Publications

sos response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.	mobile genetic elements have a crucial role in spreading antibiotic resistance genes among bacterial populations. environmental and genetic factors that regulate conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations are largely unknown. integrating conjugative elements (ices) are a diverse group of mobile elements that are transferred by means of cell-cell contact and integrate into the chromosome of the new host. sxt is a approximately 100-kilobase ice derived from vibrio ...	2004	14688795
evaluation of novel beta-ribosidase substrates for the differentiation of gram-negative bacteria.	to synthesize novel substrates for the detection of beta-ribosidase and assess their potential for the differentiation of gram-negative bacteria.	2004	14678171
structural and genetic characterization of the shigella boydii type 13 o antigen.	shigella is an important human pathogen. it is generally agreed that shigella and escherichia coli constitute a single species; the only exception is shigella boydii type 13, which is more distantly related to e. coli and other shigella forms and seems to represent another species. this gives s. boydii type 13 an important status in evolution. o antigen is the polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and plays an important role in pathogenicit ...	2004	14702307
the acnd genes of shewenella oneidensis and vibrio cholerae encode a new fe/s-dependent 2-methylcitrate dehydratase enzyme that requires prpf function in vivo.	the propionate utilization operons of several bacteria differ from each other in the occurrence of two genes, acnd and prpf, in place of or in addition to the prpd gene encoding an fe/s-independent 2-methylcitrate dehydratase enzyme. we cloned the acnd and prpf genes from two organisms, shewanella oneidensis and vibrio cholerae, and found that, together, the acnd and prpf proteins restored the ability of a prpd mutant strain of salmonella enterica to grow on propionate as a source of carbon and ...	2004	14702315
vibrio cholerae thiol peroxidase-glutaredoxin fusion is a 2-cys tsa/ahpc subfamily acting as a lipid hydroperoxide reductase.	recently, novel hybrid thiol peroxidase (tpx) proteins fused with a glutaredoxin (grx) were found from some pathogenic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and anaerobic sulfur-oxidizing phototroph. the phylogenic tree analysis that was constructed from the aligned sequences showed two major branches. haemophilus influenzae tpx.grx was grouped in one branch as a 1-cys subfamily of the thiol-specific antioxident protein/ahpc family. most tpx.grx proteins, including vibrio cholerae tpx.grx, were grouped in th ...	2004	14702341
integrons or super integrons?		2004	14702391
inactive vibrio cholerae whole-cell vaccine-loaded biodegradable microparticles: in vitro release and oral vaccination.	an approach is proposed using vibrio cholerae (vc)-loaded microparticles as oral vaccine delivery systems for improved vaccine bioavailability and increased therapeutic efficacy. the vc-loaded microparticles were prepared with 50:50 poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (plg), 75:25 poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(lactide acid) (pla)/peg blend copolymers by the solvent evaporation method. vc was successfully entrapped in three types of microparticles with loading efficiencies and loading levels a ...	2004	14718189
molecular-genetic peculiarities of classical biotype vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the last outbreak asiatic cholera in russia.	molecular-genetic properties of classical biotype vibrio cholerae strains that caused the asiatic cholera outbreak in 1942 in russia have been investigated for the first time. being characterized by high-level production of cholera toxin and toxin-coregulated adhesion pili both of which are the major virulence factors, all the strains studied, in contrast to the typical cholera pathogens, were autographic requiring purine and/or amino acids added to the minimal medium for their growth. moreover, ...	2004	14726230
in situ measured elimination of vibrio cholerae from brackish water.	in situ elimination of fluorescently labelled vibrio cholerae (flb) was measured in two saline water bodies in mexico: in a brackish water lagoon, mecoacán (gulf of mexico; state of tabasco) and an athalassohaline lake, alchichica (state of puebla). disappearance rates of fluorescently labelled v. cholera o1 showed that they were eliminated from the environment at an average rate of 32% and 63%/day, respectively (based on the bacterial standing stocks). the indirect immunofluorescence method con ...	2004	14728617
role of the w07-toxin on vibrio cholerae-induced diarrhoea.	vibrio cholerae w07 strain isolated from a cholera epidemic in south india, lacked the ctx gene but could still secrete a novel toxin, the w07-toxin that could cause fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit ileal loop. the important intracellular messengers implicated in this study were ca(2+), cyclic amp, inositol triphosphate and protein kinase c (pkc). a number of inhibitors/channel blockers have further shown the major role of [ca(2+)](i) in modulation of the toxin-induced cellular response. an ...	2004	14729143
role of exopolysaccharide, the rugose phenotype and vpsr in the pathogenesis of epidemic vibrio cholerae.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera can produce an exopolysaccharide (eps). some strains can also phenotypically switch from a smooth to a 'rugose' phenotype characterized by small wrinkled colonies, overproduction of eps, increased biofilm formation in vitro and increased resistance to various stressful conditions. high frequency switching to the rugose phenotype is more common in epidemic strains than in non-pathogenic strains, suggesting eps production and the rugose phenotype are ...	2004	14734172
genetic diversity and virulence potential of environmental vibrio cholerae population in a cholera-endemic area.	to understand the evolutionary events and possible selection mechanisms involved in the emergence of pathogenic vibrio cholerae, we analyzed diverse strains of v. cholerae isolated from environmental waters in bangladesh by direct enrichment in the intestines of adult rabbits and by conventional laboratory culture. strains isolated by conventional culture were mostly (99.2%) negative for the major virulence gene clusters encoding toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) and cholera toxin (ct) and were nonp ...	2004	14766976
cholera.	intestinal infection with vibrio cholerae results in the loss of large volumes of watery stool, leading to severe and rapidly progressing dehydration and shock. without adequate and appropriate rehydration therapy, severe cholera kills about half of affected individuals. cholera toxin, a potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase, causes the intestine to secrete watery fluid rich in sodium, bicarbonate, and potassium, in volumes far exceeding the intestinal absorptive capacity. cholera has spread fr ...	2004	14738797
spatiotemporal analysis of acid adaptation-mediated vibrio cholerae hyperinfectivity.	acid adaptation has previously been shown to increase the infectivity of vibrio cholerae in the infant mouse model. to better understand this phenomenon, we monitored the spatial distribution and temporal changes in the ratios of acid-adapted cells to unadapted v. cholerae cells in the small intestine, as well as the timing of virulence factor expression. we found that the competitive advantage afforded by acid adaptation does not become manifest until greater than 3 h postinfection; thus, acid ...	2004	15039369
functional lipid microstructures immobilized on a gold electrode for voltammetric biosensing of cholera toxin.	redox functionalized microstructures of diacetylene lipids containing cell surface ligand gm1 have been prepared for the construction of an electrochemical biosensor for cholera toxin from vibrio cholerae. incorporation of lipid molecules with disulfide functionality into the microstructures allows for firm attachment of the microstructures on a gold surface to form a sensing interface. the observed morphology of the microstructures is platelet, with size around 240 nm as determined by dynamic l ...	2004	15042161
cholera outbreaks continue.		2004	15051690
role of cyanobacteria in the persistence of vibrio cholerae o139 in saline microcosms.	recently, a new strain of cholera, vibrio cholerae o139, has emerged as an epidemic strain, but there is little information about its environmental reservoir. the present investigation was aimed to determine the role of cyanobacteria in the persistence of v. cholerae o139 in microcosms. an environmental isolate of v. cholerae o139 and three cyanobacteria (anabaena sp., nostoc sp., and hapalosiphon sp.) were used in this study. survival of culturable v. cholerae o139 in microcosms was monitored u ...	2004	15052315
batch process solar disinfection is an efficient means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with shigella dysenteriae type i.	the mortality and morbidity rate caused by shigella dysenteriae type i infection is increasing in the developing world each year. in this paper, the possibility of using batch process solar disinfection (sodis) as an effective means of disinfecting drinking water contaminated with sh. dysenteriae type i is investigated.	2004	15059213
vibrio cholerae periplasmic superoxide dismutase: isolation of the gene and overexpression of the protein.	superoxide dismutases are ubiquitous enzymes which play an important role in protecting cells against oxidative damage and which have also been shown to contribute to the pathogenicity of many bacterial species. here we demonstrate that vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholerae, expresses an active periplasmic cu,zn superoxide dismutase. moreover, we have set up an expression system yielding large amounts of v. cholerae recombinant cu,zn superoxide dismutase in the periplasm of escherichi ...	2004	15063620
genetic evidence that the vibrio cholerae monolayer is a distinct stage in biofilm development.	biofilm development is conceived as a developmental process in which free swimming cells attach to a surface, first transiently and then permanently, as a single layer. this monolayer of immobilized cells gives rise to larger cell clusters that eventually develop into the biofilm, a three-dimensional structure consisting of large pillars of bacteria interspersed with water channels. previous studies have shown that efficient development of the vibrio cholerae biofilm requires a combination of pi ...	2004	15066042
phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and epidemiological significance of ctx+ strains of vibrio cholerae isolated from seafood in malaysia.	of 97 strains of vibrio cholerae isolated from various seafoods in malaysia in 1998 and 1999, 20 strains carried the ctx gene and produced cholera toxin. fourteen, one, and five of these toxigenic strains belonged to the o139, o1 ogawa, and rough serotypes, respectively. the rough strains had the rfb gene of the o1 serotype. the toxigenic strains varied in their biochemical characteristics, the amount of cholera toxin produced, their antibiograms, and the presence or absence of the ptlc plasmid ...	2004	15066786
a cellular metalloproteinase activates vibrio cholerae pro-cytolysin.	many strains of vibrio cholerae produce a cytolysin (vcc) that forms oligomeric transmembrane pores in animal cells. the molecule is secreted as a procytolysin (pro-vcc) of 79 kda that must be cleaved at the n terminus to generate the active 65-kda toxin. processing can occur in solution, and previous studies have described the action of mature vcc thus generated. however, little is known about the properties of pro-vcc itself. in this study, it is shown that pro-vcc exist as a monomer in soluti ...	2004	15066987
the effect of delta g on the transport and oral absorption of macromolecules.	delta g (deltag) is the biologically active fragment of zonula occludens toxin (zot), an absorption enhancer, that reversibly opens the tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells in the small intestine and brain. this study evaluates the possible use of deltag in enhancing the oral bioavailability of macromolecules using large paracellular markers as model agents. the transport of [(14)c]inulin and [(14)c]peg4000 was evaluated across caco-2 cells with deltag (0, 100, 180 microg/ml). the ...	2004	15067707
australia's notifiable diseases status, 2002: annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system.	there were 57 infectious diseases notifiable at the national level in australia in 2002. states and territories reported 100,278 cases of infectious diseases to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss), a fall of 4 per cent compared to the number of notifications in 2001. in 2002, the most frequently notified diseases were, sexually transmitted infections (31,929 reports, 32% of total notifications), gastrointestinal infections (26,708 reports, 27% of total notifications) and ...	2004	15072156
the crystal structure of the periplasmic domain of the type ii secretion system protein epsm from vibrio cholerae: the simplest version of the ferredoxin fold.	the terminal branch of the general secretion pathway (gsp or type ii secretion system) is used by several pathogenic bacteria for the secretion of their virulence factors across the outer membrane. in these secretion systems, a complex of 12-15 gsp proteins spans from the pore in the outer membrane via several associated signal or energy-transducing proteins in the inner membrane to a regulating atpase in the cytosol. the human pathogen vibrio cholerae uses such a system, called the eps system, ...	2004	15081815
prevention of cholera.		2004	15031046
both chemotaxis and net motility greatly influence the infectivity of vibrio cholerae.	the role of chemotaxis in the virulence of gastrointestinal pathogens is ill defined. counterintuitively, nonchemotactic mutants of the polarly flagellated pathogen vibrio cholerae greatly out-compete the wild-type strain during infection of the small intestine. we show that the out-competition phenotype is dependent on the direction of flagellar rotation and independent of toxin co-regulated pilus function. specifically, the out-competition associated with the loss of chemotaxis required the pr ...	2004	15037750
solution structure of the highly acidic protein hi1450 from haemophilus influenzae, a putative double-stranded dna mimic.	the solution structure of the acidic protein hi1450 from haemophilus influenzae has been determined by nmr spectroscopy. hi1450 has homologues in ten other bacterial species including escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia pestis but there are no functional assignments for any members of the family. thirty-one of the amino acids in this 107-residue protein are aspartates or glutamates, contributing to an unusually low pi of 3.72. the secondary structure elements are arranged in an alpha ...	2004	14747986
[experimental non-culturable vibrio cholerae eltor and its biological properties].	in experiments with the cultivation of v. cholerae eltor under the conditions of high salt concentration, as well as low temperature and deficiency in nutrient substances, uncultivable forms (uf) of toxigenic and nontoxigenic vibrios were obtained. the absence of growth of seeded vibrios after the filtration of samples (with a filter of 0.22 micron), the preservation of specific antigenic determinants and the initial set of genes, changes in the morphology of cells (small size, coccoid form with ...	2004	15024974
[the genome polymorphism of vibrio cholerae ctxab(-) strains, containing the proximal part of the ctx element].	the comparative analysis of the hybridization patterns of dna restricts for 20 v. cholerae, groups 01 and non-01 (non-0139), containing the incomplete ctx element (ctxab-) was carried out with the use of probes, complementary to the genes of the proximal part of the virulence cassettle and flanking its rs1 sequences. this group was found to be heterogeneous both in the number of copies of "truncated" ctx prophage and their localizations in the genome, as well as in the position of the sites of r ...	2004	15024976
[variable nucleotide tandem repeats (vntr analysis) in vibrio cholerae 0139 isolated from humans and from water of surface reservoirs in russia].	the comparative study of variable tandem repeats (vntr analysis) in genomes of v. cholerae 0139 isolated from humans and from water samples taken from surface reservoirs was carried out. the results of the study of the allele state of 5 loci of tandem repeats in 50 strains of vibrios, carried out in the double-primer polymerase chain reaction (pcr), as well as the earlier comparison of the same isolates in the single-primer pcr, showed essential differences and the absence of clonality in the cu ...	2004	15024977
evaluation of a rapd-based typing scheme in a molecular epidemiology study of vibrio cholerae o1, brazil.	to evaluate the utility of random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) technique for routine practice in public health laboratories for epidemiological studies of vibrio cholerae o1 isolates.	2004	14962124
expression of cholera toxin under non-aki conditions in vibrio cholerae el tor induced by increasing the exposed surface of cultures.	the regulatory systems controlling expression of the ctxab genes encoding cholera toxin (ct) in the classical and el tor biotypes of pathogenic vibrio cholerae have been characterized and found to be almost identical. notwithstanding this, special in vitro conditions, called aki conditions, are required for el tor bacteria to produce ct. the aki conditions involve biphasic cultures. in phase 1 the organism is grown in a still tube for 4 h. in phase 2 the medium is poured into a flask to continue ...	2004	14973024
vpst is a transcriptional regulator required for expression of vps biosynthesis genes and the development of rugose colonial morphology in vibrio cholerae o1 el tor.	vibrio cholerae switches between smooth and rugose colonial variants. the rugose variant produces more vibrio polysaccharides (vps(el tor)) and forms well-developed biofilms. both phenotypes depend on expression of vps biosynthesis genes. we identified a positive transcriptional regulator of vps gene expression, vpst, which is homologous to response regulators of two-component regulatory systems. disruption of vpst in the rugose variant yields smooth colonies, prevents formation of mature biofil ...	2004	14973043
paneth cell alpha-defensins from rhesus macaque small intestine.	antimicrobial peptides are secreted by small intestinal paneth cells as components of innate immunity. to investigate the role of alpha-defensins in enteric host defenses in nonhuman primates, alpha-defensin cdnas were isolated, alpha-defensin peptides were purified from rhesus macaque small bowel, and the bactericidal activities of the peptides were measured. six rhesus enteric alpha-defensin (red) cdnas, red-1 to red-6, were identified in a jejunum cdna library; the deduced red peptides exhibi ...	2004	14977952
detection of antibodies to toxin-coregulated pili in sera from cholera patients.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were prepared against toxin-coregulated pili (tcp) isolated from vibrio cholerae o1 el tor. despite their limited bactericidal potential, two mabs were able to mediate biotype-specific protection against experimental cholera in infant mice. these mabs were used in immunoblotting studies to assess seroconversion to el tor tcp following cholera. clear anti-pilus responses were observed in five of nine patients.	2004	14977996
cloning and sequencing of the ura3 and ura5 genes, and isolation and characterization of uracil auxotrophs of the fungus mortierella alpina 1s-4.	the oil-producing fungus mortierella alpina 1s-4 is an industrial strain. in order to prepare host strains for a transformation system for this fungus, six uracil auxotrophs were obtained by means of random mutation with n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng). when the activities of orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (oprtase, ec 2.4.2.10) and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (ompdecase, ec 4.1.1.23) were examined in the mutants and wild strain, oprtase activity was found to be complete ...	2004	14981288
the vibrio cholerae chitin utilization program.	chitin, an insoluble polymer of glcnac, is an abundant source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for marine microorganisms. microarray expression profiling and mutational studies of vibrio cholerae growing on a natural chitin surface, or with the soluble chitin oligosaccharides (glcnac)(2-6), glcnac, or the glucosamine dimer (glcn)2 identified three sets of differentially regulated genes. we show that (i) chis, a sensor histidine kinase, regulates expression of the (glcnac)(2-6) gene set, including ...	2004	14983042
[study on biology and epidemiological characteristics of vibrio cholerae non-o1 strains isolated from environmental waters in foshan city].	to study the distribution of serotype and the positive rate of toxins among vibrio cholerae non-o(1) isolated from environmental waters in foshan city.	2004	14989907
kinetic mechanism of asparagine synthetase from vibrio cholerae.	asparagine synthetase b (asnb) catalyzes the formation of asparagine in an atp-dependent reaction using glutamine or ammonia as a nitrogen source. to obtain a better understanding of the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, we report the cloning, expression, and kinetic analysis of the glutamine- and ammonia-dependent activities of asnb from vibrio cholerae. initial velocity, product inhibition, and dead-end inhibition studies were utilized in the construction of a model for the kinetic mechanism ...	2004	14990305
visualization of tumors and metastases in live animals with bacteria and vaccinia virus encoding light-emitting proteins.	we have shown that bacteria injected intravenously into live animals entered and replicated in solid tumors and metastases. the tumor-specific amplification process was visualized in real time using luciferase-catalyzed luminescence and green fluorescent protein fluorescence, which revealed the locations of the tumors and metastases. escherichia coli and three attenuated pathogens (vibrio cholerae, salmonella typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes) all entered tumors and replicated. similarly, ...	2004	14990953
occurrence of inhibitory compounds in spent growth media that interfere with acid-tolerance mechanisms of enteric pathogens.	understanding the acid-tolerance ability of enteric human pathogens is critical in determining microbial food safety and the associated risk. we have discovered naturally occurring compounds in the spent growth media, which inhibit the acid-tolerance ability of several enteric human pathogens when challenged at ph 3.0 for 2 h at 37 degrees c. the compounds were detected in the spent growth media obtained from escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and vibrio cholera, but not from shigella fl ...	2004	14996461
characterization of a cholera toxin gene-negative clinical strain of vibrio cholerae o139 bengal.		2004	15004127
nadh oxidation by the na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae: functional role of the nqrf subunit.	the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae is a six subunit enzyme containing four flavins and a single motif for the binding of a fe-s cluster on its nqrf subunit. this study reports the production of a soluble variant of nqrf (nqrf') and its individual flavin and fe-s-carrying domains using v. cholerae or escherichia coli as expression hosts. nqrf' and the flavin domain each contain 1 mol of fad/mol of enzyme and exhibit high nadh oxidation activity (20,000 microm ...	2004	15010474
molecular characterisation of rough strains of vibrio cholerae isolated from diarrhoeal cases in india and their comparison to smooth strains.	sixteen of the 18 vibrio cholerae rough strains isolated from hospitalised diarrhoea patients were found to contain o1 serotype-specific (wbe) genes and all currently known virulence genes. expression of the regulatory element toxr was evident in these strains. cholera toxin production ability of the rough strains was found to be higher (c. three- to five-fold) as compared to the smooth counterparts and this was transcriptionally regulated. strains exhibiting the rough phenotype were more amenab ...	2004	15019730
[analysis of virulent and avirulent strains of vibrio cholerae by the nest polymerase chain reaction].	the detection of cholera enterotoxin in environmental objects and isolation of patients are considered to be the most reliable indices of that the cholera agent is present. described in the case study is a method of nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based on amplifying the ctxa gene fragment coding subunit a of enterotoxin. a possibility was shown to use the above method to confirm the virulence of strains vibrio cholerae isolated from different sources. the method was tested with 18 virule ...	2004	15022616
formation of sxt tandem arrays and sxt-r391 hybrids.	sxt is an integrative and conjugative element (ice) isolated from vibrio cholerae. this approximately 100-kb ice encodes resistance to multiple antibiotics and integrates site specifically into the chromosome. sxt excises from the chromosome to form a circular but nonreplicative extrachromosomal molecule that is required for its transfer. here we found that a significant fraction of freshly isolated sxt exconjugants contained tandem sxt arrays. there was heterogeneity in the size of the sxt arra ...	2004	15090504
highly divergent rfah orthologs from pathogenic proteobacteria can substitute for escherichia coli rfah both in vivo and in vitro.	the transcriptional enhancer protein rfah positively regulates production of virulence factors in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium via a cis element, ops. genes coding for rfah orthologs were identified in conceptually translated genomes of bacterial pathogens, including vibrio and yersinia spp. we cloned the rfah genes from vibrio cholerae, yersinia enterocolitica, s. enterica serovar typhimurium, and klebsiella pneumoniae into e. coli expression vectors. purified rf ...	2004	15090525
type iv pilus structure and bacterial pathogenicity.		2004	15100690
cefotaximases (ctx-m-ases), an expanding family of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.	among the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, the cefotaximases (ctx-m-ases) constitute a rapidly growing cluster of enzymes that have disseminated geographically. the ctx-m-ases, which hydrolyze cefotaxime efficiently, are mostly encoded by transferable plasmids, and the enzymes have been found predominantly in enterobacteriaceae, most prevalently in escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, klebsiella pneumoniae, and proteus mirabilis. isolates of vibrio cholerae, acinetobacter baumannii, and a ...	2004	15105882
virulence properties of rough and smooth strains of vibrio cholerae o1.	a comparative study was carried out to see the differences in pathogenicity of rough and smooth strains. a total of 10 strains including 5 each of rough and smooth strains of vibrio cholerae o1 were tested and found positive for toxin production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in richardson's and aki media. all the smooth and rough strains, except one, showed a titre of 1: 10 and 1: 100 in richardson's and aki media, respectively. both types of strains produced enterotoxin in rabbit ...	2004	15107532
toxin-coregulated pilus-loaded microparticles as a vaccine against vibrio cholerae o139.		2004	15109462
phylogeny of gamma-proteobacteria: resolution of one branch of the universal tree?	the reconstruction of bacterial evolutionary relationships has proven to be a daunting task because variable mutation rates and horizontal gene transfer (hgt) among species can cause grave incongruities between phylogenetic trees based on single genes. recently, a highly robust phylogenetic tree was constructed for 13 gamma-proteobacteria using the combined alignments of 205 conserved orthologous proteins.1 only two proteins had incongruent tree topologies, which were attributed to hgt between p ...	2004	15112225
microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. epithelial cell responses.	pathogenic bacteria use many strategies to secure their survival within the host. enteropathogens exploit intestinal epithelial cells in many ways, including the manipulation of normal cellular functioning, or of cellular structural components, or by the induction of signalling pathways, such as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. however, the enterocyte warns the host of impending danger and, in turn, elicits a protective response. pathogens are detected by epithelial cells owing to t ...	2004	15123076
branching sites and morphological abnormalities behave as ectopic poles in shape-defective escherichia coli.	certain mutants in escherichia coli lacking multiple penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) produce misshapen cells containing kinks, bends and branches. these deformed regions exhibit two structural characteristics of normal cell poles: the peptidoglycan is inert to dilution by new synthesis or turnover, and a similarly stable patch of outer membrane caps the sites. to test the premise that these aberrant sites represent biochemically functional but misplaced cell poles, we assessed the intracellul ...	2004	15130123
microbial contamination of drinking water and disease outcomes in developing regions.	drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, although poor sanitation and food sources are integral to enteric pathogen exposure. gastrointestinal disease outcomes are also more severe, due to under-nutrition and lack of intervention strategies in these regions. poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene account for some 1.7 million deaths a year world-wide (3.1% of all deaths and 3.7% of all daly's), mainly through infectious diarrhoea. nine out of 10 such deat ...	2004	15138046
detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae in oyster, crassostrea rhizophorae, collected from a natural nursery in the cocó river estuary, fortaleza, ceará, brazil.	oysters are edible organisms that are often ingested partially cooked or even raw, presenting therefore a very high risk to the consumers' health, especially in tropical regions. the presence of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters sampled at an estuary in the brazilian northeastern region was studied, with 300 oysters tested through an 8-months period. the salinity of the water at the sampling point varied between 3% and 27. v. cholerae was the most frequently detected species ...	2004	15141271
use of reca as an alternative phylogenetic marker in the family vibrionaceae.	this study analysed the usefulness of reca gene sequences as an alternative phylogenetic and/or identification marker for vibrios. the reca sequences suggest that the genus vibrio is polyphyletic. the high heterogeneity observed within vibrios was congruent with former polyphasic taxonomic studies on this group. photobacterium species clustered together and apparently nested within vibrios, while grimontia hollisae was apart from other vibrios. within the vibrios, vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimi ...	2004	15143042
[cloning and expression of immunoadjuvant molecule--ctb gene].	we cloned cholera toxin subunit b gene from 569b and m045 strain of vibrio cholerae with polymerase chain reaction, constructed recombinant plasmid pctb, and transformed pctb into the prokaryotic cell strain jm109. the indentification was made by means of restriction enzyme analysis, polymerase chain reaction, dna sequencing, sds-polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis analysis and western blot. the results indicate that we have amplified cholera toxin subunit b gene of 376 bp from vibrio cholerae an ...	2004	15143552
identification of cryptochrome dash from vertebrates.	a new type of cryptochrome, cry-dash, has been recently identified. the cry-dash proteins constitute the fifth subfamily of the photolyase/cryptochrome family. cry-dashs have been identified from synechocystis sp. pcc 6803, vibrio cholerae, and arabidopsis thaliana. the synechocystis cry-dash was the first cryptochrome identified from bacteria, and its biochemical features and tertiary structure have been extensively investigated. to determine how broadly the subfamily is distributed within livi ...	2004	15147276
experimental immunisation and protection of guinea pigs with vibrio cholerae toxoid and mucinases, neuraminidase and proteinase.	as measured by fluid accumulation in ileal loops, vibrio cholerae mucinase complex, with or without toxoid, protected guinea pigs from challenges with v. cholerae live organisms and enterotoxin. the neuraminidase and proteinases of the complex were combined in modified oil emulsion or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants and the resultant vaccines given by the parenteral or oral routes. there was little difference between the two types of adjuvant. control of stomach acidity improved oral vaccination. a ...	2004	15149770
characterization of the icmh and icmf genes required for legionella pneumophila intracellular growth, genes that are present in many bacteria associated with eukaryotic cells.	legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, replicates intracellularly within a specialized phagosome of mammalian and protozoan host cells, and the icm/dot type iv secretion system has been shown to be essential for this process. unlike all the other known icm/dot proteins, the icmf protein, which was described before, and the icmh protein, which is characterized here, have homologous proteins in many bacteria (such as yersinia pestis, salmonella enterica, rhizobium le ...	2004	15155646
the vibrio cholerae toxr-regulated porin ompu confers resistance to antimicrobial peptides.	bpi (bactericidal/permeability-increasing) is a potent antimicrobial protein that was recently reported to be expressed as a surface protein on human gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells. in this study, we investigated the resistance of vibrio cholerae, a small-bowel pathogen that causes cholera, to a bpi-derived peptide, p2. unlike in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, resistance to p2 in v. cholerae was not dependent on the bipa gtpase. instead, we found that toxr ...	2004	15155667
abundance in sewage of bacteriophages infecting escherichia coli o157:h7.	bacterial virulence factors such as toxins are often encoded by bacteriophages. among other examples, factors encoded by phages have been described in some of the emerging or re-emerging pathogens, including the pyrogenic exotoxin a production in group a streptococci, the cholera toxin in vibrio cholerae, or enterotoxin production in enterohemorrhagic (ehec) strains of e. coli. most described virulence factors in shiga toxin (stx)-producing e. coli strains are located in mobile genetic elements ...	2004	15156020
transcriptional analysis and operon structure of the taga-orf2-orf3-mop-tagd region on the vibrio pathogenicity island in epidemic v. cholerae.	the vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi) in epidemic vibrio cholerae is an essential virulence gene cluster. the vpi can excise from the chromosome and form extrachromosomal circular excision products. the vpi is 41.2-kb in size and encodes 29 potential proteins, several of which have no known function and whose regulation is not well understood. to determine the transcriptional organization of the taga-orf2-orf3-mop-tagd region located at the 5'-(left) end of the vpi, we used reverse-transcriptase ...	2004	15158282
association of adherence and motility in interleukin 8 induction in human intestinal epithelial cells by vibrio cholerae.	interleukin 8 (il-8) mrna expression in vibrio cholerae-infected human intestinal epithelial cells int407 was determined by quantitative real-time rt-pcr and secretion measured by elisa. incubation of int407 with v. cholerae o395 resulted in increased il-8 mrna expression as early as within 2 h of infection. kinetics of il-8 secretion reached a peak at about 8 h (780 pg/ml) and decreased thereafter. induction of il-8 was significantly high among various toxin-producing strains of v. cholerae bel ...	2004	15158775
nmr structure of a type ivb pilin from salmonella typhi and its assembly into pilus.	the structure of the n-terminal-truncated type ivb structural pilin (t-pils) from salmonella typhi was determined by nmr. although topologically similar to the recently determined x-ray structure of pilin from vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus, the only type ivb pilin with known structure, t-pils contains many distinct structural features. the protein contains an extra pair of beta-strands in the n-terminal alphabeta loop that align with the major beta-strands to form a continuous 7-strand ...	2004	15159389
[a comparative analysis of genomes of virulent and avirulent strains of vibrio cholerae o139].	a comparative analysis of the genome of v. cholerae o139 strains isolated in russia's territory from patients with cholera and from the environment showed essential differences in their structures. the genome of clinical strains possessed all tested genes associated with virulence (ctxab, zot, ace, rstc, rtxa, hap, toxr and toxt) and the at-trs site for the ctxp phage dna integration. as for the o139 v. cholerae chromosome strains isolated from water, 70% of the studied genes (ctxab, zot, ace, r ...	2004	15164715
multiplex pcr allows simultaneous detection of pathogens in ships' ballast water.	there is enormous potential for global transfer of microorganisms, including pathogens, in ships' ballast water. we contend that a major advancement in the study of ballast-water microorganisms in particular, and of aquatic pathogens in general, will be expedited sample analysis, such as provided by the elegant technology of dna microarrays. in order to use dna microarrays, however, one must establish the appropriate conditions to bind target sequences in samples to multiple probes on the microa ...	2004	15172815
[role of moderate bacteriophage 139 in change in production of cholera toxin in a classic strain of vibrio cholerae].	new data were obtained concerning cell sensitivity of pathogenic strains of cholera vibrions, which belong to the serogroup o1 of classical biovar, to the temperate bacteriophage k139, the native host of which is vibrio cholerae o139. molecular-genetic and biochemical studies showed that phage 139 integrated into the chromosome of strains v. cholerae o1 can change their toxigenic properties. a change in the production of cholera toxin (ct) in lysogens is associated both with an increase in the a ...	2004	15174276
cross-regulation in vibrio parahaemolyticus: compensatory activation of polar flagellar genes by the lateral flagellar regulator lafk.	gene organization and hierarchical regulation of the polar flagellar genes of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio cholerae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa appear highly similar, with one puzzling difference. two sigma(54)-dependent regulators are required to direct different classes of intermediate flagellar gene expression in v. cholerae and p. aeruginosa, whereas the v. parahaemolyticus homolog of one of these regulators, flak, appears dispensable. here we demonstrate that there is compensatory activa ...	2004	15175315
incomplete correlation of serum vibriocidal antibody titer with protection from vibrio cholerae infection in urban bangladesh.	the serum vibriocidal antibody is the only recognized predictor of protection from cholera, but no seroepidemiological data have been gathered since the emergence of vibrio cholerae o139. we assessed the association between the vibriocidal antibody titer and protection from cholera in an endemic setting. although a higher baseline vibriocidal titer correlated with protection from v. cholerae o1, infection still developed in some contacts with very high titers. no association between baseline vib ...	2004	15181581
occurrence and distribution of vibrio cholerae in the coastal environment of peru.	the occurrence and distribution of vibrio cholerae in sea water and plankton along the coast of peru were studied from october 1997 to june 2000, and included the 1997-98 el niño event. samples were collected at four sites in coastal waters off peru at monthly intervals. of 178 samples collected and tested, v. cholerae o1 was cultured from 10 (5.6%) samples, and v. cholerae o1 was detected by direct fluorescent antibody assay in 26 out of 159 samples tested (16.4%). based on the number of choler ...	2004	15186348
polylysogeny and prophage induction by secondary infection in vibrio cholerae.	strains of vibrio cholerae o1, biotypes el tor and classical, were infected with a known temperate phage (phip15) and monitored over a 15-day period for prophage induction. over the course of the experiment two morphologically and three genomically distinct virus-like particles were observed from the phage-infected el tor strain by transmission electron microscopy and field inversion gel electrophoresis, respectively, whereas only one phage, phip15, was observed from the infected classical strai ...	2004	15186355
a proteome reference map for vibrio cholerae el tor.	a proteome reference map has been constructed for vibrio cholerae el tor, in the pi range of 4.0 to 7.0. the map is based on two-dimensional gels (2-d) and the identification, by peptide mass fingerprint, of proteins in 94 spots, corresponding to 80 abundant proteins. two strains are compared, strain n16961 and a latin american el tor strain c3294. the consensus map contains 340 spots consistently seen with both strains grown in luria-bertani broth (lb) or minimal m9 medium. the results were obt ...	2004	15188416
[characterization of vibrio cholerae o1 cultures isolated from environmental objects on the territory of the russian federation in 2002].	the biological properties of 46 v. cholerae o1 eltor cultures isolated in 2002 from water environment on the territory of russia are presented. all isolated vibrios proved to be typical in their cultural, morphological, biochemical and serological properties. the atypical character of some of them was mainly linked with their phage resistance. the appearance of vibrios, sensitive to bacteriophage ctx+ and containing gene tcp in the absence gene ctx, was noted. multilocus vntr typing made it poss ...	2004	15188549
[transition of vibrio cholerae into the non-culturable state under the conditions of low temperature, different mineralization and illumination of artificial culture medium].	the importance of the combined influence of temperature, mineralization and illumination of the medium on the time of the transition of v. cholerae into the uncultivable state has been shown. the reversion of 5- to 60-day variants of uncultivable forms after the elevation of temperature to 20-22 degrees c has been obtained.	2004	15188550
[triacylglycerol lipase activity of hemolytic vibrio cholerae].	the new method for the determination of the lipase activity of purified preparations of hemolysins and live v. cholerae cell has been developed. on the basis of the determination of triacylglycerollipase (lipase) activity the test for the differentiation of hemolytic and nonhemolytic v. cholerae has been proposed.	2004	15188551
a bayesian method for identifying missing enzymes in predicted metabolic pathway databases.	the pathologic program constructs pathway/genome databases by using a genome's annotation to predict the set of metabolic pathways present in an organism. pathologic determines the set of reactions composing those pathways from the enzymes annotated in the organism's genome. most annotation efforts fail to assign function to 40-60% of sequences. in addition, large numbers of sequences may have non-specific annotations (e.g., thiolase family protein). pathway holes occur when a genome appears to ...	2004	15189570
biosafety aspects of the recombinant live oral vibrio cholerae vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr.	the development of live attenuated vaccines, allowing for the safe and effective immunisation at mucosal surfaces, is a strategy of great interest for vaccinologists. the main advantage of this approach over conventional parenteral vaccines is the induction of strong mucosal immune responses, allowing targeting of the pathogen at the initial point of contact with the host. further advantages include the ease of administration, high acceptance by vaccines, and relatively low production costs. fin ...	2004	15193410
effect of w07-toxin on gut physiological response in mice.	a number of unknown secretogenic factor(s) from vibrio cholerae have been implicated to play a role in inducing cholera-like symptoms observed in patients. the present study has been carried out on the novel w07-toxin (pi 5.2) from v. cholerae w07, an epidemic cholera strain devoid of the ctx gene. the toxin showed maximum binding to gm(1) and interacted with a 20 kda glycoprotein present on the cell membrane of mice enterocytes in a gm(1) specific manner. the analysis of biochemical parameters ...	2004	15194154
the value of cholera vaccination in promoting travel health.	cholera is a diarrhoeal disease caused by intestinal infection with vibrio cholerae bacterium (health protection agency, 2004). travellers are now able to obtain a cholera vaccine in the uk. although cholera is rare in travellers from the uk, its potential severity is a cause for concern. nurses will need to consider the availability of this new vaccine when providing health promotion to travellers.	2004	15195540
progress towards development of a cholera subunit vaccine.	cholera, an enteric disease that can reach pandemic proportions, remains a world-wide problem that is positioned to increase in incidence as changes in global climate or armed conflict spawn the conditions that enhance transmission to humans and, thus, precipitate epidemic cholera. an effective subunit cholera vaccine that can provide protective immunity with one parenteral immunization would be a major advantage over the existing oral vaccines that can require two doses for optimal protection. ...	2004	17191897
[effects of mass colpocytological screening on morbidity and mortality of uterine cervical carcinoma in inhabitants of parma and experiments on the diagnostic and therapeutic value of conization].		2004	1134694
[effects of mass colpocytological screening on morbidity and mortality of uterine cervical carcinoma in inhabitants of parma and experiments on the diagnostic and therapeutic value of conization].		2004	1134694
[management of recurrent genital herpes simplex with the sabin triple vaccine].		2004	535681
changes in bone mineral content following tibia shaft fractures.	the bone mineral content of the upper ends of the tibia and the fibula was measured in 27 patients with tibia shaft fracture. the bone mineral decreased rapidly after fracture, the loss continuing for about 5 months. later, towards the end of the first year after the injury, there was a slow restoration of mineral but no return to initial values in most instances. although the average maximum loss was approximately 45%, only 25% of the initial bone mineral was missing after one year.	2004	535229
[malignant ovarian tumours in young women up to 35 (author's transl)].	fourteen malignant ovarian tumours in women up to the age of 35 years under treatment at the gynaecological department of charité, between 1958 and 1957, are reported in this paper. they accounted for 3.9 per cent of all malignant ovarian tumours treated over the above period of time. histological findings and curative results are discussed. five-year healing was conspicuously high and accounted for 66.6 per cent. twin malignoma developed in two cases and was accompanied by gravidity in one of t ...	2004	532420
[breast cancer detection and treatment (author's transl)].	the records of the district offices for cancer control in berlin and königs wusterhausen were used in order to analyse changes in the detection and management of female breast cancer between 1955 and 1974. the proportion of new cases younger than 45 years has increased from 8 percent to about 13 percent. since 1970 there has been an increase in stage i and a decrease of stage iv. from 1960 to 1969 only 71 percent of all patients were radically operated upon, but in 1973/74 the proportion rose to ...	2004	532403
electroencephalographic investigation of allergic disorders.		2004	529195
[effect of certain factors on a decrease in the ribonucleic acid content in saccharomyces carlsbergensis brewer's yeasts via autofermentation].		2004	525457
the action of potato inhibitors on activation of zymogen forms of digestive system proteases.	the potato inhibitors of proteases inhibit the activation of trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase a and b induced by trypsin. these inhibitors do not inhibit the activation of trypsinogen induced by enterokinase. potato inhibitors have no influence on pepsinogen autoactivation and on pepsin activity.	2004	525219
[measurement and evaluation of the contrast enhancement in computed tomography of the kidney (author's transl)].		2004	523300
[exercise electrocardiogram in children].		2004	523203
ultrasonically-aided percutaneous orbital aspiration.	ultrasonography is the most effective diagnostic modality for locating and delimiting cystic orbital lesions, and may often provide an accurate tissue diagnosis. a case is presented demonstrating the ability of ultrasonography to aid in the percutaneous aspiration of selected orbital cystic lesions.	2004	523057
reliability of methods for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and a follow-up of the reaction of c.i.n. to biopsy.		2004	523043
intra-medullary pressure and intra-osseous phlebography in paraplegia.	intra-medullary pressure and intra-osseous phlebography have been studied in the femurs of ten paraplegics. these methods are reliable for studying bone circulation. results show that there exists an increase of intra-medullary pressure of more than twice the normal value and signs of delayed blood flow as well as a diaphyseal reflux in the bone. the blood gases are also modified (o2 saturation; po2 and pco2). these signs indicate that there is a venous stasis. these circulatory disturbances are ...	2004	534112
[compression-distraction osteosynthesis in treating bone fractures].		2004	522369
problems in the establishment of water quality criteria.		2004	522216
congressman normal mineta: keeping tabs on the clean water act. interview by donald feliciano.		2004	522208