Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| [dependence of the expression of the biological features of vibrio cholerae on the conditions of their cultivation]. | the biological activity of toxigenic and non-toxigenic v. cholerae supernatants was found to depend on the cultivation medium. the use of iron-free tryptone medium made it possible to obtain supernatants of toxigenic v. cholerae with haemolytic activity and destructive action on passaged cell cultures. in the experimental infection of suckling rabbits the influence of the cultivation conditions of v. cholerae on the character and expression of their pathogenic properties was determined. the diss ... | 2003 | 12886638 |
| [antigenic specificity of vibrio cholerae o139 nitrosoguanidine mutants]. | the action of nitrosoguanidine (ng) on the culture of v. cholerae o139 p-16064 resulted in the appearance of mutant 16064 ng6, not agglutinating with commercial diagnostic serum o139. its incapacity of agglutination was due to the sorption of the specific serum with strains v. cholerae o22 and r-variant rca-385, which caused the loss of antibodies to common determinants. experiments with the sorption of immune sera made it possible to suggest that one of the determinants of lps o139, phosphate-g ... | 2003 | 12886640 |
| independent prognostic factors for fatality in patients with invasive vibrio cholerae non-o1 infections. | to identify independent prognostic factors for fatality, 73 patients with a total of 75 episodes of invasive vibrio. cholerae non-o1 infections treated from july 1998 through october 2001 at 2 medical centers were retrospectively studied. the demographic, laboratory, and clinical information of these patients were collected and analyzed. the overall mortality rate was 36%. multivariate analysis revealed that severe liver cirrhosis (p=0.003; odds ratio [or], 14.12, with 95% confidence interval [c ... | 2003 | 12886963 |
| antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens associated with diarrheal patients in indonesia. | the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for 2,812 bacterial pathogens isolated from diarrheal patients admitted to hospitals in several provinces in the cities of jakarta, padang, medan, denpasar, pontianak, makassar, and batam, indonesia were analyzed from 1995 to 2001 to determine their changing trends in response to eight antibiotics: ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. vibrio cholerae o1 (37.1%) ... | 2003 | 12887025 |
| dna binding and toxr responsiveness by the wing domain of tcpp, an activator of virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | virulence in vibrio cholerae requires activation of toxt by two membrane-localized activators, tcpp and toxr. we isolated 12 tcpp activation mutants that fell into two classes: class i mutants were inactive irrespective of the presence of toxr, and class ii mutants exhibited near wild-type activity when coexpressed with toxr. most class i mutants had lesions in the wing domain predicted by homology with the winged helix-turn-helix family of activators. class i mutants bound promoter dna poorly a ... | 2003 | 12887901 |
| sialic acids linked to glycoconjugates of fas regulate the caspase-9-dependent and mitochondria-mediated pathway of fas-induced apoptosis in jurkat t cell lymphoma. | to clarify the functions of sialic acids linked to glycoconjugates of fas in fas-induced apoptosis, jurkat t cells, untreated and treated with neuraminidase, were incubated with anti-fas monoclonal antibody, ch11. apoptosis of jurkat t cells induced by incubation with ch11 was enhanced by the pre-treatment with neuraminidase. by flow cytometry sialylated glycoconjugates were detected on the cell surface of jurkat t cells using lfa lectin, which specifically reacts with sialic acid, and pre-treat ... | 2003 | 12888916 |
| molecular epidemiology of o139 vibrio cholerae: mutation, lateral gene transfer, and founder flush. | vibrio cholerae in o-group 139 was first isolated in 1992 and by 1993 had been found throughout the indian subcontinent. this epidemic expansion probably resulted from a single source after a lateral gene transfer (lgt) event that changed the serotype of an epidemic v. cholerae o1 el tor strain to o139. however, some studies found substantial genetic diversity, perhaps caused by multiple origins. to further explore the relatedness of o139 strains, we analyzed nine sequenced loci from 96 isolates ... | 2003 | 12890320 |
| epidemiology of sporadic bloody diarrhea in rural western kenya. | we conducted laboratory-based surveillance and a case-control study to characterize the epidemiology of bloody diarrhea in rural western kenya. from may 1997 through april 2001, we collected stool from 451 persons with bloody diarrhea presenting to four rural clinics. cultures of 231 (51%) specimens yielded 247 bacterial pathogens: 198 shigella (97 s. flexneri, 41 s. dysenteriae type 1, 39 s. dysenteriae type non-1, 13 s. boydii, 8 s. sonnei), 33 campylobacter, 15 non-typhoidal salmonella, and 1 ... | 2003 | 12892051 |
| mutation in the rela gene of vibrio cholerae affects in vitro and in vivo expression of virulence factors. | the rela gene product determines the level of (p)ppgpp, the effector nucleotides of the bacterial stringent response that are also involved in the regulation of other functions, like antibiotic production and quorum sensing. in order to explore the possible involvement of rela in the regulation of virulence of vibrio cholerae, a rela homolog from the organism (rela(vch)) was cloned and sequenced. the rela(vch) gene encodes a 738-amino-acid protein having functions similar to those of other gram- ... | 2003 | 12896985 |
| the virulence activator apha links quorum sensing to pathogenesis and physiology in vibrio cholerae by repressing the expression of a penicillin amidase gene on the small chromosome. | activation of the tcpph promoter on the vibrio pathogenicity island by apha and aphb initiates the vibrio cholerae virulence cascade and is regulated by quorum sensing through the repressive action of hapr on apha expression. to further understand how the chromosomally encoded apha protein activates tcpph expression, site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify the base pairs critical for apha binding and transcriptional activation. this analysis revealed a region of partial dyad symmetry, tat ... | 2003 | 12897002 |
| haemophilus influenzae rd lacks a stringently conserved fatty acid biosynthetic enzyme and thermal control of membrane lipid composition. | the organization of the fatty acid synthetic genes of haemophilus influenzae rd is remarkably similar to that of the paradigm organism, escherichia coli k-12, except that no homologue of the e. coli fabf gene is present. this finding is unexpected, since fabf is very widely distributed among bacteria and is thought to be the generic 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (acp) synthase active on long-chain-length substrates. however, h. influenzae rd contains a homologue of the e. coli fabb gene, which ... | 2003 | 12897013 |
| advances in the development of bacterial vector technology. | the demand for new and improved vaccines against human diseases has continued unabated over the past century. while the need continues for traditional vaccines in areas such as infectious diseases, there is an increasing demand for new therapies in nontraditional areas, such as cancer treatment, bioterrorism and food safety. prompted by these changes, there has been a renewed interest in the application and development of live, attenuated bacteria expressing foreign antigens as vaccines. the app ... | 2003 | 12901595 |
| bacterial ghosts as carrier and targeting systems for mucosal antigen delivery. | the application of new strategies to develop effective vaccines is essential in modern medicine. the bacterial ghost system is a novel vaccine delivery system endowed with intrinsic adjuvant properties. bacterial ghosts are nonliving gram-negative bacterial cell envelopes devoid of cytoplasmic contents while maintaining their cellular morphology and native surface antigenic structures including bioadhesive properties. they are produced by phix174 protein e-mediated lysis of gram-negative bacteri ... | 2003 | 12901596 |
| photobactin: a catechol siderophore produced by photorhabdus luminescens, an entomopathogen mutually associated with heterorhabditis bacteriophora nc1 nematodes. | the nematode heterorhabditis bacteriophora transmits a monoculture of photorhabdus luminescens bacteria to insect hosts, where it requires the bacteria for efficient insect pathogenicity and as a substrate for growth and reproduction. siderophore production was implicated as being involved in the symbiosis because an ngra mutant inadequate for supporting nematode growth and reproduction was also deficient in producing siderophore activity and ngra is homologous to a siderophore biosynthetic gene ... | 2003 | 12902261 |
| use of dipsticks for rapid diagnosis of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 from rectal swabs. | we evaluated the recently developed dipsticks for the rapid detection of vibrio cholerae serotypes o1 and o139 from rectal swabs of hospitalized diarrheal patients after enrichment for 4 h in alkaline peptone water. the sensitivity and specificity of the dipsticks were above 92 and 91%, respectively. the dipsticks represent the first rapid test which has been successfully used to diagnose cholera from rectal swabs, and this would immensely improve surveillance for cholera, especially in remote s ... | 2003 | 12904424 |
| gene cloning and characterization of vcrm, a na+-coupled multidrug efflux pump, from vibrio cholerae non-o1. | we cloned a dna fragment responsible for drug resistance from chromosome of vibrio cholerae non-o1. nucleotide sequence analysis of this fragment revealed the presence of a single open reading frame encoding a protein consisting of 445 amino acid residues. we designated the gene as vcrm. hydropathy analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of vcrm suggests the presence of 12 trans-membrane segments. a dendrogram showed that vcrm is a member of the dinf-subfamily within the mate family of multi ... | 2003 | 12906102 |
| role of mast cells and pro-inflammatory mediators on the intestinal secretion induced by cholera toxin. | recent data suggest that diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae involves a pro-inflammatory mediators release, such as cytokines, prostaglandin and nitric oxide. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of mast cells and their mediators in the intestinal secretion induced by cholera toxin. we examined the dose responses, time course and role of mast cells and pro-inflammatory mediators in cholera toxin intestinal secretory response, in vivo. cholera toxin caused a dose-dependent secretion, ... | 2003 | 12906889 |
| evaluation of the protective efficacy of vibrio cholerae ghost (vcg) candidate vaccines in rabbits. | an effective vibrio cholerae vaccine is needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by this pathogen. despite the availability of current oral vaccines with measurable efficacy, there is need for more effective vaccines with broad-spectrum efficacy in target populations. recent studies have shown that bacterial ghosts, produced by the expression of cloned lysis gene e, possess adjuvant properties and are immunogenic. in this study, ghosts were prepared from v. cholerae o1 or o139 and eva ... | 2003 | 12922096 |
| control of sxt integration and excision. | the vibrio cholerae sxt element is a conjugative self-transmissible chromosomally integrating element that encodes resistance to multiple antibiotics. sxt integrates in a site-specific fashion at prfc and excises from the chromosome to form a circular but nonreplicative extrachromosomal form. both chromosomal integration and excision depend on an sxt-encoded recombinase, int. here we found that int is necessary and sufficient for sxt integration and that int expression in recipient cells require ... | 2003 | 12923077 |
| quorum sensing and expression of virulence in escherichia coli o157:h7. | enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 causes a characteristic histopathology in intestinal cells known as attaching and effacing lesion. the genes for the lesion are encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island, that encodes a type iii secretion system, the intimin intestinal colonization factor, and the translocated intimin receptor protein that is translocated from the bacterium to the host epithelial cells. expression of the operons encoded within lee is comp ... | 2003 | 12810266 |
| progress in the prevention and control of diarrhoeal diseases since independence. | acute diarrhoeal diseases constitute one of the major health problems among young children in india. it was estimated in 1978 that 1.5 million children under the age of 5 years die due to diarrhoea every year, which declined to 0.6-0.7 million in the estimate revised in 1992. a similar declining trend has also been noted in hospitalized cases in calcutta (present kolkata) during 1980-95 as well as from other parts of india. even today, cholera epidemics occur regularly in india. the cholera epid ... | 2003 | 12816201 |
| nasally administered cholera toxin a-subunit acts as a mucosal adjuvant. | it is well established that cholera toxin (ct) produced by vibrio cholerae acts as a potent mucosal adjuvant; however, the native form of this molecule causes severe diarrhea. furthermore, both native ct and its b-subunit derivative bind to monosialogangliosides (gm1) in membrane raft micro-domains on neural tissues and are thus unsuitable for use in humans. in this study, we evaluated the adjuvanticity of the ct a-subunit (ct-a) administered with ovalbumin (ova) by the nasal route. we found tha ... | 2003 | 12816361 |
| deletion of a vibrio cholerae clc channel results in acid sensitivity and enhanced intestinal colonization. | clc chloride channels are found in all three kingdoms of life though little is known about their functions in prokaryotes. here we investigated the role of a vibrio cholerae clc channel in acid resistance and intestinal colonization. the putative v. cholerae clc channel was found to confer mild resistance to acid when ph was adjusted with hcl, but not with other acids. surprisingly, a clc channel deletion mutant exhibited enhanced intestinal colonization in infant mice. | 2003 | 12819118 |
| [indicator strains of cholera vibrions for detection and primary identification of cholera phages]. | a set of test-strains is suggested; it comprises v. eltor p-13169 and v. cholerae 163-0139 designed for the primary identification of unknown previously choleraic bacteriophages. | 2003 | 12822308 |
| method of dna extraction and application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 from aquatic ecosystems. | vibrio cholerae is a free-living bacterium found in water and in association with plankton. v. cholerae non-o1/non-o139 strains are frequently isolated from aquatic ecosystems worldwide. less frequently isolated are v. cholerae o1 and v. cholerae o139, the aetiological agents of cholera. these strains have two main virulence-associated factors, cholera toxin (ct) and toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp). by extracting total dna from aquatic samples, the presence of pathogenic strains can be determined ... | 2003 | 12823192 |
| secretion of a soluble colonization factor by the tcp type 4 pilus biogenesis pathway in vibrio cholerae. | colonization of the human small intestine by vibrio cholerae requires the type 4 toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp). genes encoding the structure and biogenesis functions of tcp are organized within an operon located on the vibrio pathogenicity island (vpi). in an effort to elucidate the functions of proteins involved in tcp biogenesis, in frame deletions of all of the genes within the tcp operon coding for putative pilus biogenesis proteins have been constructed and the resulting mutants characteri ... | 2003 | 12823812 |
| structure of msba from vibrio cholera: a multidrug resistance abc transporter homolog in a closed conformation. | the spread of multidrug resistance (mdr) is a world health crisis that presents a significant challenge to the treatment of cancer and infection. mdr can be caused by a group of abc (mdr-abc) transporters that move hydrophobic drug molecules and lipids across the cell membrane. to gain insight into the conformational changes these transporters undergo when flipping hydrophobic substrates across the lipid bilayer, we have determined the structure of the lipid flippase msba from vibrio cholera (vc ... | 2003 | 12823979 |
| solution structure of vibrio cholerae protein vc0424: a variation of the ferredoxin-like fold. | the structure of vibrio cholerae protein vc0424 was determined by nmr spectroscopy. vc0424 belongs to a conserved family of bacterial proteins of unknown function (cog 3076). the structure has an alpha-beta sandwich architecture consisting of two layers: a four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet and three side-by-side alpha-helices. the secondary structure elements have the order alphabetaalphabetabetaalphabeta along the sequence. this fold is the same as the ferredoxin-like fold, except with an a ... | 2003 | 12824501 |
| use of in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) to identify genes uniquely expressed during human infection with vibrio cholerae. | in vivo-induced antigen technology is a method to identify proteins expressed by pathogenic bacteria during human infection. sera from 10 patients convalescing from cholera infection in bangladesh were pooled, adsorbed against in vitro-grown el tor vibrio cholerae o1, and used to probe a genomic expression library in escherichia coli constructed from el tor v. cholerae o1 strain n16961. we identified 38 positive clones in the screen, encoding pili (pila and tcpa), cell membrane proteins (pilq, m ... | 2003 | 12826608 |
| susceptibility to rifaximin of vibrio cholerae strains from different geographical areas. | four hundred and eight clinical strains of vibrio cholerae isolated from different geographical areas and with different antimicrobial resistance patterns were tested for susceptibility to rifaximin, a non-absorbable antibiotic active in vitro against gram-negative bacteria. the mics ranged from 0.5 to 4 mg/l for all strains. these values and the pharmacokinetic properties suggest rifaximin as an attractive antimicrobial agent for cholera. | 2003 | 12837732 |
| freshwater bacteria can methylate selenium through the thiopurine methyltransferase pathway. | involvement of the bacterial thiopurine methyltransferase (btpmt) in natural selenium methylation by freshwater was investigated. a freshwater environment that had no known selenium contamination but exhibited reproducible emission of dimethyl selenide (dmse) or dimethyl diselenide (dmdse) when it was supplemented with an organic form of selenium [(methyl)selenocysteine] or an inorganic form of selenium (sodium selenite) was used. the distribution of the btpmt gene (tpm) in the microflora was st ... | 2003 | 12839745 |
| vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease degrades chironomid egg masses. | cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by specific serogroups of vibrio cholerae that are pathogenic to humans. the disease does not persist in a chronic state in humans or animals. the pathogen is naturally present as a free-living organism in the environment. recently, it was suggested that egg masses of the nonbiting midge chironomus sp. (diptera) harbor and serve as a nutritive source for v. cholerae, thereby providing a natural reservoir for the organism. here we report that v. choler ... | 2003 | 12839800 |
| septicaemia and liver abscesses secondary to non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae colitis. | 2003 | 12840683 | |
| the atp binding cassette multidrug transporter lmra and lipid transporter msba have overlapping substrate specificities. | lmra is an atp binding cassette (abc) multidrug transporter in lactococcus lactis that is a structural and functional homologue of the human multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein mdr1 (abcb1). lmra is also homologous to msba, an essential abc transporter in escherichia coli involved in the trafficking of lipids, including lipid a. we have compared the substrate specificities of lmra and msba in detail. surprisingly, lmra was able to functionally substitute for a temperature-sensitive mutant msba i ... | 2003 | 12842882 |
| haemagglutinin/protease expression and mucin gel penetration in el tor biotype vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae of both biotypes produce a soluble zn(2+)-dependent metalloprotease: haemagglutinin/protease (hap), encoded by hapa. hap has been shown to have mucinolytic and cytotoxic activity. these activities are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholera and the reactogenicity of attenuated vaccine strains. production of hap requires transcriptional activation by the hapr regulator and is repressed by glucose. the present study shows that mucin purified from two sources ... | 2003 | 12855739 |
| cholera and other types of vibriosis: a story of human pandemics and oysters on the half shell. | vibrios are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and are commonly present in or on shellfish and other seafood. a small subset of strains/species are able to cause human disease, including the cholera toxin-producing strains of vibrio cholerae that are responsible for epidemic/pandemic cholera; thermostable direct hemolysin-producing strains of vibrio parahaemolyticus; and vibrio vulnificus, which can cause fulminant sepsis. cholera outbreaks can be initiated by transmission of "epidemic" v. ch ... | 2003 | 12856219 |
| azithromycin in the treatment of cholera in children. | to evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of cholera in children. | 2003 | 12856976 |
| ompu genes in non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae associated with aquaculture. | the study was undertaken with the objective of understanding the virulence-associated genes of the ctx and tcp gene clusters in environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae, an important human pathogen, isolated from the aquaculture environment. the involvement of the ompu gene in conferring bile resistance in these isolates was also evaluated. | 2003 | 12859767 |
| problems and perspectives of molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases. | current tendencies and problems of molecular biology and its application in infectious diseases are discussed. basic stages of the development of molecular epidemiology as a leading tool for epidemiological studies are reviewed. more than 30 years ago, molecular epidemiology was first used to study nosocomial infections. special attention is given to the achievements of russian scientists, especially in the discovery of astrakhan spotted fever rickettsia, noncultured forms of vibrio cholerae, an ... | 2003 | 12860718 |
| an iron-regulated gene required for utilization of aerobactin as an exogenous siderophore in vibrio parahaemolyticus. | a previous investigation using the fur titration assay system showed that vibrio parahaemolyticus possesses a gene encoding a protein homologous to iuta, the outer-membrane receptor for ferric aerobactin in escherichia coli. in this study, a 5.6 kb dna region from the v. parahaemolyticus wp1 genome was cloned and two entire genes, iuta and alcd homologues, were identified which are absent from vibrio cholerae genomic sequences. the v. parahaemolyticus iuta and alcd proteins share 43 % identity w ... | 2003 | 12724383 |
| molecular organization of exopolysaccharide (eps) encoding genes on the lactococcal bacteriophage adsorption blocking plasmid, pci658. | the lactococcal plasmid pci658 (58 kb) isolated from lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris ho2 encodes the production of a hydrophilic exopolysaccharide (eps) which consists primarily of galactose and glucuronic acid and which interferes with adsorption of phages ø712 and øc2 to cell surface receptors. examination of the nucleotide sequence of a 21.8-kb region of the plasmid revealed a large genetic cluster consisting of at least 23 putative eps biosynthetic determinants in addition to the presence o ... | 2003 | 12726766 |
| enteric pathogens and soil: a short review. | it is known that soil is a recipient of solid wastes able to contain enteric pathogens in high concentrations. although the role of soil as a reservoir of certain bacterial pathogens is not in question, recent findings show that soil may have a larger role in the transmission of enteric diseases than previously thought. many of the diseases caused by agents from soil have been well characterized, although enteric diseases and their link to soil have not been so well studied. gastrointestinal inf ... | 2003 | 12730707 |
| from motility to virulence: sensing and responding to environmental signals in vibrio cholerae. | sensing its changing environment is key for vibrio cholerae when making the transition from an aquatic lifestyle to one more suited to a human host. an inverse correlation between motility and virulence gene expression has been reported, with the nadh : ubiquinone oxidoreductase system which powers motility by generating a sodium-motive force, playing a pivotal role. recent studies have demonstrated that bile inhibits activity of the transcription factor toxt, a protein responsible for direct ac ... | 2003 | 12732310 |
| predictability of vibrio cholerae in chesapeake bay. | vibrio cholerae is autochthonous to natural waters and can pose a health risk when it is consumed via untreated water or contaminated shellfish. the correlation between the occurrence of v. cholerae in chesapeake bay and environmental factors was investigated over a 3-year period. water and plankton samples were collected monthly from five shore sampling sites in northern chesapeake bay (january 1998 to february 2000) and from research cruise stations on a north-south transect (summers of 1999 a ... | 2003 | 12732548 |
| genomic diversity of clinical and environmental vibrio cholerae strains isolated in brazil between 1991 and 2001 as revealed by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. | vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous and abundant organism in aquatic environments, particularly in coastal areas, estuaries, and rivers. this organism was the cause of a considerable number of deaths in brazil during the last decade. in this study we applied the genomic fingerprinting technique fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (faflp) to analyze 106 v. cholerae o1 and non-o1 and non-o139 strains isolated from clinical specimens and the environment between 1991 and 2001. numerical a ... | 2003 | 12734232 |
| multilocus sequence typing has better discriminatory ability for typing vibrio cholerae than does pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and provides a measure of phylogenetic relatedness. | twenty-two vibrio cholerae isolates, including some from "epidemic" (o1 and o139) and "nonepidemic" serogroups, were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) by using three housekeeping genes, gyrb, pgm, and reca; sequence data were also obtained for the virulence-associated genes tcpa, ctxa, and ctxb. even with the small number of loci used, mlst had better discriminatory ability than did pfge. on mlst analysis, there was clear clustering of ... | 2003 | 12734277 |
| one-step immunochromatographic dipstick tests for rapid detection of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in stool samples. | we describe the development and evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 based on lipopolysaccharide detection using gold particles. the specificity ranged between 84 and 100%. the sensitivity of the dipsticks ranged from 94.2 to 100% when evaluated with stool samples obtained in madagascar and bangladesh. the dipstick can provide a simple tool for epidemiological surveys. | 2003 | 12738652 |
| [increasing drug resistance in vibrio cholerae o1 and non-o1 strains isolated from diarrheal cases in japan]. | drug resistance trends were investigated for 271 vibrio cholerae o1 (v.c o1) and 401 v. cholerae non-o1 (v.c non-o1) strains isolated from mainly imported diarrheal cases during 1981-2001 in japan. the results of drug resistance test using 8 drugs (cp, tc, sm, km, abpc, st, na, and nflx) showed that 34.7% of the v. c o1 strains and 15.7% of v.c non-o1 strains were multi-drug or mono-drug resistant. the incidence of drug resistant strains has increased since 1991, and it has been remarkable in v. ... | 2003 | 12739372 |
| peh production, flagellum synthesis, and virulence reduced in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora by mutation in a homologue of cytr. | erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is a causal agent of soft-rot diseases in a wide variety of plants. here, we have isolated a new regulatory factor involved in the virulence of e. carotovora subsp. carotovora by in vivo insertional mutagenesis using a transposon tn5. the gene was homologous to cytr encoding a transcriptional repressor of nucleoside uptake and catabolism genes in escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, and vibrio cholerae. phenotypic characterization of a nonpolar deletion ... | 2003 | 12744509 |
| antibacterial efficacy of rumex nepalensis spreng. roots. | the antibacterial property of rumex nepalensis spreng. was evaluated against some strains of bacteria. the methanol extract of the roots (tested at 200-1000 micro g/disc) showed significant concentration-dependent antibacterial activity. | 2003 | 12748999 |
| tetracycline in the treatment of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 resistant to the drug in vitro. | 2003 | 12751678 | |
| role of secretory antibodies in the defence against infections. | adaptive immunity mediated by secretory antibodies is important in the defence against mucosal infections. specific secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) can inhibit initial pathogen colonization by performing immune exclusion both on the mucosal surface and within virus-infected secretory epithelial cells without causing tissue damage. resistance against toxin-producing bacteria such as vibrio cholerae appears to be particularly dependent on siga antibodies. like natural infections, live topical va ... | 2003 | 12755363 |
| bacteriophage and the evolution of epidemic cholera. | 2003 | 12761073 | |
| examination of diverse toxin-coregulated pilus-positive vibrio cholerae strains fails to demonstrate evidence for vibrio pathogenicity island phage. | the major virulence factors of toxigenic vibrio cholerae are cholera toxin, which is encoded by a lysogenic filamentous bacteriophage (ctxphi), and toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp), an essential colonization factor that is also the receptor for ctxphi. the genes involved in the biosynthesis of tcp reside in a pathogenicity island, which has been reported to correspond to the genome of another filamentous phage (designated vpiphi) and to encode functions necessary for the production of infectious vp ... | 2003 | 12761075 |
| purification and characterization of enterotoxigenic el tor-like hemolysin produced by vibrio fluvialis. | the halophilic bacterium vibrio fluvialis is an enteric pathogen that produces an extracellular hemolysin. this hemolysin was purified to homogeneity by using sequential hydrophobic-interaction chromatography with phenyl-sepharose cl-4b and gel filtration with sephacryl s-200. it has a molecular weight of 63,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6, and its hemolytic activity is sensitive to heat, proteases, and preincubation with zinc ions. the hemolysin lyses erythrocytes of the eight different ani ... | 2003 | 12761101 |
| type iv pilin structure and assembly: x-ray and em analyses of vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus and pseudomonas aeruginosa pak pilin. | pilin assembly into type iv pili is required for virulence by bacterial pathogens that cause diseases such as cholera, pneumonia, gonorrhea, and meningitis. crystal structures of soluble, n-terminally truncated pilin from vibrio cholera toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) and full-length pak pilin from pseudomonas aeruginosa reveal a novel tcp fold, yet a shared architecture for the type iv pilins. in each pilin subunit a conserved, extended, n-terminal alpha helix wrapped by beta strands anchors the ... | 2003 | 12769840 |
| flra, a sigma54-dependent transcriptional activator in vibrio fischeri, is required for motility and symbiotic light-organ colonization. | flagellum-mediated motility of vibrio fischeri is an essential factor in the bacterium's ability to colonize its host, the hawaiian squid euprymna scolopes. to begin characterizing the nature of the flagellar regulon, we have cloned a gene, designated flra, from v. fischeri that encodes a putative sigma(54)-dependent transcriptional activator. genetic arrangement of the flra locus in v. fischeri is similar to motility master-regulator operons of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus. in ad ... | 2003 | 12775692 |
| infectious diseases. taming pathogens: an elegant idea, but does it work? | 2003 | 12775814 | |
| characterization of four orthologs of stringent starvation protein a. | orthologous proteins can be beneficial for x-ray crystallographic studies when a protein from an organism of choice fails to crystallize or the crystals are not suitable for structure determination. their amino-acid sequences should be similar enough that they will share the same fold, but different enough so that they may crystallize under alternative conditions and diffract to higher resolution. this multi-species approach was employed to obtain diffraction-quality crystals of the rna polymera ... | 2003 | 12777805 |
| seasonal variation in bacterial pathogens isolated from stool samples in karachi, pakistan. | to determine the seasonal variation of the commonly isolated bacterial pathogens in stool samples. | 2003 | 12779031 |
| antibacterial activity of pulicaria dysenterica extracts. | aqueous, methanolic and chloroformic extracts of pulicaria dysenterica aerial parts were tested for their antibacterial activity using the disc-diffusion assay technique. the methanolic extract was found to be the most effective extract against three out of six tested bacteria. all of the extracts were active against vibrio cholera. | 2003 | 12781813 |
| direct detection of vibrio cholerae and ctxa in peruvian coastal water and plankton by pcr. | seawater and plankton samples were collected over a period of 17 months from november 1998 to march 2000 along the coast of peru. total dna was extracted from water and from plankton grouped by size into two fractions (64 micro m to 202 micro m and >202 micro m). all samples were assayed for vibrio cholerae, v. cholerae o1, v. cholerae o139, and ctxa by pcr. of 50 samples collected and tested, 33 (66.0%) were positive for v. cholerae in at least one of the three fractions. of these, 62.5% (n = 3 ... | 2003 | 12788781 |
| molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o139 in china: polymorphism of ribotypes and ctx elements. | vibrio cholerae o139, the second etiological serogroup of cholera, triggered the first outbreak of o139 cholera in china in 1993. to analyze the clone polymorphism of o139 isolates in china, 117 strains of v. cholerae o139, isolated from different areas in china between 1993 and 1999, were selected to characterize the phylogenetic relationships by molecular techniques. analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism in the conserved 16s rrna gene revealed seven different ribotypes within th ... | 2003 | 12791841 |
| [validation of clinical and epidemiological diagnosis criterion for confirming cholera]. | to validate the clinical and epidemiological diagnosis criterion for confirming cholera suspect cases. | 2003 | 12792678 |
| bacteremic cellulitis caused by non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae in a patient following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | 2003 | 12796802 | |
| multivalency and the mode of action of bacterial sialidases. | although complex modular proteins are encountered frequently in a variety of biological systems, their occurrence in biocatalysis has not been widely appreciated. here, we describe that bacterial sialidases, which have both a catalytic and carbohydrate-binding domain, can hydrolyze polyvalent substrates with much greater catalytic efficiency than their monovalent counterparts. the enhancement of catalytic efficiency was due to a much smaller michaelis constant and rationalized by a model in whic ... | 2003 | 12797770 |
| the escherichia fergusonii iucabcd iuta genes are located within a larger chromosomal region similar to pathogenicity islands. | three strains of escherichia fergusonii (ef873, ef1496, ef939) of 50 strains tested produced the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin. screening of a cosmid library of the strain ef873 chromosomal dna (in aerobactin nonproducing escherichia coli vcs257) for aerobactin production identified iucabcd and iuta gene orthologues. the predicted iucabcd and iuta proteins showed 59-65% identity to the corresponding proteins of shigella flexneri and e. coli. aerobactin molecules synthesized by e. fergusonii ... | 2003 | 12800494 |
| comparison of the structure and regulation of the udp gene of vibrio cholerae, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, salmonella typhimurium, and escherichia coli. | the nucleotide sequences of the udp gene encoding uridine phosphorylase of yersinia pseudotuberculosis and vibrio cholerae are presented and compared with the udp sequences of salmonella typhimurium and escherichia coli. both genes contain 759 bases and encode a 253 amino acid polypeptide, which is the same as for e. coli and s. typhimurium. the amino acid sequence derived from s. typhimurium gene was more similar to the derived e. coli sequence, with only a 7 amino acid difference. the y. pseud ... | 2003 | 14499937 |
| construction and evaluation of a safe, live, oral vibrio cholerae vaccine candidate, iem108. | iem101, a vibrio cholerae o1 el tor ogawa strain naturally deficient in ctxphi, was previously selected as a live cholera vaccine candidate. to make a better and safer vaccine that can induce protective immunity against both the bacteria and cholera toxin (ct), a new vaccine candidate, iem108, was constructed by introducing a ctxb gene and an el tor-derived rstr gene into iem101. the ctxb gene codes for the protective antigen ctb subunit, and the rstr gene mediates phage immunity. the stable exp ... | 2003 | 14500467 |
| the global regulator arca modulates expression of virulence factors in vibrio cholerae. | a vibrio cholerae arca mutant was constructed and used to examine the role of the global anaerobiosis response regulator arca in the expression of virulence factors in this important human pathogen. in v. cholerae, expression of the major virulence factors cholera toxin (ct) and toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) is regulated by the transcriptional activator toxt. toxt expression, in turn, is controlled by the transmembrane dna binding proteins toxr and tcpp. in the v. cholerae arca mutant, although ... | 2003 | 14500477 |
| current immunizations for travel. | international travelers may be at risk from a variety of potentially severe and life-threatening infections. some of these diseases are preventable, and vaccination remains a cornerstone of travel medicine. vaccines that are important for international travel are reviewed, in a succinct update based on the most recent literature. | 2003 | 14501987 |
| probing control of glucose feeding in vibrio cholerae cultivations. | infection with vibrio cholerae is a significant problem in many developing countries. cultivation of v. cholerae is used in production of cholera toxin b subunit, which is a component in a cholera vaccine. fed-batch cultivations with v. cholerae in defined media have been conducted and reproducible results were obtained. a probing feeding strategy developed by akesson for escherichia coli cultivations has been tested. the strategy is working as well for v. cholerae as for e. coli in minimizing t ... | 2003 | 14505000 |
| electron ionization mass spectrometric study of monomeric models of o-polysaccharides of vibrio cholerae o:1, serotypes ogawa and inaba. | fragmentation mechanisms of electron ionization (ei) mass spectrometry of the title compounds have been elucidated by high-resolution (hr) mass spectrometric measurements of the elemental composition and measurements of the metastable transitions (b(2)/e, cid). the experimental results were interpreted with the help of mass frontier 3.0 software, which aided the elucidation of fragmentation mechanisms and helped to deduce structures of the ions formed. characteristic under the conditions of ei-m ... | 2003 | 14505319 |
| quorum sensing controls biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | multiple quorum-sensing circuits function in parallel to control virulence and biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. in contrast to other bacterial pathogens that induce virulence factor production and/or biofilm formation at high cell density in the presence of quorum-sensing autoinducers, v. cholerae represses these behaviours at high cell density. consistent with this, we show here that v. cholerae strains 'locked' in the regulatory state mimicking low cell density are enhanced for biofilm pr ... | 2003 | 14507367 |
| emergence and re-emergence of vibrio cholerae 0139: an epidemiological study during 1993-2002 at nagpur, central india. | the pattern of vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139 isolates at indira gandhi medical college and mayo general hospital, nagpur from 1993 to 2002 is presented. emergence of the novel serotype 0139 in 1993 was followed by periods of quiescence and re-emergence. for the first time after 1993, the 0139 isolates out numbered 01 isolates in 2001. the peculiar epidemiological pattern is compared with other reports. | 2003 | 14510347 |
| persistence of adhesive properties in vibrio cholerae after long-term exposure to sea water. | the effect of exposure to artificial sea water (asw) on the ability of classical vibrio cholerae o1 cells to interact with chitin-containing substrates and human intestinal cells was studied. incubation of vibrios in asw at 5 degrees c and 18 degrees c resulted in two kinds of cell responses: the viable but non-culturable (vbnc) state (i.e. <0.1 colony forming unit ml-1) at 5 degrees c, and starvation (i.e. maintenance of culturability of the population) at 18 degrees c. the latter remained rod ... | 2003 | 14510838 |
| concurrent infection with s.typhi and v. cholerae--a case report". | an eight year old male child presented with symptoms of diarrhoea, vomiting & fever with signs of moderate dehydration. he was treated with tetracyline and fluid replacement therapy. inspite of treatment and control of diarrhoea and vomiting patient developed gastrointestinal bleeding and tenesmus with continued fever. deterioration in patient's condition to suspicion of another infection. high level of suspicion and appropriate microbial investigations revealed dual infection with s. typhi and ... | 2003 | 14514270 |
| ion motive force dependence of protease secretion and phage transduction in vibrio cholerae and pseudomonas aeruginosa. | vibrio cholerae is known to secrete a large number of proteins into the extracellular milieu, including the important virulence factor cholera toxin (ct). however, one of the most abundant proteins found in v. cholerae supernatants is the zinc-metalloprotease ha/protease (hap). whereas efficient protein secretion in escherichia coli requires atp hydrolysis and the proton motive force (pmf), little is known about the energy requirements for protein secretion in v. cholerae. to analyze some of the ... | 2003 | 14568149 |
| identification of genes involved in the switch between the smooth and rugose phenotypes of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae can switch to a 'rugose' phenotype characterized by an exopolysaccharide (eps) matrix, wrinkled colony morphology, increased biofilm formation and increased survival under specific conditions. the vps gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the rugose eps (reps) is positively regulated by vpsr. we recently identified media (apw#3) promoting eps production and the rugose phenotype and found epidemic strains switch at a higher frequency than non-pathogenic strains, suggest ... | 2003 | 14568156 |
| differential interaction of the two cholesterol-dependent, membrane-damaging toxins, streptolysin o and vibrio cholerae cytolysin, with enantiomeric cholesterol. | membrane cholesterol is essential to the activity of at least two structurally unrelated families of bacterial pore-forming toxins, represented by streptolysin o (slo) and vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc), respectively. here, we report that slo and vcc differ sharply in their interaction with liposome membranes containing enantiomeric cholesterol (ent-cholesterol). vcc had very low activity with ent-cholesterol, which is in line with a stereospecific mode of interaction of this toxin with cholest ... | 2003 | 14572629 |
| antimicrobial interactions of microbial species involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima with particular reference to the inhibitory effect of lactic acid bacteria on enteric pathogens. | lactic acid bacteria, bacillus species and yeasts are involved in the fermentation of cassava dough into agbelima. microbial interactions within and between these groups of microorganisms were investigated in addition to the survival of five enteric pathogens inoculated into agbelima under various conditions. nine out of 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the end of agbelima fermentation showed inhibitory effect against 10 cultures of lactic acid bacteria isolated at the start of fe ... | 2003 | 14580972 |
| filming bacteria. | 2003 | 14583737 | |
| cholera vaccine candidate 638: intranasal immunogenicity and expression of a foreign antigen from the pulmonary pathogen coccidioides immitis. | vibrio cholerae strain 638 is a live genetically attenuated candidate cholera vaccine in which the ctxphi prophage encoding cholera toxin has been deleted and hapa, encoding an extracellular zn-dependent metalloprotease, was insertionally inactivated. strain 638 was highly immunogenic when inoculated to adult swiss mice by the intranasal route as judged by the induction of a strong serum vibriocidal antibody response. a side-by-side comparison of strain 638 with its isogenic hapa(+) precursor (s ... | 2003 | 14585681 |
| functionality of enterococci in dairy products. | enterococci have important implications in the dairy industry. they occur as nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (nslab) in a variety of cheeses, especially artisan cheeses produced in southern europe from raw or pasteurised milk, and in natural milk or whey starter cultures. they play an acknowledged role in the development of sensory characteristics during ripening of many cheeses and have been also used as components of cheese starter cultures. the positive influence of enterococci on cheese seem ... | 2003 | 14596993 |
| cold shock response and major cold shock proteins of vibrio cholerae. | when exponentially growing vibrio cholerae cells were shifted from 37 degrees c to various lower temperatures, it was found that the organism could adapt and grow at temperatures down to 15 degrees c, below which the growth was completely arrested. there was no difference between the patterns of the cold shock responses in toxinogenic and nontoxinogenic strains of v. cholerae. gel electrophoretic analyses of proteins of cold-exposed cells revealed significant induction of two major cold shock pr ... | 2003 | 14602587 |
| growth of vibrio cholerae o1 in red tide waters off california. | vibrio cholerae serotype o1 is autochthonous to estuarine and coastal waters. however, its population dynamics in such environments are not well understood. we tested the proliferation of v. cholerae n16961 during a lingulodinium polyedrum bloom, as well as other seawater conditions. microcosms containing 100-kda-filtered seawater were inoculated with v. cholerae or the 0.6- micro m-pore-size filterable fraction of seawater assemblages. these cultures were diluted 10-fold with fresh 100-kda-filt ... | 2003 | 14602656 |
| demonstration of preferential binding of sybr green i to specific dna fragments in real-time multiplex pcr. | sybr green i (sg) is widely used in real-time pcr applications as an intercalating dye and is included in many commercially available kits at undisclosed concentrations. binding of sg to double-stranded dna is non-specific and additional testing, such as dna melting curve analysis, is required to confirm the generation of a specific amplicon. the use of melt curve analysis eliminates the necessity for agarose gel electrophoresis because the melting temperature (t(m)) of the specific amplicon is ... | 2003 | 14602929 |
| duplex real-time sybr green pcr assays for detection of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in stools. | a duplex real-time sybr green lightcycler pcr (lc-pcr) assay with dna extraction using the qiaamp dna stool mini kit was evaluated with regard to detection of 8 of 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens in five stool specimens in 2 h or less. the protocol used the same lc-pcr with 20 pairs of specific primers. the products formed were identified based on a melting point temperature (t(m)) curve analysis. the 17 species of food- or waterborne pathogens examined were enteroinvasive escherichi ... | 2003 | 14605150 |
| pathogenicity islands and phages in vibrio cholerae evolution. | the identification of accessory genetic elements (plasmids, phages and chromosomal 'pathogenicity islands') encoding virulence-associated genes has facilitated our efforts to understand the origination of pathogenic microorganisms. toxigenic vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, represents a paradigm for this process in that this organism evolved from environmental nonpathogenic v. cholerae by acquisition of virulence genes. the major virulence genes in v. cholerae, which are clustere ... | 2003 | 14607067 |
| crystal structure of the n-terminal dimerisation domain of vich, the h-ns-like protein of vibrio cholerae. | the histone-like nucleoid structuring (h-ns) protein is a global modulator of gene expression in gram-negative bacteria. vich, the h-ns protein of vibrio cholerae, regulates the expression of certain major virulence determinants implicated in the pathogenesis of cholera. we present here the 2.5a crystal structure of the n-terminal oligomerisation domain of vich (vich_nt). vich_nt adopts the same fold and dimeric assembly as the nmr structure of escherichia coli h-ns_nt, thus validating this fold ... | 2003 | 14607110 |
| identification of foodborne bacteria by infrared spectroscopy using cellular fatty acid methyl esters. | identification of bacterial species by profiling fatty acid methyl esters (fames) has commonly been carried out by using a 20-min capillary gas chromatographic procedure followed by library matching of fame profiles using commercial midi databases and proprietary pattern recognition software. fast gc (5 min) fame procedures and mass spectrometric methodologies that require no lipid separation have also been reported. in this study, bacterial identification based on the rapid (2 min) infrared mea ... | 2003 | 14607413 |
| a simple and convenient microtiter plate assay for the detection of bactericidal antibodies to vibrio cholerae o1 and vibrio cholerae o139. | it is believed that the correlate of protection for cholera can be determined by the serum vibriocidal assay. the currently available vibriocidal assays, based on the conventional agar plating technique, are labor intensive. we developed a simple and convenient microtiter plate assay for the detection of vibriocidal antibodies that is equally as efficient for vibrio cholerae o1 and for v. cholerae o139. the addition of succinate and neotetrazolium made it possible to measure the growth of surviv ... | 2003 | 14607417 |
| fitness cost of the green fluorescent protein in gastrointestinal bacteria. | there are surprisingly few studies that have successfully used the green fluorescent protein (gfp) as a quantitative reporter in selection experiments screening for inducible bacterial promoters. one explanation is that gfp expression may confer a fitness cost for bacteria. to test this possibility, we monitored the doubling time in enteric bacteria expressing gfp. four bacterial species, escherichia coli, enterohaemorrhagic e. coli, shigella flexneri, salmonella typhi, and vibrio cholerae, were ... | 2003 | 14608419 |
| the influence of his94 and pro149 in modulating the activity of v. cholerae dsba. | dsba is the primary catalyst of disulfide bond formation in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria. numerous theoretical and experimental studies have been undertaken to determine the molecular mechanisms by which dsba acts as a potent oxidant, whereas the homologous cytoplasmic protein, thioredoxin, acts as a reductant. many of these studies have focused on the nature of the two residues that lie between the active-site cysteines. although these are clearly important, they are not solely respo ... | 2003 | 13678522 |
| a new dimer interface for an abc transporter. | the crystallization of msba, an atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter involved in the transport of lipid a in escherichia coli, provided a fascinating glimpse into the high-resolution structure of an abc transporter at 4.8 a. the e. coli crystal structure of msba reveals a dimer. although the structure of the msba monomer is consistent with the biochemistry of abc transporters, including the human multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein, the interface between the monomers in the msba dimer may not ... | 2003 | 13678821 |
| lack of polymorphism in a vibrio cholerae o139-specific dna region encoding the somatic antigen in strains isolated during 1993-1998. | vibrio cholerae o139 bengal emerged as a second aetiologic agent of cholera in south asia in late 1992. this new serogroup arose from a vibrio cholerae o1 strain by deletion of the chromosomal region encoding o1 specificity and acquisition of a novel 35-kb region encoding the o139 specificity. previous studies indicated significant phenotypic and genotypic changes in o139 isolates over the years since its first appearance. this prompted us to study possible polymorphism in the 35-kb novel region ... | 2003 | 12635933 |
| scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural venda communities in south africa. | the microbial quality of several, usually untreated, surface domestic water sources, used by rural communities in the venda region of south africa, was assessed to gauge their fitness for human consumption and to highlight the possible impact of waterborne diseases. the water sources studied were six points on the levubu river and the rivers mutale, ngwedi, tshinane, makonde, mutshindudi and mudaswali. total and faecal coliform, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphage counts were used ... | 2003 | 12639006 |
| recombinant vibrio cholerae ghosts as a delivery vehicle for vaccinating against chlamydia trachomatis. | an efficacious vaccine is needed to control the morbidity and burden of rising healthcare costs associated with genital chlamydia trachomatis infection. despite considerable efforts, the development of reliable chlamydial vaccines using conventional strategies has proven to be elusive. the 40kda major outer membrane protein (momp) of c. trachomatis is so far the most promising candidate for a subunit vaccine. the lack of satisfactory protective immunity with momp-based vaccine regimens to date w ... | 2003 | 12639492 |
| [cloning, expression and identification of escherichia coli ltb gene and vibrio cholerae ctb gene]. | to clone the ltb gene of e.coli and the ctb gene of v.cholerae, and to construct expression vectors of these genes. | 2003 | 12640703 |
| detection of pathogenic bacteria in shellfish using multiplex pcr followed by covalink nh microwell plate sandwich hybridization. | outbreak of diseases associated with consumption of raw shellfish especially oysters is a major concern to the seafood industry and public health agencies. a multiplex pcr amplification of targeted gene segments followed by dna-dna sandwich hybridization was optimized to detect the etiologic agents. first, a multiplex pcr amplification of hns, spvb, vvh, ctx and tl was developed enabling simultaneous detection of total salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae ... | 2003 | 12654491 |