enrofloxacin.there is much debate on whether continuous exposure of commensal bacteria and potential pathogens residing in the human intestinal tract to low levels of antimicrobial agents from treated food animals pose a public health concern. to investigate antimicrobial effects on bacteria under colonic conditions, we studied resistance development in salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes exposed to enrofloxacin in the presence of fecal extract. the bacteria were incubated at 37 °c in mueller-hint ...201327029316
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by listeria monocytogenes associated with ascitic fluid lymphocytosis: a case report and review of current empiric therapy.spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (sbp) is a potentially deadly complication of ascites. we describe a case of sbp caused by listeria monocytogenes in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis. this was associated with the unusual finding of ascitic fluid lymphocytosis, which previously had only been associated with tuberculoid or malignant ascites. given increasing rates of cefotaxime-resistant sbp alongside the possibility of listeriosis, the use of cefotaxime as first-line therapy in sbp should be r ...201325383227
anti-pd-1 antibody significantly increases therapeutic efficacy of listeria monocytogenes (lm)-llo immunotherapy.one of the significant tumor immune escape mechanisms and substantial barrier for successful immunotherapy is tumor-mediated inhibition of immune response through cell-to-cell or receptor/ligand interactions. programmed death receptor-1 (pd-1) interaction with its ligands, pd-l1 and pd-l2, is one of the important strategies that many tumors employ to escape immune surveillance. upon pd-ls binding to pd-1, t cell receptor (tcr) signaling is dampened, causing inhibition of proliferation, decreased ...201324829751
comparative lethality kinetic curves and predictive models of f-value for listeria monocytogenes using different sanitizers.the objective of this work was to evaluate the kinetic of inactivation of listeria monocytogenes using peracetic acid, chlorhexidine, and organic acids as active agent, determining the respective d-, z-, and f-values. from our knowledge, these important results from an industrial view point are not available in the current literature, mainly for organic acids, pointing out the main contribution of the present work. lower d-values were obtained for peracetic acid and chlorhexidine, compared with ...201324804011
microglial activation and expression of immune-related genes in a rat ex vivo nervous system model after infection with listeria monocytogenes.a wide variety of microorganisms has previously been identified as causes of brain infection. among them, listeria monocytogenes has a particular tropism for the central nervous system. to gain knowledge about the immune response elicited by l. monocytogenes in the brain, we used a rat ex vivo organotypic nervous system culture as a model for listeria infection. scanning electron microscopy (sem) revealed that activated microglial cells showing a typical amoeboid morphology are quickly recruited ...201323322603
low potential virulence associated with mutations in the inla and prfa genes in listeria monocytogenes isolated from raw retail poultry meat.packaged raw foods can represent a potential source of listeria monocytogenes contamination when opened at home, and listeriosis is associated with the consumption of undercooked raw foods. the aim of this study was to characterize a group of l. monocytogenes strains isolated from 56 packages of raw chicken meat from a single brand in order to determine the diversity of the strains that dominate in a particular food over time, as well as their pathogenic potential. forty (71%) samples were found ...201323317868
bactericidal activities of health-promoting, food-derived powders against the foodborne pathogens escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, and staphylococcus aureus.we evaluated the relative bactericidal activities (ba(50) ) of 10 presumed health-promoting food-based powders (nutraceuticals) and, for comparison, selected known components against the following foodborne pathogens: escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus. the relative activities were evaluated using quantitative bactericidal activity [(ba(50) value, defined as the percentage of the sample in the assay mixture that resulted in a 50% decr ...201323317422
quantification of the extracellular matrix of the listeria monocytogenes biofilms of different phylogenic lineages with optimization of culture conditions.the purpose of this study was to quantify the extracellular matrix of listeria monocytogenes biofilm. a preliminary study was carried out to establish a relationship between phylogenetic lineage of 27 strains and their ability to form biofilm in various conditions.201323317349
examination of food chain-derived listeria monocytogenes strains of different serotypes reveals considerable diversity in inla genotypes, mutability, and adaptation to cold temperatures.listeria monocytogenes strains belonging to serotypes 1/2a and 4b are frequently linked to listeriosis. while inla mutations leading to premature stop codons (pmscs) and attenuated virulence are common in 1/2a, they are rare in serotype 4b. we observed pmscs in 35% of l. monocytogenes isolates (n = 54) recovered from the british columbia food supply, including serotypes 1/2a (30%), 1/2c (100%), and 3a (100%), and a 3-codon deletion (amino acid positions 738 to 740) seen in 57% of 4b isolates fro ...201323315746
development of a random genomic dna microarray for the detection and identification of listeria monocytogenes in milk.we developed a dna microarray that contains random genomic dna fragments of listeria monocytogenes, validated its diagnostic abilities using cells grown in laboratory media and milk, and established enrichment conditions for detection of a low population of l. monocytogenes in milk. genomic dna of l. monocytogenes strain atcc 19111 was fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis after being cleaved using several different pairs of restriction enzymes. sixty dna fragments of different sizes were ...201323313851
new data, strategies, and insights for listeria monocytogenes dose-response models: summary of an interagency workshop, 2011.listeria monocytogenes is a leading cause of hospitalization, fetal loss, and death due to foodborne illnesses in the united states. a quantitative assessment of the relative risk of listeriosis associated with the consumption of 23 selected categories of ready-to-eat foods, published by the u.s. department of health and human services and the u.s. department of agriculture in 2003, has been instrumental in identifying the food products and practices that pose the greatest listeriosis risk and h ...201323311571
antilisterial properties of marinades during refrigerated storage and microwave oven reheating against post-cooking inoculated chicken breast meat.this study evaluated growth of listeria monocytogenes inoculated on cooked chicken meat with different marinades and survival of the pathogen as affected by microwave oven reheating. during aerobic storage at 7 °c, on days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7, samples were reheated by microwave oven (1100 w) for 45 or 90 s and analyzed microbiologically. l. monocytogenes counts on nonmarinated (control) samples increased (p < 0.05) from 2.7 ± 0.1 (day-0) to 6.9 ± 0.1 (day-7) log cfu/g during storage. initial (day- ...201323311403
ampkα1: a glucose sensor that controls cd8 t-cell memory.the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (ampk) is activated by antigen receptor signals and energy stress in t cells. in many cell types, ampk can maintain energy homeostasis and can enforce quiescence to limit energy demands. we consequently evaluated the importance of ampk for controlling the transition of metabolically active effector cd8 t lymphocytes to the metabolically quiescent catabolic memory t cells during the contraction phase of the immune response. we show that ampkα1 ...201323310952
what is the incubation period for listeriosis?listeriosis is a foodborne infection with a low incidence but a high case fatality rate. unlike common foodborne diseases, the incubation period can be long. the first incubation periods were documented during a large listeriosis outbreak published in 1987 by linnan and al. in the new england journal of medicine (range: 3 days to 70 days). data on the incubation period of listeriosis are scarce. our study aim was to estimate precisely the incubation period of listeriosis using available data sin ...201323305174
listeria monocytogenes inoculation protects mice against blood-stage plasmodium yoelii infection.listeria monocytogenes (lm) has been used as the adjuvant or vector for tumor and viral vaccine for its capability of eliciting all aspects of cell-mediated immunity including t cell activation and interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) production. these effector components play critical roles in the protection against plasmodium infection in both human malaria and mouse models. therefore, immune response induced by lm infection may benefit the defense against malaria. to test this hypothesis, we employed blo ...201323303295
extraction of cell wall-bound teichoic acids and surface proteins from listeria monocytogenes.gram-positive bacteria contain a cell wall consisting of a thick peptidoglycan layer decorated with surface proteins and polysaccharide-based polymers. the latter include the wall teichoic acids (wtas), which are anionic glycopolymers covalently linked to the peptidoglycan matrix. they are constituted by a long backbone containing sugars of various sizes (trioses to hexoses) which can be reduced (polyols as in listeria) or oxidized (uronic acids) and can undergo a variety of species- or often st ...201323299742
listeria monocytogenes in donated platelets: a potential transfusion-transmitted pathogen intercepted through screening.bacterial contamination of blood components is a potentially life-threatening complication of transfusions. in october 2005, the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) noted four listeria monocytogenes (lm) isolates cultured from four different units of donated apheresis platelets (plts) among lm isolates sent to the cdc national listeria reference laboratory for subtyping as part of routine surveillance activities.201323362824
rapid detection of several foodborne pathogens by f0f1-atpase molecular motor biosensor.f0f1-atpase within chromatophore was constructed as a molecular motor biosensor through ε-subunit antibody-biotin-streptavidin-biotin-ac5-sulfo-osu system. based on probe-dna specific binding, dna of several foodborne pathogens listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae was specifically captured by f0f1-atpase molecular motor biosensors. loads of dna decreased the rotation rate of f0f1-atpase, and led to the decrease of atp synthesis. the detectio ...201323361046
involvement of toso in activation of monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes.rapid activation of immune responses is necessary for antibacterial defense, but excessive immune activation can result in life-threatening septic shock. understanding how these processes are balanced may provide novel therapeutic potential in treating inflammatory disease. fc receptors are crucial for innate immune activation. however, the role of the putative fc receptor for igm, known as toso/faim3, has to this point been unclear. in this study, we generated toso-deficient mice and used them ...201323359703
cd11a regulates effector cd8 t cell differentiation and central memory development in response to infection with listeria monocytogenes.β2 (cd18) integrins with α-chains cd11a, -b, -c, and -d are important adhesion molecules necessary for leukocyte migration and cellular interactions. cd18 deficiency leads to recurrent bacterial infections and poor wound healing due to reduced migration of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. cd8 t cells also upregulate cd11a, cd11b, and cd11c upon activation. however, the role these molecules play for cd8 t cells in vivo is not known. to determine the function of individual β2 integrins, we examin ...201323357382
lateral-flow enzyme immunoconcentration for rapid detection of listeria monocytogenes.lateral-flow enzyme immunochromatography coupled with an immunomagnetic step was developed for rapid detection of listeria monocytogenes in food matrices. the target bacteria was first separated and concentrated by magnetic nanoparticles containing the enzyme and directly applied to the assay system to induce an antigen-antibody reaction without any additional steps. the color signals produced by an enzyme-substrate reaction at a specific site on the immunostrip were found to be directly proport ...201323354582
brain infection and activation of neuronal repair mechanisms by the human pathogen listeria monocytogenes in the lepidopteran model host galleria mellonella.listeria monocytogenes the causative agent of the foodborne disease listeriosis in humans often involves fatal brainstem infections leading to meningitis and meningoencephalitis. we recently established the larvae of the greater wax moth (galleria mellonella) as a model host for the investigation of l. monocytogenes pathogenesis and as a source of peptides exhibiting anti-listeria-activity. here we show that g. mellonella can be used to study brain infection and its impact on larval development ...201323348912
fluorescence amplified fragment length polymorphism compared to pulsed field gel electrophoresis for listeria monocytogenes subtyping.listeriosis is a severe infection which mainly affects pregnant women, neonates and immuno-compromised adults. anses's laboratory for food safety has been the european union reference laboratory (eurl) for l. monocytogenes in the food chain since 2006. pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is routinely used in the eurl for the surveillance of l. monocytogenes isolated from foods, animals and the environment. one of the main eurl activities is to evaluate alternative molecular subtyping methods ...201323347599
pathogenesis of listeriosis during pregnancy.listeria monocytogenes causes several clinical manifestations in humans and domestic animals. this bacterium is a saprophyte in soil and ensiled feeds, which are sources of infection for food producing animals (i.e. ruminants). the most common route of infection for people is via ingestion of contaminated ready-to-eat food products such as produce, soft cheeses and deli meats. in the united states, l. monocytogenes causes relatively few cases of clinical disease compared to other food-borne path ...201323347534
mudpit profiling reveals a link between anaerobic metabolism and the alkaline adaptive response of listeria monocytogenes egd-e.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne human pathogen capable of causing life-threatening disease in susceptible populations. previous proteomic analysis we performed demonstrated that different strains of l. monocytogenes initiate a stringent response when subjected to alkaline growth conditions. here, using multidimensional protein identification technology (mudpit), we show that in l. monocytogenes egd-e this response involves an energy shift to anaerobic pathways in response to the extracellu ...201323342094
molecular mechanisms of cell-cell spread of intracellular bacterial pathogens.several bacterial pathogens, including listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri and rickettsia spp., have evolved mechanisms to actively spread within human tissues. spreading is initiated by the pathogen-induced recruitment of host filamentous (f)-actin. f-actin forms a tail behind the microbe, propelling it through the cytoplasm. the motile pathogen then encounters the host plasma membrane, forming a bacterium-containing protrusion that is engulfed by an adjacent cell. over the past two decad ...201323864553
targeting listeria monocytogenes rpoa and rpod genes using peptide nucleic acids.treating intracellular pathogens remains a considerable medical challenge because of the inefficient intracellular delivery of antimicrobials and the frequent emergence of bacterial resistance to therapeutic agents deemed the drugs of last resort. we investigated the capability of antisense peptide nucleic acids (pnas) conjugated to the (kff)3k cell penetrating peptide to target rna polymerase α subunit (rpoa) and rna polymerase sigma 70 (rpod) in the intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogene ...201323859300
[comparative proteomics analysis of extracellular proteins from listeria monocytogenes and its isogenic prfa deletion mutant].positive regulatory factor a (prfa) protein plays a key role in the pathogenicity of listeria monocytogenes by regulating the expression of virulence genes. we studied the regulation functions of prfa and its role in listeria monocytogenes (lm) virulence.201323858714
the bioluminescent listeria monocytogenes strain xen32 is defective in flagella expression and highly attenuated in orally infected balb/cj mice.in vivo bioluminescence imaging (bli) is a powerful method for the analysis of host-pathogen interactions in small animal models. the commercially available bioluminescent listeria monocytogenes strain xen32 is commonly used to analyse immune functions in knockout mice and pathomechanisms of listeriosis.201323856386
nisin resistance of listeria monocytogenes is increased by exposure to salt stress and is mediated via liar.growth of listeria monocytogenes on refrigerated, ready-to-eat food is a significant food safety concern. natural antimicrobials, such as nisin, can be used to control this pathogen on food, but little is known about how other food-related stresses may impact how the pathogen responds to these compounds. prior work demonstrated that exposure of l. monocytogenes to salt stress at 7°c led to increased expression of genes involved in nisin resistance, including the response regulator liar. we hypot ...201323851083
detection of listeria spp. in liquid egg products and in the egg breaking plants environment and tracking of listeria monocytogenes by pfge.human listeriosis, caused by listeria monocytogenes, is a severe bacterial infection that can lead to meningitis, cerebromeningitis, bacteremia or septicemia, with acute lethality and potentially leading to death. a study has shown that 29.5% of the caged laying hens in france are contaminated by l. monocytogenes (chemaly et al., 2008). however, very little information regarding egg and egg product contamination is currently available. the objective of this study is to determine the sanitary sta ...201323850854
listeria septicemia accompanied by central nervous system involvement in a patient with multiple myeloma and secondary diabetes.female, 58 final diagnosis: listeria septicemia symptoms: nausea • vomitting • high fever • apathetic intelligence • repeated convulsion201323847709
antimicrobial properties of lauric arginate alone or in combination with essential oils in tryptic soy broth and 2% reduced fat milk.the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of lauric arginate (lae) when used alone or in combination with the essential oil (eo) from cinnamon leaf and eo components, thymol and eugenol. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) for listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enteritidis were determined by the microbroth dilution method in tryptic soy broth (tsb) at their optimal growth temperatures. t ...201323845430
effects of processing and storage on pediococcus pentosaceus sb83 in vaginal formulations: lyophilized powder and tablets.vaginal probiotics have an important role in preventing the colonization of the vagina by pathogens. this study aimed to investigate different formulations with pediococcus pentosaceus sb83 (lyophilized powder and tablets with and without retarding polymer) in order to verify its stability and antilisterial activity after manufacture and during storage. the bacteriocinogenic activity of p. pentosaceus sb83 against listeria monocytogenes was evaluated in simulated vaginal fluid. suspension of ped ...201323844367
isolation and characterization of listeria monocytogenes isolates from retail foods in shaanxi province, china.listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen of public health concern. a total of 902 retail food samples, including 342 ready-to-eat (rte) foods, 366 infant foods, and 194 raw chickens were collected randomly in supermarkets and farmers' markets in 12 geographic areas in shaanxi province, china and screened for l. monocytogenes. all l. monocytogenes isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). twenty-s ...201323841657
protein level identification of the listeria monocytogenes sigma h, sigma l, and sigma c regulons.transcriptional regulation by alternative sigma (σ) factors represents an important mechanism that allows bacteria to rapidly regulate transcript and protein levels in response to changing environmental conditions. while the role of the alternative σ factor σb has been comparatively well characterized in l. monocytogenes, our understanding of the roles of the three other l. monocytogenes alternative σ factors is still limited. in this study, we employed a quantitative proteomics approach using i ...201323841528
visualization of cytolytic t cell differentiation and granule exocytosis with t cells from mice expressing active fluorescent granzyme b.to evaluate acquisition and activation of cytolytic functions during immune responses we generated knock in (ki) mice expressing granzyme b (gzmb) as a fusion protein with red fluorescent tdtomato (gzmb-tom). as for gzmb in wild type (wt) lymphocytes, gzmb-tom was absent from naïve cd8 and cd4 t cells in gzmb-tom-ki mice. it was rapidly induced in most cd8 t cells and in a subpopulation of cd4 t cells in response to stimulation with antibodies to cd3/cd28. a fraction of splenic nk cells expresse ...201323840635
route of infection determines the impact of type i interferons on innate immunity to listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen which causes mild to life threatening disease in humans. ingestion of contaminated food delivers the pathogen to the gastrointestinal tract, where it crosses the epithelial barrier and spreads to internal organs. type i interferons (ifn-i) are produced during infection and decrease host resistance after systemic delivery of l. monocytogenes. here we show that mice benefit from ifn-i production following infection with l. monocytogenes via the gastr ...201323840314
antibacterial activity of head-to-head bis-benzimidazoles.symmetric bis-benzimidazole (bbz) conjugates were profiled for activity against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. para-substituted ethoxy, amino and methoxy derivatives displayed potent bacteriostatic activity against meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, streptococci and listeria monocytogenes. moderate to good activity was also found against mycobacteria; two compounds were strongly active against logarithmic phase and hypoxia-induced ...201323837928
prfa-like transcription factor gene lmo0753 contributes to l-rhamnose utilization in listeria monocytogenes strains associated with human food-borne infections.listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne bacterial pathogen and the causative agent of human and animal listeriosis. among the three major genetic lineages of l. monocytogenes (i.e., li, lii, and liii), li and lii are predominantly associated with food-borne listeriosis outbreaks, whereas liii is rarely implicated in human infections. in a previous study, we identified a crp/fnr family transcription factor gene, lmo0753, that was highly specific to outbreak-associated li and lii but absent from li ...201323835178
relationship between listeria monocytogenes and listeria spp. in seafood processing plants.the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between prevalence of listeria monocytogenes as an outcome and listeria spp. as an explanatory variable by food products, food contact surfaces, and nonfood contact surfaces in seafood processing plants by using peer-reviewed published data. nine sets of prevalence data of l. monocytogenes and listeria spp. were collected from published studies and used for the analyses. based on our analysis, the relationship between l. monocytogenes ...201323834807
effect of age of cook-in-bag delicatessen meats formulated with lactate-diacetate on the behavior of listeria monocytogenes contamination introduced when opening the packages during storage.this study evaluated the potential effect of age of cook-in-bag ham and turkey breast delicatessen meats formulated with lactate-diacetate on survival and/or growth of listeria monocytogenes introduced after opening of packages and slicing of product. commercially prepared cured ham and turkey breast products formulated with potassium lactate and sodium diacetate were stored at 1.7°c unsliced, in their original cook-in-bags, and without postlethality exposure. on days 5, 90, 120, and 180 of stor ...201323834806
determination of 5-log reduction times for escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica, or listeria monocytogenes in acidified foods with ph 3.5 or 3.8 3.a critical factor in ensuring the safety of acidified foods is the establishment of a thermal process that assures the destruction of acid-resistant vegetative pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. for acidified foods such as dressings and mayonnaises with ph values of 3.5 or higher, the high water phase acidity (acetic acid of 1.5 to 2.5% or higher) can contribute to lethality, but there is a lack of data showing how the use of common ingredients such as acetic acid and preservatives, alone or in c ...201323834800
biofilm formation and resistance to benzalkonium chloride in listeria monocytogenes isolated from a fish processing plant.listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes the potentially life-threatening illness listeriosis. previously, a few clones of l. monocytogenes persisting in a cold-smoked fish processing plant were isolated from the plant's products continuously. to evaluate the role of biofilms in the persistence of l. monocytogenes strains specific to this plant, the abilities of the persistent strain (ps) and transient strain (ts) of l. monocytogenes found in this plant to form biofilms were co ...201323834792
characterization and antimicrobial properties of water chestnut starch-chitosan edible films.the characterization and antimicrobial properties of water chestnut starch-chitosan (wsc) films containing cornus officinalis fruit extract (coe 1% w/w), glycerol monolaurate (gml 1% w/w), nisin (10,000 iu/g), pine needle essential oil (pneo 0.35% v/v), and their combinations were evaluated. incorporation of coe decreased ph value of the film-forming solution, the moisture content and the water absorption expansion ability (waea). gml-incorporated film had lower waea, tensile strength, elongatio ...201323831899
the effect of milk components and storage conditions on the virulence of listeria monocytogenes as determined by a caco-2 cell assay.nearly all cases of human listeriosis have been associated with consumption of contaminated food, therefore the investigation of the virulence of listeria (l.) monocytogenes after exposure to environmental conditions in food matrices is critical in order to understand and control its impact on public health. as milk and dairy products have been implicated in more than half of the listeriosis outbreaks, we investigated the in vitro virulence of l. monocytogenes incubated in different milk types a ...201323831732
a rapid method for the detection of foodborne pathogens by extraction of a trace amount of dna from raw milk based on amino-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles and polymerase chain reaction.a method based on amino-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (asmnps) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed to rapidly and sensitively detect foodborne pathogens in raw milk. after optimizing parameters such as ph, temperature, and time, a trace amount of genomic dna of pathogens could be extracted directly from complex matrices such as raw milk using asmnps. the magnetically separated complexes of genomic dna and asmnps were directly subjected to single pcr (s-pcr) or multi ...201323830426
cyld enhances severe listeriosis by impairing il-6/stat3-dependent fibrin production.the facultative intracellular bacterium listeria monocytogenes (lm) may cause severe infection in humans and livestock. control of acute listeriosis is primarily dependent on innate immune responses, which are strongly regulated by nf-κb, and tissue protective factors including fibrin. however, molecular pathways connecting nf-κb and fibrin production are poorly described. here, we investigated whether the deubiquitinating enzyme cyld, which is an inhibitor of nf-κb-dependent immune responses, r ...201323825949
systemic infection of mice with listeria monocytogenes to characterize host immune responses.listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium that is widely used to characterize bacterial pathogenesis and host immunity. here, we describe a set of basic methods and techniques to infect mice with l. monocytogenes, measure bacterial load in tissues, and analyze immune cell subsets responding to infection in the spleen and liver. in addition, a specialized method for immune cell depletion is incorporated within the overall protocol, along with suggestions at var ...201323824896
ifn-γ production by cd27⁺ nk cells exacerbates listeria monocytogenes infection in mice by inhibiting granulocyte mobilization.natural killer (nk) cells are key components of the immune system involved in several immune reactions, including the clearance of intracellular pathogens. when activated, nk cells rapidly secrete particular cytokines that activate innate immunity and facilitate development of adaptive responses. conflicting reports on the role of nk cells during infection by listeria monocytogenes can be found in the literature. here, we demonstrate that during lethal infection by l. monocytogenes, activation o ...201323818011
covalent immobilization of lysozyme on ethylene vinyl alcohol films for nonmigrating antimicrobial packaging applications.the objective of this study was to develop a new antimicrobial film, in which lysozyme was covalently attached onto two different ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (evoh 29 and evoh 44). the evoh surface was modified with uv irradiation treatment to generate carboxylic acid groups, and lysozyme was covalently attached to the functionalized polymer surface. surface characterization of control and modified films was performed using attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectrosco ...201323815412
listeria monocytogenes responds to cell density as it transitions to the long-term-survival phase.listeria monocytogenes was recently found to enter a long-term-survival (lts) phase, which may help explain its persistence in natural environments and within food processing plants. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of initial cell density, initial ph and type of broth (fresh vs. spent) on the transition of l. monocytogenes to the lts phase and model the change in viable population density with time. initial cell density (~10(6)-~10(10)cfu/ml) and initial ph (5.36-6.85) b ...201323810956
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